1
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Mudugamuwa A, Roshan U, Hettiarachchi S, Cha H, Musharaf H, Kang X, Trinh QT, Xia HM, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Periodic Flows in Microfluidics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404685. [PMID: 39246195 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics, the science and technology of manipulating fluids in microscale channels, offers numerous advantages, such as low energy consumption, compact device size, precise control, fast reaction, and enhanced portability. These benefits have led to applications in biomedical assays, disease diagnostics, drug discovery, neuroscience, and so on. Fluid flow within microfluidic channels is typically in the laminar flow region, which is characterized by low Reynolds numbers but brings the challenge of efficient mixing of fluids. Periodic flows are time-dependent fluid flows, featuring repetitive patterns that can significantly improve fluid mixing and extend the effective length of microchannels for submicron and nanoparticle manipulation. Besides, periodic flow is crucial in organ-on-a-chip (OoC) for accurately modeling physiological processes, advancing disease understanding, drug development, and personalized medicine. Various techniques for generating periodic flows have been reported, including syringe pumps, peristalsis, and actuation based on electric, magnetic, acoustic, mechanical, pneumatic, and fluidic forces, yet comprehensive reviews on this topic remain limited. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of periodic flows in microfluidics, from fundamental mechanisms to generation techniques and applications. The challenges and future perspectives are also discussed to exploit the potential of periodic flows in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amith Mudugamuwa
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Uditha Roshan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Samith Hettiarachchi
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Hafiz Musharaf
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Xiaoyue Kang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Quang Thang Trinh
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Huan Ming Xia
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
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2
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Mariello M, Eş I, Proctor CM. Soft and Flexible Bioelectronic Micro-Systems for Electronically Controlled Drug Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302969. [PMID: 37924224 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The concept of targeted and controlled drug delivery, which directs treatment to precise anatomical sites, offers benefits such as fewer side effects, reduced toxicity, optimized dosages, and quicker responses. However, challenges remain to engineer dependable systems and materials that can modulate host tissue interactions and overcome biological barriers. To stay aligned with advancements in healthcare and precision medicine, novel approaches and materials are imperative to improve effectiveness, biocompatibility, and tissue compliance. Electronically controlled drug delivery (ECDD) has recently emerged as a promising approach to calibrated drug delivery with spatial and temporal precision. This article covers recent breakthroughs in soft, flexible, and adaptable bioelectronic micro-systems designed for ECDD. It overviews the most widely reported operational modes, materials engineering strategies, electronic interfaces, and characterization techniques associated with ECDD systems. Further, it delves into the pivotal applications of ECDD in wearable, ingestible, and implantable medical devices. Finally, the discourse extends to future prospects and challenges for ECDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mariello
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ismail Eş
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Christopher M Proctor
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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3
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Rasekh M, Harrison S, Schobesberger S, Ertl P, Balachandran W. Reagent storage and delivery on integrated microfluidic chips for point-of-care diagnostics. Biomed Microdevices 2024; 26:28. [PMID: 38825594 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-024-00709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based point-of-care diagnostics offer several unique advantages over existing bioanalytical solutions, such as automation, miniaturisation, and integration of sensors to rapidly detect on-site specific biomarkers. It is important to highlight that a microfluidic POC system needs to perform a number of steps, including sample preparation, nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and detection. Each of these stages involves mixing and elution to go from sample to result. To address these complex sample preparation procedures, a vast number of different approaches have been developed to solve the problem of reagent storage and delivery. However, to date, no universal method has been proposed that can be applied as a working solution for all cases. Herein, both current self-contained (stored within the chip) and off-chip (stored in a separate device and brought together at the point of use) are reviewed, and their merits and limitations are discussed. This review focuses on reagent storage devices that could be integrated with microfluidic devices, discussing further issues or merits of these storage solutions in two different sections: direct on-chip storage and external storage with their application devices. Furthermore, the different microvalves and micropumps are considered to provide guidelines for designing appropriate integrated microfluidic point-of-care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Rasekh
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Sam Harrison
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Silvia Schobesberger
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wamadeva Balachandran
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
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4
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Rogkas N, Pelekis M, Manios A, Anastasiadis A, Vasileiou G, Tsoukalis A, Manopoulos C, Spitas V. Design, Simulation and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Micro-Scale Gearbox for a Novel Rotary Peristaltic Pump. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2099. [PMID: 38004956 PMCID: PMC10673108 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Peristaltic pumps are widely used in biomedical applications to ensure the safe flow of sterile or medical fluids. They are commonly employed for drug injections, IV fluids, and blood separation (apheresis). These pumps operate through a progressive contraction or expansion along a flexible tube, enabling fluid flow. They are also utilized in industrial applications for sanitary fluid transport, corrosive fluid handling, and novel pharmacological delivery systems. This research provides valuable insights into the selection and optimal design of the powertrain stages for peristaltic pumps implemented in drug delivery systems. The focus of this paper lies in the simulation and optimization of the performance of a power transmission gearbox by examining the energy consumption, sound levels, reliability, and volume as output metrics. The components of the powertrain consist of a helical gear pair for the first stage, a bevel gear pair for the second one, and finally a planetary transmission. Through extensive simulations, the model exhibits promising results, achieving an efficiency of up to 90%. Furthermore, alternative configurations were investigated to optimize the overall performance of the powertrain. This process has been simulated by employing the KISSsoft/KISSsys software package. The findings of this investigation contribute to advancements in the field of biomedical engineering and hold significant potential for improving the efficiency, reliability, and performance of drug delivery mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Rogkas
- Laboratory of Machine Design and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (G.V.); (V.S.)
| | - Matthaios Pelekis
- Laboratory of Machine Design and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (G.V.); (V.S.)
| | - Alexandros Manios
- Laboratory of Machine Design and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (G.V.); (V.S.)
| | - Alexandros Anastasiadis
- Laboratory of Machine Design and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (G.V.); (V.S.)
| | - Georgios Vasileiou
- Laboratory of Machine Design and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (G.V.); (V.S.)
| | | | - Christos Manopoulos
- Biofluid Mechanics & Biomedical Technology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vasilios Spitas
- Laboratory of Machine Design and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografos, 15780 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (A.M.); (A.A.); (G.V.); (V.S.)
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5
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Akh L, Jung D, Frantz W, Bowman C, Neu AC, Ding X. Microfluidic pumps for cell sorting. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:051502. [PMID: 37736018 PMCID: PMC10511263 DOI: 10.1063/5.0161223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic cell sorting has shown promising advantages over traditional bulky cell sorting equipment and has demonstrated wide-reaching applications in biological research and medical diagnostics. The most important characteristics of a microfluidic cell sorter are its throughput, ease of use, and integration of peripheral equipment onto the chip itself. In this review, we discuss the six most common methods for pumping fluid samples in microfluidic cell sorting devices, present their advantages and drawbacks, and discuss notable examples of their use. Syringe pumps are the most commonly used method for fluid actuation in microfluidic devices because they are easily accessible but they are typically too bulky for portable applications, and they may produce unfavorable flow characteristics. Peristaltic pumps, both on- and off-chip, can produce reversible flow but they suffer from pulsatile flow characteristics, which may not be preferable in many scenarios. Gravity-driven pumping, and similarly hydrostatic pumping, require no energy input but generally produce low throughputs. Centrifugal flow is used to sort cells on the basis of size or density but requires a large external rotor to produce centrifugal force. Electroosmotic pumping is appealing because of its compact size but the high voltages required for fluid flow may be incompatible with live cells. Emerging methods with potential for applications in cell sorting are also discussed. In the future, microfluidic cell sorting methods will trend toward highly integrated systems with high throughputs and low sample volume requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Akh
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Diane Jung
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - William Frantz
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Corrin Bowman
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Anika C. Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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6
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Baek S, Kim H, Hwang H, Kaba AM, Kim H, Chung M, Kim J, Kim D. A Laser-Micromachined PCB Electrolytic Micropump Using an Oil-Based Electrolyte Separation Barrier. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-023-00100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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7
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Wolf KT, Poorghani A, Dixon JB, Alexeev A. Effect of valve spacing on peristaltic pumping. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:035002. [PMID: 36821859 PMCID: PMC9997067 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acbe85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peristaltic fluid pumping due to a periodically propagating contraction wave in a vessel fitted with one-way elastic valves is investigated numerically. It is concluded that the valve spacing within the vessel relative to the contraction wavelength plays a critical role in providing efficient pumping. When the valve spacing does not match the wavelength, the valves open asynchronously and the volume of the vessel segments bounded by two consecutive valves changes periodically, thereby inducing volumetric fluid pumping. The volumetric pumping leads to higher pumping flowrate and efficiency against an adverse pressure gradient. The optimum pumping occurs when the ratio of valve spacing to contraction wavelength is about2/3. This pumping regime is characterized by a longer period during which the valves are open. The results are useful for further understanding the pumping features of lymphatic system and provide insight into the design of biomimetic pumping devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Tae Wolf
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - Amir Poorghani
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
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8
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Closed-loop Control Systems for Pumps used in Portable Analytical Systems. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463931. [PMID: 37011525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The demand for accurate control of the flowrate/pressure in chemical analytical systems has given rise to the adoption of mechatronic approaches in analytical instruments. A mechatronic device is a synergistic system which combines mechanical, electronic, computer and control components. In the development of portable analytical devices, considering the instrument as a mechatronic system can be useful to mitigate compromises made to decrease space, weight, or power consumption. Fluid handling is important for reliability, however, commonly utilized platforms such as syringe and peristaltic pumps are typically characterized by flow/pressure fluctuations and slow responses. Closed loop control systems have been used effectively to decrease the difference between desired and realized fluidic output. This review discusses the way control systems have been implemented for enhanced fluidic control, categorized by pump type. Advanced control strategies used to enhance the transient and the steady state responses are discussed, along with examples of their implementation in portable analytical systems. The review is concluded with the outlook that the challenge in adequately expressing the complexity and dynamics of the fluidic network as a mathematical model has yielded a trend towards the adoption of experimentally informed models and machine learning approaches.
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9
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Chen H, Miao X, Lu H, Liu S, Yang Z. High-Efficiency 3D-Printed Three-Chamber Electromagnetic Peristaltic Micropump. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:257. [PMID: 36837957 PMCID: PMC9967735 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and characteristics of a three-chamber electromagnetic-driven peristaltic micropump based on 3D-printing technology. The micropump is composed of an NdFeB permanent magnet, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, a 3D-printing pump body, bolts, electromagnets and a cantilever valve. Through simulation analysis and experiments using a single chamber and three chambers, valved and valveless, as well as different starting modes, the results were optimized. Finally, it is concluded that the performance of the three-chamber valved model is optimal under synchronous starting conditions. The measurement results show that the maximum output flow and back pressure of the 5 V, 0.3 A drive source are 2407.2 μL/min and 1127 Pa, respectively. The maximum specific flow and back pressure of the micropump system are 534.9 μL/min∙W and 250.4 Pa/W, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Chen
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaodan Miao
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongguang Lu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shihai Liu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhuoqing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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10
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Peristaltic micropump using polyvinyl chloride gels with micropatterned surface. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22608. [PMID: 36585467 PMCID: PMC9803654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a pump using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel. PVC gels are compliant, have a simple structure, and exhibit large deformation at voltages in the range of 100-1000 V, which make them suitable for micropumps. In this study, a PVC gel sheet with a surface pattern that enhances active deformation in the thickness direction was employed for the fabrication of a pump. To this end, the PVC gel sheet was sandwiched between three sets of anode and cathode electrodes, after which voltages were sequentially applied to these electrodes to generate a peristaltic deformation of the gel sheet, thus pushing the liquid and creating a one-directional flow. Various pumps were fabricated using PVC gel sheets with different surface patterns, and the pumps were characterized. The pumps exhibited an outline dimension of 35 mm × 25 mm with a thickness of 4 mm, corresponding to a total volume of 3.5 × 103 mm3. The results revealed that the pump fabricated using a 174-μm-high pyramid-patterned gel sheet generated a flow rate of 224.1 µL/min at an applied voltage of 800 V and a driving frequency of 3 Hz. This observed value is comparable to or better than those of existing pumps based on smart materials.
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11
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Yang M, Sun N, Luo Y, Lai X, Li P, Zhang Z. Emergence of debubblers in microfluidics: A critical review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:031503. [PMID: 35757146 PMCID: PMC9217167 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bubbles in microfluidics-even those that appear to be negligibly small-are pervasive and responsible for the failure of many biological and chemical experiments. For instance, they block current conduction, damage cell membranes, and interfere with detection results. To overcome this unavoidable and intractable problem, researchers have developed various methods for capturing and removing bubbles from microfluidics. Such methods are multifarious and their working principles are very different from each other. In this review, bubble-removing methods are divided into two broad categories: active debubblers (that require external auxiliary equipment) and passive debubblers (driven by natural processes). In each category, three main types of methods are discussed along with their advantages and disadvantages. Among the active debubblers, those assisted by lasers, acoustic generators, and negative pressure pumps are discussed. Among the passive debubblers, those driven by buoyancy, the characteristics of gas-liquid interfaces, and the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of materials are discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the bubble-removal technologies are reviewed to refer researchers to microfluidics and inspire further investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Sun
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | | | | | - Peiru Li
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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12
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A High-Performance Piezoelectric Micropump with Multi-Chamber in Series. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Based on the multi-chamber series structure, a piezoelectric micropump with high output performance is proposed in this paper. The proposed micropump is composed of the circular unimorph piezoelectric vibrator, the cantilever check valve, and the pump body. First, the working process of the piezoelectric micropump was analyzed in detail. Then, the effect of the key dimension parameters on the output performance of the micropump was explored. The key dimension parameters mainly refer to the height of the pump chamber and valve opening (the deformation size of the valve). Finally, experimental prototypes with different parameters were fabricated for the evaluation of the output performance of the micropump. The experimental results show that when the pump chamber height is 0.1 mm and the valve opening is 0.4 mm, the piezoelectric micropump has a good comprehensive output performance. In particular, at 170 V and 120 Hz, the maximum flow rate of the dual-chamber series pump is 65.5 mL/min, and at 100 Hz, the maximum output pressure reaches 59.1 kPa. Moreover, at a certain voltage of 170 V, when the drive frequency is 450 Hz and 550 Hz, the output flow rate and pressure of the four-chamber series pump reach a maximum of 110 mL/min and exceed 140 kPa, respectively. In addition, the volumes of the proposed single-chamber, dual-chamber series, and four-chamber series micropumps are 22 mm × 22 mm × 5 mm, 32.6 mm × 22 mm × 5 mm, and 53.8 mm × 22 mm × 5 mm, respectively. The proposed piezoelectric micropump has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, miniaturization, and high output performance, thus gaining potential practicality for biomedical applications, cooling systems, fuel supply, chemical applications, etc.
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13
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Ali A, Sajid M, Anjum HJ, Awais M, Nisar KS, Saleel CA. Entropy Generation Analysis of Peristaltic Flow of Nanomaterial in a Rotating Medium through Generalized Complaint Walls of Micro-Channel with Radiation and Heat Flux Effects. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:375. [PMID: 35334668 PMCID: PMC8949545 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study discusses entropy generation analysis for a peristaltic flow in a rotating medium with generalized complaint walls. The goal of the current analysis is to understand the fluid flow phenomena particular to micro devices. Nano materials with a size less than 100 nm have applications in micro heat exchangers to cool electronic circuits, blood analyzers, biological cell separations, etc. For this study, we considered the effects of radiation, viscous dissipation and heat flux on the flow of nanomaterial inside a cylindrical micro-channel. To investigate the slip effects on the flow, the second order slip condition for axial velocity, the first order slip condition for secondary velocity and the thermal slip conditions were used. The flow was governed by partial differential equations (PDE's), which were turned into a system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODE's) that were highly non-linear and numerically solved using the NDSolve command in Mathematica. The impacts of different involved parameters on the flow field were investigated with the aid of graphical illustrations. Entropy generation and the Bejan number were given special attention, and it was found that they decreased as the Hartman number, rotation, and radiation parameters increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ali
- Department of Mathematics, Attock Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Kamra Road, Attock 43600, Pakistan; (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mehak Sajid
- Department of Mathematics, Attock Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Kamra Road, Attock 43600, Pakistan; (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Hafiz Junaid Anjum
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Chak Shehzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Mathematics, Attock Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Kamra Road, Attock 43600, Pakistan; (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar
- Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Aldawaser 11991, Saudi Arabia
| | - C. Ahamed Saleel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Asir-Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
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14
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Lin JL. Design and Fabrication of Pneumatically Actuated Valveless Pumps. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:16. [PMID: 35056181 PMCID: PMC8780249 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a valveless pump was successfully designed and fabricated for the purpose of medium transportation. Different from traditional pumps, the newly designed pump utilizes an actuated or a deflected membrane, and it serves as the function of a check valve at the same time. For achieving the valveless property, an inlet or outlet port positioned in an upper- or lower-layer thin membrane was designed to be connected to an entrance or exit channel. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation were conducted simultaneously to investigate the large deformation characteristics of the membranes and to determine the proper location of the inlet or outlet port on the proposed pump. Then, the valveless pump was fabricated on the basis of the proposed design. In the experiment, the maximum flow rate of the proposed pump exceeded 12.47 mL/min at a driving frequency of 5.0 Hz and driving pressure of 68.95 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Lung Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan
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15
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Winkler TE, Herland A. Sorption of Neuropsychopharmaca in Microfluidic Materials for In Vitro Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45161-45174. [PMID: 34528803 PMCID: PMC8485331 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sorption (i.e., adsorption and absorption) of small-molecule compounds to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a widely acknowledged phenomenon. However, studies to date have largely been conducted under atypical conditions for microfluidic applications (lack of perfusion, lack of biological fluids, etc.), especially considering biological studies such as organs-on-chips where small-molecule sorption poses the largest concern. Here, we present an in-depth study of small-molecule sorption under relevant conditions for microphysiological systems, focusing on a standard geometry for biological barrier studies that find application in pharmacokinetics. We specifically assess the sorption of a broad compound panel including 15 neuropsychopharmaca at in vivo concentration levels. We consider devices constructed from PDMS as well as two material alternatives (off-stoichiometry thiol-ene-epoxy, or tape/polycarbonate laminates). Moreover, we study the much neglected impact of peristaltic pump tubing, an essential component of the recirculating systems required to achieve in vivo-like perfusion shear stresses. We find that the choice of the device material does not have a significant impact on the sorption behavior in our barrier-on-chip-type system. Our PDMS observations in particular suggest that excessive compound sorption observed in prior studies is not sufficiently described by compound hydrophobicity or other suggested predictors. Critically, we show that sorption by peristaltic tubing, including the commonly utilized PharMed BPT, dominates over device sorption even on an area-normalized basis, let alone at the typically much larger tubing surface areas. Our findings highlight the importance of validating compound dosages in organ-on-chip studies, as well as the need for considering tubing materials with equal or higher care than device materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Winkler
- Division
of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Division
of Micro- and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES,
Center for Integrated Medical and Engineering Science, Department
of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna 17165, Sweden
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Forouzandeh F, Ahamed NN, Zhu X, Bazard P, Goyal K, Walton JP, Frisina RD, Borkholder DA. A Wirelessly Controlled Scalable 3D-Printed Microsystem for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:538. [PMID: 34199855 PMCID: PMC8227156 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a 3D-printed, wirelessly controlled microsystem for drug delivery, comprising a refillable microreservoir and a phase-change peristaltic micropump. The micropump structure was inkjet-printed on the back of a printed circuit board around a catheter microtubing. The enclosure of the microsystem was fabricated using stereolithography 3D printing, with an embedded microreservoir structure and integrated micropump. In one configuration, the microsystem was optimized for murine inner ear drug delivery with an overall size of 19 × 13 × 3 mm3. Benchtop results confirmed the performance of the device for reliable drug delivery. The suitability of the device for long-term subcutaneous implantation was confirmed with favorable results of implantation of a microsystem in a mouse for six months. The drug delivery was evaluated in vivo by implanting four different microsystems in four mice, while the outlet microtubing was implanted into the round window membrane niche for infusion of a known ototoxic compound (sodium salicylate) at 50 nL/min for 20 min. Real-time shifts in distortion product otoacoustic emission thresholds and amplitudes were measured during the infusion, demonstrating similar results with syringe pump infusion. Although demonstrated for one application, this low-cost design and fabrication methodology is scalable for use in larger animals and humans for different clinical applications/delivery sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Forouzandeh
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (F.F.); (N.N.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Nuzhet N. Ahamed
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (F.F.); (N.N.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (X.Z.); (P.B.); (J.P.W.); (R.D.F.)
| | - Parveen Bazard
- Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (X.Z.); (P.B.); (J.P.W.); (R.D.F.)
| | - Krittika Goyal
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (F.F.); (N.N.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Joseph P. Walton
- Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (X.Z.); (P.B.); (J.P.W.); (R.D.F.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Robert D. Frisina
- Department of Medical Engineering, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (X.Z.); (P.B.); (J.P.W.); (R.D.F.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological & Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Global Center for Hearing & Speech Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - David A. Borkholder
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA; (F.F.); (N.N.A.); (K.G.)
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Busek M, Nøvik S, Aizenshtadt A, Amirola-Martinez M, Combriat T, Grünzner S, Krauss S. Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE)-Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Hybrid Devices for Active Pumping PDMS-Free Organ-on-a-Chip Systems. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:162. [PMID: 34069506 PMCID: PMC8160665 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been used in microfluidic systems for years, as it can be easily structured and its flexibility makes it easy to integrate actuators including pneumatic pumps. In addition, the good optical properties of the material are well suited for analytical systems. In addition to its positive aspects, PDMS is well known to adsorb small molecules, which limits its usability when it comes to drug testing, e.g., in organ-on-a-chip (OoC) systems. Therefore, alternatives to PDMS are in high demand. In this study, we use thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) films thermally bonded to laser-cut poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sheets to build up multilayered microfluidic devices with integrated pneumatic micro-pumps. We present a low-cost manufacturing technology based on a conventional CO2 laser cutter for structuring, a spin-coating process for TPE film fabrication, and a thermal bonding process using a pneumatic hot-press. UV treatment with an Excimer lamp prior to bonding drastically improves the bonding process. Optimized bonding parameters were characterized by measuring the burst load upon applying pressure and via profilometer-based measurement of channel deformation. Next, flow and long-term stability of the chip layout were measured using microparticle Image Velocimetry (uPIV). Finally, human endothelial cells were seeded in the microchannels to check biocompatibility and flow-directed cell alignment. The presented device is compatible with a real-time live-cell analysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Busek
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Chair of Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Steffen Nøvik
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1080, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Mikel Amirola-Martinez
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Thomas Combriat
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Grünzner
- Chair of Microsystems, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1110, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (S.N.); (A.A.); (M.A.-M.); (T.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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