1
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Cui M, Meng P, Wang S, Feng Q, Liu G, Zhao P. Differential effects of AKT1 and AKT2 on sleep-wake activity under basal conditions and in response to LPS challenge in mice. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2024; 22:411-421. [PMID: 38962788 PMCID: PMC11217225 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-024-00519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Infectious challenge can trigger alterations in sleep-wake behavior. Accumulating evidence has shown that the serine/threonine kinases Akt1 and Akt2 are important targets in both physiological and infectious signaling processes. However, the involvement of Akt1 and Akt2 in sleep-wake activity under basal conditions and in response to inflammatory stimulation has not been established. In the present study, we assessed the precise role of Akt1 and Akt2 in sleep-wake behavior using electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) data from Akt1- and Akt2-deficient mice and wild-type (WT) mice. The results showed that both Akt1 and Akt2 deficiency affect sleep-wake activity, as indicated by reduced nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and increased wakefulness in mutant mice compared to WT mice. Sleep amount and intensity (delta, theta and alpha activity) at night were also drastically attenuated in Akt1- and Akt2-deficient mice. Moreover, since Akt1 and Akt2 are involved in immune responses, we assessed their roles in the sleep response to the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) throughout the following 24 h. We observed that the decrease in wakefulness and increase in NREM sleep induced by LPS were restored in Akt1 knockout mice but not in Akt2 knockout mice. Correspondingly, the decrease in the number of positive orexin-A neurons induced by LPS was abrogated in Akt1 knockout mice but not in Akt2 knockout mice. Our results revealed that both Akt1 and Akt2 deficiency affect the sleep response under basal conditions, but only Akt1 deficiency protects against the aberrant changes in sleep behavior induced by peripheral immune challenge. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41105-024-00519-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cui
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Meng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohe Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyuan Feng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214000 Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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2
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Yoshizawa M, Tamura Y, Yasuda-Ohata A, Yoshihara S, Takasaki H, Hashioka S. Video polysomnographic analysis of elevated EMG activity and rapid eye movements before abnormal behaviors in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2023; 21:455-460. [PMID: 38476183 PMCID: PMC10899964 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is unclear. According to the cortical hypothesis, severe RBD episode (RBDE) occurs when spinal motoneurons are less inhibited and cortical and limbic systems are more active. We made this study to prove the hypothesis for the development of RBDE using video-polysomnography (VPSG). VPSG records of 35 patients with RBD were analyzed. According to severity, RBDEs were classified into three motor events (MEs): ME 1; small movements or jerks, ME 2; proximal movements including violent behavior, and ME 3; axial movements including bed falls. For each ME, we measured the number of MEs preceded or not preceded by both REM sleep without atonia (RWA) and REMs during the 10-s-period immediately before ME onset. In severe RBDE (ME 3), the number of MEs preceded by both RWA and REMs was significantly higher than that of MEs not preceded by both (0.8 vs. 0.2, P = 0.033). This was not the case for mild RBDE (ME 1) and moderate RBDE (ME 2). Our results suggest that both RWA and REMs are associated with the development of severe RBDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondo Yoshizawa
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tamura
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Asami Yasuda-Ohata
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yoshihara
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Hideki Takasaki
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Sadayuki Hashioka
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka Higashi 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
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3
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Silvani A, Baldelli L, Giannini G, Guaraldi P, Sambati L, Cecere A, Mignani F, Cortelli P, Calandra-Buonaura G, Provini F. Pervasive and diffuse muscle activity during REM sleep and non-REM sleep characterises multiple system atrophy in comparison with Parkinson's disease. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13721. [PMID: 36054178 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson's disease (PD) may share overlapping features particularly at early disease stage, including sleep alterations, but have profoundly different prognoses. Certain sleep phenomena and disorders of motor control are more prevalent in multiple system atrophy, such as REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD). We quantitatively tested whether pervasive muscle activity during sleep occurs in subjects with multiple system atrophy versus Parkinson's disease. Laboratory polysomnographic studies were performed in 50 consecutive subjects with Parkinson's disease and 26 age- and gender-matched subjects with multiple system atrophy at <5 years from disease onset. The distributions of normalised electromyographic activity of submentalis, wrist extensor, and tibialis anterior muscles in different wake-sleep states during the night were analysed. Subjects with multiple system atrophy had significantly higher activity of submentalis, wrist extensor, and tibialis anterior muscles than subjects with Parkinson's disease during non-REM sleep, including separately in stages N1, N2, and N3, and during REM sleep, but not during nocturnal wakefulness. The activity of wrist extensor and tibialis anterior muscles during non-REM sleep and the activity of tibialis anterior muscles during REM sleep were also significantly higher in subjects with multiple system atrophy and RBD than in subjects with Parkinson's disease and RBD. In conclusion, with respect to Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy is characterised by a pervasive and diffuse muscle overactivity that involves axial and limb muscles and occurs not only during REM sleep, but also during non-REM sleep and between subjects with comorbid RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Baldelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Giannini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Guaraldi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luisa Sambati
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annagrazia Cecere
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Mignani
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Calandra-Buonaura
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Provini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Wong SG, Vorakunthada Y, Lee-Iannotti J, Johnson KG. Sleep-related motor disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:383-397. [PMID: 37562879 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Sleep-related motor disorders include non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep parasomnias, rapid-eye movement (REM), sleep parasomnias including REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), isolated motor phenomena in sleep, and periodic limb movement disorder. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) occurs while awake but is closely related to sleep and has a circadian pattern. The pontine sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus has an important role in aligning motor control with sleep states, and dysfunction in this region can explain motor activities including cataplexy and loss of REM atonia seen in REM sleep behavior disorder. This chapter begins with a review of motor control in sleep. The rest of the chapter summarizes the clinical presentation, epidemiology, differential and treatment of NREM, REM, and isolated sleep-related motor disorders as well as restless legs syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Yuttiwat Vorakunthada
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Joyce Lee-Iannotti
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Karin G Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine-Baystate, Springfield, MA, United States; Institute for Healthcare Delivery and Population Science, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine-Baystate, Springfield, MA, United States.
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5
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Mateos-Salgado EL, Domínguez-Trejo B, Guevara-López UM, Ayala-Guerrero F. Sleep architecture and the absence of trapezius muscle atonia in women with chronic whiplash-associated disorder: a pilot study. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2022; 20:165-171. [PMID: 38469253 PMCID: PMC10900046 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-021-00350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances frequently occur in people with whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) and have been evaluated using questionnaires or actigraphy. It is not clear whether sleep architecture, as assessed by polysomnography (PSG), is altered in individuals with WAD. Additionally, in people with WAD, muscle dysfunction is observed during tasks performed during wakefulness. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the sleep architecture of patients with chronic WAD as well as to evaluate trapezius muscle activity during sleep. Nine women with chronic WAD and nine healthy age-matched women participated in the study. Two PSG recordings were conducted for each participant. Surface electromyography signal samples of the right and left trapezius, and mentonian muscles were obtained from N2, N3, and REM sleep stages for analysis. Significant differences were found in the percentages of total sleep time in the N1 and N2 stages between the two groups. While the muscle tone of the three muscles analyzed decreased progressively across the sleep stages in the healthy group, in the chronic WAD group, this decrement was observed only in the mentonian muscle, and the trapezius muscle continued to exhibit the same muscle tone throughout the sleep stages without atonia during REM sleep. The absence of trapezius muscle atonia during REM sleep in the WAD patients may be related to dysfunction of the mechanisms that regulate motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Mateos-Salgado
- School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3004, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Domínguez-Trejo
- School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3004, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Uría M. Guevara-López
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Ex Hacienda de Aguilera S/N, Calz. San Felipe del Agua, 68120 Oaxaca de Juárez, Oaxaca Mexico
| | - Fructuoso Ayala-Guerrero
- School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3004, Coyoacán, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Levichkina E, Pigareva ML, Limanskaya A, Pigarev IN. Somatovisceral Convergence in Sleep-Wake Cycle: Transmitting Different Types of Information via the Same Pathway. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:840565. [PMID: 36926092 PMCID: PMC10013007 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.840565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Convergence of somatic and visceral inputs occurs at the levels of nervous system ranging from spinal cord to cerebral cortex. This anatomical organization gave explanation to a referred pain phenomenon. However, it also presents a problem: How does the brain know what information is coming for processing-somatic or visceral - if both are transferred by the same spinal cord fibers by means of the standard neuronal spikes? Recent studies provided evidence for cortical processing of interoceptive information largely occurring in sleep, when somatosensation is suppressed, and for the corresponding functional brain networks rearrangement. We suggest that convergent units of the spinal cord would be able to collectively provide mainly somatosensory information in wakefulness and mainly visceral in sleep, solving the puzzle of somatovisceral convergence. We recorded spiking activity from the spinal cord lemniscus pathway during multiple sleep-wake cycles in freely behaving rabbits. In wakefulness high increased spiking corresponded to movements. When animals stopped moving this activity ceased, the fibers remained silent during passive wakefulness. However, upon transition to sleep fibers began firing again. Analysis of spiking patterns of individual fibers revealed that in the majority of them spiking rates recovered in slow wave sleep. Thus, despite cessation of motion and a corresponding decrease of somatic component of the convergent signal, considerable ascending signaling occurs during sleep, that is likely to be visceral. We also recorded evoked responses of the lemniscus pathway to innocuous electrostimulation of the abdominal viscera, and uncovered the existence of two groups of responses depending upon the state of vigilance. Response from an individual fiber could be detected either during wakefulness or in sleep, but not in both states. Wakefulness-responsive group had lower spiking rates in wakefulness and almost stopped spiking in sleep. Sleep-responsive retained substantial spiking during sleep. These groups also differed in spike amplitudes, indicative of fiber diameter differences; however, both had somatic responses during wakefulness. We suggest a mechanism that utilizes differences in somatic and visceral activities to extract both types of information by varying transmission thresholds, and discuss the implications of this mechanism on functional networks under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Levichkina
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L Pigareva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Limanskaya
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan N Pigarev
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are complex, tightly regulated behaviors that occur in virtually all animals. With recent exciting developments in neuroscience methodologies such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and cell-specific calcium imaging technology, researchers can advance our understanding of how discrete neuronal groups precisely modulate states of sleep and wakefulness. In this chapter, we provide an overview of key neurotransmitter systems, neurons, and circuits that regulate states of sleep and wakefulness. We also describe long-standing models for the regulation of sleep/wake and non-rapid eye movement/rapid eye movement cycling. We contrast previous knowledge derived from classic approaches such as brain stimulation, lesions, cFos expression, and single-unit recordings, with emerging data using the newest technologies. Our understanding of neural circuits underlying the regulation of sleep and wakefulness is rapidly evolving, and this knowledge is critical for our field to elucidate the enigmatic function(s) of sleep.
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8
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Shedding Light on Nocturnal Movements in Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from Wearable Technologies. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20185171. [PMID: 32927816 PMCID: PMC7571235 DOI: 10.3390/s20185171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In Parkinson’s disease (PD), abnormal movements consisting of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic manifestations commonly lead to nocturnal distress and sleep impairment, which significantly impact quality of life. In PD patients, these nocturnal disturbances can reflect disease-related complications (e.g., nocturnal akinesia), primary sleep disorders (e.g., rapid eye movement behaviour disorder), or both, thus requiring different therapeutic approaches. Wearable technologies based on actigraphy and innovative sensors have been proposed as feasible solutions to identify and monitor the various types of abnormal nocturnal movements in PD. This narrative review addresses the topic of abnormal nocturnal movements in PD and discusses how wearable technologies could help identify and assess these disturbances. We first examine the pathophysiology of abnormal nocturnal movements and the main clinical and instrumental tools for the evaluation of these disturbances in PD. We then report and discuss findings from previous studies assessing nocturnal movements in PD using actigraphy and innovative wearable sensors. Finally, we discuss clinical and technical prospects supporting the use of wearable technologies for the evaluation of nocturnal movements.
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9
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Abstract
Reticulospinal (RS) neurons provide the spinal cord with the executive signals for a large repertoire of motor and autonomic functions, ensuring at the same time that these functions are adapted to the different behavioral contexts. This requires the coordinated action of many RS neurons. In this mini-review, we examine how the RS neurons that carry out specific functions distribute across the three parts of the brain stem. Extensive overlap between populations suggests a need to explore multi-functionality at the single cell-level. We next contrast functional diversity and homogeneity in transmitter phenotype. Then, we examine the molecular genetic mechanisms that specify brain stem development and likely contribute to RS neurons identities. We advocate that a better knowledge of the developmental lineage of the RS neurons and a better knowledge of RS neuron activity across multiple behaviors will help uncover the fundamental principles behind the diversity of RS systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Giorgi
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Sánchez-López A, Silva-Pérez M, Escudero M. Temporal dynamics of the transition period between nonrapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep in the rat. Sleep 2018; 41:5042786. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, – Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Silva-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, – Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Escudero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Neurociencia y Comportamiento, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, – Seville, Spain
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11
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The resilient brain and the guardians of sleep: New perspectives on old assumptions. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 39:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Barone DA, Henchcliffe C. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and the link to alpha-synucleinopathies. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1551-1564. [PMID: 29883833 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) involves REM sleep without atonia in conjunction with a recurrent nocturnal dream enactment behavior, with vocalizations such as shouting and screaming, and motor behaviors such as punching and kicking. Secondary RBD is well described in association with neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and other conditions involving brainstem structures such as tumors. However, RBD alone is now considered to be a potential harbinger of later development of neurodegenerative disorders, in particular PD, MSA, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and pure autonomic failure. These conditions are linked by their underpinning pathology of alpha-synuclein protein aggregation. In RBD, it is therefore important to recognize the potential risk for later development of an alpha-synucleinopathy, and to investigate for other potential causes such as medications. Other signs and symptoms have been described in RBD, such as orthostatic hypotension, or depression. While it is important to recognize these features to improve patient management, they may ultimately provide clinical clues that will lead to risk stratification for phenoconversion. A critical need is to improve our ability to counsel patients, particularly with regard to prognosis. The ability to identify who, of those with RBD, is at high risk for later neurodegenerative disorders will be paramount, and would in addition advance our understanding of the prodromal stages of the alpha-synucleinopathies. Moreover, recognition of at-risk individuals for neurodegenerative disorders may ultimately provide a platform for the testing of possible neuroprotective agents for these neurodegenerative disorders.
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13
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Ventromedial medulla inhibitory neuron inactivation induces REM sleep without atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder. Nat Commun 2018; 9:504. [PMID: 29402935 PMCID: PMC5799338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, there is a persistent debate regarding the localization of GABA/glycine neurons responsible for hyperpolarizing somatic motoneurons during paradoxical (or REM) sleep (PS), resulting in the loss of muscle tone during this sleep state. Combining complementary neuroanatomical approaches in rats, we first show that these inhibitory neurons are localized within the ventromedial medulla (vmM) rather than within the spinal cord. We then demonstrate their functional role in PS expression through local injections of adeno-associated virus carrying specific short-hairpin RNA in order to chronically impair inhibitory neurotransmission from vmM. After such selective genetic inactivation, rats display PS without atonia associated with abnormal and violent motor activity, concomitant with a small reduction of daily PS quantity. These symptoms closely mimic human REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a prodromal parasomnia of synucleinopathies. Our findings demonstrate the crucial role of GABA/glycine inhibitory vmM neurons in muscle atonia during PS and highlight a candidate brain region that can be susceptible to α-synuclein-dependent degeneration in RBD patients.
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14
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Zhang Y, Lu J, Wang Z, Zhong Z, Xu M, Zou X, Yu B, Yao D. Companion of oral movements with limb movements in patients with sleep bruxism: preliminary findings. Sleep Med 2017; 36:156-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Ehlen JC, Brager AJ, Baggs J, Pinckney L, Gray CL, DeBruyne JP, Esser KA, Takahashi JS, Paul KN. Bmal1 function in skeletal muscle regulates sleep. eLife 2017; 6:e26557. [PMID: 28726633 PMCID: PMC5574702 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss can severely impair the ability to perform, yet the ability to recover from sleep loss is not well understood. Sleep regulatory processes are assumed to lie exclusively within the brain mainly due to the strong behavioral manifestations of sleep. Whole-body knockout of the circadian clock gene Bmal1 in mice affects several aspects of sleep, however, the cells/tissues responsible are unknown. We found that restoring Bmal1 expression in the brains of Bmal1-knockout mice did not rescue Bmal1-dependent sleep phenotypes. Surprisingly, most sleep-amount, but not sleep-timing, phenotypes could be reproduced or rescued by knocking out or restoring BMAL1 exclusively in skeletal muscle, respectively. We also found that overexpression of skeletal-muscle Bmal1 reduced the recovery response to sleep loss. Together, these findings demonstrate that Bmal1 expression in skeletal muscle is both necessary and sufficient to regulate total sleep amount and reveal that critical components of normal sleep regulation occur in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Ehlen
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Allison J Brager
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Julie Baggs
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Lennisha Pinckney
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Cloe L Gray
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Jason P DeBruyne
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Myology Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Ketema N Paul
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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16
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Antelmi E, Pizza F, Vandi S, Neccia G, Ferri R, Bruni O, Filardi M, Cantalupo G, Liguori R, Plazzi G. The spectrum of REM sleep-related episodes in children with type 1 narcolepsy. Brain 2017; 140:1669-1679. [PMID: 28472332 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 narcolepsy is a central hypersomnia due to the loss of hypocretin-producing neurons and characterized by cataplexy, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations and disturbed nocturnal sleep. In children, close to the disease onset, type 1 narcolepsy has peculiar clinical features with severe cataplexy and a complex admixture of movement disorders occurring while awake. Motor dyscontrol during sleep has never been systematically investigated. Suspecting that abnormal motor control might affect also sleep, we systematically analysed motor events recorded by means of video polysomnography in 40 children with type 1 narcolepsy (20 females; mean age 11.8 ± 2.6 years) and compared these data with those recorded in 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Motor events were classified as elementary movements, if brief and non-purposeful and complex behaviours, if simulating purposeful behaviours. Complex behaviours occurring during REM sleep were further classified as 'classically-defined' and 'pantomime-like' REM sleep behaviour disorder episodes, based on their duration and on their pattern (i.e. brief and vivid-energetic in the first case, longer and with subcontinuous gesturing mimicking daily life activity in the second case). Elementary movements emerging either from non-REM or REM sleep were present in both groups, even if those emerging from REM sleep were more numerous in the group of patients. Conversely, complex behaviours could be detected only in children with type 1 narcolepsy and were observed in 13 patients, with six having 'classically-defined' REM sleep behaviour disorder episodes and seven having 'pantomime-like' REM sleep behaviour disorder episodes. Complex behaviours during REM sleep tended to recur in a stereotyped fashion for several times during the night, up to be almost continuous. Patients displaying a more severe motor dyscontrol during REM sleep had also more severe motor disorder during daytime (i.e. status cataplecticus) and more complaints of disrupted nocturnal sleep and of excessive daytime sleepiness. The neurophysiological hallmark of this severe motor dyscontrol during REM sleep was a decreased atonia index. The present study reports for the first time the occurrence of a severe and peculiar motor disorder during REM sleep in paediatric type 1 narcolepsy and confirms the presence of a severe motor dyscontrol in these patients, emerging not only from wakefulness (i.e. status cataplecticus), but also from sleep (i.e. complex behaviours during REM sleep). This is probably related to the acute imbalance of the hypocretinergic system, which physiologically acts by promoting movements during wakefulness and suppressing them during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Antelmi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizza
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Vandi
- IRCSS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Neccia
- IRCSS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Department of Neurology, I.C., Oasi Institute (IRCCS), Troina, Italy
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Filardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
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Antelmi E, Ferri R, Provini F, Scaglione CM, Mignani F, Rundo F, Vandi S, Fabbri M, Pizza F, Plazzi G, Martinelli P, Liguori R. Modulation of the Muscle Activity During Sleep in Cervical Dystonia. Sleep 2017; 40:3836286. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Chen MC, Vetrivelan R, Guo CN, Chang C, Fuller PM, Lu J. Ventral medullary control of rapid eye movement sleep and atonia. Exp Neurol 2017; 290:53-62. [PMID: 28077261 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Discrete populations of neurons at multiple levels of the brainstem control rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and the accompanying loss of postural muscle tone, or atonia. The specific contributions of these brainstem cell populations to REM sleep control remains incompletely understood. Here we show in rats that viral vector-based lesions of the ventromedial medulla at a level rostral to the inferior olive (pSOM) produced violent myoclonic twitches and abnormal electromyographic spikes, but not complete loss of tonic atonia, during REM sleep. Motor tone during non-REM (NREM) sleep was unaffected in these same animals. Acute chemogenetic activation of pSOM neurons in rats robustly and selectively suppressed REM sleep but not NREM sleep. Similar lesions targeting the more rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) did not affect sleep or atonia, while chemogenetic stimulation of the RVM produced wakefulness and reduced sleep. Finally, selective activation of vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) pSOM neurons in mice produced complete suppression of REM sleep whereas their loss increased EMG spikes during REM sleep. These results reveal a key contribution of the pSOM and specifically the VGAT+ neurons in this region in REM sleep and motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Chen
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chun-Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Catie Chang
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lu S, Shaffery JP, Pang Y, Tien LT, Fan LW. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Homeostatic Response: A Potential Marker for Early Detection of Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6. [PMID: 27713856 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silu Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - James P Shaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Animal Behavior Core, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Lu-Tai Tien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Arrigoni E, Chen MC, Fuller PM. The anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of motor atonia during rapid eye movement sleep. J Physiol 2016; 594:5391-414. [PMID: 27060683 DOI: 10.1113/jp271324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a recurring part of the sleep-wake cycle characterized by fast, desynchronized rhythms in the electroencephalogram (EEG), hippocampal theta activity, rapid eye movements, autonomic activation and loss of postural muscle tone (atonia). The brain circuitry governing REM sleep is located in the pontine and medullary brainstem and includes ascending and descending projections that regulate the EEG and motor components of REM sleep. The descending signal for postural muscle atonia during REM sleep is thought to originate from glutamatergic neurons of the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD), which in turn activate glycinergic pre-motor neurons in the spinal cord and/or ventromedial medulla to inhibit motor neurons. Despite work over the past two decades on many neurotransmitter systems that regulate the SLD, gaps remain in our knowledge of the synaptic basis by which SLD REM neurons are regulated and in turn produce REM sleep atonia. Elucidating the anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of REM sleep atonia control is a critical step for treating many sleep-related disorders including obstructive sleep apnoea (apnea), REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and narcolepsy with cataplexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Michael C Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Torterolo P, Castro-Zaballa S, Cavelli M, Chase MH, Falconi A. Neocortical 40 Hz oscillations during carbachol-induced rapid eye movement sleep and cataplexy. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:580-9. [PMID: 26670051 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Higher cognitive functions require the integration and coordination of large populations of neurons in cortical and subcortical regions. Oscillations in the gamma band (30-45 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) have been involved in these cognitive functions. In previous studies, we analysed the extent of functional connectivity between cortical areas employing the 'mean squared coherence' analysis of the EEG gamma band. We demonstrated that gamma coherence is maximal during alert wakefulness and is almost absent during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The nucleus pontis oralis (NPO) is critical for REM sleep generation. The NPO is considered to exert executive control over the initiation and maintenance of REM sleep. In the cat, depending on the previous state of the animal, a single microinjection of carbachol (a cholinergic agonist) into the NPO can produce either REM sleep [REM sleep induced by carbachol (REMc)] or a waking state with muscle atonia, i.e. cataplexy [cataplexy induced by carbachol (CA)]. In the present study, in cats that were implanted with electrodes in different cortical areas to record polysomnographic activity, we compared the degree of gamma (30-45 Hz) coherence during REMc, CA and naturally-occurring behavioural states. Gamma coherence was maximal during CA and alert wakefulness. In contrast, gamma coherence was almost absent during REMc as in naturally-occurring REM sleep. We conclude that, in spite of the presence of somatic muscle paralysis, there are remarkable differences in cortical activity between REMc and CA, which confirm that EEG gamma (≈40 Hz) coherence is a trait that differentiates wakefulness from REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Castro-Zaballa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Cavelli
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michael H Chase
- WebSciences International and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atilio Falconi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Torterolo P, Scorza C, Lagos P, Urbanavicius J, Benedetto L, Pascovich C, López-Hill X, Chase MH, Monti JM. Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH): Role in REM Sleep and Depression. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:475. [PMID: 26733789 PMCID: PMC4681773 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a peptidergic neuromodulator synthesized by neurons of the lateral sector of the posterior hypothalamus and zona incerta. MCHergic neurons project throughout the central nervous system, including areas such as the dorsal (DR) and median (MR) raphe nuclei, which are involved in the control of sleep and mood. Major Depression (MD) is a prevalent psychiatric disease diagnosed on the basis of symptomatic criteria such as sadness or melancholia, guilt, irritability, and anhedonia. A short REM sleep latency (i.e., the interval between sleep onset and the first REM sleep period), as well as an increase in the duration of REM sleep and the density of rapid-eye movements during this state, are considered important biological markers of depression. The fact that the greatest firing rate of MCHergic neurons occurs during REM sleep and that optogenetic stimulation of these neurons induces sleep, tends to indicate that MCH plays a critical role in the generation and maintenance of sleep, especially REM sleep. In addition, the acute microinjection of MCH into the DR promotes REM sleep, while immunoneutralization of this peptide within the DR decreases the time spent in this state. Moreover, microinjections of MCH into either the DR or MR promote a depressive-like behavior. In the DR, this effect is prevented by the systemic administration of antidepressant drugs (either fluoxetine or nortriptyline) and blocked by the intra-DR microinjection of a specific MCH receptor antagonist. Using electrophysiological and microdialysis techniques we demonstrated also that MCH decreases the activity of serotonergic DR neurons. Therefore, there are substantive experimental data suggesting that the MCHergic system plays a role in the control of REM sleep and, in addition, in the pathophysiology of depression. Consequently, in the present report, we summarize and evaluate the current data and hypotheses related to the role of MCH in REM sleep and MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Department of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Lagos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jessika Urbanavicius
- Department of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luciana Benedetto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Pascovich
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ximena López-Hill
- Department of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michael H Chase
- WebSciences International and University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaime M Monti
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
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Torterolo P, Castro-Zaballa S, Cavelli M, Velasquez N, Brando V, Falconi A, Chase MH, Migliaro ER. Heart rate variability during carbachol-induced REM sleep and cataplexy. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Actigraphic assessment of sleep/wake behavior in central disorders of hypersomnolence. Sleep Med 2015; 16:126-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fung SJ, Chase MH. Postsynaptic inhibition of hypoglossal motoneurons produces atonia of the genioglossal muscle during rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep 2015; 38:139-46. [PMID: 25325470 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Hypoglossal motoneurons were recorded intracellularly to determine whether postsynaptic inhibition or disfacilitation was responsible for atonia of the lingual muscles during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. DESIGN Intracellular records were obtained of the action potentials and subthreshold membrane potential activity of antidromically identified hypoglossal motoneurons in cats during wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and REM sleep. A cuff electrode was placed around the hypoglossal nerve to antidromically activate hypoglossal motoneurons. The state-dependent changes in membrane potential, spontaneous discharge, postsynaptic potentials, and rheobase of hypoglossal motoneurons were determined. ANALYSES AND RESULTS During quiet wakefulness and NREM sleep, hypoglossal motoneurons exhibited spontaneous repetitive discharge. In the transition from NREM sleep to REM sleep, repetitive discharge ceased and the membrane potential began to hyperpolarize; maximal hyperpolarization (10.5 mV) persisted throughout REM sleep. During REM sleep there was a significant increase in rheobase, which was accompanied by barrages of large-amplitude inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which were reversed following the intracellular injection of chloride ions. The latter result indicates that they were mediated by glycine; IPSPs were not present during wakefulness or NREM sleep. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that hypoglossal motoneurons are postsynaptically inhibited during naturally occurring REM sleep; no evidence of disfacilitation was observed. The data also indicate that glycine receptor-mediated postsynaptic inhibition of hypoglossal motoneurons is crucial in promoting atonia of the lingual muscles during REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Fung
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA: Websciences International, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael H Chase
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA: Websciences International, Los Angeles, CA: Department of Physiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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dos Santos AB, Kohlmeier KA, Barreto GE. Are Sleep Disturbances Preclinical Markers of Parkinson’s Disease? Neurochem Res 2014; 40:421-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Torterolo P, Chase MH. The hypocretins (orexins) mediate the "phasic" components of REM sleep: A new hypothesis. Sleep Sci 2014; 7:19-29. [PMID: 26483897 PMCID: PMC4521687 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1998, a group of phenotypically distinct neurons were discovered in the postero-lateral hypothalamus which contained the neuropeptides hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 (also called orexin A and orexin B), which are excitatory neuromodulators. Hypocretinergic neurons project throughout the central nervous system and have been involved in the generation and maintenance of wakefulness. The sleep disorder narcolepsy, characterized by hypersomnia and cataplexy, is produced by degeneration of these neurons. The hypocretinergic neurons are active during wakefulness in conjunction with the presence of motor activity that occurs during survival-related behaviors. These neurons decrease their firing rate during non-REM sleep; however there is still controversy upon the activity and role of these neurons during REM sleep. Hence, in the present report we conducted a critical review of the literature of the hypocretinergic system during REM sleep, and hypothesize a possible role of this system in the generation of REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michael H. Chase
- WebSciences International, Los Angeles, USA
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
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Weng FJ, Williams RH, Hawryluk JM, Lu J, Scammell TE, Saper CB, Arrigoni E. Carbachol excites sublaterodorsal nucleus neurons projecting to the spinal cord. J Physiol 2013; 592:1601-17. [PMID: 24344163 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.261800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence has long suggested an important role for acetylcholine in the regulation of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. For example, injection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the dorsomedial pons produces an REM sleep-like state with muscle atonia and cortical activation, both of which are cardinal features of REM sleep. Located within this region of the pons is the sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD), a structure thought to be both necessary and sufficient for generating REM sleep muscle atonia. Subsets of glutamatergic SLD neurons potently contribute to motor inhibition during REM sleep through descending projections to motor-related glycinergic/GABAergic neurons in the spinal cord and ventromedial medulla. Prior electrophysiological and pharmacological studies examining the effects of acetylcholine on SLD neurons have, however, produced conflicting results. In the present study, we sought to clarify how acetylcholine influences the activity of spinally projecting SLD (SLDsp) neurons. We used retrograde tracing in combination with patch-clamp recordings and recorded pre- and postsynaptic effects of carbachol on SLDsp neurons. Carbachol acted presynaptically by increasing the frequency of glutamatergic miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. We also found that carbachol directly excited SLDsp neurons by activating an Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger. Both pre- and postsynaptic effects were mediated by co-activation of M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors. These observations suggest that acetylcholine produces synergistic, excitatory pre- and postsynaptic responses on SLDsp neurons that, in turn, probably serve to promote muscle atonia during REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Weng
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, Center for Life Science Room 713, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Chase MH. A unified survival theory of the functioning of the hypocretinergic system. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:954-71. [PMID: 23640599 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article advances the theory that the hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Survival Theory of the Functioning of the Hypocretinergic System or "Unified Hypocretinergic Survival Theory"). A priori presumptive support for the Unified Hypocretinergic Survival Theory emanates from the fact that neurons that contain hypocretin are located in the key executive central nervous system (CNS) site, the lateral hypothalamus, that for decades has been well-documented to govern core survival behaviors such as fight, flight, and food consumption. In addition, the hypocretinergic system exhibits the requisite morphological and electrophysiological capabilities to control survival behaviors and related processes. Complementary behavioral data demonstrate that all facets of "survival" are coordinated by the hypocretinergic system and that hypocretinergic directives are not promulgated except during survival behaviors. Importantly, it has been shown that survival behaviors are selectively impacted when the hypocretinergic system is impaired or rendered nonfunctional, whereas other behaviors are relatively unaffected. The Unified Hypocretinergic Survival Theory resolves the disparate, perplexing, and often paradoxical-appearing results of previous studies; it also provides a foundation for future hypothesis-driven basic science and clinical explorations of the hypocretinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Chase
- WebSciences International, Veterans Affairs-Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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