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Romem S, Katusic M, Wi CI, Hentz R, Lynch BA. A retrospective cohort study analyzing the changes in early childhood development during the COVID-19 pandemic. Early Hum Dev 2024; 192:105991. [PMID: 38552329 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.105991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate early childhood development (ECD) outcomes in different subgroups before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of children 3-58 months of age whose caregivers completed a Survey of Well-being of Young Children (SWYC) as part of a well child visit (WCC). The data were divided into two phases: pre-pandemic (September 2018 - February 2020), and during pandemic (September 2020 - February 2022). The difference in the proportion of forms with Meets Expectations interpreted scores on the SWYC Developmental Milestones pre-pandemic versus during the pandemic timeframe overall and among subgroups were reported. Hypotheses were tested using logistic regression with repeated measures. RESULTS 14,550 patients were included in the sample for analysis with 52,558 SWYC form observations. There was no difference in the odds of a Meets Expectations interpreted score before and after the pandemic for the entire sample, OR 0.99 (95 % CI: 0.94-1.04). There was evidence of decreased odds of an interpreted score of Meets Expectations for the following subgroups: male, Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, ages of 24, 30 or 36 months at WCC, Medicaid insurance, 2nd HOUSES Quartile, requiring interpreter, single parent household, young maternal age, maternal substance abuse, and race identified as Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Native Alaskan or Other. CONCLUSION Decreased odds of meeting developmental milestones during the pandemic were evident in certain high risk sub-groups revealing unequal distribution of suboptimal developmental outcomes within our population during the pandemic that may be exacerbating existing inequities impacting development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Romem
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine; Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America.
| | - Maja Katusic
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics; Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America.
| | - Chung-Il Wi
- Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America.
| | - Roland Hentz
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics; Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America.
| | - Brian A Lynch
- Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States of America.
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Kisbu Y, Özcan MŞ, Kuşcul GH, Bozok M, Kaya M, Fişek G. Fathering styles in a traditional culture and its association with marital relationship: A latent profile analysis with a nationally representative sample. FAMILY PROCESS 2023. [PMID: 37936511 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This study had two main objectives. The first goal was to examine fathers' parenting styles in a society with traditional patriarchal values. The second goal was to understand the extent to which marital relationship variables (i.e., marital satisfaction and spousal support) are related with the identified fathering profiles. The theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the "parenting styles" literature that form the foundation of the research on parent-child dynamics are still mainly based on data collected only from mothers. This weakness of the literature on fathering typologies is further accompanied by the scarcity of data on fathers' parenting practices from non-Western contexts. To achieve the study aims, a latent profile analysis based on warmth and control dimensions of parenting was performed using a nationally representative sample of 1070 urban fathers in Turkey. Using scores on six parenting behavior variables (i.e., warmth, punishment, inductive reasoning, positive parenting, discipline and teaching responsibilities, time and talking together), results revealed four fathering profiles: "authoritative" (30%), "average" (45%), "uninvolved" (16%), and "disciplining-distant" (8%). Furthermore, the results showed that the fathering profiles significantly differed from each other on the marital satisfaction and spousal support scores. Results highlight the importance of investigating fathering behaviors and their predictors in different cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Kisbu
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - G Hilal Kuşcul
- Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mehmet Bozok
- Department of Sociology, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kaya
- Mother Child Education Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Güler Fişek
- Department of Psychology, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Toh JY, Cai S, Lim SX, Pang WW, Godfrey KM, Shek LP, Tan KH, Yap F, Lee YS, Chong YS, Eriksson JG, Broekman BFP, Rifkin-Graboi A, Chong MFF. Nutrient trajectories during infancy and their associations with childhood neurodevelopment. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2429-2439. [PMID: 37118033 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the associations between infants' dietary nutrient trajectories and subsequent neurodevelopment during childhood in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes study. METHODS One-day food records were collected at ages 6, 9 and 12 months, whilst Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III and Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test-2 were conducted at ages 24 and 54 months respectively. Nutrient trajectories were constructed using multi-level mixed modelling and associations with neurodevelopment (24 months: n = 484; 54 months: n = 444) were examined using adjusted multivariable linear regression. RESULTS At age 24 months, higher protein intake (at 6 months) and increasing rate of intake (from 6 to 12 months) were associated with higher fine motor score [β = 0.17 SD (95% CI 0.03, 0.31) and 0.62 SD (0.10, 1.14) respectively]. Higher fat intake was associated with higher receptive language score [0.04 SD (0.003, 0.07)], but increasing rate of intake was associated with lower expressive language [- 0.20 SD (- 0.39, - 0.01)] and fine motor [- 0.29 SD (- 0.48, - 0.10)] scores. Higher carbohydrate intake was associated with lower gross motor score [- 0.07 SD (- 0.14, - 0.005)], but increasing rate of intake was associated with higher receptive language [0.44 SD (0.08, 0.81)] and fine motor [0.56 SD (0.18, 0.93)] scores. Increasing rate of dietary fibre intake was associated with higher fine motor scores [0.63 SD (0.16, 1.10)]. No significant associations were observed with neurodevelopment at 54 months. CONCLUSION Our findings provide greater understanding of how nutrition over time could have varying effects on child neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ying Toh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirong Cai
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shan Xuan Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Wei Pang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital, Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Lynette P Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Birit F P Broekman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Psychiatry, OLVG and Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary F F Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
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Ai Y, Zhu Y, Wang L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Long X, Gu Q, Han H. Dynamic Changes in the Global Transcriptome of Postnatal Skeletal Muscle in Different Sheep. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1298. [PMID: 37372481 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep growth performance, mainly skeletal muscle growth, provides direct economic benefits to the animal husbandry industry. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms of different breeds remain unclear. We found that the cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscle in Dorper (D) and binary cross-breeding (HD) was higher than that in Hu sheep (H) from 3 months to 12 months after birth. The transcriptomic analysis of 42 quadriceps femoris samples showed that a total of 5053 differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified. The differences in the global gene expression patterns, the dynamic transcriptome of skeletal muscle development, and the transcriptome of the transformation of fast and slow muscles were explored using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and allele-specific expression analysis. Moreover, the gene expression patterns of HD were more similar to D rather than H from 3 months to 12 months, which might be the reason for the difference in muscle growth in the three breeds. Additionally, several genes (GNB2L1, RPL15, DVL1, FBXO31, etc.) were identified as candidates related to skeletal muscle growth. These results should serve as an important resource revealing the molecular basis of muscle growth and development in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaning Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Breeding and Biotechnology, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Breeding and Biotechnology, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Xianlei Long
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingyi Gu
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Decker KB, Feigel AJ, Foster TD, Kepl RL. "Press On, Continue On": Rural Parents' Experiences of Transitions Within Early Intervention. RURAL SPECIAL EDUCATION QUARTERLY 2022; 41:197-210. [PMID: 37138771 PMCID: PMC10153472 DOI: 10.1177/87568705221097080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although all families experience a variety of transitions over time, families of children with exceptionalities tend to encounter more transitions during their children's earliest years. Transitions can be stressful and often include changes as part of early intervention or special education services. It is important to understand these transitions because the support families receive can influence child and family well-being. Therefore, we interviewed parents (N = 28) across a rural state about their experiences of transition over time. Using thematic analysis, three common themes emerged: (a) change is constant, (b) positive relationships support changing needs and priorities, and (c) parents need more support, information, or access to services or providers. Parents reported relationships and collaboration with providers to be important, yet insufficient, in supporting transitions. Rurality added some challenges to parents' experiences with transition. Recommendations include empowering families, providing more access and/or removing barriers to services, and building family efficacy through family-focused services.
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Zhao J, Yu Z, Sun X, Wu S, Zhang J, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Jiang F. Association Between Screen Time Trajectory and Early Childhood Development in Children in China. JAMA Pediatr 2022; 176:768-775. [PMID: 35666518 PMCID: PMC9171655 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Screen time has become an integral part of children's daily lives. Nevertheless, the developmental consequences of screen exposure in young children remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the screen time trajectory from 6 to 72 months of age and its association with children's development at age 72 months in a prospective birth cohort. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Women in Shanghai, China, who were at 34 to 36 gestational weeks and had an expected delivery date between May 2012 and July 2013 were recruited for this cohort study. Their children were followed up at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months of age. Children's screen time was classified into 3 groups at age 6 months: continued low (ie, stable amount of screen time), late increasing (ie, sharp increase in screen time at age 36 months), and early increasing (ie, large amount of screen time in early stages that remained stable after age 36 months). Cognitive development was assessed by specially trained research staff in a research clinic. Of 262 eligible mother-offspring pairs, 152 dyads had complete data regarding all variables of interest and were included in the analyses. Data were analyzed from September 2019 to November 2021. EXPOSURES Mothers reported screen times of children at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months of age. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The cognitive development of children was evaluated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition, at age 72 months. Social-emotional development was measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, which was completed by the child's mother. The study described demographic characteristics, maternal mental health, child's temperament at age 6 months, and mental development at age 12 months by subgroups clustered by a group-based trajectory model. Group difference was examined by analysis of variance. RESULTS A total of 152 mother-offspring dyads were included in this study, including 77 girls (50.7%) and 75 boys (49.3%) (mean [SD] age of the mothers was 29.7 [3.3] years). Children's screen time trajectory from age 6 to 72 months was classified into 3 groups: continued low (110 [72.4%]), late increasing (17 [11.2%]), and early increasing (25 [16.4%]). Compared with the continued low group, the late increasing group had lower scores on the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (β coefficient, -8.23; 95% CI, -15.16 to -1.30; P < .05) and the General Ability Index (β coefficient, -6.42; 95% CI, -13.70 to 0.86; P = .08); the early increasing group presented with lower scores on the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (β coefficient, -6.68; 95% CI, -12.35 to -1.02; P < .05) and the Cognitive Proficiency Index (β coefficient, -10.56; 95% CI, -17.23 to -3.90; P < .01) and a higher total difficulties score (β coefficient, 2.62; 95% CI, 0.49-4.76; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cohort study found that excessive screen time in early years was associated with poor cognitive and social-emotional development. This finding may be helpful in encouraging awareness among parents of the importance of onset and duration of children's screen time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhangsheng Yu
- Clinical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoning Sun
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saishuang Wu
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Donglan Zhang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Child Health Advocacy Institute, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, affiliated with School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Wallwork SB, Noel M, Moseley GL. Communicating with children about 'everyday' pain and injury: A Delphi study. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:1863-1872. [PMID: 35829711 PMCID: PMC9545644 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Everyday' pain experiences are potentially critical in shaping our beliefs and behaviours around injury and pain. Influenced by social, cultural and environmental contexts, they form the foundation of one's understanding of pain and injury that is taken into adulthood. How to best communicate to young children about their everyday pain experiences, in order to foster adaptive beliefs and behaviours, is unknown. METHODS In this Delphi survey, we sought expert opinion on the key messages and strategies that parents/caregivers can consider when communicating with young children (aged 2-7 years) about 'everyday' pain that is most likely to promote recovery, resilience and adaptive pain behaviours. Eighteen experts participated including specialists in paediatric pain, trauma, child development, and psychology; educators and parents. The survey included three rounds. RESULTS Response rate was over 88%. Two hundred fifty-three items were raised; 187 reached 'consensus' (≥80% agreement among experts). Key messages that the experts agreed to be 'very important' were aligned with current evidence-based understandings of pain and injury. Strategies to communicate messages included parent/caregiver role-modelling, responses to child pain, and discussion during and/or after a painful experience. Other key themes included promoting emotional development, empowering children to use active coping strategies, and resilience building. CONCLUSIONS This diverse set of childhood, pain and parenting experts reached consensus on 187 items, yielding 12 key themes to consider when using everyday pain experiences to promote adaptive pain beliefs and behaviours in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Wallwork
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Noel
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - G L Moseley
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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8
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Yoshikawa H, Wuermli AJ, Britto PR, Dreyer B, Leckman JF, Lye SJ, Ponguta LA, Richter LM, Stein A. Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions. J Pediatr 2020; 223:188-193. [PMID: 32439312 PMCID: PMC7234941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benard Dreyer
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY
| | - James F Leckman
- Departments of Child Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Alliance for Human Development, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Linda M Richter
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development , University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alan Stein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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9
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Blakstad MM, Smith ER, Etheredge A, Locks LM, McDonald CM, Kupka R, Kisenge R, Aboud S, Bellinger D, Sudfeld CR, Fawzi WW, Manji K, Duggan CP. Nutritional, Socioeconomic, and Delivery Characteristics Are Associated with Neurodevelopment in Tanzanian Children. J Pediatr 2019; 207:71-79.e8. [PMID: 30559023 PMCID: PMC6440850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the hypothesis that various maternal, socioeconomic, delivery, and infant nutritional characteristics are associated with early childhood development in young Tanzanian children. STUDY DESIGN We performed a prospective cohort study among 206 HIV-exposed, uninfected and 247 HIV-unexposed Tanzanian infants who had been enrolled in 2 separate micronutrient trials (NCT00197730 and NCT00421668). Trained nurses administered culturally modified Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (BSID-III), to evaluate cognitive, motor, and language development at 15 months of age. This analysis explored predictors of BSID-III z-scores using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS Among maternal determinants, we found that low maternal height predicted all BSID-III domains in HIV-unexposed children; low maternal education predicted lower cognitive (standardized mean difference, -0.41; 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.08) and lower gross motor scores (standardized mean difference, -0.32; 95% CI, -0.61 to -0.04) in HIV-exposed children. Among delivery characteristics, facility delivery predicted higher cognitive scores (standardized mean difference, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.26-2.46); and oxytocin administration predicted lower fine motor scores (standardized mean difference, -0.48; 95% CI, -0.87 to -0.09) in HIV-exposed children. Higher length-for-age z-scores at 6 weeks of age predicted better cognitive (standardized mean difference, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.01-0.29) and expressive language scores (standardized mean difference, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.02-0.29) at 15 months in HIV-exposed infants. CONCLUSIONS This hypothesis-generating study found significant associations between nutritional status and health of the mother and child, and maternal educational attainment, with direct measures of early childhood development at 15 months of age. In addition, several aspects of delivery (facility birth and oxytocin administration) were associated with early childhood development. Future intervention trials should focus on modifiable maternal, infant, and obstetric factors to strengthen the evidence base concerning early childhood development. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00197730 and NCT00421668.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia M Blakstad
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Emily R Smith
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Analee Etheredge
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lindsey M Locks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Christine M McDonald
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA
| | | | - Rodrick Kisenge
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Said Aboud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - David Bellinger
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christopher R Sudfeld
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Karim Manji
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Christopher P Duggan
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
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10
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Anater AS, Catellier DJ, Levine BA, Krotki KP, Jacquier EF, Eldridge AL, Bronstein KE, Harnack LJ, Lorenzana Peasley JM, Lutes AC. The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016: Study Design and Methods. J Nutr 2018; 148:1516S-1524S. [PMID: 29878140 PMCID: PMC6126632 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diet and feeding patterns during the infant, toddler, and preschool years affect nutrient adequacy or excess during critical developmental periods. Understanding food consumption, feeding practices, and nutrient adequacy or excess during these periods is essential to establishing appropriate recommendations aimed at instilling healthy eating behaviors in children. Objective The objective of the 2016 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS 2016) was to update our knowledge on the diets and feeding patterns of young children and to provide new data in related areas such as feeding behaviors, sleep, physical activity, and screen use. This article describes the study design, data collection methods, 24-h dietary recall (24-h recall) protocol, and sample characteristics of FITS 2016. Methods FITS 2016 is a cross-sectional study of caregivers of children aged <4 y living in the 50 states and Washington, DC. Data collection occurred between June 2015 and May 2016. A recruitment interview (respondent and child characteristics, feeding practices, physical activity, screen use, and sleep habits) was completed by telephone or online. This was followed by a feeding practices questionnaire and the 24-h recall conducted by telephone. A second 24-h recall was collected for a random subsample of 25% of the total sampled population. Results Among the 4830 recruited households with an age-eligible child, 3248 (67%) completed the 24-h recall. The respondents were more likely to be white, less likely to be Hispanic, and more highly educated than the US population of adults in households with a child <4 y of age. The sample was subsequently calibrated and weighted, and the distribution of respondents was compared with known population distributions. Conclusions FITS 2016 provides data based on sound methods that can inform researchers, policymakers, and practitioners about the food and nutrient intakes of young children. New findings may also be compared with previous FITS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Anater
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC,Address correspondence to ASA (e-mail: )
| | | | | | | | - Emma F Jacquier
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Lisa J Harnack
- Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota, Epidemiology & Community Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Julia M Lorenzana Peasley
- Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota, Epidemiology & Community Health, Minneapolis, MN
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Britto PR, Lye SJ, Proulx K, Yousafzai AK, Matthews SG, Vaivada T, Perez-Escamilla R, Rao N, Ip P, Fernald LCH, MacMillan H, Hanson M, Wachs TD, Yao H, Yoshikawa H, Cerezo A, Leckman JF, Bhutta ZA. Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. Lancet 2017; 389:91-102. [PMID: 27717615 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The UN Sustainable Development Goals provide a historic opportunity to implement interventions, at scale, to promote early childhood development. Although the evidence base for the importance of early childhood development has grown, the research is distributed across sectors, populations, and settings, with diversity noted in both scope and focus. We provide a comprehensive updated analysis of early childhood development interventions across the five sectors of health, nutrition, education, child protection, and social protection. Our review concludes that to make interventions successful, smart, and sustainable, they need to be implemented as multi-sectoral intervention packages anchored in nurturing care. The recommendations emphasise that intervention packages should be applied at developmentally appropriate times during the life course, target multiple risks, and build on existing delivery platforms for feasibility of scale-up. While interventions will continue to improve with the growth of developmental science, the evidence now strongly suggests that parents, caregivers, and families need to be supported in providing nurturing care and protection in order for young children to achieve their developmental potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Fraser Mustard Institute for Human Development, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kerrie Proulx
- Fraser Mustard Institute for Human Development, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aisha K Yousafzai
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- Fraser Mustard Institute for Human Development, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Departments of Physiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler Vaivada
- Center for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rafael Perez-Escamilla
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, CT, USA
| | - Nirmala Rao
- Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lia C H Fernald
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Harriet MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and Department of Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Hanson
- Institute of Developmental Sciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, UK
| | - Theodore D Wachs
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Haogen Yao
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Adrian Cerezo
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - James F Leckman
- Yale Child Study Centre, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, CT, USA
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Center for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Heffler KF, Oestreicher LM. Causation model of autism: Audiovisual brain specialization in infancy competes with social brain networks. Med Hypotheses 2016; 91:114-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Worthman CM, Tomlinson M, Rotheram-Borus MJ. When can parents most influence their child's development? Expert knowledge and perceived local realities. Soc Sci Med 2016; 154:62-9. [PMID: 26945544 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence for the long-term impact of conditions in gestation and early childhood on both physical and psychosocial functioning and productivity has stimulated a focus in global health policy and social services on the "first 1000 days". Consequently, related initiatives may assume that rationale for this orientation and the agency of parents during this period is self-evident and widely shared among parents and communities. In 2012, we tested this assumption among a sample of 38 township-dwelling caregivers in Cape Town, by asking a question identified during a study of cultural models of parenting, namely: At what age or stage can a parent or caregiver have the most influence on a child's development? Formal cultural consensus analysis of responses met criteria for strong agreement that the period for greatest impact of parenting on a child's development occurs at adolescence, at a median age of 12 years. In follow-up focus groups and structured interviews, caregivers articulated clear ecological and developmental reasons for this view, related to protection both of developmental potential and against powerful, context-specific ecological risks (early pregnancy, substance ab/use, violence and gangs) that emerge during adolescence. Such risks threaten educational attainment, reproductive health, and social derailment with enduring consequences for lifetime well-being that caregivers are highly motivated to prevent. Developmental needs in pregnancy and early childhood, by contrast, were considered more manageable. These findings resonate with emerging evidence for multiple sensitive periods with corresponding developmental needs, and urge the value of complementing efforts to optimize early development with those to sustain and enhance it during later windows of developmental opportunity such as adolescence. Our results also indicate the need to consult local views of developmental risk and parenting practice in communicating with caregivers and planning interventions, and the value of using available methodological tools to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Worthman
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 350, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Ashton CK, O’Brien-Langer A, Silverstone PH. The CASA Trauma and Attachment Group (TAG) Program for Children who have Attachment Issues Following Early Developmental Trauma. JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY = JOURNAL DE L'ACADEMIE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE DE L'ENFANT ET DE L'ADOLESCENT 2016; 25:35-42. [PMID: 27047555 PMCID: PMC4791104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is relatively little research about effective therapeutic approaches for children in middle childhood who have attachment related diagnoses as a result of experiencing significant, early developmental trauma. This study describes findings from an intensive, dyad-based intervention, aimed at stabilizing attachment relationships with primary caregivers, increasing caregiver reflective function skills, and reducing children's trauma-related behavioural sequelae. METHOD We analyzed retrospective data from 51 caregiver/child dyads who participated in the Trauma and Attachment Group (TAG) Program from September 2011-December 2014. This data included pre- and post-intervention scores retrieved from the Parenting Relationship Questionnaire (PRQ), the Parent Report of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PROPS), and the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ-1). RESULTS The preliminary findings show statistically significant improvements in attachment, communication, discipline practices, involvement, and relational frustration. Additionally there were statistically significant improvements in parental reflective functioning, and a trend towards a reduction in symptoms typical of post-traumatic stress disorder. CONCLUSION Poor quality or inconsistent interactions with early caregivers can lead to life-long impairments in physical and mental health. This intensive program shows potential as a way to improve longer-term outcomes for children exposed to early developmental trauma. Longer-term research is required to further substantiate outcomes, appraise cost analysis, as well as to consider evaluation with appropriate comparison groups.
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An NF-κB--EphrinA5-Dependent Communication between NG2(+) Interstitial Cells and Myoblasts Promotes Muscle Growth in Neonates. Dev Cell 2016; 36:215-24. [PMID: 26777211 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle growth immediately following birth is critical for proper body posture and locomotion. However, compared with embryogenesis and adulthood, the processes regulating the maturation of neonatal muscles is considerably less clear. Studies in the 1960s predicted that neonatal muscle growth results from nuclear accretion of myoblasts preferentially at the tips of myofibers. Remarkably, little information has been added since then to resolve how myoblasts migrate to the ends of fibers. Here, we provide insight into this process by revealing a unique NF-κB-dependent communication between NG2(+) interstitial cells and myoblasts. NF-κB in NG2(+) cells promotes myoblast migration to the tips of myofibers through cell-cell contact. This occurs through expression of ephrinA5 from NG2(+) cells, which we further deduce is an NF-κB target gene. Together, these results suggest that NF-κB plays an important role in the development of newborn muscles to ensure proper myoblast migration for fiber growth.
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Black MM, Pérez-Escamilla R, Fernandez Rao S. Integrating nutrition and child development interventions: scientific basis, evidence of impact, and implementation considerations. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:852-9. [PMID: 26875208 PMCID: PMC4642432 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.010348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have contributed to unprecedented reductions in poverty and improvement in the lives of millions of men, women, and children in low- and middle-income countries. Yet, hundreds of millions of children under 5 y of age are not reaching their developmental potential. This article reviews the scientific basis for early childhood nutrition and child development interventions, the impact of integrated interventions on children's linear growth and cognitive development, and implementation strategies for integrated nutrition and child development programs. Advances in brain science have documented that the origins of adult health and well-being are grounded in early childhood, from conception through age 24 mo (first 1000 d) and extending to age 5 y (second 1000 d). Young children with adequate nutrition, nurturant caregiving, and opportunities for early learning have the best chances of thriving. Evidence from adoption, experimental, and quasi-experimental studies has shown that stunting prevention is sensitive during the first 1000 d, and sensitivity to child development interventions extends through the second 1000 d. Cognitive development responds to interventions post–1000 d with effect sizes that are inversely associated with initial age and length of program exposure. Integrated interventions need governance structures that support integrated policies and programming, with attention to training, supervision, and monitoring. The MDGs have been replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with targets for the next 15 y. Achievement of the SDGs depends on children receiving adequate nutrition, nurturant caregiving, and learning opportunities from conception through age 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen M Black
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Rafael Pérez-Escamilla
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT; and
| | - Sylvia Fernandez Rao
- Division of Behavioral Science, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Pérez-Escamilla R. Post-1000 days growth trajectories and child cognitive development in low- and middle-income countries. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1375-6. [PMID: 24132978 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.074757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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