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Prazak M, Bacigalupi R, Hamilton SC. Rural Suicide: Demographics, Causes, and Treatment Implications. Community Ment Health J 2024:10.1007/s10597-024-01327-x. [PMID: 39102059 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-024-01327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Suicide rates in rural areas are higher than urban areas and growing, with current treatment developments only exacerbating this discrepancy. Within individual factors, both age and gender relate to and intersect with personal values related to self-reliance and attitudes toward mental health difficulties and treatment to increase suicide risk. The lethality ubiquitous in rural environments and occupations is a leading factor in rural suicide rates, with other factors such as race alternately noted to be a key factor but with more mixed findings. The cultural values of rural communities as typically negative toward mental health disclosure and treatment contribute to the disengagement of rural communities from treatment that may otherwise prevent suicides, exacerbating the physical lack of treatment access many rural communities experience. Working within the primary care system alongside increased telehealth utilization are suggested to reduce rural suicide rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Prazak
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Community Services, University of North Dakota, 231 Centennial Drive Stop 8255, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Rachel Bacigalupi
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Community Services, University of North Dakota, 231 Centennial Drive Stop 8255, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Stephen C Hamilton
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Community Services, University of North Dakota, 231 Centennial Drive Stop 8255, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Howard M, Grant R, Schmidt M. Healthism, rural individualism and self-help: youth mental health in Northwest Tasmania. HEALTH SOCIOLOGY REVIEW : THE JOURNAL OF THE HEALTH SECTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38946031 DOI: 10.1080/14461242.2024.2356871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Rural Australian youth exhibit high rates of mental ill-health, exacerbated by reduced access to mental health services. While the need for innovative solutions is well-established rural youth themselves are frequently excluded from the dialogue, creating a significant gap in evidence and the development of relevant service provision that reflects young people's lived experiences. Drawing on the concepts of individualism and healthism and research highlighting the continuing importance of relationships and trust in the lives of young people in a digital society, we aim to better understand how rural youth understand mental health and navigate mental health services and information. Using a qualitative methodology, we held 2 small focus groups with a total of 8 young people in rural Tasmania to identify aspects of rural mental healthcare that require improvement and to contribute to developing new and innovative solutions. Findings indicate that rural Tasmanian youth face numerous structural, social, and cultural barriers to positive mental health. Rural self-reliance and generational differences in attitudes towards mental health can negatively affect youths' help-seeking behaviours. Findings from this study suggest a need to combine technology-and community-based approaches creating a multi-generational approach to combat mental ill-health among rural youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaylah Howard
- School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Ruby Grant
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Merete Schmidt
- School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Australia
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Bransgrove NJ, Porter JE, Prokopiv V, Wildblood R, Prezioso M, Bradley V, Look B. Local Men Local Communities: A rural placed-based approach to increase men's engagement with mental health training and events. Health Promot J Austr 2024. [PMID: 38566273 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Suicide is the leading cause of death for Australians aged 15-49 (Department of Health and Aged Care Suicide in Australia, https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/mental-health-and-suicide-prevention/suicide-in-australia, 2021). With the loss of one community member impacting the individual's family, friends, and wider community. The aim of the article is to showcase a process evaluation of a place-based approach to suicide prevention, exploring the elements of mental health training and events that can be tailored to increase engagement with the men living in a rural Local Government Area in Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. METHODS Participation records and promotional material for the Local Men Local Communities project was utilised to explore similarities and differences between the training and events offered. RESULTS Results indicated that men living in rural areas engaged best with events that included a social element such as food or an activity, highlighting that men may find it easier to talk and connect when they have something to do. CONCLUSION Mental health training and events need to be tailored to meet the needs of the target population. Key details to consider include location, time, promotional material, content, and inclusion of a social element. SO WHAT?: When rural men were provided ownership of their conversations, they were more likely to have them. This challenges the stereotype that men do not talk and creates the opportunity for social connection within the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Bransgrove
- Collaborative Evaluation & Research Group (CERG), Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne E Porter
- Collaborative Evaluation & Research Group (CERG), Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valerie Prokopiv
- Collaborative Evaluation & Research Group (CERG), Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Wildblood
- Collaborative Evaluation & Research Group (CERG), Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Prezioso
- Collaborative Evaluation & Research Group (CERG), Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vicki Bradley
- Community Strengthening, South Gippsland Shire Council, Leongatha, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Look
- Community Strengthening, South Gippsland Shire Council, Leongatha, Victoria, Australia
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Mason A, Riordan BC, Morley K, Winter T, Haber P, Scarf D. High Risk or Risky Highs: Understanding the Links Between Alcohol and Cannabis Use on the Transition From Suicidal Ideation to Attempts in Australian Men. Arch Suicide Res 2024; 28:600-609. [PMID: 37151101 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2199801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and cannabis use are consistently associated with greater risk of suicide, particularly among men and in higher-income countries (e.g., Australia). Adult data (n = 7,464) from waves 1 and 2 of Ten to Men: The Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health were used to explore whether alcohol and/or cannabis use increased the longitudinal risk of a suicide attempt among suicidal ideators. Cannabis use was associated with increased risk of transitioning from suicidal ideation to making a suicide attempt; no association was found for alcohol. Broadly, these findings indicate that greater cannabis but not alcohol use may increase risk of transitioning to making a suicide attempt among those who are thinking about suicide.
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Genuchi MC. Broadening the Perspective on the Dynamics of Men's Suicide: Thought Suppression as a Mediator between Men's Self-Reliance and Suicidality. Arch Suicide Res 2024; 28:324-341. [PMID: 36908198 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2173114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In most countries, men are at higher risk than women for suicide death. Research focused on masculinity and men's mental health increasingly demonstrates that relationships between gender and various health outcomes, including suicidality, is complex as these relationships can be further explained by certain psychological processes or health behaviors. The objective of this study was to extend this area of research in a national sample of US men (n = 785) by investigating if their adherence to certain hegemonic masculine gender role norms (toughness and self-reliance through mechanical skills) is associated with the suppression of distressing thoughts and if thought suppression then increases their risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. METHODS Men in the US who have recently experienced a stressful life event completed an anonymous online survey. Structural Equational Modeling (SEM) was used to test for direct and indirect effects (i.e., mediation) between variables. RESULTS Men's engagement in thought suppression mediated the relationship between self-reliance and suicidality. The norm of toughness was both directly related to suicidality and mediated by thought suppression. CONCLUSIONS Thought suppression appears to be a process that provides some explanation for the relationships between hegemonic masculine norms and suicidality in men, though this study indicated it may play only a small role. Research continues to build that certain masculine norms, such as self-reliance and toughness, are particularly concerning for men's health.HIGHLIGHTSMen's thought suppression mediates the relationship between self-reliance and suicidalityMen's toughness impacts suicidality both directly and via engagement in thought suppressionThese findings have implications for interventions that help men manage distressing thoughts.
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Scotti Requena S, Pirkis J, Currier D, Nicholas A, Arantes AA, Armfield NR. The Origins and Evolution of the Field of Masculinity and Suicide: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis of the Research Field. Arch Suicide Res 2024; 28:20-34. [PMID: 36472462 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2151956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In most countries, men complete suicide at twice the rate of women; masculinity plays an important role in placing men at a greater risk of suicide. This study identifies and describes trends in the topics discussed within the masculinity and suicide literature and explores changes over time. METHODS We retrieved publications relating to masculinity and suicide from eight electronic databases and described origins in the field of research by reference to the first decade of publications. We then explored the subsequent evolution of the field by analysis of the content of article titles/abstracts for all years since the topic first emerged, and then separately by three epochs. RESULTS We included 452 publications (1954-2021); research output has grown substantially in the last five years. Early publications framed suicide in the context of severe mental illness, masculinity as a risk factor, and suicidality as being aggressive and masculine. We observed some differences in themes over time: Epoch 1 focused on sex differences in suicidality, a common theme in epochs 2 was relationship to work and its effect on men's mental health and suicidality, and epoch 3 had a focus on help-seeking in suicidality. CONCLUSION The research field of masculinity and suicide is growing strongly, as evidenced by recent increase in publication volume. The structure, content and direction of the masculinity and suicide research are still evolving. Researchers must work with policymakers and practitioners to ensure that emerging findings are translated for use in programs designed to address suicide in boys and men.HIGHLIGHTSMasculinity and suicide as a field is not new, with its origins in the literature dating back to 1954.More than half of the total research output in the field (1954-2021) has been published in the last five years.Early work focused on individual-level risk factors to male suicide (e.g., severe mental illness), while contemporary research focused on social and cultural determinants of male suicide (e.g., help-seeking).
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Vafeiadou A, Banissy MJ, Banissy JF, Higgins JP, Howard G. The influence of climate change on mental health in populations of the western Pacific region: An umbrella scoping review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21457. [PMID: 38053883 PMCID: PMC10694052 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Western Pacific Region (WPR) is on the front line of climate change challenges. Understanding how these challenges affect the WPR populations' mental health is essential to design effective prevention and care policies. Thus, the present study conducted an umbrella scoping review that examined the influence of climate change on mental health in the WPR, using review articles as a source of information. Ten review articles were selected according to eligibility criteria, and the findings were synthesized according to the socio-economic status of the countries identified: Australia, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Vietnam, the Pacific Islands (broadly), and China. The findings revealed that each country and sub-region has its own unique profile of climate change-related challenges and vulnerable populations, highlighting the need for specific approaches to mental health care. Specifically, the influence of climate-related challenges differed according to populations' region (e.g., rural populations), demographic characteristics (e.g., age and gender), culture (e.g., traditional tights to land), and employment (e.g., farmers and fishers). The most frequently reported mental health outcomes in response to climate change-related challenges such as droughts, floods, storms, tornadoes, typhoons, and climate-related migration were the decline in mental well-being and the increase in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. In addition, using the GRADE framework for assessing the certainty of the findings, we identified that the number of articles discussing associations between a given climate change challenge and a mental health outcome was overall limited. Based on our findings and findings on a global scale, we identified several key research gaps in WPR and provided recommendations for future research and policy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Banissy
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Julian P.T. Higgins
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Guy Howard
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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White BP, Breakey S, Brown MJ, Smith JR, Tarbet A, Nicholas PK, Ros AMV. Mental Health Impacts of Climate Change Among Vulnerable Populations Globally: An Integrative Review. Ann Glob Health 2023; 89:66. [PMID: 37810609 PMCID: PMC10558031 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Climate change has been shown to be directly linked to multiple physiological sequelae and to impact health consequences. However, the impact of climate change on mental health globally, particularly among vulnerable populations, is less well understood. Objective To explore the mental health impacts of climate change in vulnerable populations globally. Methods We performed an integrative literature review to identify published articles that addressed the research question: What are the mental health impacts of climate change among vulnerable populations globally? The Vulnerable Populations Conceptual Model served as a theoretical model during the review process and data synthesis. Findings/Results One hundred and four articles were selected for inclusion in this review after a comprehensive review of 1828 manuscripts. Articles were diverse in scope and populations addressed. Land-vulnerable persons (either due to occupation or geographic location), Indigenous persons, children, older adults, and climate migrants were among the vulnerable populations whose mental health was most impacted by climate change. The most prevalent mental health responses to climate change included solastalgia, suicidality, depression, anxiety/eco-anxiety, PTSD, substance use, insomnia, and behavioral disturbance. Conclusions Mental health professionals including physicians, nurses, physician assistants and other healthcare providers have the opportunity to mitigate the mental health impacts of climate change among vulnerable populations through assessment, preventative education and care. An inclusive and trauma-informed response to climate-related disasters, use of validated measures of mental health, and a long-term therapeutic relationship that extends beyond the immediate consequences of climate change-related events are approaches to successful mental health care in a climate-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Patrick White
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, 36 1st Avenue, Boston, MA 02129, US
| | - Suellen Breakey
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, 36 1st Avenue, Boston, MA 02129, US
| | - Margaret J. Brown
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, 36 1st Avenue, Boston, MA 02129, US
| | - Jenny Rand Smith
- MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, 36 1st Avenue, Boston, MA 02129, US
| | - Amanda Tarbet
- SFPE Foundation, 9711 Washingtonian Blvd, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, US
| | - Patrice K. Nicholas
- Center for Climate Change, Climate Justice, and Health, MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, 36 1@st Avenue, Boston, MA 02129, US
| | - Ana M. Viamonte Ros
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, US
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Healing K, Lowrie D. Exploring the occupational experiences of livestock farmers during drought: A narrative inquiry. Aust J Rural Health 2023; 31:855-865. [PMID: 37303279 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For much of the 21st century, Australia has endured the most prolonged and severe drought since records began. This drought has been found to have negative and long-lasting consequences upon both the physical and mental well-being of farmers and their families. To date, however, no research has examined the experience of drought from an occupational perspective. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the way in which drought impacts upon the lived experience of the farming role and the way in which the occupational identity of farmers influences the meanings attributed, and response to, drought. METHODS Narrative inquiry and thematic analysis were used to explore the experiences of drought among six farming men and four farming women from Northern Queensland. FINDINGS Four inter-related themes were identified. These being: 'Becoming a farmer - Rites of passage on entry to the farming role'; 'Farmers as guardians over the land'; 'Drought as siege' and; 'Leisure occupations as temporary bridges to a world beyond drought'. Each of these themes offer insights into the way in which drought comes to be understood by farmers and, in turn, experienced and responded to. CONCLUSION By better understanding the occupational experiences of farmers during drought, resources can be more effectively targeted towards promoting occupational balance and well-being. Interventions aimed at reframing the way in which the farming role is conceptualised from a young age and supporting occupations beyond farming as bridges to the outside world may be effective in achieving positive outcomes during drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Healing
- James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba Campus, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Lowrie
- James Cook University, Bebegu Yumba Campus, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Wheeler R, Lobley M. Anxiety and Associated Stressors Among Farm Women in England and Wales. J Agromedicine 2023; 28:769-783. [PMID: 37051849 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2023.2200421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The findings presented here derive from a wider study that sought to establish a baseline understanding of mental health and wellbeing among the agricultural community in England and Wales. This paper focuses on selected questions that investigated levels of anxiety and associated stress factors among farm women, a group which has been relatively neglected within previous research on farming mental health in the United Kingdom. METHODS A questionnaire survey was widely distributed to members of the agricultural community in England and Wales (n = 15,296) in both paper and online formats. The survey included a number of standardised instruments to assess mental health and wellbeing, including the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7). Focusing on a sub-sample of female respondents (n = 3487), this paper details the findings from the GAD-7, alongside those from a selection of other questions investigating sources of stress, loneliness and perceived business viability. RESULTS A significant proportion of female respondents were experiencing anxiety at the time of survey completion, with 23.3% reaching the threshold for clinically relevant anxiety based on their GAD-7 scores (medium or severe anxiety, scores≥10). A further 34.6% were classified as experiencing mild anxiety (scores 5-9) whilst 42.1% were not suffering from anxiety (scores 0-4). Medium/severe anxiety was identified as being associated with a number of stress factors, feelings of loneliness and pessimistic perceptions of farm business viability. There were important age-based differences, with working-aged women identified as more likely to suffer from anxiety, loneliness and certain stressors than older women. CONCLUSION The findings reported here indicate concerning levels of anxiety among farming women and this should be seen as a call to action. There are clear associations between anxiety and a range of stressors and, although we cannot ascertain causality, these point to issues that demand attention in efforts to improve mental health within this social group. The factors contributing to anxiety are, however, multiple and complex and farm women may be affected by particular gender-based challenges that have not yet been explicitly explored in relation to mental health. Further research is needed to investigate and understand these issues in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wheeler
- Centre for Rural Policy Research, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Matt Lobley
- Centre for Rural Policy Research, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Rajkumar RP. The association between nation-level social and economic indices and suicide rates: A pilot study. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1123284. [PMID: 37066069 PMCID: PMC10102579 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1123284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the pioneering work of Emile Durkheim, it has been known that regional or national suicide rates can be influenced by a variety of social and economic factors. Recent research has found a robust association between two country-level economic indices-gross national product and unemployment rate-and suicide rates, particularly in men. However, the association between other country-level social indices-such as measures of social integration, inequality, environmental preservation and political freedom-and suicide rates has not been studied at the cross-national level. In the current study, national suicide rates for men and women were examined in relation to seven indices measuring subjective wellbeing, sustainable development, type of political regime, economic and gender inequality, and social capital. It was found that the Happy Planet Index, a composite measure of subjective wellbeing and sustainable development, was negatively associated with suicide rates independent of gender, and even after adjusting for possible confounding factors. Economic inequality was associated with suicide in men, and social capital was associated with suicide in women. Moreover, the strength and direction of the associations observed between socioeconomic indices and suicide varied across income groups. These results highlight the need for a closer evaluation of the link between large-scale ("macro") social factors and individual ("micro") psychological factors, as well as the importance of integrating these factors into suicide prevention programmes at the national level.
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El-kholy HM, Mubarak AAELR, Elheniedy MA, AL-Deeb FA. Socioeconomic status and psychiatric comorbidity associated with suicidal behavior among a sample of Egyptian patients who attended Tanta University emergency hospital for suicide-related problems. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-023-00290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Many studies found association between psychosocial factors and suicidal behavior; this association differs from one community to another, and this difference could affect the risk assessment and the management of suicidal behavior. The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of socioeconomic, cultural, and psychosocial profile including psychiatric comorbidity on individuals with suicidal behavior who attended Tanta University emergency hospital.
Results
Family troubles were the commonest cause of suicidal behavior (28%), and drug overdose was the commonest method of attempt (38%). Positive correlation is between age and score of Beck scale for suicidal ideation (p = 0.000) which indicates that suicidal ideation increases with age. Significant association is between psychiatric comorbidity and Beck’s scale for suicidal ideation (p = 0.019), with size of association (η = 0.58).
Regression analysis showed that older age, female sex, illiterates, widows, cases with psychiatric illness, and low socioeconomic status when act altogether are the significant predictor of suicidal ideation of our studied sample.
Conclusions
Our study demonstrated that studying psychosocial factors in individuals who came to emergency hospital of Tanta University could be a reflection of the community visiting this hospital asking for medical emergency service; the comprehensive and multifactorial assessment we have been adopted in this work could help in better understanding of the suicidal risk factors in this community and consequently help in part in tailoring the clinical service for this sector of patient.
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Fletcher CME, Stewart L, Gunn KM. Stressors, Barriers and Facilitators Faced by Australian Farmers When Transitioning to Retirement: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2588. [PMID: 36767977 PMCID: PMC9915984 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Farms in Australia are largely family owned and managed. Complex interactions between farming history, traditions, family, business, succession, identity and place can lead to difficulties in planning for retirement for farmers. Due to the significant implications of this for farmers' health and wellbeing, there is a clear need to determine how farmers may be best supported through the work-to-retirement transition. This scoping review summarises the literature on Australian farmers' retirement experiences and the stressors they face during this transition. Barriers and facilitators that may hinder or help farmers were also explored. The relevant peer-reviewed literature was identified through database searching and the grey literature was collected via a web-based search. Seven studies were included in the review. Poor health and diminishing capacity to work was identified as a key stressor related to retirement. Other drivers of stress (i.e., pressure to live up to farming ideals, perceiving retirement as a threat to self-identity and financial concerns) overlapped with barriers to retirement. Farmers identified gradual transition, strong social networks, variety in interests and activities and early financial and succession planning as key facilitators of retirement. Findings will help inform the development of interventions to assist Australian farmers through this challenging stage of their lives.
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Bonell S, Trail K, Seidler Z, Patel D, Oliffe JL, Rice SM. "There's No Sewing Classes, There's No Bedazzling Seminars": The Impact of Masculinity on Social Connectedness and Mental Health for Men Living in Inner-Regional Australia. SEX ROLES 2023; 88:52-67. [PMID: 36531147 PMCID: PMC9734714 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regional Australian masculinities are typified by 'traditional' values (e.g., stoicism, self-reliance) known to restrict social connectedness. Thus, these masculinities have been implicated in worsening men's mental health. What remains unclear, however, is how men living in inner-regional communities (i.e., townships on the fringes of major cities) might uniquely experience masculinity, social connectedness, and mental health. We interviewed 29 boys/men and one non-binary participant (M age = 43.77 years) living in the Macedon Ranges (an inner-regional Australian community). Using reflexive thematic analysis, we generated three themes. Participants described inner-regional masculinities as traditional and rigid, and attributed the Macedon Ranges' comparatively high suicide rate to these masculinities. Conversely, migration from the neighbouring city of Melbourne was implicated in introducing more inclusive masculinities to the area that conflicted with existing masculine norms. Thus, Macedon Ranges men were framed as ultimately lacking a cohesive community identity. Proximity to Melbourne was described as encouraging local men to commute daily for work instead of working locally, thereby further weakening community identity. Overall, these phenomena were implicated in damaging the psychosocial wellbeing of local men via reducing social connectedness. Because men's mental illness is so pervasive within regional Australian communities, these findings have direct implications for policymakers. Namely, policies need to acknowledge that masculinities directly influence mental health and that inner-regional masculinities are impacted by unique place-based considerations distinct from men living in other regional communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonell
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC Australia ,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Katherine Trail
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC Australia ,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Zac Seidler
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC Australia ,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Deepa Patel
- Benetas Macedon Ranges Health Centre, Gisborne, VIC Australia
| | - John L. Oliffe
- Schoolof Nursing, University of British, Vancouver, BC Canada ,Department of Nursing, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Simon M. Rice
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC Australia ,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
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Kilpatrick S, Emery S, Farmer J, Kamstra P. Wellness Impacts of Social Capital Built in Online Peer Support Forums. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15427. [PMID: 36497502 PMCID: PMC9738771 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study reported in this paper sought to explore whether and how social capital resources were generated on online peer support mental health forums, and how they were used by rural users to influence mental health outcomes. Interviews with rural users of three Australian online peer support mental health forums were analysed to identify interactions that accessed social capital resources and mental wellness outcomes that flowed from these. Analysis drew on a model of simultaneous building and using of social capital to uncover the nature of the social capital resources present on the forum and how they were built. Findings show that forums were sites for building 'knowledge resources' including archives of users' experiences of navigating mental illness and the mental health service system; and 'identity resources' including a willingness to contribute in line with forum values. The knowledge and identity resources built and available to rural users on the forums are facilitated by forum characteristics, which can be viewed as affordances of technology and institutional affordances. Operation by trusted organisations, moderation, a large network of users and anonymity created a safe space that encouraged reciprocity and where users exchanged information and social support that helped them maintain better mental wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Kilpatrick
- College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Sherridan Emery
- College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Jane Farmer
- Social Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Peter Kamstra
- Social Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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16
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Budge H, Shortall S. Agriculture, COVID-19 and mental health: Does gender matter? SOCIOLOGIA RURALIS 2022; 63:SORU12408. [PMID: 36714790 PMCID: PMC9874928 DOI: 10.1111/soru.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is one of the most precarious professions, being vulnerable to weather extremes and animal disease. As crises hit the agricultural sector, a growing awareness and concern for the mental wellbeing of farmers developed. Economic decline, climate change and culling animals all have a profound impact on affected farmers. To date, research has tended to focus on the farmer, typically a man, and not the farm family. This article considers the impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on men and women on farms. Using qualitative interviews and focus groups, the impact of the pandemic on men's and women's work and social life within the family is explored. We found a differential impact. For farmers, usually men, COVID-19 was generally a positive experience both in terms of work and social life. For women, on the other hand, COVID-19 was found to have a negative impact on their work and social life. While gender equality in agriculture persists, women's equality in the workplace has advanced. However, with the pandemic, women worked from home on the farm. They experienced a regression in gender equality with traditional expectations of responsibility for childcare and housework returning. In addition, their emotional and 'mental' labour increased. We conclude that in the future, the mental health of men and women on farms needs to be considered when crises occur. Crises impact the farm family and different members of the family in dissimilar ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Budge
- Centre for Rural EconomySchool of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Sally Shortall
- Duke of Northumberland Chair of Rural EconomyCentre for Rural EconomySchool of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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17
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Jakobsen AL, Lund RL. Neighborhood social context and suicide mortality: A multilevel register-based 5-year follow-up study of 2.7 million individuals. Soc Sci Med 2022; 311:115320. [PMID: 36081301 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have linked neighborhood social characteristics to suicide mortality. However, the effects of the operational definition of neighborhoods and the general importance of neighborhood context on suicide mortality have received little attention, with most studies using various administrative areas as neighborhood delineations. In this study, neighborhoods were delineated by micro-areas generated with an automated redistricting algorithm and divided by physical barriers, such as large roads. The geographic data were linked to register data on the Danish adult population in the age range of 20-59 years in December 2013 (N = 2,672,799 individuals nested into 7943 neighborhoods). This cohort was followed for five years to evaluate the association between suicide mortality and neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation, social fragmentation, and population density. We used the median hazard ratio (MHR) to quantify the general contextual effect (GCE) of neighborhoods on suicide mortality and hazard ratios to quantify the specific contextual effects (SCEs) using multilevel survival models stratified by age group. The results showed a larger GCE and larger SCEs of neighborhoods on suicide mortality for individuals aged 20-39 years compared with those aged 40-59 years. After controlling for individual characteristics, higher suicide mortality was observed for individuals living in the least densely populated neighborhoods and the most socially fragmented neighborhoods for both age groups. We found cross-level interactions between neighborhood population density and gender and ethnicity for those aged 40-59 years, as well as between neighborhood social fragmentation and ethnicity for those aged 20-39 years. The results indicate that beyond individual characteristics, the neighborhood social context may affect the risk of suicide, especially for people aged 20-39 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Lyneborg Lund
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 13, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
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18
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Singer S, Engesser D, Wirp B, Lang K, Paserat A, Kobes J, Porsch U, Mittag M, Taylor K, Gianicolo E, Maier L. Effects of a statutory reform on waiting times for outpatient psychotherapy: A multicentre cohort study. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Singer
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Deborah Engesser
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Bernhild Wirp
- Community‐based Practice for Psychotherapy Braunschweig Germany
| | - Klaus Lang
- Community‐based Practice for Psychotherapy Munich Germany
| | - Anke Paserat
- Community‐based Practice for Psychotherapy Dresden Germany
| | - Jörg Kobes
- Community‐based Practice for Psychotherapy Jena Germany
| | - Udo Porsch
- Mainz Psychoanalytic Institute (MPI) Mainz Germany
| | - Martina Mittag
- Community‐based Practice for Psychotherapy Stuttgart Germany
| | - Katherine Taylor
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Emilio Gianicolo
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany
- Institute of Clinical Physiology National Research Council Lecce Italy
| | - Lena Maier
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany
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19
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Fitzpatrick SJ, Brew BK, Handley T, Perkins D. Men, suicide, and family and interpersonal violence: A mixed methods exploratory study. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2022; 44:991-1008. [PMID: 35500037 PMCID: PMC9543582 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown a link between gender, violence, and suicide. This relationship is complex, and few empirical studies have explored suicide and family and interpersonal violence perpetrated by men. Drawing on a coronial dataset of suicide cases and a mixed methods design, this study integrated a quantitative analysis of 155 suicide cases with a qualitative analysis of medico-legal reports from 32 cases. Findings showed different types and patterns of family and intimate partner violence for men who died by suicide. Men used violence in response to conflict, but also to dominate women. Cumulative, interwoven effects of violence, mental illness, alcohol and other drug use, socioeconomic, and psychosocial circumstances were observed in our study population. However, the use of violence and suicidal behaviour was also a deliberate and calculated response by which some men sought to maintain influence or control over women. Health and criminal justice interventions served as short-term responses to violence, mental illness, and suicidal behaviour, but were of limited assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Fitzpatrick
- Centre for Mental Health ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Centre for Rural and Remote Mental HealthThe University of NewcastleOrangeAustralia
| | - Bronwyn K. Brew
- National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics UnitCentre for Big Data Research in Health and School of Women's and Children's HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Tonelle Handley
- Centre for Rural and Remote Mental HealthThe University of NewcastleOrangeAustralia
| | - David Perkins
- Centre for Rural and Remote Mental HealthThe University of NewcastleOrangeAustralia
- Health Research InstituteUniversity of CanberraCanberraAustralia
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20
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Brown MJ, White BP, Nicholas PK. Mental Health Impacts of Climate Change: Considerations for Nurse Practitioners. J Nurse Pract 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Dickson‐Swift V, Crocombe L. Missed opportunities for improving oral health in rural Victoria: The role of municipal public health planning in improving oral health. Health Promot J Austr 2022; 33:509-518. [PMID: 34337819 PMCID: PMC9786634 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED People in rural areas have poorer oral health than their urban counterparts due to a range of factors. Local governments (LGs) have a key role in addressing health issues that impact on local communities. METHODS Publicly available oral health profile (OHP) data and Municipal Public Health and Wellbeing Plans (MPHWPs) (2017-2021) were downloaded from Dental Health Services Victoria and LG websites for 48 Victorian local government areas (LGAs) containing predominately rural areas. OHP data were collated to provide an overview of the oral health status of the communities and a content analysis of the MPHWPs undertaken. RESULTS Despite poor oral health in rural Victorian LGAs, oral health was not often in MPHWPs. Twenty of the MPHWPs had some mention of oral health but only four included specific actions or strategies that would be used to improve oral health. None of the plans contained any specific targets for action or details of evaluations that might be used to assess success. CONCLUSIONS Poor oral health in rural Victorian communities continues to be demonstrated through local OHPs and is due to modifiable risk factors and poor access to water fluoridation. LGs have a key role to play in improving oral health through utilisation of OHP data in their MPHWPs. SO WHAT?: Oral health remains a low priority for LG action. This represents a missed opportunity for prioritising oral health prevention and promotion activities that improve oral health in rural Victoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Dickson‐Swift
- La Trobe Rural Health SchoolViolet Vines Centre for Rural Health ResearchBendigoVic.Australia
| | - Leonard Crocombe
- Department of Dentistry and Oral HealthLa Trobe Rural Health SchoolBendigoVic.Australia
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22
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Van Dyke N, Drinkwater EJ. Intuitive eating is positively associated with indicators of physical and mental health among rural Australian adults. Aust J Rural Health 2022; 30:468-477. [PMID: 35239235 PMCID: PMC9544126 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rural Australians have comparatively higher rates of overweight and obesity, as well as some mental health issues. Intuitive eating has been shown to be positively associated with an array of physical and mental health indicators. Few studies, however, have been conducted with general populations, and none has explicitly examined intuitive eating among rural residents. Objective To investigate the prevalence of intuitive eating, and associations between intuitive eating and indicators of physical and mental health, among a general population of rural adults. Design Cross‐sectional telephone survey of 200 randomly selected, non‐metropolitan, English‐speaking Australian residents aged 18 or older. Findings The prevalence of intuitive eating in the sample was 17.6%, with a higher level of intuitive eating among men than women (26.1% vs 9.1%). Bivariate associations between intuitive eating and each of the six health indicators were all positive and mostly statistically significant. Particularly strong was the correlation between intuitive eating and self‐esteem for women (r = 0.53). After controlling for indication of an eating disorder and demographics, the associations between intuitive eating and the outcome variables held for body mass index (BMI), psychological distress and body esteem for men, and for BMI and self‐esteem for women. Post hoc analyses found that BMI did not moderate the relationship for women between intuitive eating and self‐esteem and that body esteem mediates the relationships between intuitive eating and BMI and psychological distress for men, and between intuitive eating and self‐esteem for women. Discussion Consistent with most prior research, this study finds that intuitive eating is positively associated with several indicators of both physical and mental health among non‐metropolitan residents in Australia. Practice of intuitive eating in this population, however, is low. These findings may help allied health professionals guide rural populations to better health, and may be a particularly effective approach for people for whom the barriers to seeking out health services are high. Conclusion Intuitive eating appears to have substantial correlations with mental health indicators, and to some extent, physical health indicators, among rural Australians and therefore should be further investigated for its potential to inform public health policy targeted to similar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Van Dyke
- Social Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Gunn KM, Skaczkowski G, Dollman J, Vincent AD, Short CE, Brumby S, Barrett A, Harrison N, Turnbull D. Combining Farmers' Preferences With Evidence-Based Strategies to Prevent and Lower Farmers' Distress: Co-design and Acceptability Testing of ifarmwell. JMIR Hum Factors 2022; 9:e27631. [PMID: 35014963 PMCID: PMC8790695 DOI: 10.2196/27631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Farming is physically and psychologically hazardous. Farmers face many barriers to help seeking from traditional physical and mental health services; however, improved internet access now provides promising avenues for offering support. Objective This study aims to co-design with farmers the content and functionality of a website that helps them adopt transferable coping strategies and test its acceptability in the broader farming population. Methods Research evidence and expert opinions were synthesized to inform key design principles. A total of 18 farmers detailed what they would like from this type of website. Intervention logic and relevant evidence-based strategies were mapped. Website content was drafted and reviewed by 2 independent mental health professionals. A total of 9 farmers provided detailed qualitative feedback on the face validity of the draft content. Subsequently, 9 farmers provided feedback on the website prototype. Following amendments and internal prototype testing and optimization, prototype usability (ie, completion rate) was examined with 157 registered website users who were (105/157, 66.9%) female, aged 21-73 years; 95.5% (149/156) residing in inner regional to very remote Australia, and 68.2% (107/157) “sheep, cattle and/or grain farmers.” Acceptability was examined with a subset of 114 users who rated at least module 1. Interviews with 108 farmers who did not complete all 5 modules helped determine why, and detailed interviews were conducted with 18 purposively sampled users. Updates were then made according to adaptive trial design methodology. Results This systematic co-design process resulted in a web-based resource based on acceptance and commitment therapy and designed to overcome barriers to engagement with traditional mental health and well-being strategies—ifarmwell. It was considered an accessible and confidential source of practical and relevant farmer-focused self-help strategies. These strategies were delivered via 5 interactive modules that include written, drawn, and audio- and video-based psychoeducation and exercises, as well as farming-related jokes, metaphors, examples, and imagery. Module 1 included distress screening and information on how to speak to general practitioners about mental health–related concerns (including a personalized conversation script). Modules were completed fortnightly. SMS text messages offered personalized support and reminders. Qualitative interviews and star ratings demonstrated high module acceptability (average 4.06/5 rating) and suggested that additional reminders, higher quality audio recordings, and shorter modules would be useful. Approximately 37.1% (52/140) of users who started module 1 completed all modules, with too busy or not got to it yet being the main reason for non-completion, and previous module acceptability not predicting subsequent module completion. Conclusions Sequential integration of research evidence, expert knowledge, and farmers’ preferences in the co-design process allowed for the development of a self-help intervention that focused on important intervention targets and was acceptable to this difficult-to-engage group. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617000506392; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372526
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Gunn
- Department of Rural Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gemma Skaczkowski
- Department of Rural Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Dollman
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew D Vincent
- Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Camille E Short
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences and Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Brumby
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Western District Health Service, Hamilton, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alison Barrett
- Department of Rural Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nathan Harrison
- Department of Rural Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Deborah Turnbull
- Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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24
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Balcombe L, De Leo D. The Potential Impact of Adjunct Digital Tools and Technology to Help Distressed and Suicidal Men: An Integrative Review. Front Psychol 2022; 12:796371. [PMID: 35058855 PMCID: PMC8765720 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicidal men feel the need to be self-reliant and that they cannot find another way out of relationship or socioeconomic issues. Suicide prevention is of crucial importance worldwide. The much higher rate of suicide in men engenders action. The prelude is a subjective experience that can be very isolating and severely distressing. Men may not realize a change in their thinking and behaviors, which makes it more difficult to seek and get help, thereby interrupting a "downward spiral". Stoicism often prevents men from admitting to their personal struggle. The lack of "quality" connections and "non-tailored" therapies has led to a high number of men "walking out" on traditional clinical approaches. But there are complicated relationships in motivations and formative behaviors of suicide with regards to emotional state, psychiatric disorders, interpersonal life events and suicidal behavior method selection. Middle-aged and older men have alternated as the most at-risk of suicide. There is no one solution that applies to all men, but digital tools may be of assistance (e.g., video conferences, social networks, telephone calls, and emails). Digital interventions require higher levels of effectiveness for distress and suicidality but self-guided approaches may be the most suitable for men especially where linked with an integrated online suicide prevention platform (e.g., quick response with online chats, phone calls, and emails). Furthermore, technology-enabled models of care offer promise to advance appropriate linking to mental health services through better and faster understanding of the specific needs of individuals (e.g., socio-cultural) and the type and level of suicidality experienced. Long-term evidence for suicidality and its evaluation may benefit from progressing human computer-interaction and providing impetus for an eminent integrated digital platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Balcombe
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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25
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Younker T, Radunovich HL. Farmer Mental Health Interventions: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010244. [PMID: 35010504 PMCID: PMC8751007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of mental health disorders and suicide amongst agricultural producers is a global problem. Community leaders, researchers, policymakers, and clinicians have mobilized to develop programs to address this issue. This study reviewed a wide range of mental health interventions targeting farmer mental health spanning over 50 years and examined their reported effectiveness and constraints. A total of ninety-two articles on farmer mental health were included in a final systematic review. Most articles were written concerning mental health literacy and peer and paraprofessional support interventions in the United States and Australia. Among the 56 studies reporting empirical evaluative data, 21 were mixed-method, 20 quantitative, 11 qualitative, and 5 literature synthesis. Non-experimental, self-reported, and qualitative data suggest efficacy of mental health literacy programs, peer and paraprofessional support, and community-based and agroecological interventions. However, most interventions were not subject to rigorous evaluation and only one intervention was evaluated using a control condition. The heterogeneity of existing studies and paucity of rigorous evaluation proscribes firm conclusions related to program-type efficacy. This review demonstrates that there is still a need for a stronger and broader evidence base in the field of farmer mental health interventions, which should focus on both holistic, multi-component programs and targeted approaches.
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26
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Baxter GL, Tooth LR, Mishra GD. Psychological distress in young Australian women by area of residence: findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:390-396. [PMID: 34492432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between psychological distress and area of residence has been extensively discussed and debated. However, the focus has been largely on men and area of residence is often dichotomised to urban and rural. The aim of this study is to examine the association between psychological distress and area of residence in young Australian women using a broader geographical measure. METHODS Data were from 8961 women aged 19-26 in the 1989-95 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health in 2015. The association between area of residence (measured by the Modified Monash Model) and psychological distress (measured by the K10), adjusted for demographic factors, indicators of socioeconomic position and health behaviour characteristics, was analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS Women in regional centres had lower odds of high to very high psychological distress compared with women in metropolitan areas (adjusted odds ratio 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.60-0.89)). Women living in large rural towns, medium rural towns and small rural towns/remote/very remote communities had similar levels of psychological distress as women living in metropolitan areas. LIMITATIONS ALSWH uses self-report questionnaires which may introduce potential self-report bias. The small sample size in areas outside of metropolitan areas resulted in the need to collapse small rural towns, remote communities and very remote communities into one category. CONCLUSIONS The subtle regional differences in levels of psychological distress in young women in Australia highlights the importance of the link between health and where people live and suggests further work is required to understand the regional differences and encourage location specific mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Baxter
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Leigh R Tooth
- Principal Research Fellow, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Gita D Mishra
- NHMRC Principal Research Fellow, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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27
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Hurzeler T, Buckley NA, Noghrehchi F, Malouf P, Page A, Schumann JL, Chitty KM. Alcohol-related suicide across Australia: a geospatial analysis. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45:394-399. [PMID: 34097331 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute effects of alcohol consumption are a major risk factor for suicide. Positive blood alcohol concentrations are present in almost one-third of all suicides at time of death. These suicides are defined as alcohol-related suicides. This cross-sectional study examines the geospatial distribution/clustering of high proportions of alcohol-related suicides and reports on socioeconomic and demographic risk factors. METHODS National Coronial Information System (NCIS) data were used to calculate proportions of suicides with alcohol present at the time of death for each level 3 statistical areas (SA3) in Australia. A density analysis and hotspot cluster analysis were used to visualise and establish statistically significant clustering of areas with higher (hotspots) and lower (coldspots) proportions. Subsequently, socioeconomic and demographic risk factors for alcohol use and suicide were reported on for hot and cold spots. RESULTS Significant clustering of areas with higher proportions of alcohol-related suicide occurred in northern Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland, as well as inland New South Wales and inland Queensland. Clustering of SA3s with significantly lower proportions occurred in major city and inner regional Sydney and Melbourne. Conclusion and implications for public health: Results from this study identify areas in which prevention strategies should target alcohol use and can be used to inform prevention strategy design. Additionally, hotspots and coldspots identified in this study can be used for further analysis to better understand contextual risk factors for alcohol-related suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Hurzeler
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Pharmacology, Translational Australian Clinical Toxicology Program, The University of Sydney, New South Wales.,Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Nicholas A Buckley
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Pharmacology, Translational Australian Clinical Toxicology Program, The University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Firouzeh Noghrehchi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Pharmacology, Translational Australian Clinical Toxicology Program, The University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Peter Malouf
- Discipline of Indigenous Health and Discipline of Addiction Medicine, Centre of Research Excellence in Indigenous Health and Alcohol, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Andrew Page
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, New South Wales
| | - Jennifer L Schumann
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Victoria
| | - Kate M Chitty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Pharmacology, Translational Australian Clinical Toxicology Program, The University of Sydney, New South Wales
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28
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Hardin HK, Alchami HK, Connell A. Depressive Symptoms and Trust of Healthcare Provider in Rural Adolescents: Relationships and Predictors. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2021; 42:208-215. [PMID: 32721182 PMCID: PMC7855091 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2020.1789783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations among depressive symptoms, trust of healthcare provider, and health behavior in adolescents who live in a rural area. Two hundred twenty-four adolescents aged 14-19 years old attending public high school in the Midwestern United States were surveyed. Results showed a diagnosis of depression, trust of healthcare provider, health awareness, and stress management predicted depressive symptoms in adolescents living in a rural area. Healthcare providers should take extra care to promote trust in the healthcare provider-patient relationship with adolescents and to follow guidelines for annual screening of adolescents for depressive symptoms. Nursing implications include adolescent psychoeducation to improve health awareness and stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Hardin
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hana K Alchami
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Arin Connell
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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29
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Gunn KM, Turnbull DA, Dollman J, Kettler L, Bamford L, Vincent AD. Why are some drought-affected farmers less distressed than others? The association between stress, psychological distress, acceptance, behavioural disengagement and neuroticism. Aust J Rural Health 2021; 29:106-116. [PMID: 33587319 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the modifiable psychological and behavioural coping strategies associated with low levels of psychological distress, independent of more stable personality and demographic factors, in a sample of farmers who reported being exposed to a recent stressful event during an extended drought. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Three hundred and nine South Australian, drought-affected grain, sheep and/or cattle farmers completed printed or online questionnaires. Only those who reported experiencing a stressful event in the past month that they rated ≥7 on a scale ranging from 1 (not stressful at all) to 10 (extremely stressful) were included in the analyses (n = 175, 65.06%). Participants ranged in age from 24 to 85 years and 40% were female. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, and coping strategies were measured using a situational version of the COPE inventory. Five personality factors (extraversion, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness) were assessed using the Quickscales-R. RESULTS In the final multivariable model, distress was elevated among individuals reporting higher neuroticism and behavioural disengagement, and lower in individuals reporting greater use of acceptance. These 3 variables explained 44% of the variance in distress. CONCLUSION Farmers recently exposed to a significant stressor, who used acceptance as a coping strategy, did not engage in behavioural disengagement and scored low on neuroticism, were least likely to experience distress. Given the stability of personality factors, interventions that foster farmers' use of acceptance and prevent behavioural disengagement as coping strategies might assist them with the management of future stressors, particularly in times of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Gunn
- Department of Rural Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Deborah A Turnbull
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jim Dollman
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa Kettler
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Luke Bamford
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew D Vincent
- Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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30
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McLaren S. Rurality, reasons for living, and suicidal ideation among Australian men. DEATH STUDIES 2020; 46:1853-1861. [PMID: 33345725 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1863520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Within Australia, men who reside in rural areas are at higher risk for suicide compared to men who reside in more populated areas. The aim of the current study was to examine the role that fewer reasons for living might play in the higher rates of suicide among men who reside in rural areas by testing a mediation model. Given the protective nature of reasons for living, I proposed that rurality would be associated with fewer reasons for living which, in turn, would be associated with higher levels of suicidal ideation. A convenience sample of 609 Australian men aged from 18 to 90 years (M = 51.42, SD = 20.61) completed the Reasons for Living Inventory and the suicide subscale of the General Health Questionnaire. The mediation model was supported for Survival and Coping Beliefs, Responsibility to Family, Child-related Concerns, and Moral Objections. In addition, rurality was directly associated with higher levels of suicidal ideation. Results indicate that increasing four key reasons for living among men who live in rural areas may be beneficial for their mental health. Identifying other protective factors is important to reduce suicide among rural men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne McLaren
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, Australia
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31
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Intersections of Firearm Suicide, Drug-Related Mortality, and Economic Dependency in Rural America. J Surg Res 2020; 256:96-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Vayro C, Brownlow C, Ireland M, March S. "Don't … Break Down on Tuesday Because the Mental Health Services are Only in Town on Thursday": A Qualitative Study of Service Provision Related Barriers to, and Facilitators of Farmers' Mental Health Help-Seeking. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2020; 48:514-527. [PMID: 32930922 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-020-01085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The suicide rate of farmers is approximately double that of the general Australian population, yet farmers employ fewer help-seeking behaviours (Arnautovska et al. in Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49:593-599, 2014; Brew et al. in BMC Public Health 16:1-11, 2016). Therefore, it is crucial to understand if, and how health services and system might influence farmer help-seeking. To shed light on this, the current study employed qualitative semi-structured interviews with 10 farmers, 10 farmers' partners and 8 medical practitioners. Thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke's (Qual Res Psychol 3:77-101, 2006) techniques, was used to analyse the data. Three themes were devised concerning the interaction between farmers and health services, including 'health service interactions', 'services are provided within a complex system' and 'emerging technologies: the users, practitioners, and systems'. The findings underscore the importance of interactions between a farmer and a service provider, with farmers wanting their provider to have an understanding of farming life. Help-seeking was also shaped by access, availability, and practitioner constancy. Lastly, a complex relationship between digital mental health services and farmer help-seeking was reported, with factors related to the farmers, the practitioners and the infrastructure/systems discussed. The outcomes have implications for health service and policy reform, developing and providing interventions for farmers to promote health services interaction as a way of mental health help-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Vayro
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Blvd, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia.
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Blvd, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia.
- The University of Queensland, Southern Queensland Rural Health, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
| | - Charlotte Brownlow
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Blvd, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Blvd, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
| | - Michael Ireland
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Blvd, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Blvd, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
| | - Sonja March
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Blvd, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, 37 Sinnathamby Blvd, Springfield Central, QLD, 4300, Australia
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33
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San Sebastián M, Edin-Liljegren A, Jonsson F. Rural-urban differences in suicide attempts and mortality among young people in northern Sweden, 1998-2017: A register-based study. Scand J Public Health 2020; 48:794-800. [PMID: 32679009 PMCID: PMC7678337 DOI: 10.1177/1403494820939018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess trends in suicide attempts and mortality between 1998 and 2017 by residential area and gender among northern Swedish youths. Methods: Events of suicide attempts and deaths for each municipality in the four counties of the northern Swedish region, stratified by gender, were retrieved for each year from 1998 to 2017. All cases identified within the registers with the diagnostic codes X60-X84 or Y10-Y34 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) for individuals aged 15-24 years were included. Place of residence at municipal level was categorized into three groups: rural - municipalities with a population of <10,000 inhabitants; semi-rural - those between 10,000 and 50,000; and urban - those with >50,000 inhabitants. Results: The rates of attempted suicides in the northern region were higher in both men and women than in Sweden, while the rates of suicide deaths were slightly higher in young men but similar in young women compared to the national averages. Overall, the risk of suicide attempts was higher in semi-rural municipalities compared to urban ones, particularly among women. A significantly higher risk of mortality was also observed for men and women in semi-rural municipalities, but only in the period 2010-2013. Conclusions: The high rates of attempted and completed suicides among youth in northern Sweden and the higher risks in rural and semi-rural municipalities need close attention. The implementation of suicide prevention programs, especially in rural and semi-rural municipalities, should be intensified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anette Edin-Liljegren
- Centre for Rural Medicine, Region Västerbotten, Storuman, Sweden.,Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Division of Innovative Care Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frida Jonsson
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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34
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Herron RV, Ahmadu M, Allan JA, Waddell CM, Roger K. "Talk about it:" changing masculinities and mental health in rural places? Soc Sci Med 2020; 258:113099. [PMID: 32534303 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rural men's mental health has been described by some scholars as a "silent crisis." Rural men report lower levels of stress and depression and, paradoxically, much higher rates of suicide and substance use. Research has linked rural men's silence to dominant forms of masculinity with limited consideration of how masculinities are changing within and across rural places. In this article, we draw together literature on changing masculinities, rural places, and rural men's mental health to explore how, where, and with whom rural men talk about mental health; as well as their perspectives of what it means to be a healthy man. To collect in-depth information about men's perceptions and experiences of mental health and masculinity, the study employed semi-structured interviews with 23 adult male participants (aged 20-79 years) in Manitoba, Canada. Men in the study described the complex dynamics of talking about mental health with spouses, other family members, friends, and in the community. Many men wanted to talk about their mental health and some men actively developed relationships to support "talking about it;" however, they also identified competition, gossip, and stigma in relation to talking about mental health in the community. Most men in the study resisted hegemonic masculinities and some men aspired to more balanced, relational, and caring ideals. Men in the study identified community and environmental challenges to talking about mental health and changing masculinities in rural places. We argue that addressing the so-called silent crisis of rural men's mental health requires greater attention to community change and rural development to support relationships and places to talk about mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Herron
- Department of Geography and Environment, Brandon University, Canada.
| | - Mairo Ahmadu
- Rural Community Health Lab, Brandon University, Canada
| | - Jonathan A Allan
- Department of English Literature and Creative Writing, Gender and Women's Studies Program, Brandon University, Canada
| | - Candice M Waddell
- Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Studies, Brandon University, Canada
| | - Kerstin Roger
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
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35
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Morales DA, Barksdale CL, Beckel-Mitchener AC. A call to action to address rural mental health disparities. J Clin Transl Sci 2020; 4:463-467. [PMID: 33244437 PMCID: PMC7681156 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2020.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rural residents in the USA experience significant disparities in mental health outcomes even though the prevalence of mental illness in rural and metropolitan areas is similar. This is a persistent problem that requires innovative approaches to resolve. Adopting and appropriately modifying the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities research framework are the potential approaches to understanding how these disparities might be addressed through research. Using this research framework can facilitate interrogation of multiple levels of influence, encompassing complex domains of influence and consideration of the entire life course trajectory, which is consistent with several National Institute of Mental Health priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn A. Morales
- Office for Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Crystal L. Barksdale
- Office for Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea C. Beckel-Mitchener
- Office for Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Kanamori M, Kondo N, Juarez S, Dunlavy A, Cederström A, Rostila M. Rural life and suicide: Does the effect of the community context vary by country of birth? A Swedish registry-based multilevel cohort study. Soc Sci Med 2020; 253:112958. [PMID: 32247941 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Contextual factors varying by residence in rural or urban areas may have different effects on the suicide of residents by nativity, but evidence on the urban-rural gap in suicide according to nativity is lacking. This study aims to evaluate the effect of cross-level interaction between nativity and rurality of residence on suicide risk, at two levels of aggregation (municipalities/neighborhoods). Study design was nationwide register-based cohort study in Sweden, 2011-2016. Participants were all residents 20 years or older. We calculated Incidence Rate Ratios comparing suicide incidence by nativity using three-level (individuals, neighborhoods, and municipalities) Poisson regression, stratified by gender. Among men, suicide incidences were the highest among those born in other Nordic countries, followed by those born in Sweden, other European countries, Middle Eastern countries, and the rest of the world. Residing in rural areas was associated with high IRR of suicide regardless of nativity, compared to residing in urban areas. When evaluating rurality at municipality level, we observed an increased suicide risk from living in rural areas in men born in other European (rural-urban ratio of nativity-specific IRRs: 1.39) and other Nordic (1.37) countries, followed by native Swedes (1.22). When evaluating rurality at neighborhood level, rurality was associated with increased suicide risk in men for all nativities, with the foreign-born showing higher risk than the Swedish-born. Individual sociodemographic characteristics explained the excess suicide risk in rural municipalities, but not the excess risk in rural neighborhoods. Among women, urban residents showed higher suicide incidence than rural residents. We found no consistent patterning of interaction with nativities among women. Foreign-born individuals residing in rural municipalities may have less access to economic resources and employment opportunities. Furthermore, ethnic discrimination, stigma, and exclusion from social networks and community may be more common in rural neighborhood contexts, leading to an increased risk of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kanamori
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Health and Social Behavior and Department of Health Education and Health Sociology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Department of Health and Social Behavior and Department of Health Education and Health Sociology, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sol Juarez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Dunlavy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Cederström
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Rostila
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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37
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Kanamori M, Kondo N. Suicide and Types of Agriculture: A Time-Series Analysis in Japan. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2020; 50:122-137. [PMID: 31215073 PMCID: PMC7027827 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In recent years, rural areas have reported higher suicide rates than urban areas worldwide. Although agricultural activity is a key characteristic of many rural areas, rurality may also have heterogeneous qualities based on the type of agriculture pursued. However, to date, no study has examined potential linkages between suicide rate and types of agriculture. METHOD In this study, we used 1983-2007 annual time-series data of the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of suicide and product-specific agricultural outputs in Japanese municipalities to shed light on this phenomenon. We conducted a multilevel linear regression analysis, taking into account a hierarchical structure of the time-series data, limiting our analysis to municipalities where agricultural land use was high. RESULTS Our multilevel analysis showed that the animal husbandry output was positively associated with suicide SMR in both women and men, with a stronger relationship among women, whereas no association was observed in agricultural crop output. Temporal analysis showed that the association could be observed consistently throughout the period between 1983 and 2007. CONCLUSIONS This study raises the possibility that the industrial and cultural characteristics of communities that rely on animal husbandry may be associated with an increased risk of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kanamori
- Department of Health Education and Health SociologyThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Department of Health Education and Health SociologyThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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38
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Kennedy AJ, Maple M, McKay K, Brumby S. Suicide and Accidental Death for Australia's Farming Families: How Context Influences Individual Response. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2019; 83:407-425. [PMID: 31184968 DOI: 10.1177/0030222819854920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents qualitative data to explore the experience of farming family members faced with accidental or suicide death and understand how this is experienced within the farming context. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 members of Australian farming families bereaved by suicide or accidental death. Qualitative data was thematically analyzed. Three interconnected themes were identified: acceptance of risk, normalization of death, pragmatic behavior patterns and connection to place. Bereavement and reconstruction of meaning following suicide or accidental death for farming families is influenced by the cultural, social, geographical, and psychological contexts of farming families. This article challenges traditional conceptions of suicide and accidental death as necessarily experienced as "violent" or "traumatic," bereavement as experienced similarly across western cultures, and the reaction to suicide or accidental death as one that challenges people's understanding of their world and leaves them struggling to find a reason why the death occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Kennedy
- National Centre for Farmer Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Myfanwy Maple
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn McKay
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan Brumby
- National Centre for Farmer Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia.,Western District Health Service, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia
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39
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Genuchi MC. The Role of Masculinity and Depressive Symptoms in Predicting Suicidal Ideation in Homeless Men. Arch Suicide Res 2019; 23:289-311. [PMID: 29461153 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2018.1428705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Men's suicide rates may be influenced by difficulties recognizing externalizing depressive symptoms in men that adhere to hegemonic masculine gender role norms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of externalizing depressive symptoms, internalizing depressive symptoms, and hegemonic masculinity in predicting the existence and severity of suicidal ideation. Homeless men (n = 94) completed questionnaires at a resource center in the Rocky Mountain Western United States. Internalizing symptoms predicted the existence of suicidal ideation, and both externalizing and internalizing symptoms predicted increased severity of suicidal ideation. The masculine norms violence and playboy were correlated with men's suicidal ideation. An externalizing-internalizing model of predicting suicide in men and men's adherence to certain masculine gender role norms may be valuable to further efforts in suicide assessment and prevention.
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40
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Cenderadewi M, Franklin RC, Peden AE, Devine S. Pattern of intentional drowning mortality: a total population retrospective cohort study in Australia, 2006-2014. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:207. [PMID: 30782167 PMCID: PMC6381671 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a downward trend in unintentional drowning deaths in Australia has been observed, little is known about intentional drowning mortality. Limited information on intentional drowning death impedes the planning, implementation, and evaluation of prevention strategies. This study aims to describe rates of intentional fatal drowning in Australia and compare these to other categories of drowning. METHODS Data were sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) over a 9-year period (2006-2014). Rates and trends of intentional drowning were compared with unintentional, water-transport related and undetermined intent drowning. Rates of intentional drowning deaths across gender, age groups, states/territories, remoteness of residence and First Peoples of Australia were calculated. Relative risk (RR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) was calculated, and chi-square tests of independence were performed (p < 0.05). RESULTS The crude mortality rate for intentional drowning deaths in Australia over the study period was 0.23/100000, lower than unintentional drowning (0.89/100000). Males were 1.6 (CI: 1.4-2.0) times more likely than females to intentionally drown, however females made up a significantly larger proportion of intentional drowning deaths (38.2%) compared to unintentional deaths (22.4%) (χ2 = 47.3; df = 1; p < 0.05). A significant linear association between age group and intentional drowning was observed (χ2 = 131.3; p < 0.05), with individuals aged 75 years and over 32.6 times more likely to intentionally drown. Non-Indigenous peoples were 4.1 times more likely to intentionally drown in comparison to First Peoples of Australia. Residents of Inner Regional, Outer Regional, and Major Cities were 4.2 times (CI: 0.6-30.0), 4.1 times (CI: 0.6-29.9), and 4.0 times (CI: 0.6-28.6) more likely to intentionally drown, respectively, compared with residents of Very Remote areas. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to the limited evidence currently available about intentional drowning rates and trends in Australia. Being male, of older age groups, non-Indigenous, residing in Inner and Outer Regional areas, and Major Cities were risk factors for intentional drowning deaths. Improving data collection systems and furthering understanding of the risk factors of intentional drowning, as well as the development, implementation, and evaluation of prevention programmes, are required to reduce the risk of intentional drowning death in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthia Cenderadewi
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Richard C. Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
- Royal Life Saving Society – Australia, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Amy E. Peden
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
- Royal Life Saving Society – Australia, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Sue Devine
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811 Australia
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41
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Perceval M, Kõlves K, Ross V, Reddy P, De Leo D. Environmental factors and suicide in Australian farmers: A qualitative study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2019; 74:279-286. [PMID: 29558258 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2018.1453774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Farmers and farm workers have been recognized as a group at high risk of suicide in Australia. This study aims to identify and better understand environmental factors associated with suicide among Australian farmers and farm workers. Qualitative analysis was undertaken in accordance with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. Male and female focus groups were conducted separately with people who lived or worked on a farm in six farming communities. Qualitative analyses showed that a number of environmental influences may contribute to the increased risk of suicide: extreme climatic events; isolation; service availability; access to, and frequent use of firearms; death and suffering of animals; government and legislation; technology; and property values. Both the physical and socio-cultural environments in which farmers operate appear to contribute to farmer suicide and need to be considered in suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Perceval
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University , Australia
| | - Kairi Kõlves
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University , Australia
| | - Victoria Ross
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University , Australia
| | - Prasuna Reddy
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney , Australia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London , United Kingdom
| | - Diego De Leo
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University , Australia
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42
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Labra O, Wright R, Tremblay G, Maltais D, Bustinza R, Gingras-Lacroix G. Men's Help-Seeking Attitudes in Rural Communities Affected by a Natural Disaster. Am J Mens Health 2019; 13:1557988318821512. [PMID: 30595101 PMCID: PMC6775550 DOI: 10.1177/1557988318821512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The article describes a mixed methods study of help-seeking in men living in the Chilean Central Valley, following exposure to a major earthquake event in 2010. The results identify that, within the sample, positive attitudes toward help-seeking correlated with younger age, higher education levels, above-average incomes, and stable personal relationships. It appears that education plays a significant role in shaping such positive attitudes, particularly by influencing views of gender roles and help-seeking. Conversely, older men's reticence toward seeking help appeared linked to negative perceptions of available services and the influence of traditional notions of masculinity. The study concludes that adapting interventions and service offers to men's needs in rural contexts must include an ecosystemic analysis of their reality and incorporate an understanding of masculinity socialization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Labra
- Department of Human and Social Development, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Robin Wright
- School of Social Work, Windsor University, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | | | - Danielle Maltais
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Ray Bustinza
- National Institute of Public Health of Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Gingras-Lacroix
- Department of Human and Social Development, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
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Perceval M, Ross V, Kõlves K, Reddy P, De Leo D. Social factors and Australian farmer suicide: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1367. [PMID: 30541526 PMCID: PMC6292011 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farmers and farm workers have been recognised as a group at high risk of suicide in Australia; however this risk is not without geographic and demographic variation. This study aims to identify and better understand the complex interplay of risk and protective factors surrounding farmer suicide, with an emphasis on social influences, so as to inform tailored and effective suicide prevention initiatives. METHODS Focus groups were conducted in three diverse sites across two states in Australia with men and women separately to gain perceptions about suicide risk and protective factors and attitudes towards suicide and help seeking. The three communities in each state represented areas with a suicide rate similar to, above, and below the state average. The communities were also diverse in their population, types of farming, geographic location, distance from and access to services. There were a total of 33 female and 30 male participants. RESULTS Qualitative analysis indicated three major interrelated social factors: (1) changing rural communities, (2) community attitudes and stigma and (3) relationship issues. CONCLUSIONS The biopsycho-ecological model is considered useful to better understand and address social, as well as individual and environmental factors, pertaining to farmer suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Perceval
- National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Mt Gravatt campus, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, Brisbane, QLD 4122 Australia
| | - Victoria Ross
- National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Mt Gravatt campus, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, Brisbane, QLD 4122 Australia
| | - Kairi Kõlves
- National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Mt Gravatt campus, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, Brisbane, QLD 4122 Australia
| | - Prasuna Reddy
- Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
- Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Diego De Leo
- National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Mt Gravatt campus, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, Brisbane, QLD 4122 Australia
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Sena A, Freitas C, Feitosa Souza P, Carneiro F, Alpino T, Pedroso M, Corvalan C, Barcellos C. Drought in the Semiarid Region of Brazil: Exposure, Vulnerabilities and Health Impacts from the Perspectives of Local Actors. PLOS CURRENTS 2018; 10:ecurrents.dis.c226851ebd64290e619a4d1ed79c8639. [PMID: 30555749 PMCID: PMC6279460 DOI: 10.1371/currents.dis.c226851ebd64290e619a4d1ed79c8639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to understand and assess the perception of communities, organized civil society, health professionals, and decision-makers of several governmental institutions, regarding vulnerabilities and health impacts in drought prone municipalities of Brazil. METHODS This study was carried out through a qualitative investigation in eight municipalities in the Brazilian Semiarid region. Data collection was done through semi-structure and structure interviews, and discussion with local actors, which included communities groups, health professionals, governmental managers and organized civil society. RESULTS The results point to the local actors' concerns and to the fragility of the health sector in the planning of integrated actions directed towards risks and impacts associated with drought conditions on human health. DISCUSSION The lack of a specific knowledge contributes to making invisible the process that determines the impacts of drought on health, leading to an acceptance of drought in those municipalities, reducing the capacity of the health system to respond to droughts. KEYWORDS drought, vulnerability, risks, health, perception, Brazilian Semiarid, resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderita Sena
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health (ICICT), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Freitas
- Center for Study and Research of Emergencies and Disasters in Health (Cepedes), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Feitosa Souza
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health (ICICT), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Carneiro
- Health and Environment Department, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tais Alpino
- Center for Study and Research of Emergencies and Disasters in Health (Cepedes), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcel Pedroso
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health (ICICT), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Christovam Barcellos
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health (ICICT), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Hanigan IC, Schirmer J, Niyonsenga T. Drought and Distress in Southeastern Australia. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:642-655. [PMID: 29797158 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Droughts may increase the risk of mental health problems, but evidence suggests a complex story with some groups being vulnerable while others are not. Previous studies from Australia have found associations with suicide, depression and distress that vary by age, gender and remoteness. Understanding the effects of drought on mental health is important because drought is predicted to be more intense in some areas in the future. We investigated the associations between drought and distress in a survey of rural Australians by age, gender and farming status. We collected distress data using a survey of 5312 people from across the state of Victoria, Australia, in 2015. Respondents completed the Kessler 10 (K10) Psychological Distress Index, and demographic and general health data were collected. We linked a climatic drought index to the locality of residence of respondents. Associations between distress and drought were analyzed using multivariable regression models with interactions by age, gender and farming occupation. Parts of Victoria were in drought in 2015. Drought duration was associated with higher distress in younger rural women (aged 40-54: odds ratio 1.18 per inter-quartile range increase in drought duration) but not older rural women or men. This pattern did not vary between farmers and non-farmers. Drought was associated with increased distress, but this differed between subgroups. Our results suggest that supporting younger women may be particularly important, and understanding ways older Australian rural women cope may enable us to build adaptive capacity and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan C Hanigan
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Building 22, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
- University Centre for Rural Health, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jacki Schirmer
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Building 22, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Theophile Niyonsenga
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Building 22, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Kennedy AJ, Brumby SA, Versace VL, Brumby-Rendell T. Online assessment of suicide stigma, literacy and effect in Australia's rural farming community. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:846. [PMID: 29980237 PMCID: PMC6035410 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Australia, farming populations have been identified as having higher rates of suicide, in comparison to metropolitan, rural and regional communities. The reasons for this are unclear although stigma is considered a risk factor. This study was designed to understand the role of suicide stigma and suicide literacy and the relationship between these. Methods A mixed-methods online intervention was developed. This paper reports on baseline quantitative data (suicide stigma, suicide literacy and suicide effect) collected from male and female rural Australian participants (N = 536) with an experience of suicide. Results When compared with previous Australian community samples, our sample demonstrated higher levels of stigma and higher levels of suicide literacy. Males were more likely to have considered suicide than females. Females were more likely than males to report a devastating and ongoing effect of suicide bereavement, but less likely than a previous Australian community sample. Conclusion Results of this study reiterate the need for improved understanding of the risk factors and experience of suicide within the context of life and work in rural Australian farming communities and how ‘best practice’ can be adapted to improve stigma reduction and suicide prevention efforts. Trial registration This research project was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) (ACTRN12616000289415) on 7th March, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Kennedy
- Deakin University, National Centre for Farmer Health, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
| | - Susan A Brumby
- Deakin University, National Centre for Farmer Health, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | | | - Tristan Brumby-Rendell
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Western District Health Service, PO Box 283, Hamilton, VIC, 3300, Australia
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Ringgenberg W, Peek-Asa C, Donham K, Ramirez M. Trends and Characteristics of Occupational Suicide and Homicide in Farmers and Agriculture Workers, 1992-2010. J Rural Health 2018; 34:246-253. [PMID: 28464402 PMCID: PMC7069527 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined work-related homicides and suicides among farm operators/workers in the United States from 1992 to 2010. METHODS Work-related homicide and suicide cases from 1992 to 2010 were obtained from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. To calculate rates, denominator data on the US working population were also obtained from 2003 to 2010 Current Population Survey. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that were differentially associated with homicide and suicide. RESULTS Over these 19 years, 171 farm operators/workers died from homicide and 230 died from suicide. When compared to rates of all workers, suicide rates were higher while homicide rates were lower among farm operators/workers. Males (OR = 6.1), whites (OR = 4.7), and 35- to 54-year-old (OR = 2.3) farm operators/workers had increased odds of suicide over homicide compared with their respective counterparts (ie, females, nonwhites, <35-year-olds). Those working in smaller farm operations with <11 employees had 1.7 times the odds of suicide over homicide. CONCLUSIONS Suicide and homicide are both present in the agricultural industry, with suicide being more common than homicide. Translation of suicide prevention programs should be explored for the agricultural industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ringgenberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Corinne Peek-Asa
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kelley Donham
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Marizen Ramirez
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Abstract
Young men constitute one of the highest risk groups for suicide in most countries. This gives reason to explore how meanings attached to masculinity can be evoked and handled when a young man takes his life. In-depth interviews with 5 to 8 informants for each of 10 suicides, as well as suicide notes, were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The suicides appeared as signature acts of compensatory masculinity with the following themes: When hope is gone, no one must know; weakness was never allowed; and suicide conducted in a way to present oneself as heroic. The handling of masculinity in triggering suicidal plans and in carrying out suicide is intrinsically connected to avoidance of help-seeking behavior.
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Contemporary Feminist Analysis of Australian Farm Women in the Context of Climate Changes. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci7020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kunde L, Kõlves K, Kelly B, Reddy P, de Leo D. "The Masks We Wear": A Qualitative Study of Suicide in Australian Farmers. J Rural Health 2018; 34:254-262. [PMID: 29322558 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Farmer suicide is a major public issue in Australia. Using the psychological autopsy method, this study aimed to examine the life and death circumstances of Australian male farmers who died by suicide through verbal reports from their close significant others. METHODS Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 relatives of male farmers who had died by suicide in Queensland or New South Wales, Australia (2006-2014). This study followed the COREQ checklist criteria for the reporting of qualitative research. FINDINGS Six interrelated themes were identified: (1) masculinity, (2) uncertainty and lack of control in farming, (3) feelings of failure in relationships and farming, (4) escalating health problems, (5) maladaptive coping, and (6) acquired capability with access to means. CONCLUSIONS Effective clinical interventions, as well as suicide prevention strategies, need to consider the importance of 3 key issues in suicide among farmers: adherence to masculine norms and socialization; expectations of self in maintaining family traditions and occupation; and a male subtype of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kunde
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kairi Kõlves
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brian Kelly
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Prasuna Reddy
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diego de Leo
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
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