1
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Singh S, Kachhawaha K, Singh SK. Comprehensive approaches to preclinical evaluation of monoclonal antibodies and their next-generation derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116303. [PMID: 38797272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of several diseases and offer innovative possibilities for new treatments that target previously unaddressed medical needs. Despite successful transitions from preclinical to clinical stages and regulatory approval, there are instances where adverse reactions arise, resulting in product withdrawals. As a result, it is essential to conduct thorough evaluations of safety and effectiveness on an individual basis. This article explores current practices, challenges, and future approaches in conducting comprehensive preclinical assessments to ensure the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutics including monoclonal antibodies, toxin-conjugates, bispecific antibodies, single-chain antibodies, Fc-engineered antibodies, antibody mimetics, and siRNA-antibody/peptide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Kajal Kachhawaha
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit K Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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2
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Syahruddin MH, Anggraeni R, Ana ID. A microfluidic organ-on-a-chip: into the next decade of bone tissue engineering applied in dentistry. Future Sci OA 2023; 9:FSO902. [PMID: 37753360 PMCID: PMC10518836 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the complex physiological and pathological processes associated with alveolar bones, their responses to different therapeutics strategies, and cell interactions with biomaterial becomes necessary in precisely treating patients with severe progressive periodontitis, as a bone-related issue in dentistry. However, existing monolayer cell culture or pre-clinical models have been unable to mimic the complex physiological, pathological and regeneration processes in the bone microenvironment in response to different therapeutic strategies. In this point, 'organ-on-a-chip' (OOAC) technology, specifically 'alveolar-bone-on-a-chip', is expected to resolve the problems by better imitating infection site microenvironment and microphysiology within the oral tissues. The OOAC technology is assessed in this study toward better approaches in disease modeling and better therapeutics strategy for bone tissue engineering applied in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hidayat Syahruddin
- Postgraduate Student, Dental Science Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rahmi Anggraeni
- Research Center for Preclinical & Clinical Medicine, National Research & Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research & Innovation Agency (BRIN) – Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ika Dewi Ana
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research & Innovation Agency (BRIN) – Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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3
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Zhao W, Yao Y, Zhang T, Lu H, Zhang X, Zhao L, Chen X, Zhu J, Sui G, Zhao W. Primary exploration of host-microorganism interaction and enteritis treatment with an embedded membrane microfluidic chip of the human intestinal-vascular microsystem. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1035647. [PMID: 36561041 PMCID: PMC9763581 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1035647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal flora plays a crucial role in the host's intestinal health. Imbalances in the intestinal flora, when accompanied by inflammation, affect the host's intestinal barrier function. Understanding it requires studying how living cells and tissues work in the context of living organs, but it is difficult to form the three-dimensional microstructure intestinal-vascular system by monolayer cell or co-culture cell models, and animal models are costly and slow. The use of microfluidic-based organ chips is a fast, simple, and high-throughput method that not only solves the affinity problem of animal models but the lack of microstructure problem of monolayer cells. In this study, we designed an embedded membrane chip to generate an in vitro gut-on-a-chip model. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and Caco-2 were cultured in the upper and lower layers of the culture chambers in the microfluidic chip, respectively. The human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infused into the capillary side at a constant rate using an external pump to simulate the in vitro immune system and the shear stress of blood in vivo. The model exhibited intestine morphology and function after only 5 days of culture, which is significantly less than the 21 days required for static culture in the Transwell® chamber. Furthermore, it was observed that drug-resistant bacteria triggered barrier function impairment and inflammation, resulting in enteritis, whereas probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) improved only partially. The use of Amikacin for enteritis is effective, whereas other antibiotic therapies do not work, which are consistent with clinical test results. This model may be used to explore intestinal ecology, host and intestinal flora interactions, and medication assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhan Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Shanghai Changhai Hospital Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodong Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Guodong Sui, ; Wang Zhao,
| | - Wang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Guodong Sui, ; Wang Zhao,
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4
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Feng J, Neuzil J, Manz A, Iliescu C, Neuzil P. Microfluidic trends in drug screening and drug delivery. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Räsänen N, Harju V, Joki T, Narkilahti S. Practical guide for preparation, computational reconstruction and analysis of 3D human neuronal networks in control and ischaemic conditions. Development 2022; 149:276215. [PMID: 35929583 PMCID: PMC9440753 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To obtain commensurate numerical data of neuronal network morphology in vitro, network analysis needs to follow consistent guidelines. Important factors in successful analysis are sample uniformity, suitability of the analysis method for extracting relevant data and the use of established metrics. However, for the analysis of 3D neuronal cultures, there is little coherence in the analysis methods and metrics used in different studies. Here, we present a framework for the analysis of neuronal networks in 3D. First, we selected a hydrogel that supported the growth of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons. Second, we tested and compared two software programs for tracing multi-neuron images in three dimensions and optimized a workflow for neuronal analysis using software that was considered highly suitable for this purpose. Third, as a proof of concept, we exposed 3D neuronal networks to oxygen-glucose deprivation- and ionomycin-induced damage and showed morphological differences between the damaged networks and control samples utilizing the proposed analysis workflow. With the optimized workflow, we present a protocol for preparing, challenging, imaging and analysing 3D human neuronal cultures. Summary: An optimized protocol is presented that allows morphological, quantifiable differences between the damaged and control human neuronal networks to be detected in three-dimensional cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Räsänen
- Tampere University, 33100, Tampere Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology , , Finland
| | - Venla Harju
- Tampere University, 33100, Tampere Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology , , Finland
| | - Tiina Joki
- Tampere University, 33100, Tampere Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology , , Finland
| | - Susanna Narkilahti
- Tampere University, 33100, Tampere Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology , , Finland
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6
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Ko J, Park D, Lee S, Gumuscu B, Jeon NL. Engineering Organ-on-a-Chip to Accelerate Translational Research. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081200. [PMID: 36014122 PMCID: PMC9412404 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We guide the use of organ-on-chip technology in tissue engineering applications. Organ-on-chip technology is a form of microengineered cell culture platform that elaborates the in-vivo like organ or tissue microenvironments. The organ-on-chip platform consists of microfluidic channels, cell culture chambers, and stimulus sources that emulate the in-vivo microenvironment. These platforms are typically engraved into an oxygen-permeable transparent material. Fabrication of these materials requires the use of microfabrication strategies, including soft lithography, 3D printing, and injection molding. Here we provide an overview of what is an organ-on-chip platform, where it can be used, what it is composed of, how it can be fabricated, and how it can be operated. In connection with this topic, we also introduce an overview of the recent applications, where different organs are modeled on the microscale using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Dohyun Park
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Somin Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Burcu Gumuscu
- Biosensors and Devices Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-7111
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7
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Cao J, Chande C, Köhler JM. Microtoxicology by microfluidic instrumentation: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2600-2623. [PMID: 35678285 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00268j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microtoxicology is concerned with the toxic effects of small amounts of substances. This review paper discusses the application of small amounts of noxious substances for toxicological investigation in small volumes. The vigorous development of miniaturized methods in microfluidics over the last two decades involves chip-based devices, micro droplet-based procedures, and the use of micro-segmented flow for microtoxicological studies. The studies have shown that the microfluidic approach is particularly valuable for highly parallelized and combinatorial dose-response screenings. Accurate dosing and mixing of effector substances in large numbers of microcompartments supplies detailed data of dose-response functions by highly concentration-resolved assays and allows evaluation of stochastic responses in case of small separated cell ensembles and single cell experiments. The investigations demonstrate that very different biological targets can be studied using miniaturized approaches, among them bacteria, eukaryotic microorganisms, cell cultures from tissues of multicellular organisms, stem cells, and early embryonic states. Cultivation and effector exposure tests can be performed in small volumes over weeks and months, confirming that the microfluicial strategy is also applicable for slow-growing organisms. Here, the state of the art of miniaturized toxicology, particularly for studying antibiotic susceptibility, drug toxicity testing in the miniaturized system like organ-on-chip, environmental toxicology, and the characterization of combinatorial effects by two and multi-dimensional screenings, is discussed. Additionally, this review points out the practical limitations of the microtoxicology platform and discusses perspectives on future opportunities and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialan Cao
- Techn. Univ. Ilmenau, Dept. Phys. Chem. and Microreaction Technology, Institute for Micro- und Nanotechnologies/Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - Charmi Chande
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - J Michael Köhler
- Techn. Univ. Ilmenau, Dept. Phys. Chem. and Microreaction Technology, Institute for Micro- und Nanotechnologies/Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau, Germany.
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8
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Zhang SY, Zhao J, Ni JJ, Li H, Quan ZZ, Qing H. Application and prospects of high-throughput screening for in vitro neurogenesis. World J Stem Cells 2022; 14:393-419. [PMID: 35949394 PMCID: PMC9244953 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v14.i6.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, high-throughput screening (HTS) has made great contributions to new drug discovery. HTS technology is equipped with higher throughput, minimized platforms, more automated and computerized operating systems, more efficient and sensitive detection devices, and rapid data processing systems. At the same time, in vitro neurogenesis is gradually becoming important in establishing models to investigate the mechanisms of neural disease or developmental processes. However, challenges remain in generating more mature and functional neurons with specific subtypes and in establishing robust and standardized three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models with neural cells cultured in 3D matrices or organoids representing specific brain regions. Here, we review the applications of HTS technologies on in vitro neurogenesis, especially aiming at identifying the essential genes, chemical small molecules and adaptive microenvironments that hold great prospects for generating functional neurons or more reproductive and homogeneous 3D organoids. We also discuss the developmental tendency of HTS technology, e.g., so-called next-generation screening, which utilizes 3D organoid-based screening combined with microfluidic devices to narrow the gap between in vitro models and in vivo situations both physiologically and pathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Aerospace Medical Center, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Single cell-derived spheroids capture the self-renewing subpopulations of metastatic ovarian cancer. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:614-626. [PMID: 34845371 PMCID: PMC8901794 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High Grade Serous Ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a major unmet need in oncology, due to its precocious dissemination and the lack of meaningful human models for the investigation of disease pathogenesis in a patient-specific manner. To overcome this roadblock, we present a new method to isolate and grow single cells directly from patients' metastatic ascites, establishing the conditions for propagating them as 3D cultures that we refer to as single cell-derived metastatic ovarian cancer spheroids (sMOCS). By single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) we define the cellular composition of metastatic ascites and trace its propagation in 2D and 3D culture paradigms, finding that sMOCS retain and amplify key subpopulations from the original patients' samples and recapitulate features of the original metastasis that do not emerge from classical 2D culture, including retention of individual patients' specificities. By enabling the enrichment of uniquely informative cell subpopulations from HGSOC metastasis and the clonal interrogation of their diversity at the functional and molecular level, this method provides a powerful instrument for precision oncology in ovarian cancer.
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10
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Prasad M, Kumar R, Buragohain L, Kumari A, Ghosh M. Organoid Technology: A Reliable Developmental Biology Tool for Organ-Specific Nanotoxicity Evaluation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696668. [PMID: 34631696 PMCID: PMC8495170 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials are bestowed with certain inherent physicochemical properties unlike their parent materials, rendering them suitable for the multifaceted needs of state-of-the-art biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications. The log-phase development of nano-science along with improved "bench to beside" conversion carries an enhanced probability of human exposure with numerous nanoparticles. Thus, toxicity assessment of these novel nanoscale materials holds a key to ensuring the safety aspects or else the global biome will certainly face a debacle. The toxicity may span from health hazards due to direct exposure to indirect means through food chain contamination or environmental pollution, even causing genotoxicity. Multiple ways of nanotoxicity evaluation include several in vitro and in vivo methods, with in vitro methods occupying the bulk of the "experimental space." The underlying reason may be multiple, but ethical constraints in in vivo animal experiments are a significant one. Two-dimensional (2D) monoculture is undoubtedly the most exploited in vitro method providing advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, high throughput, and reproducibility. However, it often fails to mimic a tissue or organ which possesses a defined three-dimensional structure (3D) along with intercellular communication machinery. Instead, microtissues such as spheroids or organoids having a precise 3D architecture and proximate in vivo tissue-like behavior can provide a more realistic evaluation than 2D monocultures. Recent developments in microfluidics and bioreactor-based organoid synthesis have eased the difficulties to prosper nano-toxicological analysis in organoid models surpassing the obstacle of ethical issues. The present review will enlighten applications of organoids in nanotoxicological evaluation, their advantages, and prospects toward securing commonplace nano-interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Lukumoni Buragohain
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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11
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Ramasubramanian A, Muckom R, Sugnaux C, Fuentes C, Ekerdt BL, Clark DS, Healy KE, Schaffer DV. High-Throughput Discovery of Targeted, Minimally Complex Peptide Surfaces for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1344-1360. [PMID: 33750112 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells harbor an unlimited capacity to generate therapeutically relevant cells for applications in regenerative medicine. However, to utilize these cells in the clinic, scalable culture systems that activate defined receptors and signaling pathways to sustain stem cell self-renewal are required; and synthetic materials offer considerable promise to meet these needs. De novo development of materials that target novel pathways has been stymied by a limited understanding of critical receptor interactions maintaining pluripotency. Here, we identify peptide agonists for the human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) laminin receptor and pluripotency regulator, α6-integrin, through unbiased, library-based panning strategies. Biophysical characterization of adhesion suggests that identified peptides bind hPSCs through α6-integrin with sub-μM dissociation constants similar to laminin. By harnessing a high-throughput microculture platform, we developed predictive guidelines for presenting these integrin-targeting peptides alongside canonical binding motifs at optimal stoichiometries to generate nascent culture surfaces. Finally, when presented as self-assembled monolayers, predicted peptide combinations supported hPSC expansion, highlighting how unbiased screens can accelerate the discovery of targeted biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Ramasubramanian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Riya Muckom
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caroline Sugnaux
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christina Fuentes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Barbara L Ekerdt
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Douglas S Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin E Healy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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12
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Ghazali ZS, Eskandari M, Bonakdar S, Renaud P, Mashinchian O, Shalileh S, Bonini F, Uckay I, Preynat-Seauve O, Braschler T. Neural priming of adipose-derived stem cells by cell-imprinted substrates. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33126230 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abc66f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-imprinting technology is a novel method for directing stem cell fate using substrates molded from target cells. Here, we fabricated and studied cell-imprinted substrates for neural priming in human adipose-derived stem cells in the absence of chemical cues. We molded polydimethylsiloxane silicone substrates on fixed differentiated neural progenitor cells (ReNcellTMVM). The ReNcellTMcell line consists of immortalized human neural progenitor cells that are capable to differentiate into neural cells. The fabricated cell-imprinted silicone substrates represent the geometrical micro- and nanotopology of the target cell morphology. During the molding procedure, no transfer of cellular proteins was detectable. In the first test with undifferentiated ReNcellTMVM cells, the cell-imprinted substrates could accelerate neural differentiation. With adipose-derived stem cells cultivated on the imprinted substrates, we observed modifications of cell morphology, shifting from spread to elongated shape. Both immunofluorescence and quantitative gene expression analysis showed upregulation of neural stem cell and early neuronal markers. Our study, for the first time, demonstrated the effectiveness of cell-imprinted substrates for neural priming of adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sadat Ghazali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Eskandari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Bonakdar
- National Cell Bank Department, Iran Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philippe Renaud
- STI-IMT-LMIS4, Station 17, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Omid Mashinchian
- Nestlé Research, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shahriar Shalileh
- School of Electrical and computer engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fabien Bonini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilker Uckay
- Orthopedic Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Braschler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Ahmed U, Ahmed R, Masoud MS, Tariq M, Ashfaq UA, Augustine R, Hasan A. Stem cells based in vitro models: trends and prospects in biomaterials cytotoxicity studies. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:042003. [PMID: 33686970 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe6d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced biomaterials are increasingly used for numerous medical applications from the delivery of cancer-targeted therapeutics to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The issues of foreign body reactions induced by biomaterials must be controlled for preventing treatment failure. Therefore, it is important to assess the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of biomaterials on cell culture systems before proceeding to in vivo studies in animal models and subsequent clinical trials. Direct use of biomaterials on animals create technical challenges and ethical issues and therefore, the use of non-animal models such as stem cell cultures could be useful for determination of their safety. However, failure to recapitulate the complex in vivo microenvironment have largely restricted stem cell cultures for testing the cytotoxicity of biomaterials. Nevertheless, properties of stem cells such as their self-renewal and ability to differentiate into various cell lineages make them an ideal candidate for in vitro screening studies. Furthermore, the application of stem cells in biomaterials screening studies may overcome the challenges associated with the inability to develop a complex heterogeneous tissue using primary cells. Currently, embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells are being used as in vitro preliminary biomaterials testing models with demonstrated advantages over mature primary cell or cell line based in vitro models. This review discusses the status and future directions of in vitro stem cell-based cultures and their derivatives such as spheroids and organoids for the screening of their safety before their application to animal models and human in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzair Ahmed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000 Punjab, Pakistan
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14
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Aldewachi H, Al-Zidan RN, Conner MT, Salman MM. High-Throughput Screening Platforms in the Discovery of Novel Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:30. [PMID: 33672148 PMCID: PMC7926814 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration and/or death of nerve cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Identification of viable therapeutic targets and new treatments for CNS disorders and in particular, for NDDs is a major challenge in the field of drug discovery. These difficulties can be attributed to the diversity of cells involved, extreme complexity of the neural circuits, the limited capacity for tissue regeneration, and our incomplete understanding of the underlying pathological processes. Drug discovery is a complex and multidisciplinary process. The screening attrition rate in current drug discovery protocols mean that only one viable drug may arise from millions of screened compounds resulting in the need to improve discovery technologies and protocols to address the multiple causes of attrition. This has identified the need to screen larger libraries where the use of efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) becomes key in the discovery process. HTS can investigate hundreds of thousands of compounds per day. However, if fewer compounds could be screened without compromising the probability of success, the cost and time would be largely reduced. To that end, recent advances in computer-aided design, in silico libraries, and molecular docking software combined with the upscaling of cell-based platforms have evolved to improve screening efficiency with higher predictability and clinical applicability. We review, here, the increasing role of HTS in contemporary drug discovery processes, in particular for NDDs, and evaluate the criteria underlying its successful application. We also discuss the requirement of HTS for novel NDD therapies and examine the major current challenges in validating new drug targets and developing new treatments for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Aldewachi
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK;
- College of Pharmacy, Nineveh University, Mosul 41002, Iraq
| | - Radhwan N. Al-Zidan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq;
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Matthew T. Conner
- School of Sciences, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK;
| | - Mootaz M. Salman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq;
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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15
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3D Scaffolds to Model the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche: Applications and Perspectives. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030569. [PMID: 33530372 PMCID: PMC7865713 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are responsible for the production of blood and immune cells during life. HSC fate decisions are dependent on signals from specialized microenvironments in the bone marrow, termed niches. The HSC niche is a tridimensional environment that comprises cellular, chemical, and physical elements. Introductorily, we will revise the current knowledge of some relevant elements of the niche. Despite the importance of the niche in HSC function, most experimental approaches to study human HSCs use bidimensional models. Probably, this contributes to the failure in translating many in vitro findings into a clinical setting. Recreating the complexity of the bone marrow microenvironment in vitro would provide a powerful tool to achieve in vitro production of HSCs for transplantation, develop more effective therapies for hematologic malignancies and provide deeper insight into the HSC niche. We previously demonstrated that an optimized decellularization method can preserve with striking detail the ECM architecture of the bone marrow niche and support HSC culture. We will discuss the potential of this decellularized scaffold as HSC niche model. Besides decellularized scaffolds, several other methods have been reported to mimic some characteristics of the HSC niche. In this review, we will examine these models and their applications, advantages, and limitations.
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16
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Garrudo FFF, Mikael PE, Rodrigues CAV, Udangawa RW, Paradiso P, Chapman CA, Hoffman P, Colaço R, Cabral JMS, Morgado J, Linhardt RJ, Ferreira FC. Polyaniline-polycaprolactone fibers for neural applications: Electroconductivity enhanced by pseudo-doping. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 120:111680. [PMID: 33545842 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Replenishing neurons in patients with neurodegenerative diseases is one of the ultimate therapies for these progressive, debilitating and fatal diseases. Electrical stimulation can improve neuron stem cell differentiation but requires a reliable nanopatterned electroconductive substrate. Potential candidate substrates are polycaprolactone (PCL) - polyaniline:camphorsulfonic acid (PANI:CSA) nanofibers, but their nanobiophysical properties need to be finetuned. The present study investigates the use of the pseudo-doping effect on the optimization of the electroconductivity of these polyaniline-based electrospun nanofibers. This was performed by developing a new solvent system that comprises a mixture of hexafluoropropanol (HFP) and trifluoroethanol (TFE). For the first time, an electroconductivity so high as 0.2 S cm-1 was obtained for, obtained from a TFE:HFP 50/50 vol% solution, while maintaining fiber biocompatibility. The physicochemical mechanisms behind these changes were studied. The results suggest HFP promotes changes on PANI chains conformations through pseudo-doping, leading to the observed enhancement in electroconductivity. The consequences of such change in the nanofabrication of PCL-PANI fibers include an increase in fiber diameter (373 ± 172 nm), a decrease in contact angle (42 ± 3°) and a decrease in Young modulus (1.6 ± 0.5 MPa), making these fibers interesting candidates for neural tissue engineering. Electrical stimulation of differentiating neural stem cells was performed using AC electrical current. Positive effects on cell alignment and gene expression (DCX, MAP2) are observed. The novel optimized platform shows promising applications for (1) building in vitro platforms for drug screening, (2) interfaces for deep-brain electrodes; and (3) fully grown and functional neurons transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio F F Garrudo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paiyz E Mikael
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Ranodhi W Udangawa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Patrizia Paradiso
- IDMEC - Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Caitlyn A Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Pauline Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Rogério Colaço
- IDMEC - Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Jorge Morgado
- Department of Bioengineering and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal.
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17
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Busby SA, Carbonneau S, Concannon J, Dumelin CE, Lee Y, Numao S, Renaud N, Smith TM, Auld DS. Advancements in Assay Technologies and Strategies to Enable Drug Discovery. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2636-2648. [PMID: 32880443 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Assays drive drug discovery from the exploratory phases to the clinical testing of drug candidates. As such, numerous assay technologies and methodologies have arisen to support drug discovery efforts. Robust identification and characterization of tractable chemical matter requires biochemical, biophysical, and cellular approaches and often benefits from high-throughput methods. To increase throughput, efforts have been made to provide assays in miniaturized volumes which can be arrayed in microtiter plates to support the testing of as many as 100,000 samples/day. Alongside these efforts has been the growth of microtiter plate-free formats with encoded libraries that can support the screening of billions of compounds, a hunt for new drug modalities, as well as emphasis on more disease relevant formats using complex cell models of disease states. This review will focus on recent developments in high-throughput assay technologies applied to identify starting points for drug discovery. We also provide recommendations on strategies for implementing various assay types to select high quality leads for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Busby
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Seth Carbonneau
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - John Concannon
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - YounKyoung Lee
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Shin Numao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Renaud
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Thomas M. Smith
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas S. Auld
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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18
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Matsui T, Miyamoto N, Saito F, Shinozawa T. Molecular Profiling of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cells and their Application for Drug Safety Study. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:807-828. [PMID: 32321398 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200422090952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced toxicity remains one of the leading causes of discontinuation of the drug candidate and post-marketing withdrawal. Thus, early identification of the drug candidates with the potential for toxicity is crucial in the drug development process. With the recent discovery of human- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) and the establishment of the differentiation protocol of human iPSC into the cell types of interest, the differentiated cells from human iPSC have garnered much attention because of their potential applicability in toxicity evaluation as well as drug screening, disease modeling and cell therapy. In this review, we expanded on current information regarding the feasibility of human iPSC-derived cells for the evaluation of drug-induced toxicity with a focus on human iPSCderived hepatocyte (iPSC-Hep), cardiomyocyte (iPSC-CMs) and neurons (iPSC-Neurons). Further, we CSAHi, Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells, reported our gene expression profiling data with DNA microarray using commercially available human iPSC-derived cells (iPSC-Hep, iPSC-CMs, iPSC-Neurons), their relevant human tissues and primary cultured human cells to discuss the future direction of the three types of human iPSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikatsu Matsui
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi), Japan
| | - Norimasa Miyamoto
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi), Japan
| | - Fumiyo Saito
- Consortium for Safety Assessment using Human iPS Cells (CSAHi), Japan
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19
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Kim M, Kim HJ, Koh W, Li L, Heo H, Cho H, Lyoo CH, Seo SW, Kim EJ, Nakanishi M, Na DL, Song J. Modeling of Frontotemporal Dementia Using iPSC Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155319. [PMID: 32727073 PMCID: PMC7432206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is caused by the progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) is the most common clinical subtype of FTD and pathological subtypes of bvFTD are known as FTD-tau, transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), and fused in sarcoma (FUS). Pathological mechanisms of bvFTD are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression of pathological markers, such as p-Tau, TDP-43, and FUS, in the induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived neurons (iPSN) from two sporadic bvFTD patients and one normal subject. We also used an FTD-patient-derived iPSC-line-carrying microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) P301L point mutation as positive control for p-Tau expression. Staurosporine (STS) was used to induce cellular stress in order to investigate dynamic cellular responses related to the cell death pathway. As a result, the expression of active caspase-3 was highly increased in the bvFTD-iPSNs compared with control iPSNs in the STS-treated conditions. Other cell-death-related proteins, including Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 and cytochrome C, were also increased in the bvFTD-iPSNs. Moreover, we observed abnormal expression patterns of TDP-43 and FUS in the bvFTD-iPSNs compared with control iPSNs. We suggest that the iPSC technology might serve as a potential tool to demonstrate neurodegenerative phenotypes of bvFTD, which will be useful for studying pathological mechanisms for FTD as well as related drug screening in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea; (M.K.); (W.K.); (L.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.W.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Wonyoung Koh
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea; (M.K.); (W.K.); (L.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea; (M.K.); (W.K.); (L.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Hyohoon Heo
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea; (M.K.); (W.K.); (L.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (H.C.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Chul Hyoung Lyoo
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea; (H.C.); (C.H.L.)
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.W.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Korea;
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- TOKIWA-Bio, Inc., Tsukuba Center Inc. (TCI), Building G, 2-1-6 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan;
| | - Duk L. Na
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.J.K.); (S.W.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.L.N.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-3410-0052 (D.L.N.); +82-31-881-7140 (J.S.)
| | - Jihwan Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea; (M.K.); (W.K.); (L.L.); (H.H.)
- iPS Bio, Inc., Rm 302-8, 26 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13522, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.L.N.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-3410-0052 (D.L.N.); +82-31-881-7140 (J.S.)
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20
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A Dynamic Hanging-Drop System for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124298. [PMID: 32560269 PMCID: PMC7352343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many microfluid technologies combined with hanging-drop for cell culture gotten developed in the past decade. A common problem within these devices is that the cell suspension introduced at the central inlet could cause a number of cells in each microwell to not regularize. Also, the instability of droplets during the spheroid formation remains an unsolved ordeal. In this study, we designed a microfluidic-based hanging-drop culture system with the design of taper-tube that can increase the stability of droplets while enhancing the rate of liquid exchange. A ring is surrounding the taper-tube. The ring can hold the cells to enable us to seed an adequate amount of cells before perfusion. Moreover, during the period of cell culture, the mechanical force around the cell is relatively low to prevent stem cells from differentiate and maintain the phenotype. As a result of our hanging system design, cells are designed to accumulate at the bottom of the droplet. This method enhances convenience for observation activities and analysis of experiments. Thus, this microfluid chip can be used as an in vitro platform representing in vivo physiological conditions, and can be useful in regenerative therapy.
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21
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Cong Y, Han X, Wang Y, Chen Z, Lu Y, Liu T, Wu Z, Jin Y, Luo Y, Zhang X. Drug Toxicity Evaluation Based on Organ-on-a-chip Technology: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E381. [PMID: 32260191 PMCID: PMC7230535 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip academic research is in its blossom. Drug toxicity evaluation is a promising area in which organ-on-a-chip technology can apply. A unique advantage of organ-on-a-chip is the ability to integrate drug metabolism and drug toxic processes in a single device, which facilitates evaluation of toxicity of drug metabolites. Human organ-on-a-chip has been fabricated and used to assess drug toxicity with data correlation with the clinical trial. In this review, we introduced the microfluidic chip models of liver, kidney, heart, nerve, and other organs and multiple organs, highlighting the application of these models in drug toxicity detection. Some biomarkers of toxic injury that have been used in organ chip platforms or have potential for use on organ chip platforms are summarized. Finally, we discussed the goals and future directions for drug toxicity evaluation based on organ-on-a-chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Xiahe Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Youping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zongzheng Chen
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Z.C.); (Z.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yao Lu
- Biotechnologhy Division, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Tingjiao Liu
- College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China;
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Z.C.); (Z.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yu Jin
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Z.C.); (Z.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (X.H.); (Y.W.)
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22
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Kwon S, Lee D, Gopal S, Ku A, Moon H, Dordick JS. Three‐dimensional in vitro cell culture devices using patient‐derived cells for high‐throughput screening of drug combinations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mds3.10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok‐Joon Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
| | - Dongwoo Lee
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering Konyang University Daejeon Korea
| | - Sneha Gopal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
| | - Ashlyn Ku
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
| | - Hosang Moon
- MBD (Medical & Bio Decision) Co., Ltd. Suwon‐si Korea
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY USA
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23
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Patient-specific neural progenitor cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells offer a promise of good models for mitochondrial disease. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:15-30. [PMID: 31925525 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary generators of ATP in eukaryotic cells through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are also involved in several other important cellular functions including regulation of intracellular Ca2+, cell signaling and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction causes disease and since it is not possible to perform repeated studies in humans, models are essential to enable us to investigate the mechanisms involved. Recently, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), made by reprogramming adult somatic cells (Takahashi and Yamanaka 2006; Yamanaka and Blau 2010), has provided a unique opportunity for studying aspects of disease mechanisms in patient-specific cells and tissues. Reprogramming cells to neuronal lineage such as neural progenitor cells (NPCs) generated from the neural induction of reprogrammed iPSCs can thus provide a useful model for investigating neurological disease mechanisms including those caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, NPCs display a huge clinical potential in drug screening and therapeutics.
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High-content imaging of 3D-cultured neural stem cells on a 384-pillar plate for the assessment of cytotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104765. [PMID: 31923580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of neurotoxicity has been performed traditionally with animals. However, in vivo studies are highly expensive and time-consuming, and often do not correlate to human outcomes. Thus, there is a need for cost-effective, high-throughput, highly predictive alternative in vitro test methods based on early markers of mechanisms of toxicity. High-content imaging (HCI) assays performed on three-dimensionally (3D) cultured cells could provide better understanding of the mechanism of toxicity needed to predict neurotoxicity in humans. However, current 3D cell culture systems lack the throughput required for screening neurotoxicity against a large number of chemicals. Therefore, we have developed miniature 3D neural stem cell (NSC) culture on a unique 384-pillar plate, which is complementary to conventional 384-well plates. Mitochondrial membrane impairment, intracellular glutathione level, cell membrane integrity, DNA damage, and apoptosis have been tested against 3D-cultured ReNcell VM on the 384-pillar plate with four model compounds rotenone, 4-aminopyridine, digoxin, and topotecan. The HCI assays performed in 3D-cultured ReNcell VM on the 384-pillar plates were highly robust and reproducible as indicated by the average Z' factor of 0.6 and CV values around 12%. From concentration-response curves and IC50 values, mitochondrial membrane impairment appears to be the early stage marker of cell death by the compounds.
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25
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Barros D, Amaral IF, Pêgo AP. Laminin-Inspired Cell-Instructive Microenvironments for Neural Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:276-293. [PMID: 31789020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Laminin is a heterotrimeric glycoprotein with a key role in the formation and maintenance of the basement membrane architecture and properties, as well as on the modulation of several biological functions, including cell adhesion, migration, differentiation and matrix-mediated signaling. In the central nervous system (CNS), laminin is differentially expressed during development and homeostasis, with an impact on the modulation of cell function and fate. Within neurogenic niches, laminin is one of the most important and well described extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Specifically, efforts have been made to understand laminin assembly, domain architecture, and interaction of its different bioactive domains with cell surface receptors, soluble signaling molecules, and ECM proteins, to gain insight into the role of this ECM protein and its receptors on the modulation of neurogenesis, both in homeostasis and during repair. This is also expected to provide a rational basis for the design of biomaterial-based matrices mirroring the biological properties of the basement membrane of neural stem cell niches, for application in neural tissue repair and cell transplantation. This review provides a general overview of laminin structure and domain architecture, as well as the main biological functions mediated by this heterotrimeric glycoprotein. The expression and distribution of laminin in the CNS and, more specifically, its role within adult neural stem cell niches is summarized. Additionally, a detailed overview on the use of full-length laminin and laminin derived peptide/recombinant laminin fragments for the development of hydrogels for mimicking the neurogenic niche microenvironment is given. Finally, the main challenges associated with the development of laminin-inspired hydrogels and the hurdles to overcome for these to progress from bench to bedside are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Barros
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto (UPorto) , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , UPorto , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar , UPorto , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal
| | - Isabel F Amaral
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto (UPorto) , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , UPorto , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal.,FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia , UPorto , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal
| | - Ana P Pêgo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto (UPorto) , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal.,INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica , UPorto , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar , UPorto , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal.,FEUP - Faculdade de Engenharia , UPorto , Porto 4200-153 , Portugal
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26
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Bao X, Adil MM, Muckom R, Zimmermann JA, Tran A, Suhy N, Xu Y, Sampayo RG, Clark DS, Schaffer DV. Gene Editing to Generate Versatile Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Reporter Lines for Analysis of Differentiation and Lineage Tracing. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1556-1566. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Bao
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Maroof M. Adil
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Riya Muckom
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Joshua A. Zimmermann
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Aurelie Tran
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Natalie Suhy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Yibo Xu
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Rocío G. Sampayo
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of California; Berkeley California USA
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California; Berkeley California USA
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27
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Kim JA, Hong S, Rhee WJ. Microfluidic three-dimensional cell culture of stem cells for high-throughput analysis. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:803-816. [PMID: 31693013 PMCID: PMC6828593 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i10.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the recent advances in stem cell engineering have gained a great deal of attention due to their high potential in clinical research, the applicability of stem cells for preclinical screening in the drug discovery process is still challenging due to difficulties in controlling the stem cell microenvironment and the limited availability of high-throughput systems. Recently, researchers have been actively developing and evaluating three-dimensional (3D) cell culture-based platforms using microfluidic technologies, such as organ-on-a-chip and organoid-on-a-chip platforms, and they have achieved promising breakthroughs in stem cell engineering. In this review, we start with a comprehensive discussion on the importance of microfluidic 3D cell culture techniques in stem cell research and their technical strategies in the field of drug discovery. In a subsequent section, we discuss microfluidic 3D cell culture techniques for high-throughput analysis for use in stem cell research. In addition, some potential and practical applications of organ-on-a-chip or organoid-on-a-chip platforms using stem cells as drug screening and disease models are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ah Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Hong
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, South Korea
- Program in Biomicro System Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Won Jong Rhee
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
- Department of Bioengineering and Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
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28
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Nasr Esfahani S, Shao Y, Resto Irizarry AM, Li Z, Xue X, Gumucio DL, Fu J. Microengineered human amniotic ectoderm tissue array for high-content developmental phenotyping. Biomaterials 2019; 216:119244. [PMID: 31207406 PMCID: PMC6658735 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
During early post-implantation human embryogenesis, the epiblast (EPI) within the blastocyst polarizes to generate a cyst with a central lumen. Cells at the uterine pole of the EPI cyst then undergo differentiation to form the amniotic ectoderm (AM), a tissue essential for further embryonic development. While the causes of early pregnancy failure are complex, improper lumenogenesis or amniogenesis of the EPI represent possible contributing factors. Here we report a novel AM microtissue array platform that allows quantitative phenotyping of lumenogenesis and amniogenesis of the EPI and demonstrate its potential application for embryonic toxicity profiling. Specifically, a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based amniogenic differentiation protocol was developed using a two-step micropatterning technique to generate a regular AM microtissue array with defined tissue sizes. A computer-assisted analysis pipeline was developed to automatically process imaging data and quantify morphological and biological features of AM microtissues. Analysis of the effects of cell density, cyst size and culture conditions revealed a clear connection between cyst size and amniogenesis of hPSC. Using this platform, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of ROCK signaling, an essential mechanotransductive pathway, suppressed lumenogenesis but did not perturb amniogenic differentiation of hPSC, suggesting uncoupled regulatory mechanisms for AM morphogenesis vs. cytodifferentiation. The AM microtissue array was further applied to screen a panel of clinically relevant drugs, which successfully detected their differential teratogenecity. This work provides a technological platform for toxicological screening of clinically relevant drugs for their effects on lumenogenesis and amniogenesis during early human peri-implantation development, processes that have been previously inaccessible to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Zida Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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29
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Li J, Settivari R, LeBaron MJ, Marty MS. An industry perspective: A streamlined screening strategy using alternative models for chemical assessment of developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Friese A, Ursu A, Hochheimer A, Schöler HR, Waldmann H, Bruder JM. The Convergence of Stem Cell Technologies and Phenotypic Drug Discovery. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1050-1066. [PMID: 31231030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell technologies and phenotypic screening shape the future of bioactive small-molecule discovery. In this review we analyze the impact of small-molecule phenotypic screens on drug discovery as well as on the investigation of human development and disease biology. We further examine the role of 3D spheroid/organoid structures, microfluidic systems, and miniaturized on-a-chip systems for future discovery strategies. In highlighting representative examples, we analyze how recent achievements can translate into future therapies. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges that need to be overcome for the adaptation of the next generation of screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Friese
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrei Ursu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochheimer
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Institute for Stem Cell & Applied Regenerative Medicine Research, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 3, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jan M Bruder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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31
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Chen M, Shah MP, Shelper TB, Nazareth L, Barker M, Tello Velasquez J, Ekberg JAK, Vial ML, St John JA. Naked Liquid Marbles: A Robust Three-Dimensional Low-Volume Cell-Culturing System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9814-9823. [PMID: 30724549 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) multicellular structures allow cells to behave and interact with each other in a manner that mimics the in vivo environment. In recent years, many 3D cell culture methods have been developed with the goal of producing the most in vivo-like structures possible. Whilst strongly preferable to conventional cell culture, these approaches are often poorly reproducible, time-consuming, expensive, and labor-intensive and require specialized equipment. Here, we describe a novel 3D culture platform, which we have termed the naked liquid marble (NLM). Cells are cultured in a liquid drop (the NLM) in superhydrophobic-coated plates, which causes the cells to naturally form 3D structures. Inside the NLMs, cells are free to interact with each other, forming multiple 3D spheroids that are uniform in size and shape in less than 24 h. We showed that this system is highly reproducible, suitable for cell coculture, compound screening, and also compatible with laboratory automation systems. The low cost of production, small volume of each NLM, and production via automated liquid handling make this 3D cell-culturing system particularly suitable for high-throughput screening assays such as drug testing as well as numerous other cell-based research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - Megha P Shah
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - Todd B Shelper
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - Lynn Nazareth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | | | | | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Vial
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
| | - James A St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , 4222 Queensland , Australia
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32
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Pascoal JF, Fernandes TG, Nierode GJ, Diogo MM, Dordick JS, Cabral JMS. Three-Dimensional Cell-Based Microarrays: Printing Pluripotent Stem Cells into 3D Microenvironments. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1771:69-81. [PMID: 29633205 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7792-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based microarrays are valuable platforms for the study of cytotoxicity and cellular microenvironment because they enable high-throughput screening of large sets of conditions at reduced reagent consumption. However, most of the described microarray technologies have been applied to two-dimensional cultures, which do not accurately emulate the in vivo three-dimensional (3D) cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions.Herein, we describe the methodology for production of alginate- and Matrigel-based 3-D cell microarrays for the study of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells on two different chip-based platforms. We further provide protocols for on-chip proliferation/viability analysis and the assessment of protein expression by immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Pascoal
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Tiago G Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Gregory J Nierode
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Maria Margarida Diogo
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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33
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Muckom R, McFarland S, Yang C, Perea B, Gentes M, Murugappan A, Tran E, Dordick JS, Clark DS, Schaffer DV. High-throughput combinatorial screening reveals interactions between signaling molecules that regulate adult neural stem cell fate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:193-205. [PMID: 30102775 PMCID: PMC6289657 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advancing our knowledge of how neural stem cell (NSC) behavior in the adult hippocampus is regulated has implications for elucidating basic mechanisms of learning and memory as well as for neurodegenerative disease therapy. To date, numerous biochemical cues from the endogenous hippocampal NSC niche have been identified as modulators of NSC quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation; however, the complex repertoire of signaling factors within stem cell niches raises the question of how cues act in combination with one another to influence NSC physiology. To help overcome experimental bottlenecks in studying this question, we adapted a high-throughput microculture system, with over 500 distinct microenvironments, to conduct a systematic combinatorial screen of key signaling cues and collect high-content phenotype data on endpoint NSC populations. This novel application of the platform consumed only 0.2% of reagent volumes used in conventional 96-well plates, and resulted in the discovery of numerous statistically significant interactions among key endogenous signals. Antagonistic relationships between fibroblast growth factor 2, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and Wnt-3a were found to impact NSC proliferation and differentiation, whereas a synergistic relationship between Wnt-3a and Ephrin-B2 on neuronal differentiation and maturation was found. Furthermore, TGF-β and bone morphogenetic protein 4 combined with Wnt-3a and Ephrin-B2 resulted in a coordinated effect on neuronal differentiation and maturation. Overall, this study offers candidates for further elucidation of significant mechanisms guiding NSC fate choice and contributes strategies for enhancing control over stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Muckom
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Chun Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Brian Perea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Megan Gentes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Abirami Murugappan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Eric Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Douglas S. Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, CA 94720
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34
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Duru LN, Quan Z, Qazi TJ, Qing H. Stem cells technology: a powerful tool behind new brain treatments. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1564-1591. [PMID: 29916013 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell research has recently become a hot research topic in biomedical research due to the foreseen unlimited potential of stem cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. For many years, medicine has been facing intense challenges, such as an insufficient number of organ donations that is preventing clinicians to fulfill the increasing needs. To try and overcome this regrettable matter, research has been aiming at developing strategies to facilitate the in vitro culture and study of stem cells as a tool for tissue regeneration. Meanwhile, new developments in the microfluidics technology brought forward emerging cell culture applications that are currently allowing for a better chemical and physical control of cellular microenvironment. This review presents the latest developments in stem cell research that brought new therapies to the clinics and how the convergence of the microfluidics technology with stem cell research can have positive outcomes on the fields of regenerative medicine and high-throughput screening. These advances will bring new translational solutions for drug discovery and will upgrade in vitro cell culture to a new level of accuracy and performance. We hope this review will provide new insights into the understanding of new brain treatments from the perspective of stem cell technology especially regarding regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne N Duru
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Talal Jamil Qazi
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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35
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Ko KR, Tsai MC, Frampton JP. Fabrication of thin-layer matrigel-based constructs for three-dimensional cell culture. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2733. [PMID: 30315732 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix-based hydrogels such as Matrigel are easy-to-use, commercially available, and offer environments for three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture that mimic native tissue. However, manipulating small volumes of these materials to produce thin-layer 3-D culture systems suitable for analysis is difficult because of air-liquid-substrate interfacial tension effects and evaporation. Here, we demonstrate two simple techniques that use standard liquid-handling tools and nontreated 96-well plates to produce uniform, thin-layer constructs for 3-D culture of cells in Matrigel. The first technique, the floating 3-D cell culture method, uses phase-separating polymers to form a barrier between the dispensed Matrigel, air, and cultureware surface to generate consistently thin hydrogels from volumes as low as 5 μL. These unanchored gels provide a useful assay for investigating airway smooth muscle cell contraction and may have future applications in studying asthma pathophysiology. The second technique, the fixed 3-D cell culture method, provides an anchored gel system for culturing noncontractile cells (e.g., neurons) where 20 μL of Matrigel is dispensed into the bottom of a well filled with culture medium to form a thin gel containing embedded cells. This technique has potential widespread applications as an accessible 3-D culture platform for high-throughput production of disease models for evaluation of novel drug therapies. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2733, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Robin Ko
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Meng-Chiao Tsai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John P Frampton
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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36
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Nierode GJ, Gopal S, Kwon P, Clark DS, Schaffer DV, Dordick JS. High-throughput identification of factors promoting neuronal differentiation of human neural progenitor cells in microscale 3D cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:168-180. [PMID: 30229860 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Identification of conditions for guided and specific differentiation of human stem cell and progenitor cells is important for continued development and engineering of in vitro cell culture systems for use in regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and human toxicology. Three-dimensional (3D) and organotypic cell culture models have been used increasingly for in vitro cell culture because they may better model endogenous tissue environments. However, detailed studies of stem cell differentiation within 3D cultures remain limited, particularly with respect to high-throughput screening. Herein, we demonstrate the use of a microarray chip-based platform to screen, in high-throughput, individual and paired effects of 12 soluble factors on the neuronal differentiation of a human neural progenitor cell line (ReNcell VM) encapsulated in microscale 3D Matrigel cultures. Dose-response analysis of selected combinations from the initial combinatorial screen revealed that the combined treatment of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) with the glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor CHIR-99021 (CHIR) enhances neurogenesis while simultaneously decreases astrocyte differentiation, whereas the combined treatment of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the small azide neuropathiazol enhances the differentiation into neurons and astrocytes. Subtype specification analysis of RA- and CHIR-differentiated cultures revealed that enhanced neurogenesis was not biased toward a specific neuronal subtype. Together, these results demonstrate a high-throughput screening platform for rapid evaluation of differentiation conditions in a 3D environment, which will aid the development and application of 3D stem cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Nierode
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Sneha Gopal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Paul Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Douglas S Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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37
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Bruckner DM, Connerney JJ, Dordick JS. Advancing in vitro
- in vivo
toxicity correlations via high-throughput three-dimensional primary hepatocyte culture. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Bruckner
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY, 12180
| | | | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY, 12180
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38
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3D human brain cell models: New frontiers in disease understanding and drug discovery for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:191-199. [PMID: 30176269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have an enormous impact on society and healthcare budgets. There has been a high degree of failure in many recent clinical trials for disease-modifying therapeutics. A major factor in this failure is the difficulty of translating findings from animal-based cell models to human patients. The majority of non-animal neurodegenerative disease research has been conducted in 2 dimensional models of rodent neonatal neurons and glia. While these systems have provided valuable insights into neural cell function and dysfunction, they have largely reached the end of their useful life, as human stem cell technologies combined with major advances in microfluidic technologies have opened the door to development of patient-derived 3D brain cell models. These have major advantages in providing a micro-physiological system more closely reflecting the in vivo brain environment, and promote the interaction between different patient-derived brain cell-types. However, major challenges remain before these model systems will replace the 2D rodent models as the workhorse for neurodegenerative disease studies. Despite these challenges, we are likely to experience a rapid transition of research from old models to new patient derived 3D brain cell systems, which will likely improve translational outcomes for disease therapeutics.
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3D-cultured neural stem cell microarrays on a micropillar chip for high-throughput developmental neurotoxicology. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:680-691. [PMID: 30048616 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals including environmental toxicants and drugs have not been fully evaluated for developmental neurotoxicity. A key gap exists in the ability to predict accurately and robustly in vivo outcomes based on in vitro assays. This is particularly the case for predicting the toxicity of chemicals on the developing human brain. A critical need for such in vitro assays is choice of a suitable model cell type. To that end, we have performed high-throughput in vitro assessment of proliferation and differentiation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs). Conventional in vitro assays typically use immunofluorescence staining to quantify changes in cell morphology and expression of neural cell-specific biomarkers, which is often time-consuming and subject to variable specificities of available antibodies. To alleviate these limitations, we developed a miniaturized, three-dimensional (3D) hNSC culture with ReNcell VM on microarray chip platforms and established a high-throughput promoter-reporter assay system using recombinant lentiviruses on hNSC spheroids to assess cell viability, self-renewal, and differentiation. Optimum cell viability and spheroid formation of 3D ReNcell VM culture were observed on a micropillar chip over a period of 9 days in a mixture of 0.75% (w/v) alginate and 1 mg/mL growth factor reduced (GFR) Matrigel with 25 mM CaCl2 as a crosslinker for alginate. In addition, 3D ReNcell VM culture exhibited self-renewal and differentiation on the microarray chip platform, which was efficiently monitored by enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression of four NSC-specific biomarkers including sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), synapsin1, and myelin basic protein (MBP) with the promoter-reporter assay system.
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Tronser T, Demir K, Reischl M, Bastmeyer M, Levkin PA. Droplet microarray: miniaturized platform for rapid formation and high-throughput screening of embryoid bodies. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2257-2269. [PMID: 29978866 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00450a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are influenced by various factors present in their in vivo microenvironment, such as interactions with neighboring cells, the extracellular matrix or soluble molecules. This demonstrates the high complexity of the in vivo microenvironment. Hence, many advances have been made in developing 3D screening models mimicking this complexity and the in vivo-like state in order to ensure more biomedically relevant investigations in drug discovery. In the field of stem cell research embryoid bodies are often used as relevant 3D systems. Embryoid bodies are embryonic stem cell aggregates that recapitulate the early embryonic development and that can differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers. Embryoid bodies enable the investigation of processes underlying embryonic development, tissue generation and identification of drugs with developmental toxicity. The ability to perform high-throughput screenings using embryoid bodies could be extremely important to accelerate the progress in the field of stem cell research and embryonic development. To date, there are no simple methods to create high-density microarrays of embryoid bodies that further enable their high-throughput screening important for biomedical research. Here we demonstrate a new method that enables formation and high-throughput screening of embryoid bodies in arrays of defined, separated microdroplets. Using the superhydrophobic-hydrophilic micropattern of the droplet microarray, we demonstrate rapid and facile one-step formation of a dense array of multiple droplets containing homogeneous, single embryoid bodies. Thorough characterization of the influence of the initial cell number on embryoid body size, roundness and distribution was performed. We applied the embryoid body microarray to screen 774 FDA-approved compounds, identifying compounds with developmental toxicity such as mycophenolate mofetil or embryonic lethality such as eptifibatide. This work demonstrates the potential of the droplet microarray for the rapid formation of high-density microarrays of single embryoid bodies and their high-throughput drug screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Tronser
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Ma W, Jin GW, Gehret PM, Chada NC, Suh WH. A Novel Cell Penetrating Peptide for the Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030048. [PMID: 29987263 PMCID: PMC6163344 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a bioactive lipid that has been shown to promote neural stem cell differentiation. However, the highly hydrophobic molecule needs to first solubilize and translocate across the cell membrane in order to exert a biological response. The cell entry of RA can be aided by cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), which are short amino acid sequences that are able to carry bioactive cargo past the cell membrane. In this work, a novel cell penetrating peptide was developed to deliver RA to human neural stem cells and, subsequently, promote neuronal differentiation. The novel CPP consists of a repeating sequence, whose number of repeats is proportional to the efficiency of cell penetration. Using fluorescence microscopy, the mode of translocation was determined to be related to an endocytic pathway. The levels of β-III tubulin (Tubb3) and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) expression in neural stem cells treated with RA conjugated to the CPP were assessed by quantitative immunocytochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Geun-Woo Jin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Paul M Gehret
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Neil C Chada
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Won Hyuk Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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Joshi P, Datar A, Yu KN, Kang SY, Lee MY. High-content imaging assays on a miniaturized 3D cell culture platform. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:147-159. [PMID: 29501531 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of high-content imaging (HCI) assays have been performed on two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayers for its convenience and throughput. However, 2D-cultured cell models often do not represent the in vivo characteristics accurately and therefore reduce the predictability of drug toxicity/efficacy in vivo. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) cell-based HCI assays have been demonstrated to improve predictability, but its use is limited due to difficulty in maneuverability and low throughput in cell imaging. To alleviate these issues, we have developed miniaturized 3D cell culture on a micropillar/microwell chip and demonstrated high-throughput HCI assays for mechanistic toxicity. Briefly, Hep3B human hepatoma cell line was encapsulated in a mixture of alginate and fibrin gel on the micropillar chip, cultured in 3D, and exposed to six model compounds in the microwell chip for rapidly assessing mechanistic hepatotoxicity. Several toxicity parameters, including DNA damage, mitochondrial impairment, intracellular glutathione level, and cell membrane integrity were measured on the chip, and the IC50 values of the compounds at different readouts were determined to investigate the mechanism of toxicity. Overall, the Z' factors were between 0.6 and 0.8 for the HCI assays, and the coefficient of variation (CV) were below 20%. These results indicate high robustness and reproducibility of the HCI assays established on the miniaturized 3D cell culture chip. In addition, it was possible to determine the predominant mechanism of toxicity using the 3D HCI assays. Therefore, our miniaturized 3D cell culture coupled with HCI assays has great potential for high-throughput screening (HTS) of compounds and mechanistic toxicity profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA
| | - Akshata Datar
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA
| | - Kyeong-Nam Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA
| | - Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 455 Fenn Hall, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA.
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Jodat YA, Kang MG, Kiaee K, Kim GJ, Martinez AFH, Rosenkranz A, Bae H, Shin SR. Human-Derived Organ-on-a-Chip for Personalized Drug Development. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:5471-5486. [PMID: 30854951 PMCID: PMC6587585 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190308150055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the required capital and time investment in the development of new pharmaceutical agents, there is an urgent need for preclinical drug testing models that are predictive of drug response in human tissues or organs. Despite tremendous advancements and rigorous multistage screening of drug candidates involving computational models, traditional cell culture platforms, animal models and most recently humanized animals, there is still a large deficit in our ability to predict drug response in patient groups and overall attrition rates from phase 1 through phase 4 of clinical studies remain well above 90%. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms have proven potential in providing tremendous flexibility and robustness in drug screening and development by employing engineering techniques and materials. More importantly, in recent years, there is a clear upward trend in studies that utilize human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) to develop personalized tissue or organ models. Additionally, integrated multiple organs on the single chip with increasingly more sophisticated representation of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) process are being utilized to better understand drug interaction mechanisms in the human body and thus showing great potential to better predict drug efficacy and safety. In this review, we summarize these advances, highlighting studies that took the next step to clinical trials and research areas with the utmost potential and discuss the role of the OOCs in the overall drug discovery process at a preclinical and clinical stage, as well as outline remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin A Jodat
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, 07030, United States
| | - Min G Kang
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kiavash Kiaee
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, 07030, United States
| | - Gyeong J Kim
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Angel F H Martinez
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- ALPHA Medical Leadership Program, Anahuac University, School of Medicine, Mexico
| | - Aliza Rosenkranz
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technololgy Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Su R Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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In Vivo Selection of a Computationally Designed SCHEMA AAV Library Yields a Novel Variant for Infection of Adult Neural Stem Cells in the SVZ. Mol Ther 2017; 26:304-319. [PMID: 28988711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution continues to expand the capabilities of complex biomolecules for a range of applications, such as adeno-associated virus vectors for gene therapy; however, advances in library design and selection strategies are key to develop variants that overcome barriers to clinical translation. To address this need, we applied structure-guided SCHEMA recombination of the multimeric adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid to generate a highly diversified chimeric library with minimal structural disruption. A stringent in vivo Cre-dependent selection strategy was implemented to identify variants that transduce adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone. A novel variant, SCH9, infected 60% of NSCs and mediated 24-fold higher GFP expression and a 12-fold greater transduction volume than AAV9. SCH9 utilizes both galactose and heparan sulfate as cell surface receptors and exhibits increased resistance to neutralizing antibodies. These results establish the SCHEMA library as a valuable tool for directed evolution and SCH9 as an effective gene delivery vector to investigate subventricular NSCs.
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Neuroregeneration versus neurodegeneration: toward a paradigm shift in Alzheimer's disease drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease represents an enormous global burden in terms of human suffering and economic cost. To tackle the current lack of effective drugs and the continuous clinical trial failures might require a shift from the prevailing paradigm targeting pathogenesis to the one targeting neural stem cells (NSCs) regeneration. In this context, small molecules have come to the forefront for their potential to manipulate NSCs, provide therapeutic tools and unveil NSCs biology. Classically, these molecules have been generated either by target-based or phenotypic approaches. To circumvent specific liabilities, nanomedicines emerge as a feasible alternative. However, this review is not intended to be comprehensive. Its purpose is to focus on recent examples that could accelerate development of neuroregenerative drugs against Alzheimer's disease.
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Tronser T, Popova AA, Levkin PA. Miniaturized platform for high-throughput screening of stem cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 46:141-149. [PMID: 28388486 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades stem cells have gained great interest in clinical research, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, due to their ability of self-renewal and potential to differentiate into the various cell types of the organism. The long-term maintenance of these unique properties and the control of stem cell differentiation in vitro, however, remains challenging, thus limiting their applicability in these fields. High-throughput screening (HTS) of stem cells is widely used by the researchers in order to gain more insight in the underlying mechanisms of stem cell fate as well as identifying compounds and factors maintaining stemness. However, limited availability and expandability of stem cells restricts the use of microtiter plates for HTS of stem cells emitting the urge for miniaturized platforms. This review highlights recent advances in the development of miniaturized platforms for HTS of stem cells and presents novel designs of miniaturized HTS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Tronser
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anna A Popova
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Watson PMD, Kavanagh E, Allenby G, Vassey M. Bioengineered 3D Glial Cell Culture Systems and Applications for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:583-601. [PMID: 28346104 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217691450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are key features in a range of chronic central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as acute conditions like stroke and traumatic brain injury, for which there remains significant unmet clinical need. It is now well recognized that current cell culture methodologies are limited in their ability to recapitulate the cellular environment that is present in vivo, and there is a growing body of evidence to show that three-dimensional (3D) culture systems represent a more physiologically accurate model than traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Given the complexity of the environment from which cells originate, and their various cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, it is important to develop models that can be controlled and reproducible for drug discovery. 3D cell models have now been developed for almost all CNS cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte cells. This review will highlight a number of current and emerging techniques for the culture of astrocytes and microglia, glial cell types with a critical role in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory conditions. We describe recent advances in glial cell culture using electrospun polymers and hydrogel macromolecules, and highlight how these novel culture environments influence astrocyte and microglial phenotypes in vitro, as compared to traditional 2D systems. These models will be explored to illuminate current trends in the techniques used to create 3D environments for application in research and drug discovery focused on astrocytes and microglial cells.
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