A systematic review of COVID-19 and obstructive sleep apnoea

Melatonin mediates intestinal barrier dysfunction and systemic inflammation in moderate-severe OSA patients

BACKGROUND

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and systemic inflammation are common in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). We aimed to investigate the role of melatonin, an anti-inflammatory mediator, in mediating the relationships between OSA, intestinal barrier dysfunction and systemic inflammation.

METHODS

Two hundred and thirty-five male participants who complained with sleep problems and underwent whole night polysomnography at our sleep centre between 2017 and 2018 were enrolled. Polysomnographic data, anthropometric measurements and biochemical indicators were collected. Serum melatonin, intestinal barrier function biomarker zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were detected. Spearman's correlation analysis assessed the correlations between sleep parameters, melatonin and biomarkers (ZO-1, LPS and CRP). Mediation analysis explored the effect of OSA on intestinal barrier dysfunction and systemic inflammation in moderate-severe OSA patients.

RESULTS

As OSA severity increased, serum melatonin decreased, whereas ZO-1, LPS and CRP increased. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that serum melatonin was significantly negatively correlated with ZO-1 (r = -0.19, p < .05) and LPS (r = -0.20, p < .05) in the moderate-OSA group; serum melatonin was significantly negatively correlated with ZO-1 (r = -0.46, p < .01), LPS (r = -0.35, p < .01) and CPR (r = -0.30, p < .05) in the severe-OSA group. Mediation analyses showed melatonin explain 36.12% and 35.38% of the effect of apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI) on ZO-1 and LPS in moderate to severe OSA patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed that melatonin may be involved in mediating intestinal barrier dysfunction and systemic inflammation in moderate-to-severe OSA patients.

Motor and Respiratory Tele-Rehabilitation in Patients with Long COVID-19 after Hospital Discharge: An Interventional Study

The persistence of symptoms following COVID-19 infection represents a significant challenge in healthcare management. During the outbreak, tele-rehabilitation emerged as a new tool to support healthcare structures in providing rehabilitation services. This study assessed the effectiveness and the feasibility of a 3-week home-based motor and respiratory rehabilitation program for individuals with long COVID-19 after traditional rehabilitation. Twenty-three patients completed the program and underwent functional tests at different time points (i.e., baseline, at discharge from in-hospital rehabilitation and after tele-rehabilitation). Motor function was evaluated using the instrumented Six-Minutes Walking Test (i6MWT), with monitored heart rate and oxygen saturation. Additionally, respiratory function was measured via forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) tests. Significant improvements (p < 0.05) in motor and respiratory function were observed throughout the intervention, including an 18.3% increase in walked distance from the baseline. The findings suggest that the proposed home-based tele-rehabilitation shows potential in enhancing motor and respiratory function in patients with long COVID. Despite limitations such as the small sample size, lack of control group and the preliminary nature of the outcomes observed, the overall findings seem to support the feasibility of the proposed tele-rehabilitation program in managing long COVID symptoms and promoting functional recovery. Nevertheless, further research is needed to validate these findings and explore tele-rehabilitation's potential in broader and different patient populations.

Diagnosing OSA and Insomnia at Home Based Only on an Actigraphy Total Sleep Time and RIP Belts an Algorithm "Nox Body Sleep™"

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced clinical sleep protocols with stricter hospital disinfection requirements. Facing these new rules, we tested if a new artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm: The Nox BodySleep™ (NBS) developed without airflow signals for the analysis of sleep might assess pertinently sleep in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and chronic insomnia (CI) as a control group, compared to polysomnography (PSG) manual scoring.

Patients-Methods

NBS is a recurrent neural network model that estimates Wake, NREM, and REM states, given features extracted from activity and respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) belt signals (Nox A1 PSG). Sleep states from 139 PSG studies (CI N = 72; OSA N = 67) were analyzed by NBS and compared to manually scored PSG using positive percentage agreement, negative percentage agreement, and overall agreement metrics. Similarly, we compared common sleep parameters and OSA severity using sleep states estimated by NBS for each recording and compared to manual scoring using Bland-Altman analysis and intra-class correlation coefficient.

Results

For 127,170 sleep epochs, an overall agreement of 83% was reached for Wake, NREM and REM states (92% for REM states in CI patients) between NBS and manually scored PSG. Overall agreement for estimating OSA severity was 100% for moderate-severe OSA and 91% for minimal OSA. The absolute errors of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and total sleep time (TST) were significantly lower for the NBS compared to no scoring of sleep. The intra-class correlation was higher for AHI and significantly higher for TST using the NBS compared to no scoring of sleep.

Conclusion

NBS gives sleep states, parameters and AHI with a good positive and negative percentage agreement, compared with manually scored PSG.

Association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and COVID-19 severity

Obstructive sleep apnea and sleep-related hypoxia have been associated with higher rates of hospitalization and mortality among patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We further explored the association between obstructive sleep apnea, COVID-19 severity and related mortality. In addition, we examined the effects of clinical and demographic parameters on COVID-19. In this retrospective study, we included adult patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 prior to the Omicron variant identification. We compared the severity of COVID-19 and mortality with the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. The study population included 44,275 patients who tested positive for COVID-19. Of these, 97% had mild or asymptomatic disease, 1.2% had moderate disease, and 1.8% had severe disease. Obstructive sleep apnea was diagnosed in 980 (2.2%) patients. In a multivariate analysis, obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis increased the risk of severe COVID-19 by 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.4) compared with mild disease. However, no increase in mortality was associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Interestingly, patients with moderate and high socioeconomic status had a 1.6 times higher risk for severe COVID-19 than patients from the low socioeconomic status group (95% confidence interval: 1.2-2.1 and 95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.3, respectively). The risk of dying due to COVID-19 was 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.5) and 3.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.8-5.3) times higher in patients with medium and high socioeconomic status, respectively, compared with patients with low socioeconomic status. Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea was found to be an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19. The higher the socioeconomic status, the higher the risk of severe COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Literature Review

Both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are important global health issues. The pathophysiological links between OSA and LRTIs include altered immune responses due to chronic intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, increased aspiration risk, and a high burden of comorbidities. In this narrative review, we evaluated the current evidence on the association between OSA and the incidence and outcomes of acute LRTIs in adults, specifically community-acquired pneumonia and viral pneumonia caused by influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Studies have demonstrated that OSA patients are more likely to develop bacterial pneumonia and exhibit a higher risk of invasive pneumococcal disease. The risk intensifies with the severity of OSA, influencing hospitalization rates and the need for intensive care. OSA is also associated with an increased risk of contracting influenza and suffering more severe disease, potentially necessitating hospitalization. Similarly, OSA contributes to increased COVID-19 disease severity, reflected by higher rates of hospitalization, longer hospital stays, and a higher incidence of acute respiratory failure. The effect of OSA on mortality rates from these infections is, however, somewhat ambiguous. Finally, we explored antibiotic therapy for OSA patients with LRTIs, addressing care settings, empirical regimens, risks, and pharmacokinetic considerations. Given the substantial burden of OSA and its significant interplay with acute LRTIs, enhanced screening, targeted vaccinations, and optimized management strategies for OSA patients should be prioritized.

Genetic Analysis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Its Relationship with Severe COVID-19

Rationale: Although patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have a higher risk for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) hospitalization, the causal relationship has remained unexplored. Objectives: To understand the causal relationship between OSA and COVID-19 by leveraging data from vaccination and electronic health records, genetic risk factors from genome-wide association studies, and Mendelian randomization. Methods: We elucidated genetic risk factors for OSA using FinnGen (total N = 377,277), performing genome-wide association. We used the associated variants as instruments for univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses and computed absolute risk reduction against COVID-19 hospitalization with or without vaccination. Results: We identified nine novel loci for OSA and replicated our findings in the Million Veteran Program. Furthermore, MR analysis showed that OSA was a causal risk factor for severe COVID-19 (P = 9.41 × 10-4). Probabilistic modeling showed that the strongest genetic risk factor for OSA at the FTO locus reflected a signal of higher body mass index (BMI), whereas BMI-independent association was seen with the earlier reported SLC9A4 locus and a MECOM locus, which is a transcriptional regulator with 210-fold enrichment in the Finnish population. Similarly, multivariate MR analysis showed that the causality for severe COVID-19 was driven by BMI (multivariate MR P = 5.97 × 10-6, β = 0.47). Finally, vaccination reduced the risk for COVID-19 hospitalization more in the patients with OSA than in the non-OSA controls, with respective absolute risk reductions of 13.3% versus 6.3%. Conclusions: Our analysis identified novel genetic risk factors for OSA and showed that OSA is a causal risk factor for severe COVID-19. The effect is predominantly explained by higher BMI and suggests BMI-dependent effects at the level of individual variants and at the level of comorbid causality.

Acromegaly and COVID-19, lessons, and new opportunities

The COVID-19 pandemic created challenges in effective management of patients with acromegaly. Specifically, with regards to timely diagnosis, delays in surgeries, and disruption(s) to routine patient care. A transition to telemedicine did help to overcome safety restrictions that were placed on in-person care. Creation of surgical safety protocols in conjunction with widespread testing for COVID-19 has also helped with the resumption of pituitary surgery cases. However, acromegaly related comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea and respiratory disease, vertebral fractures, and hypopituitarism, may increase the risk of a more severe COVID-19 infection course. Of note and to date, no negative trends in COVID-19 related outcomes have been reported in patients with acromegaly. Nevertheless, anxiety and depression rates in patients with acromegaly are higher than those in the general population. More studies are needed to assess the true impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on morbidity, mortality, and neuropsychiatric health of patients with acromegaly.

Clinical Approach to Patients with COVID-19 and Unrecognized Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Purpose: We conducted a retrospective case series of seven male COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure and suspected OSA based on clinical features to evaluate the effects of undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on COVID-19 outcomes and the response to a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Cardiorespiratory polygraphy (CRP) and a continuous positive airway pressure treatment were used for diagnosis and management. They confirmed severe obstructive sleep apnea in all patients (apnea/hypopnea index > 30) and improved overnight oxygenation and symptoms at the 1-month follow-up. Conclusions: Undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea may negatively impact COVID-19 outcomes by exacerbating respiratory failure. Recognition and treatment with continuous positive airway pressure can optimize the management of such patients.

Fibrinaloid Microclots and Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a comorbidity of a variety of other chronic, inflammatory diseases for which fibrinaloid microclots are a known accompaniment (and in some cases, a cause, with a mechanistic basis). Clots are, of course, a well-known consequence of atrial fibrillation. We here ask the question whether the fibrinaloid microclots seen in plasma or serum may in fact also be a cause of (or contributor to) the development of AF. We consider known 'risk factors' for AF, and in particular, exogenous stimuli such as infection and air pollution by particulates, both of which are known to cause AF. The external accompaniments of both bacterial (lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acids) and viral (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) infections are known to stimulate fibrinaloid microclots when added in vitro, and fibrinaloid microclots, as with other amyloid proteins, can be cytotoxic, both by inducing hypoxia/reperfusion and by other means. Strokes and thromboembolisms are also common consequences of AF. Consequently, taking a systems approach, we review the considerable evidence in detail, which leads us to suggest that it is likely that microclots may well have an aetiological role in the development of AF. This has significant mechanistic and therapeutic implications.

Referral practices and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancies with obesity

Objective

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects maternal and neonatal health during pregnancy. This study aimed to identify characteristics and comorbidities associated with sleep clinic referral in high-risk pregnancies with Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2.

Method

Retrospective cohort study for individuals in a high-risk pregnancy clinic at a tertiary Australian hospital from 1 January to 31 December 2020 with BMI≥35 kg/m2. The primary outcome measure was sleep clinic referral. Exposure data included multiple comorbidities and formal tools (Epworth Sleepiness Scale and STOP-BANG). Multivariable analysis was used to identify factors associated with referral. Descriptive data on barriers to diagnosis and treatment were collected.

Results

Of 161 pregnant individuals, 38.5% were screened using formal tools and 13.7% were referred to sleep clinic. Having STOP-BANG performed was associated with sleep clinic referral (Odds Ratio: 18.04, 95% Confidence Interval:4.5-71.7, p < 0.001). No clinical characteristics were associated with the likelihood of performing STOP-BANG. The COVID-19 pandemic was a treatment barrier for three individuals.

Conclusions

Current screening practices identify pregnant individuals with the highest pre-test probability of having OSA. Future research should evaluate real-world strategies to improve identification and management in this high-risk population.

Identification of biomarkers and pathways for the SARS-CoV-2 infections in obstructive sleep apnea patients based on machine learning and proteomic analysis

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was found to be higher in individuals following COVID-19 infection. However, the intricate mechanisms that underscore this concomitance remain partially elucidated. The aim of this study was to delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms that underpin this comorbidity.

METHODS

We acquired gene expression profiles for COVID-19 (GSE157103) and OSA (GSE75097) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Upon identifying shared feature genes between OSA and COVID-19 utilizing LASSO, Random forest and Support vector machines algorithms, we advanced to functional annotation, analysis of protein-protein interaction networks, module construction, and identification of pivotal genes. Furthermore, we established regulatory networks encompassing transcription factor (TF)-gene and TF-miRNA interactions, and searched for promising drug targets. Subsequently, the expression levels of pivotal genes were validated through proteomics data from COVID-19 cases.

RESULTS

Fourteen feature genes shared between OSA and COVID-19 were selected for further investigation. Through functional annotation, it was indicated that metabolic pathways play a role in the pathogenesis of both disorders. Subsequently, employing the cytoHubba plugin, ten hub genes were recognized, namely TP53, CCND1, MDM2, RB1, HIF1A, EP300, STAT3, CDK2, HSP90AA1, and PPARG. The finding of proteomics unveiled a substantial augmentation in the expression level of HSP90AA1 in COVID-19 patient samples, especially in severe conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Our investigation illuminate a mutual pathogenic mechanism that underlies both OSA and COVID-19, which may provide novel perspectives for future investigations into the underlying mechanisms.

The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome after COVID-19 infection

Obstructive sleep apnea is a well-known risk factor regarding the severity of COVID-19 infection. However, to date, relatively little research performed on the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in COVID-19 survivors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk of obstructive sleep apnea after COVID-19 infection. This study was based on data collected from the US Collaborative Network in TriNetX. From January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2022, participants who underwent the SARS-CoV-2 test were included in the study. Based on their positive or negative results of the COVID-19 test results (the polymerase chain reaction [PCR] test), we divided the study population into two groups. The duration of follow-up began when the PCR test was administered and continued for 12 months. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for newly recorded COVID-19 positive subjects for obstructive sleep apnea were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and compared to those without COVID-19 infection. Subgroup analyses were performed for the age, sex, and race, groups. The COVID-19 group was associated with an increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea, at both 3 months of follow-up (HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.48-1.54), and 1 year of follow-up (HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.55-1.60). Kaplan-Meier curves regarding the risk of obstructive sleep apnea revealed a significant difference of probability between the two cohorts in the follow-up periods of 3 months and 1 year (Log-Rank test, p < 0.001). The risks of obstructive sleep apnea among COVID-19 patients were significant in the less than 65 year of age group (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.47-1.52), as well as in the group older than or equal to 65 years (HR:1.69, 95% CI: 1.64-1.73). Furthermore, the risks of obstructive sleep apnea were evident in both the male and female COVID-19 groups. Compared to the control group, the risks of obstructive sleep apnea in the COVID-19 participants increased in the subgroups of White (HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.59-1.64), Blacks/African Americans (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.45-1.55), Asian (HR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.32-1.62) and American Indian/Alaska Native (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.07-1.74). In conclusion, the incidence of new diagnosis obstructive sleep apnea could be substantially higher after COVID-19 infection than non-COVID-19 comparison group. Physicians should evaluate obstructive sleep apnea in patients after COVID-19 infection to help prevent future long-term adverse effects from occurring in the future, including cardiovascular and neurovascular disease.

Efficacy analysis of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in elderly patients with heart failure complicated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

BACKGROUND

It is recommended to use non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in elderly patients with heart failure combined with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).

OBJECTIVE

To study the therapeutic effect of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation on elderly patients with heart failure complicated with OSAS.

METHODS

Using the random number table method, 119 elderly patients with heart failure complicated with OSAS who were admitted to our hospital from April 2020 to April 2021 were divided into the observation (60 cases) and control (59 cases) groups. On the basis of conventional drug treatment, patients in the observation group were treated with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, and patients in the control group were treated with low-flow oxygen inhalation. The sleep quality, hemoglobin, red blood cells, erythropoietin, pro-brain natriureticpeptide (pro-BNP) levels and blood pressure were compared.

RESULTS

After treatment, levels of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, erythropoietin, pro-BNP, blood pressure and sleep apnea-hypopnea index in the observation group were lower before treatment and in the control group in the same period. The oxygen saturation was higher before treatment and the control group in the same period (P< 0.05). The overall satisfaction with sleep quality in the observation group was higher (P< 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation can improve blood oxygen saturation and sleep quality in elderly patients with heart failure complicated with OSAS, and reduce pro-BNP level.

Sleep and cardiovascular disease

This review centres around the recent evidence in examining the intersection of sleep and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Sleep in this review will be further subdivided to consider both sleep quantity and quality along and will also consider some of the more common sleep disorders, such as insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea, in the context of CVD. Sleep disorders have been further explored in several specific populations which are both at risk of sleep disorders and CVD. Secondly, the review will present some of the risk factors for CVD that are affected by sleep and sleep disorders which include hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. It will also examine the potential underlying mechanisms including inflammation, appetite control, endocrine, and genetic processes that are affected by sleep and sleep disorders leading to increased risk of CVD development. In addition, we will consider the observed bi-directional relationships between sleep and cardiovascular risk factors. For example, obesity, a risk factor for CVD can be affected by sleep, but in turn can increase the risk of certain sleep disorder development which disrupts sleep, leading to further risk of obesity development and increased CVD risk. Finally, the review will explore emerging evidence around lifestyle interventions that have included a sleep component and how it impacts the management of CVD risk factor. The need for increased awareness of the health effects of poor sleep and sleep disorders will be discussed alongside the need for policy intervention to improve sleep to facilitate better health and well-being.

Time for bed: diet, sleep and obesity in children and adults

Sufficient sleep is necessary for optimal health, daytime performance and wellbeing and the amount required is age-dependent and decreases across the lifespan. Sleep duration is usually affected by age and several different cultural, social, psychological, behavioural, pathophysiological and environmental factors. This review considers how much sleep children and adults need, why this is important, what the consequences are of insufficient sleep and how we can improve sleep. A lack of the recommended amount of sleep for a given age group has been shown to be associated with detrimental effects on health including effects on metabolism, endocrine function, immune function and haemostatic pathways. Obesity has increased worldwide in the last few decades and the WHO has now declared it a global epidemic. A lack of sleep is associated with an increased risk of obesity in children and adults, which may lead to future poor health outcomes. Data from studies in both children and adults suggest that the relationship between sleep and obesity may be mediated by several different mechanisms including alterations in appetite and satiety, sleep timing, circadian rhythm and energy balance. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that improvements in sleep, in both children and adults, can be beneficial for weight management and diet and certain foods might be important to promote sleep. In conclusion this review demonstrates that there is a wide body of evidence to suggest that sleep and obesity are causally related and recommends that further research is required to inform policy, and societal change.

Soli-enabled noncontact heart rate detection for sleep and meditation tracking

Heart rate (HR) is a crucial physiological signal that can be used to monitor health and fitness. Traditional methods for measuring HR require wearable devices, which can be inconvenient or uncomfortable, especially during sleep and meditation. Noncontact HR detection methods employing microwave radar can be a promising alternative. However, the existing approaches in the literature usually use high-gain antennas and require the sensor to face the user's chest or back, making them difficult to integrate into a portable device and unsuitable for sleep and meditation tracking applications. This study presents a novel approach for noncontact HR detection using a miniaturized Soli radar chip embedded in a portable device (Google Nest Hub). The chip has a [Formula: see text] dimension and can be easily integrated into various devices. The proposed approach utilizes advanced signal processing and machine learning techniques to extract HRs from radar signals. The approach is validated on a sleep dataset (62 users, 498 h) and a meditation dataset (114 users, 1131 min). The approach achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.69 bpm and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of [Formula: see text] on the sleep dataset. On the meditation dataset, the approach achieves an MAE of 1.05 bpm and a MAPE of [Formula: see text]. The recall rates for the two datasets are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. This study represents the first application of the noncontact HR detection technology to sleep and meditation tracking, offering a promising alternative to wearable devices for HR monitoring during sleep and meditation.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on positive airway pressure adherence and patients' perspectives in Greece: the role of telemedicine

STUDY OBJECTIVES

To analyze the impact of national lockdowns in Greece on positive airway pressure adherence, patients' perspectives regarding COVID-19 pandemic and the role of telemedicine.

METHODS

872 obstructive sleep apnea patients from southern and 673 from northern Greece, under positive airway pressure treatment, were evaluated with adherence data available 12 months prior to and 3 months after the first and second lockdown. Telemedicine, locally available as part of a research protocol, was used for patient's follow-up in southern Greece and standard follow-up procedures were implemented in northern Greece. We analyzed the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on positive airway pressure adherence and patients' concerns regarding COVID-19 infection.

RESULTS

Significant difference was noted in positive airway pressure adherence as measured by the hours of use at 12 months prior to and at the 3 months after the first lockdown in southern (5.6 vs 6.6, P = .003) and northern Greece (5.3 vs 6.0, P = .03). The proportion of patients with optimal adherence (≥ 6 hours) increased by 18% (P = .004) in southern and by 9% (P = .20) in northern Greece after the first lockdown and remained steady after the second lockdown in both groups. In southern Greece, 23% of patients reported that they were concerned about getting COVID-19 due to obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis, while only 3% reported decreased sleep duration. Moreover, 9% were concerned that the presence of obstructive sleep apnea would make them more susceptible for worse outcome in case of COVID-19 infection.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that maintaining follow-up using telemedicine had a positive influence pointing out the potential role of digital health.

CITATION

Bouloukaki I, Pataka A, Mauroudi E, Moniaki V, Fanaridis M, Schiza SE. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on positive airway pressure adherence and patients' perspectives in Greece: the role of telemedicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(10):1743-1751.

Obstructive sleep apnea: a major risk factor for COVID-19 encephalopathy?

BACKGROUND

This study evaluates the impact of high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute encephalopathy (AE).

METHODS

Between 3/1/2020 and 11/1/2021, 97 consecutive patients were evaluated at the Geneva University Hospitals with a neurological diagnosis of COVID-19 AE. They were divided in two groups depending on the presence or absence of high risk for OSA based on the modified NOSAS score (mNOSAS, respectively ≥ 8 and < 8). We compared patients' characteristics (clinical, biological, brain MRI, EEG, pulmonary CT). The severity of COVID-19 AE relied on the RASS and CAM scores.

RESULTS

Most COVID-19 AE patients presented with a high mNOSAS, suggesting high risk of OSA (> 80%). Patients with a high mNOSAS had a more severe form of COVID-19 AE (84.8% versus 27.8%), longer mean duration of COVID-19 AE (27.9 versus 16.9 days), higher mRS at discharge (≥ 3 in 58.2% versus 16.7%), and increased prevalence of brain vessels enhancement (98.1% versus 20.0%). High risk of OSA was associated with a 14 fold increased risk of developing a severe COVID-19 AE (OR = 14.52).

DISCUSSION

These observations suggest an association between high risk of OSA and COVID-19 AE severity. High risk of OSA could be a predisposing factor leading to severe COVID-19 AE and consecutive long-term sequalae.

Association of clinically significant obstructive sleep apnoea with risks of contracting COVID-19 and serious COVID-19 complications: a retrospective population-based study of health administrative data

RATIONALE/OBJECTIVES

Despite plausible pathophysiological mechanisms, more research is needed to confirm the relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and the risk of COVID-19 infection or COVID-19-related serious complications.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using provincial health administrative data (Ontario, Canada). Adults with physician-diagnosed OSA who received positive airway pressure therapy in the 5 years prepandemic (OSA group) were propensity score matched by baseline characteristics to individuals in the general population at low risk of OSA (non-OSA group) using inverse probability of treatment weighting. Weighted HRs of (1) a positive COVID-19 test and (2) COVID-19-related emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalisations, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and mortality, within 12 months of pandemic onset, were compared between groups. We also evaluated the impact of comorbid cardiometabolic or chronic airways disease.

RESULTS

We identified and matched 324 029 individuals in the OSA group to 4 588 200 individuals in the non-OSA group. Compared with the non-OSA group, those in the OSA group were at a greater hazard of testing positive for COVID-19 (HR=1.17, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.21), having a COVID-19-related ED visit (HR=1.62, 95% CI 1.51 to 1.73), hospitalisation (HR=1.50, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.65) or ICU admission (HR=1.53, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.84). COVID-19-related 30-day mortality was not different (HR=0.98, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16).We found that for the OSA group, comorbid airways disease but not cardiometabolic conditions increased the hazards of COVID-19-related outcomes, including mortality.

CONCLUSION

In this large population-based study, we demonstrated that a recent diagnosis of OSA requiring treatment was associated with an increased hazard of testing positive for COVID-19 and serious COVID-19-related complications, particularly in those with co-existing chronic airways disease.

Association of the risk of obstructive sleep apnoea with the severity of COVID-19

Patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) have a worse prognosis than COVID-19 patients without OSA. This study aimed to examine the relationship between OSA risk and the severity of COVID-19 in patients undiagnosed with OSA. Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized or admitted to a community hotel were recruited for the study after recovery during a clinic check-up visit 6-8 weeks after discharge. At this visit, they answered the Epworth Sleeping Scale (ESS) and Berlin questionnaire. Demographic and clinical details were collected from electronic medical records. OSA risk was observed in 37 of 119 included patients (31.1%). Patients with high OSA risk were male, significantly older, had a higher body mass index (BMI), and had higher rates of hypertension and snoring than patients with low OSA risk. Moreover, OSA risk was associated with COVID-19 severity; 48.6% of patients with high risk for OSA suffered from severe COVID-19 compared to 22% of patients with low risk for OSA (p = 0.007). The duration of hospitalization for patients with a high OSA risk was 10.97±9.43 days, while that for those with a low OSA risk was 4.71±6.86 days (p = 0.001). After adjusting for BMI, age, hypertension, and chronic disease, the odds ratio was 4.3 (95%CI, 1.2-16, p = 0.029). A high OSA risk was associated with severe COVID-19 and longer hospitalization. Thus, we recommend that the Berlin and ESS questionnaires be completed for every COVID-19-infected patient at hospitalization, especially in the presence of comorbidities.

Relationships between Lip Seal Strength, Tongue Pressure, and Daytime Sleepiness in Japanese Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationships between lip seal strength, tongue pressure, and daytime sleepiness in Japanese workers. A self-administered questionnaire which comprised the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was completed by 496 workers, and excessive daytime sleepiness was defined by an ESS score of 11 or over. Lip seal strength and tongue pressure were measured in all participants, and multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the effects of lip seal strength and tongue pressure on daytime sleepiness. The median ESS score was 5.0 (25th and 75th percentiles: 2.0 and 8.0), and 42 (8.5%) workers had excessive daytime sleepiness. The median lip seal strength was 13.5 N (11.4, 16.3), and the tongue pressure was 41.7 kPa (35.2, 48.3). Workers with higher ESS scores had significantly lower levels of lip seal strength than those without, following adjustments for age and body mass index (BMI) values (β (95% confidence interval): -0.043 [-0.081, -0.004]). However, tongue pressure was not significantly associated with ESS score after adjustments for age and/or BMI. These results suggest that maintaining moderate lip seal strength may help prevent excessive daytime sleepiness in Japanese workers regardless of age or BMI.

Associations between obstructive sleep apnea and COVID-19 infection and hospitalization among US adults

STUDY OBJECTIVES

Medical comorbidities increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection. In some studies, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been identified as a comorbid condition that is associated with an increased prevalence of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization, but few have investigated this association in a general population. This study aimed to answer the following research question: In a general population, is OSA associated with increased odds of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization and are these altered with COVID-19 vaccination?

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional survey of a diverse sample of 15,057 US adults.

RESULTS

COVID-19 infection and hospitalization rates in the cohort were 38.9% and 2.9%, respectively. OSA or OSA symptoms were reported in 19.4%. In logistic regression models adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and comorbid medical conditions, OSA was positively associated with COVID-19 infection (adjusted odds ratio: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.39-1.79) and COVID-19 hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.17-2.05). In fully adjusted models, boosted vaccination status was protective against both infection and hospitalization. Boosted vaccination status attenuated the association between OSA and COVID-19 related hospitalization but not infection. Participants with untreated or symptomatic OSA were at greater risk for COVID-19 infection; those with untreated but not symptomatic OSA were more likely to be hospitalized.

CONCLUSIONS

In a general population sample, OSA is associated with a greater likelihood of having had a COVID-19 infection and a COVID-19 hospitalization with the greatest impact observed among persons experiencing OSA symptoms or who were untreated for their OSA. Boosted vaccination status attenuated the association between OSA and COVID-19-related hospitalization.

CITATION

Quan SF, Weaver MD, Czeisler MÉ, et al. Associations between obstructive sleep apnea and COVID-19 infection and hospitalization among U.S. adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(7):1303-1311.

A Portable Low-Cost Respiration Rate Measurement System for Sleep Apnea Detection

Continuous monitoring of breathing activity is vital in detecting respiratory-based diseases such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypopnea. Sleep apnea (SA) is a potentially dangerous sleep problem that occurs when a person's breathing stops and begins periodically while they sleep. In addition, SA interrupts sleep, causing significant daytime sleepiness, weirdness, and irritability. This study aims to design a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor-based system to analyze the respiratory rate of humans. The results of the developed system is validated with the Equivital Wireless Physiological Systems for different activities. Further, the experiment has been designed to identify the optimal sensor placement location for efficient respiration rate estimation during different activities. The performance of the developed model has been quantified using breathing rate estimation accuracy (% BREA) and mean absolute error (MAE). Among all sensor placement locations and activities combinations, a window size of 30sec resulted in the worst performance, whereas a window size ≥ 60sec resulted in a better performance (p-value<0.05). In addition, the performance of the model has been found consistent for window size ≥ 60sec (p-value>0.05). For activity 3 (lying straight), comparably similar performance, 0.52±0.24 and 0.52±0.12 (p-value>0.05) have been depicted by the sensor placement position 3 (Abdomen) and position 1 (chest), respectively. Further, for the other two activities, activity 1 (sitting and working) and activity 2 (sitting straight), the best performance has been depicted as 0.32±0.18, 0.49±0.21 respectively (p-value<0.05), by the sensor placement position 2 (left ribs). This research presents a reliable, cost-effective, portable respiration monitoring system that could detect SA during sleep.

[Compliance with CPAP treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apneas during the COVID-19 pandemic in two hospitals in the Federal Capital]

Introduction

CPAP therapy is the first line treatment for sleep apnea and its effectiveness depends on adherence. Face to face control and follow-up was limited due to the fact that our country was immersed in social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic as of March 2020. In order to assess whether CPAP adherence was maintained in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), in two hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic and compare it with the pre-pandemic situation on a historical control basis in the city of Buenos Aires.

Methods

Observational and retrospective study based on systematic data collection of adherence to CPAP and residual apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). For comparison, a historical control corresponding to the specular period (May to December of each year between 2016 and 2019) was used as a reference. Patients over 18 years ago with OSA on CPAP therapy more than 30 days of treatment were included. Patients with other chronic respiratory diseases requiring ventilation therapy (Bi-level, servo ventilation, volume-assured ventilation) were excluded.

Results

151 pre-pandemic patients and 127 from the pandemic period, respectively, were evaluated. Men 98 (65%) vs. 50 (60.3%) p: 0.9, age: 65.4 ± 11.9 vs. 63.6 ± 12.6 p: 0.22, body mass index 31.5 ± 5.0 vs. 31.2 ± 5.3 kg/m2 p: 0.6, respectively. In both centers, the most used treatment was fixed CPAP; 90 (59.6%) vs. 96 (75.6%) p: 0.005. There was an increase in compliance with it compared to the pre-pandemic period in minutes/night [341.4 95% CI 292.4 - 340.6 vs. 274.3 95% CI 208.5 - 267.4, p: 0.001] and residual AHI reduction [3.3 IC 95% 2.0 - 3.05 vs. 6.3 IC 95% 2.6 - 4.3 p: 0.006].

Conclusions

In the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, greater adherence to CPAP treatment was observed in patients with sleep apnea.

Diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea using a bio-radar contact-free system compared with an established HST device in older adults

GOAL AND AIMS

To compare a bio-radar contact-free monitoring device in diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in older people with an established home sleep apnea testing system (HST).

FOCUS METHOD/TECHNOLOGY

A bio-radar contact-free monitoring device (OrbSense+).

REFERENCE METHOD/TECHNOLOGY

An established HST, Alice NightOne.

SAMPLE

Fifty-three out of 63 recruited subjects were included in the final analysis. Seventy-two percent were male (age 72 ± 9 years; body mass index 31.05 ± 5.56 kg/m2).

DESIGN

An observational, prospective study.

CORE ANALYTICS

Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis, and receiver operating characteristic analysis.

ADDITIONAL ANALYTICS AND EXPLORATORY ANALYSES

None.

CORE OUTCOMES

Both 45 (84.91%) were diagnosed with OSA by Alice NightOne (average respiratory event index = 21.23 events/h) and by OrbSense+ (average respiratory event index = 25.98 events/h). Respiratory event index and oxygen desaturation index obtained by Alice NightOne and OrbSense+ were highly correlated, with ICC of 0.93 and 0.88, respectively. The Bland-Altman plot comparing the means showed good agreement between the 2 diagnostic techniques. With more than 5 respiratory events per hour as the standard for OSA diagnosis, OrbSense+ had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100% in diagnosis of OSA (P < .0001). With more than 15 respiratory events per hour as the standard for OSA diagnosis, OrbSense+ was found to have a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 86.96% in diagnosis of OSA (P < .0001).

IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL OUTCOMES

None.

CORE CONCLUSION

The bio-radar sleep monitoring device is a reasonably accurate home sleep apnea test for use in older patients.

Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in truck drivers

Professional drivers show a higher prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) compared with the general population. OSA has been widely associated with an increased risk of traffic accidents. This article aims to investigate the presence of risk factors for OSA, its prevalence and the value of screening tools in a truck drivers' cohort. Descriptive and analytical prospective study. Demographic, anthropometric, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, STOP-Bang and Berlin Questionnaire were used to select subjects with suspicion of OSA. Polysomnography (PSG) was performed in individuals with positive screening. Mean age was 44.6±7 years, mean body mass index was 28.7±4 kg/m². Of the 281 truck drivers screened, 88 were positive for potential OSA. Of these, 63 completed PSG study and the diagnosis was confirmed in 85.7% (prevalence of 19.2%). The following variables showed a positive correlation with the apnea-hypopnea index: neck circumference and STOP-Bang. The combination of a predominantly male population, obesity, age distribution and lifestyle could account for the high prevalence of OSA in this specific population. Questionnaires proved to be a valuable screening tool. Screening, treatment, and management of OSA should be a priority as a public safety policy.

COVID-19 and Sleep Disturbances: A Literature Review of Clinical Evidence

The need for adequate good quality sleep to optimally function is well known. Over years, various physical, psychological, biological, and social factors have been investigated to understand their impact on sleep. However, understanding the etiological processes that are involved in causing sleep disturbances (SD) as impacted by stressful phases such as pandemics has not been well studied. Many such etiological and management strategies have surfaced during the latest "coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The occurrence of these SD in the infected and uninfected individuals poses a need to investigate factors linked to such occurrence during this phase. Some of such factors include stressful practices such as social distancing, masking, vaccines, and medications availability, changes in routines, and lifestyles. As the status of infection improved, a collective term for all the prolonged effects of COVID-19 after the resolution of the primary infection called the post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) surfaced. Apart from impacting sleep during the infectious phase, the aftereffects of this virus left an even greater impact during the PCS. Various mechanisms have been hypothesized to be linked to such SD during the PCS, but the available data are inconclusive. Further, the varied patterns of incidence of these SDs differed by many factors, such as age, gender, and geographical location, making clinical management even more challenging. This review elucidates the impact of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (COVID) disease on sleep health during the various phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also investigate different causal relationships, management strategies, and knowledge gaps related to SD during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Validation of the Modified Berlin Questionnaire for the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with a History of COVID-19 Infection

(1) Background: The Berlin questionnaire (BQ) is a widely used survey to predict obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Considering the confounding effect of obesity and hypertension on the clinical course of COVID-19, we have recently developed a modified BQ (mBQ) based on the subscales snoring intensity/frequency, witnessed apneas and morning/daytime tiredness, and demonstrated that patients with high-risk OSA had worse outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the current study, we aimed to validate the mBQ in adults with a history of COVID-19 infection. (2) Method: All cases who suffered from COVID-19 infection between 10 March and 22 June 2020, and who completed the mBQ in our first study, were invited to participate. Participants refilled the questionnaires, and an attended polysomnography (PSG) was conducted. An apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 15 events/h or more was considered as OSA. (3) Results: Out of the 70 participants, 27 (39%) were categorized as having a high risk of OSA based on the mBQ. According to the PSG results, 24 patients with high-risk OSA (89%) and 3 patients with low-risk OSA on the mBQ (7%) had AHI ≥ 15 events/h. The mBQ had a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 93%, a positive predictive value of 89%, a negative predictive value of 93%, and an accuracy of 91%. The area under the curve was 0.91 confirming a very good performance of the mBQ in screening for OSA. (4) Conclusions: The mBQ has a good level of diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy among adults with a history of COVID-19 infection. Since the confounding effects of obesity and hypertension are eliminated, the mBQ may be used not only as a screening tool for high-risk OSA but also as a prognostic survey in clinical cohorts.

OSA and Subsequent Risk of Hospitalization With Pneumonia, Respiratory Infection, and Total Infection: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

BACKGROUND

OSA has been linked to microaspiration, systemic inflammation, and suboptimal immune function.

RESEARCH QUESTION

Is OSA prospectively associated with risk of hospitalization for pneumonia, respiratory, and total infections?

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Prospective cohort. Participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (N = 1,586) underwent polysomnography in 1996-1998 and were followed up through 2018 for infection-related hospitalizations. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI; events/h) was used to categorize participants as having severe OSA (≥ 30), moderate OSA (15-29), mild OSA (5-14), or a normal breathing pattern (< 5). Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs.

RESULTS

ARIC participants were on average 62.7 (SD = 5.5) years of age, and 52.8% were female. Severe OSA was present in 6.0%, moderate OSA in 12.7%, mild OSA in 30.0%, and normal breathing in 51.3%. A total of 253 hospitalizations with pneumonia occurred over a median 20.4 (max, 22.9) years' follow-up. Participants with severe OSA were at 1.87 times (95% CI, 1.19-2.95) higher risk of hospitalization with pneumonia compared with those with a normal breathing pattern after adjustment for demographics and lifestyle behaviors. Results were attenuated modestly after adjustment for BMI (1.62 [0.99-2.63]), and prevalent asthma and COPD (1.62 [0.99-2.63]). A similar pattern existed for hospitalization with respiratory infection and composite infection (demographic and behavior-adjusted HRs: 1.47 [0.96-2.25] and 1.48 [1.07-2.04], respectively).

INTERPRETATION

Severe OSA was associated with increased risk of hospitalizations with pneumonia in this community-based cohort. OSA patients may benefit from more aggressive efforts to prevent pneumonia and other infectious conditions.

Anxiety, sleep habits and executive function during the COVID-19 pandemic through parents’ perception: a longitudinal study

The present study therefore aims to examine trait and state anxiety, sleep habits and executive functioning during 1 year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents through the lens of parents. Assessments were conducted at three different times: April 2020 (T1), October 2020 (T2) and October 2021 (T3). The main sample included 953 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years, and scales were used to assess anxiety (STAIC), sleep habits (BEARS) and executive functioning (BRIEF-2). The results showed that 6 months after the outbreak of the pandemic, state and trait anxiety, sleep disturbances and executive dysfunctions increased significantly. One and a half year later, trait anxiety and sleep disturbances have been maintained, while state anxiety and executive dysfunction have decreased their scores obtaining scores similar to those of April 2020. In conclusion, there has been a further decrease in children and adolescents’ mental health since the beginning of the pandemic, and it seems to remain at the present time, such as trait anxiety as a part of the personality.

Molecular aspects of COVID-19 and its relationship with obesity and physical activity: a narrative review

BACKGROUND

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has several mechanisms of action related to inflammatory responses, especially in individuals diagnosed with obesity. This hyperinflammatory clinical profile resulting from the association between obesity and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be attenuated by regular physical activity.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to review the evidence on the consequences of physical inactivity and physical activity on COVID-19 in patients with obesity.

DESIGN AND SETTING

Narrative review at the Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health in Salvador, Brazil.

METHODS

We searched evidence on the association of COVID-19 with physical activity and obesity using the following keywords: "covid-19," "physical activity," and "obesity". The databases used were MEDLINE (PubMed), ScienceDirect, and Virtual Health Library. Studies published from 2019 to 2021 and available in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included. The final search was conducted on September 26, 2021.

RESULTS

We identified 661 studies in the database, among which 71 were considered for inclusion in the narrative review of the molecular aspects of COVID-19 and its relationship with physical activity and obesity.

CONCLUSION

This literature review enabled the perception of the relationship between the molecular mechanisms of COVID-19 and obesity. Regular physical activity had various benefits for the inflammatory condition of the studied population, highlighting moderate-intensity.

Causal associations between obstructive sleep apnea and COVID-19: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUNDS

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant impact on human health. Whether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases the risk of COVID-19 remains unclear. We sought to clarify this issue using two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) analysis in large cohorts.

METHODS

Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to evaluate the potential causality between OSA and COVID-19 by selecting single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables (IVs) from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was selected as the main approach for data analysis to estimate the possible causal effects. Alternative methods such as MR-Egger, the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), and leave-one-out analysis methods were implemented as sensitivity analysis approaches to ensure the robustness of the results.

RESULTS

All forward MR analyses consistently indicated the absence of a causal relationship between OSA and any COVID-19 phenotype. In the reverse MR analysis, the IVW mode demonstrated that severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 was correlated with a 4.9% higher risk of OSA (OR, 1.049; 95%CI, 1.018-1.081; P = 0.002), consistent in MR-PRESSO (OR = 1.049, 95%CI 1.018-1.081, P = 0.004), weighted median (OR = 1.048, 95%CI 1.003-1.095, P = 0.035), and MR-Egger (OR = 1.083, 95%CI 1.012-1.190, P = 0.041) methods.

CONCLUSIONS

There is no significant evidence supporting a causal association between OSA and any COVID phenotype, while we identified potential evidence for a causal effect of severe COVID-19 on an increased risk of OSA.

Negative association between fatigue and signs of sleep apnoea in patients after COVID-19

Compared to the general population, there are increased apnoea-hypopnoea indices in patients recovering from #COVID19, yet there is a negative correlation to symptoms of fatigue and no significant correlation to daytime sleepiness https://bit.ly/3pEl9C8.

Influences of sleep and lifestyle factors on the risk for covid-19 infections, from internet survey of 10,000 Japanese business workers

We conducted an internet survey to assess sociodemographic variables, lifestyle factors, sleep problems, and comorbidities for sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) in COVID-19 and influenza (FLU) infections. Data from 10,323 workers (50.0% male) were analyzed. COVID-19 was diagnosed in 144 subjects (COVID-19+), and 8,693 were classified as not suspected to be infected (COVID-19-). SAS had been diagnosed in 35.4% of the COVID-19+ subjects, but only 231 (2.7%) of the 8,693 COVID-19- subjects. COVID-19+ subjects were more susceptible to FLU (35.4%) compared to COVID-19- subjects (3.0%). A multivariate analysis revealed that higher risks of COVID-19+ were linked to the following factors: going out without a face mask (OR 7.05, 95% CI 4.53-11.00), FLU+ (OR 6.33, 95% CI 3.80-10.54), excessive exercise before going to sleep (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.63-2.70), SAS+ (OR 5.08, 95% CI 2.88-8.94), younger age (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07), falling sleep while sitting or talking with someone (OR 3.70, 95% CI 2.30-5.95), and use of hypnotics (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.20-4.30). Since sleep impairment played a relatively small role in COVID-19+/SAS- subjects, we assume that SAS itself was a more significant risk factor for COVID-19 infection rather than sleep impairment. A better understanding of the mechanisms that result in increased susceptibility to COVID-19 in SAS is vital for helping prevent COVID-19.

Sleep Disorders in Patients after COVID-19

Healthy sleep is required to ensure the body’s homeostatic stability, the consistency of immunological reactions, and optimum functioning of the internal organs, the nervous system, and cognitive functions. Patterns of changes to the circadian rhythms have been studied in many diseases, though infection with SARS-CoV-2 is a new reality and the basic mechanisms of functioning of the body in this pathology require deeper investigation. Despite the difficulty of analytical investigations in pandemic conditions, experience of the diagnosis of COVID-19 has now been acquired and treatment algorithms have been developed for different clinical situations; vaccines have been developed. Least studied are questions of the long-term sequelae of COVID-19. At the same time, there are good grounds for suggesting that patients need long-term rehabilitation in the post-covid period of SARS-CoV-2, for reasons including damage to the nervous system. Analysis of publications – from descriptions of clinical cases to literature reviews – allows empirical experience to be accumulated, providing the opportunity for future identification of prognostic markers for the disease for effective prevention of long-term sequelae. The results of current prospective studies draw attention to the occurrence of dyssomnia and obstructive sleep apnea not only as a common consequence of coronavirus infection, but also as a factor significantly worsening the prognosis in the acute period of illness. It has repeatedly been shown that sleep deprivation has adverse influences on the body’s resistance, including to SARS-CoV-2, and requires correction to improve prognoses in the acute and long-term periods of illness in COVID-19 patients.

Annual review of selected scientific literature: A report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry

The Scientific Investigation Committee of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry offers this review of the 2021 dental literature in restorative dentistry to inform busy dentists regarding noteworthy scientific and clinical progress over the past year. Each member of the committee brings discipline-specific expertise to coverage of this broad topical area. Specific subject areas addressed, in order of the appearance in this report, include COVID-19 and the dental profession (new); prosthodontics; periodontics, alveolar bone, and peri-implant tissues; implant dentistry; dental materials and therapeutics; occlusion and temporomandibular disorders; sleep-related breathing disorders; oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery; and dental caries and cariology. The authors focused their efforts on reporting information likely to influence daily dental treatment decisions with an emphasis on future trends in dentistry. With the tremendous volume of dentistry and related literature being published daily, this review cannot possibly be comprehensive. Rather, its purpose is to update interested readers and provide important resource material for those interested in pursuing greater details on their own. It remains our intent to assist colleagues in negotiating the extensive volume of important information being published annually. It is our hope that readers find this work useful in successfully managing the patients and dental problems they encounter.

Lessons for sleep medicine learned from the COVID-19 pandemic

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, sleep medicine services were dramatically reduced worldwide. Implementation of mitigation strategies was suggested by expert organisations and helped to restart sleep medicine services. Distance communication and monitoring during diagnosis, treatment initiation, and treatment follow-up have been used widely, in particular for patients with sleep apnoea. Follow-up studies demonstrate both advantages and potential disadvantages with the use of these new technologies. Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that obstructive sleep apnoea may be an independent risk factor for adverse outcome in COVID-19, including an increased risk for hospitalisation and elevated mortality. Experimental studies explaining the underlying mechanisms behind these findings are warranted.

Sleep Quality Impairment Is Associated With Pandemic Attitudes During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Circuit Breaker Lockdown in England: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with sleep quality impairment and psychological distress, and the general public has responded to the pandemic and quarantine requirements in a variety of ways. We aimed to investigate whether sleep quality is low during a short-term (circuit break) quarantine restriction, and whether sleep quality is associated with respondents' overall attitudes to the pandemic using a validated scale.

Design and Setting

Online cross-sectional study in England in November 2020.

Participants

The study included 502 respondents over the age of 18.

Measurements

Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and pandemic attitudes were assessed using the Oxford Pandemic Attitudes Scale–COVID-19 (OPAS-C), a validated 20-item, 7-domain scale that assesses pandemic-related stress, fear, loneliness, sense of community, sense of exaggerated concern, non-pharmaceutical interventions, and vaccine hesitancy. Unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression odds ratios of association were assessed between the dependent variable of poor sleep quality (PSQI&gt;5) and risk factors, including OPAS-C score, age, sex, educational status, and income.

Results

The mean (SD) PSQI score was 7.62 (3.49). Overall, 68.9% of respondents met criteria for poor sleep quality using the PSQI cutoff of &gt;5. The mean (SD) OPAS-C score was 60.3 (9.1). There was a significantly increased odds of poor sleep quality in the highest vs. lowest OPAS-C quartiles (OR 4.94, 95% CI [2.67, 9.13], p &lt; 0.0001). Age, sex, income, political leaning, employment status, and education attainment were not associated with poor sleep quality.

Conclusions

More than two-thirds of respondents met criteria for poor sleep quality. The odds of poor sleep quality increased in a dose-response relationship with pandemic attitudes (such as higher levels of pandemic-related stress, fear, or loneliness). The association between poor sleep quality and pandemic attitudes suggests opportunities for public health and sleep medicine interventions, and highlights the need for further research.

Comparison of a home sleep test with in-laboratory polysomnography in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

BACKGROUND

In-laboratory, polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). However, the long waiting list and sleeping at a hospital make patients hesitate to undergo the examination, thereby delaying diagnosis. During coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, sleep labs are almost closed, and the delay is worsening. The home sleep test (HST) enables subjects to be tested at home, a familiar and comfortable environment, without a long waiting list. This study assessed the accuracy of a type III HST in diagnosing OSAS in the Taiwanese population and identified factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 67 patients with clinically suspected OSAS. All patients were allocated to receive both PSG and the HST. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) measured through PSG was used as the standard. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the HST in diagnosing and evaluating the severity of OSAS were analyzed.

RESULTS

Among the 67 patients, no significant difference was noted in the average AHI values obtained using PSG and the HST ( p = 0.103). The AHI obtained from HST was significantly correlated with that obtained from PSG, with the correlation coefficient being 0.779 ( p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the HST in diagnosing OSAS were 94.9%, 62.5%, and 91.0%, respectively, and 80.0%, 74.1%, and 77.6% in diagnosing moderate to severe OSAS. Furthermore, the difference in AHIs measured using the two tests were positively correlated with the severity of sleep apnea.

CONCLUSION

The HST used in preliminary screening of patients with suspected OSAS achieved an accuracy of >90%. For patients with moderate to severe OSAS, the accuracy was below 80%. Therefore, for patients who receive an OSAS diagnosis through the HST, arrangement of PSG is recommended for determining the severity of the OSAS and giving proper treatment.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Sleep Health: A Rapid Review

This rapid review aims to elucidate the impact of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (COVID) disease-both in the acute phase and the "long-hauler" syndrome-on sleep health. Literature regarding the direct physiologic impact of COVID disease on sleep is sparse but has illuminated a toxic synergy between the immune response to COVID disease and the pro-inflammatory state brought on by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Primary care physicians and sleep medicine specialists should aggressively screen for OSA in COVID patients.

A predictive model for optimal continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of pure moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in China

Background

Numerous predictive formulas based on different ethnics have been developed to determine continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) without laboratory-based manual titrations. However, few studies have focused on patients with OSA in China. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a predictive equation for determining the optimal value of CPAP for patients with OSA in China.

Methods

526 pure moderate to severe OSA patients with attended CPAP titrations during overnight polysomnogram were spited into either formula derivation (419 patients) or validation (107 patients) group according to the treatment time. Predictive model was created in the derivation group, and the accuracy of the model was tested in the validation group.

Results

Apnea hypopnea index (AHI), body mass index (BMI), longest apnea time (LAT), and minimum percutaneous oxygen saturation (minSpO₂) were considered as independent predictors of optimal CPAP through correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The best equation to predict the optimal value of CPAP was: CPAPpred = 7.581 + 0.020*AHI + 0.101*BMI + 0.015*LAT-0.028*minSpO₂ (R² = 27.2%, p < 0.05).The correlation between predictive CPAP and laboratory-determined manual optimal CPAP was significant in the validation group (r = 0.706, p = 0.000). And the pressure determined by the predictive formula did not significantly differ from the manually titrated pressure in the validation cohort (10 ± 1 cmH₂O vs. 11 ± 3 cmH₂O, p = 0.766).

Conclusions

The predictive formula based on AHI, BMI, LAT, and minSpO₂ is useful in calculating the effective CPAP for patients with pure moderate to severe OSA in China to some extent.

Changes in Positive Airway Pressure Use in Adults with Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional National Community-Based Survey

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Bidirektionale Aspekte von SARS-CoV-2 und Schlafstörungen

Im vorliegenden Überblick wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der Schlaflänge, der Schlafqualität, dem Immunsystem und einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion aufgezeigt. Kurzer und/oder schlechter Schlaf kann einen Einfluss auf das Entstehen einer Infektion sowie deren Verlauf haben. Ebenso können eine SARS-CoV-2-Infektion sowie die pandemiebedingten Umstände den Schlaf negativ beeinflussen. Dabei nimmt insbesondere die Schlafqualität ab. Die Pandemie hat somit das Potenzial, Schlafstörungen auszulösen, zu verstärken und/oder aufrechtzuerhalten. Diese Befunde haben insofern Relevanz, als nur ein ausreichender und erholsamer Schlaf das Immunsystem stärkt und protektiv bezüglich einer Infektion und ihres Verlaufs wirken kann. Die Pandemie stellt somit eine weitere Herausforderung für die Schlafmedizin dar und bietet gleichzeitig die Chance, die Bedeutung des Schlafs für die Gesundheit und den Krankheitsverlauf zu vermitteln.

Telemetric Assessment of Continuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP) Effectiveness and Adherence in Obstructive Sleep Apnea during COVID-19 Pandemic

Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. In the pandemic times of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) therapy of obstructive sleep apnea became even more challenging. After the pandemic outbreak in March 2020, most CPAP treatment recommendations changed because of rising concerns about CPAP usage safety for patients and their families. Therefore, we examined the effectiveness of CPAP and adherence to the therapy of 149 adults with obstructive sleep apnea in the period of two years from 4 March 2019 to 3 March 2021 (before pandemic breakout and during the first year of pandemic). Data on CPAP parameters and adherence to therapy were obtained via a telemetric system. Together, our results demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic had no significant impact on CPAP therapy parameters and adherence in whole study group. However, detailed analysis acknowledged that some demographic and clinical features influenced CPAP therapy. The results showed that across subgroups of patients differentiated on the basis of age, gender, co-existing diabetes mellitus, or hypertension, the COVID-19 pandemic seemed to affect CPAP effectiveness. Our results provide a good starting point for discussion on CPAP therapy recommendations during pandemic times.

Impact of home CPAP treated obstructive sleep apnea on COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized patients

STUDY OBJECTIVES

To investigate the association between moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treated with home continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS

Retrospective study of patients admitted for COVID-19. Patients with OSA treated with home CPAP were identified and for each of them we selected 5 patients admitted consecutively in the following hours. The main outcome of the study was the development of severe COVID-19, defined as: a) death, or b) a composite outcome of death or the presence of severe hypoxemic respiratory failure at or during admission. The association between CPAP-treated OSA and these outcomes was estimated by logistic regression analysis after applying inverse probability of treatment weighting using a propensity score-weighting approach.

RESULTS

Of the 2059 patients admitted, 81 (3.9%) were receiving treatment with home CPAP. Among the 486 patients included in the study, 19% died and 39% presented the composite outcome. The logistic regression analysis did not show an association of CPAP treatment either with death (OR [95% CI]: 0.684 [0.332-1.409], p:0.303) or with the composite outcome (OR [95% CI]: 0.779 [0.418-1.452], p:0.432). Death was associated with age (OR [95% CI]: 1.116 [1.08-1.152], p<0.001) and number of comorbidities (OR [95% CI]: 1.318 [1.065-1.631], p:0.012), and the composite outcome was associated with male sex (OR [95% CI]: 2.067[1.19-3.589], p:0.01) and number of comorbidities (OR [95% CI]:1.241 [1.039-1.484], p:0.018).

CONCLUSIONS

In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, prior OSA treated with home CPAP is not independently associated with worse outcomes.

Disrupted Sleep During a Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic affected sleep in several people. Though most of the studies argued that age, gender, employment, finances, responsibilities, and exposure to sunlight governed sleep-wake schedule and sleep disturbances, there is also scientific evidence to suggest that these issues could have aroused because of the infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) by SARS-CoV-2. Sleep disturbances must be addressed during the pandemic as sleep disturbances and systemic inflammation run in a vicious cycle; quality of sleep and timing of vaccination can influence the immune response to vaccination and subjects having obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are at higher risk for having SARS-CoV-2 infection-related complications.