1
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Xu L, Tan C, Barr J, Talaba N, Verheyden J, Chin JS, Gaboyan S, Kasaraneni N, Elgamal RM, Gaulton KJ, Lin G, Afshar K, Golts E, Meier A, Alexander LEC, Borok Z, Shen Y, Chung WK, McCulley DJ, Sun X. Context-dependent roles of mitochondrial LONP1 in orchestrating the balance between airway progenitor versus progeny cells. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:1465-1483.e6. [PMID: 39181129 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
While all eukaryotic cells are dependent on mitochondria for function, in a complex tissue, which cell type and which cell behavior are more sensitive to mitochondrial deficiency remain unpredictable. Here, we show that in the mouse airway, compromising mitochondrial function by inactivating mitochondrial protease gene Lonp1 led to reduced progenitor proliferation and differentiation during development, apoptosis of terminally differentiated ciliated cells and their replacement by basal progenitors and goblet cells during homeostasis, and failed airway progenitor migration into damaged alveoli following influenza infection. ATF4 and the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway are elevated and responsible for the airway phenotypes. Such context-dependent sensitivities are predicted by the selective expression of Bok, which is required for ISR activation. Reduced LONP1 expression is found in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) airways with squamous metaplasia. These findings illustrate a cellular energy landscape whereby compromised mitochondrial function could favor the emergence of pathological cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Justinn Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole Talaba
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jamie Verheyden
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ji Sun Chin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samvel Gaboyan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nikita Kasaraneni
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ruth M Elgamal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Grace Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kamyar Afshar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eugene Golts
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angela Meier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J McCulley
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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2
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Murthy S, Seabold DA, Gautam LK, Caceres AM, Sease R, Calvert BA, Busch S, Neely A, Marconett CN, Ryan AL. Culture Conditions Differentially Regulate the Inflammatory Niche and Cellular Phenotype of Tracheo-Bronchial Basal Stem Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.04.611264. [PMID: 39282256 PMCID: PMC11398510 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.04.611264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) derived from the tracheo-bronchial regions of human airways provide an excellent in vitro model for studying pathological mechanisms and evaluating therapeutics in human airway cells. This cell population comprises a mixed population of basal cells (BCs), the predominant stem cell in airways capable of both self-renewal and functional differentiation. Despite their potential for regenerative medicine, BCs exhibit significant phenotypic variability in culture. To investigate how culture conditions influence BC phenotype and function, we expanded three independent BC isolates in three media, airway epithelial cell growth medium (AECGM), dual-SMAD inhibitor (DSI)-enriched AECGM, and Pneumacult Ex plus (PEx+). Extensive RNA sequencing, immune assays and electrical measurements revealed that PEx+ media significantly drove cell proliferation and a broad pro-inflammatory phenotype in BCs. In contrast, BCs expanded in AECGM, displayed increased expression of structural and extracellular matrix components at high passage. Whereas culture in AECGM increased expression of some cytokines at high passage, DSI suppressed inflammation altogether thus implicating TGF-β in BC inflammatory processes. Differentiation capacity declined with time in culture irrespective of expansion media except for PLUNC expressing secretory cells that were elevated at high passage in AECGM and PEx+ suggestive of an immune modulatory role of PLUNC in BCs. These findings underscore the profound impact of media conditions on inflammatory niche and function of in vitro expanded BCs. The broad pro-inflammatory phenotype driven by PEx+ media, in particular, should be considered in the development of cell-based models for airway diseases and therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Murthy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA
| | - Denise A Seabold
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA
| | - Lalit K Gautam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA
| | - Adrian M Caceres
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA
| | - Rosemary Sease
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ben A Calvert
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shana Busch
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aaron Neely
- Department of Integrative Translational Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Crystal N Marconett
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Integrative Translational Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amy L Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, IA
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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3
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Auld SC, Sheshadri A, Alexander-Brett J, Aschner Y, Barczak AK, Basil MC, Cohen KA, Dela Cruz C, McGroder C, Restrepo MI, Ridge KM, Schnapp LM, Traber K, Wunderink RG, Zhang D, Ziady A, Attia EF, Carter J, Chalmers JD, Crothers K, Feldman C, Jones BE, Kaminski N, Keane J, Lewinsohn D, Metersky M, Mizgerd JP, Morris A, Ramirez J, Samarasinghe AE, Staitieh BS, Stek C, Sun J, Evans SE. Postinfectious Pulmonary Complications: Establishing Research Priorities to Advance the Field: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2024; 21:1219-1237. [PMID: 39051991 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202406-651st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Continued improvements in the treatment of pulmonary infections have paradoxically resulted in a growing challenge of individuals with postinfectious pulmonary complications (PIPCs). PIPCs have been long recognized after tuberculosis, but recent experiences such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have underscored the importance of PIPCs following other lower respiratory tract infections. Independent of the causative pathogen, most available studies of pulmonary infections focus on short-term outcomes rather than long-term morbidity among survivors. In this document, we establish a conceptual scope for PIPCs with discussion of globally significant pulmonary pathogens and an examination of how these pathogens can damage different components of the lung, resulting in a spectrum of PIPCs. We also review potential mechanisms for the transition from acute infection to PIPC, including the interplay between pathogen-mediated injury and aberrant host responses, which together result in PIPCs. Finally, we identify cross-cutting research priorities for the field to facilitate future studies to establish the incidence of PIPCs, define common mechanisms, identify therapeutic strategies, and ultimately reduce the burden of morbidity in survivors of pulmonary infections.
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4
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Lv Z, Liu Z, Liu K, Lin X, Pu W, Li Y, Zhao H, Xi Y, Sui P, Vaughan AE, Gillich A, Zhou B. Alveolar regeneration by airway secretory-cell-derived p63 + progenitors. Cell Stem Cell 2024:S1934-5909(24)00291-1. [PMID: 39232560 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Lung injury activates epithelial stem or progenitor cells for alveolar repair and regeneration. Unraveling the origin and fate of injury-induced progenitors is crucial for elucidating lung repair mechanisms. Here, we report that p63-expressing progenitors emerge upon bleomycin-induced mouse lung injury. Single-cell RNA sequencing and clonal analysis reveal that these p63+ progenitors proliferate rapidly and differentiate into alveolar type 1 and type 2 cells through different trajectories. Dual recombinase-mediated sequential genetic-lineage tracing demonstrates that p63+ progenitors originate from airway secretory cells and subsequently generate alveolar cells. Functionally, p63 activation is essential for efficient alveolar regeneration from secretory cells post injury. Our study identifies secretory-cell-derived p63+ progenitors as contributors to alveolar repair, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue for lung regeneration following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Lv
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Multi-Cell Systems, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Multi-Cell Systems, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xiuyu Lin
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Multi-Cell Systems, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Multi-Cell Systems, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Multi-Cell Systems, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Pengfei Sui
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Multi-Cell Systems, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Astrid Gillich
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Multi-Cell Systems, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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5
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Warren R, Klinkhammer K, Lyu H, Yao C, Stripp B, De Langhe SP. Cell competition drives bronchiolization and pulmonary fibrosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4177351. [PMID: 38746309 PMCID: PMC11092845 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4177351/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive scarring disease arising from the maladaptive differentiation of lung stem cells into bronchial epithelial cells rather than into alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells, which are responsible for gas exchange. Here, we report that healthy lungs maintain their stem cells through tonic Hippo and β-catenin signaling, which promote Yap/Taz degradation and allow for low level expression of the Wnt target gene Myc. Inactivation of upstream activators of the Hippo pathway in lung stem cells inhibits this tonic β-catenin signaling and Myc expression and promotes their Taz mediated differentiation into AT1 cells. Vice versa, increased Myc in collaboration with Yap promotes the differentiation of lung stem cells along the basal and myoepithelial like lineages allowing them to invade and bronchiolize the lung parenchyma in a process reminiscent of submucosal gland development. Our findings indicate that stem cells exhibiting the highest Myc levels become supercompetitors that drive remodeling, whereas loser cells with lower Myc levels terminally differentiate into AT1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Warren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kylie Klinkhammer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Handeng Lyu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Barry Stripp
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Stijn P. De Langhe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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6
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Basil MC, Alysandratos KD, Kotton DN, Morrisey EE. Lung repair and regeneration: Advanced models and insights into human disease. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:439-454. [PMID: 38492572 PMCID: PMC11070171 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The respiratory system acts as both the primary site of gas exchange and an important sensor and barrier to the external environment. The increase in incidences of respiratory disease over the past decades has highlighted the importance of developing improved therapeutic approaches. This review will summarize recent research on the cellular complexity of the mammalian respiratory system with a focus on gas exchange and immunological defense functions of the lung. Different models of repair and regeneration will be discussed to help interpret human and animal data and spur the investigation of models and assays for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Basil
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Konstantinos-Dionysios Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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7
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Barr J, Xu L, Li R, Verheyden J, Sun X. Airway Microfold Cells Emerge in the Post-Influenza Lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:322-325. [PMID: 38127584 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0351le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justinn Barr
- University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
| | - Le Xu
- University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
| | - Rongbo Li
- University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
| | | | - Xin Sun
- University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California
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8
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Jones DL, Morley MP, Li X, Ying Y, Cardenas-Diaz FL, Li S, Zhou S, Schaefer SE, Chembazhi UV, Nottingham A, Lin S, Cantu E, Diamond JM, Basil MC, Vaughan AE, Morrisey EE. An injury-induced tissue niche shaped by mesenchymal plasticity coordinates the regenerative and disease response in the lung. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582147. [PMID: 38529490 PMCID: PMC10962740 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Severe lung injury causes basal stem cells to migrate and outcompete alveolar stem cells resulting in dysplastic repair and a loss of gas exchange function. This "stem cell collision" is part of a multistep process that is now revealed to generate an injury-induced tissue niche (iTCH) containing Keratin 5+ epithelial cells and plastic Pdgfra+ mesenchymal cells. Temporal and spatial single cell analysis reveals that iTCHs are governed by mesenchymal proliferation and Notch signaling, which suppresses Wnt and Fgf signaling in iTCHs. Conversely, loss of Notch in iTCHs rewires alveolar signaling patterns to promote euplastic regeneration and gas exchange. The signaling patterns of iTCHs can differentially phenotype fibrotic from degenerative human lung diseases, through apposing flows of FGF and WNT signaling. These data reveal the emergence of an injury and disease associated iTCH in the lung and the ability of using iTCH specific signaling patterns to discriminate human lung disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota L. Jones
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P. Morley
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yun Ying
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fabian L. Cardenas-Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shanru Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Schaefer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ullas V. Chembazhi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana Nottingham
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Lin
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Cantu
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua M. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria C. Basil
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew E. Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Wang Y, Meng Z, Liu M, Zhou Y, Chen D, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Zhong N, Dai X, Li S, Zuo W. Autologous transplantation of P63 + lung progenitor cells for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease therapy. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi3360. [PMID: 38354225 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Adult lung resident stem/progenitor cells, including P63+ progenitor cells, have demonstrated the capacity for regeneration of lung epithelium in preclinical models. Here, we report a clinical trial of intrapulmonary P63+ progenitor cell transplantation in 28 participants with stage II to IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Autologous P63+ progenitor cells were isolated from the airway basal layer of participants in the intervention group via bronchoscopic brushing, cultured for 3 to 5 weeks, and then transplanted back into the lungs via bronchoscopy at 0.7 × 106 to 5.2 × 106 cells per kilogram of body weight. Twenty patients were evaluable at the end of the study (intervention group, n = 17; control group, n = 3). No grade 3 to 5 adverse events (AEs) or serious AEs occurred. Although bronchoscopy-associated AEs were recorded in participants in the intervention group, other AEs were not substantial different between groups. Twenty-four weeks after transplantation, participants in the intervention group displayed improvement in gas transfer capacity [diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) change from baseline: +18.2%], whereas the control group experienced a decrease (DLCO change from baseline: -17.4%; P = 0.008). Furthermore, participants in the intervention group showed >30-meter increase in walking distance within 6 minutes. Transcriptomic analysis of progenitor cells isolated from responding and nonresponding individuals in the intervention group showed that higher expression of P63 was associated with treatment efficacy. In conclusion, transplantation of cultured P63+ lung progenitor cells was safe and might represent a potential therapeutic strategy for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Department of Organ Regeneration, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zili Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yueqing Zhou
- Department of Organ Regeneration, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Super Organ R&D Center, Regend Therapeutics, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Difei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Organ Regeneration, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Super Organ R&D Center, Regend Therapeutics, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaotian Dai
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University of PLA, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shiyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of Organ Regeneration, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
- Super Organ R&D Center, Regend Therapeutics, Shanghai 201318, China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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10
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Janas PP, Chauché C, Shearer P, Perona-Wright G, McSorley HJ, Schwarze J. Cold dispase digestion of murine lungs improves recovery and culture of airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297585. [PMID: 38271372 PMCID: PMC10810513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells (AECs) play a key role in maintaining lung homeostasis, epithelium regeneration and the initiation of pulmonary immune responses. To isolate and study murine AECs investigators have classically used short and hot (1h 37°C) digestion protocols. Here, we present a workflow for efficient AECs isolation and culture, utilizing long and cold (20h 4°C) dispase II digestion of murine lungs. This protocol yields a greater number of viable AECs compared to an established 1h 37°C dispase II digestion. Using a combination of flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy, we demonstrate that compared to the established method, the cold digestion allows for recovery of a 3-fold higher number of CD45-CD31-EpCAM+ cells from murine lungs. Their viability is increased compared to established protocols, they can be isolated in larger numbers by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS), and they result in greater numbers of distal airway stem cell (DASC) KRT5+p63+ colonies in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that temperature and duration of murine lung enzymatic digestion have a considerable impact on AEC yield, viability, and ability to form colonies in vitro. We believe this workflow will be helpful for studying lung AECs and their role in the biology of lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pawel Janas
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Chauché
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Shearer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Perona-Wright
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J. McSorley
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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Blumer S, Khan P, Artysh N, Plappert L, Savic S, Knudsen L, Jonigk D, Kuehnel MP, Prasse A, Hostettler KE. The use of cultured human alveolar basal cells to mimic honeycomb formation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2024; 25:26. [PMID: 38200596 PMCID: PMC10777517 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honeycomb cysts (HC) within the alveolar region are distinct histopathological features in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. HC are lined with a single-or stratified layer of basal cells (BC), or with a bronchiolar-like epithelium composed of basal-, ciliated- and secretory epithelial cells. By using cultured IPF patient-derived alveolar BC, we aimed to establish an in vitro- and in vivo model to mimic HC formation in IPF. We (1) optimized conditions to culture and propagate IPF patient-derived alveolar BC, (2) cultured the cells on an air liquid interface (ALI) or in a three dimensional (3D) organoid model, and (3) investigated the cells` behavior after instillation into bleomycin-challenged mice. METHODS Alveolar BC were cultured from peripheral IPF lung tissue and grown on tissue-culture treated plastic, an ALI, or in a 3D organoid model. Furthermore, cells were instilled into bleomycin-challenged NRG mice. Samples were analyzed by TaqMan RT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry/immunofluorescence (ICC/IF), or immunohistochemistry (IHC)/IF. Mann-Whitney tests were performed using GraphPad Prism software. RESULTS Cultured alveolar BC showed high expression of canonical basal cell markers (TP63, keratin (KRT)5, KRT14, KRT17), robust proliferation, and wound closure capacity. The cells could be cryopreserved and propagated for up to four passages without a significant loss of basal cell markers. When cultured on an ALI or in a 3D organoid model, alveolar BC differentiated to ciliated- and secretory epithelial cells. When instilled into bleomycin-challenged mice, human alveolar BC cells formed HC-like structures composed of human basal-, and secretory epithelial cells within the mouse parenchyma. CONCLUSION IPF patient-derived alveolar BC on an ALI, in 3D organoids or after instillation into bleomycin-challenged mice form HC-like structures that closely resemble HC within the IPF lung. These models therefore represent powerful tools to study honeycomb formation, and its potential therapeutic inhibition in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Blumer
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Khan
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nataliia Artysh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Linda Plappert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Spasenija Savic
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P Kuehnel
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Prasse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin E Hostettler
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Li Y, Giovannini S, Wang T, Fang J, Li P, Shao C, Wang Y, Shi Y, Candi E, Melino G, Bernassola F. p63: a crucial player in epithelial stemness regulation. Oncogene 2023; 42:3371-3384. [PMID: 37848625 PMCID: PMC10638092 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissue homeostasis is closely associated with the self-renewal and differentiation behaviors of epithelial stem cells (ESCs). p63, a well-known marker of ESCs, is an indispensable factor for their biological activities during epithelial development. The diversity of p63 isoforms expressed in distinct tissues allows this transcription factor to have a wide array of effects. p63 coordinates the transcription of genes involved in cell survival, stem cell self-renewal, migration, differentiation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Through the regulation of these biological processes, p63 contributes to, not only normal epithelial development, but also epithelium-derived cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of p63 in epithelial stemness regulation, including self-renewal, differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. We describe the differential expression of TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms and their distinct functional activities in normal epithelial tissues and in epithelium-derived tumors. Furthermore, we summarize the signaling cascades modulating the TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoforms as well as their downstream pathways in stemness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Sara Giovannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Tingting Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Peishan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), 00100, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Hewitt RJ, Puttur F, Gaboriau DCA, Fercoq F, Fresquet M, Traves WJ, Yates LL, Walker SA, Molyneaux PL, Kemp SV, Nicholson AG, Rice A, Roberts E, Lennon R, Carlin LM, Byrne AJ, Maher TM, Lloyd CM. Lung extracellular matrix modulates KRT5 + basal cell activity in pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6039. [PMID: 37758700 PMCID: PMC10533905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expansion of KRT5+ basal cells in the distal lung accompanies progressive alveolar epithelial cell loss and tissue remodelling during fibrogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The mechanisms determining activity of KRT5+ cells in IPF have not been delineated. Here, we reveal a potential mechanism by which KRT5+ cells migrate within the fibrotic lung, navigating regional differences in collagen topography. In vitro, KRT5+ cell migratory characteristics and expression of remodelling genes are modulated by extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and organisation. Mass spectrometry- based proteomics revealed compositional differences in ECM components secreted by primary human lung fibroblasts (HLF) from IPF patients compared to controls. Over-expression of ECM glycoprotein, Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich (SPARC) in the IPF HLF matrix restricts KRT5+ cell migration in vitro. Together, our findings demonstrate how changes to the ECM in IPF directly influence KRT5+ cell behaviour and function contributing to remodelling events in the fibrotic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hewitt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Franz Puttur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David C A Gaboriau
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Maryline Fresquet
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - William J Traves
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Laura L Yates
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simone A Walker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Samuel V Kemp
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Alexandra Rice
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Edward Roberts
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Leo M Carlin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Adam J Byrne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Keck Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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14
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Beppu AK, Zhao J, Yao C, Carraro G, Israely E, Coelho AL, Drake K, Hogaboam CM, Parks WC, Kolls JK, Stripp BR. Epithelial plasticity and innate immune activation promote lung tissue remodeling following respiratory viral infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5814. [PMID: 37726288 PMCID: PMC10509177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial plasticity has been suggested in lungs of mice following genetic depletion of stem cells but is of unknown physiological relevance. Viral infection and chronic lung disease share similar pathological features of stem cell loss in alveoli, basal cell (BC) hyperplasia in small airways, and innate immune activation, that contribute to epithelial remodeling and loss of lung function. We show that a subset of distal airway secretory cells, intralobar serous (IS) cells, are activated to assume BC fates following influenza virus infection. Injury-induced hyperplastic BC (hBC) differ from pre-existing BC by high expression of IL-22Ra1 and undergo IL-22-dependent expansion for colonization of injured alveoli. Resolution of virus-elicited inflammation results in BC to IS re-differentiation in repopulated alveoli, and increased local expression of protective antimicrobial factors, but fails to restore normal alveolar epithelium responsible for gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Beppu
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Edo Israely
- Department of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Anna Lucia Coelho
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Katherine Drake
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - William C Parks
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Tulane Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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15
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Major J, Crotta S, Finsterbusch K, Chakravarty P, Shah K, Frederico B, D'Antuono R, Green M, Meader L, Suarez-Bonnet A, Priestnall S, Stockinger B, Wack A. Endothelial AHR activity prevents lung barrier disruption in viral infection. Nature 2023; 621:813-820. [PMID: 37587341 PMCID: PMC7615136 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the lung endothelial-epithelial cell barrier following respiratory virus infection causes cell and fluid accumulation in the air spaces and compromises vital gas exchange function1. Endothelial dysfunction can exacerbate tissue damage2,3, yet it is unclear whether the lung endothelium promotes host resistance against viral pathogens. Here we show that the environmental sensor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is highly active in lung endothelial cells and protects against influenza-induced lung vascular leakage. Loss of AHR in endothelia exacerbates lung damage and promotes the infiltration of red blood cells and leukocytes into alveolar air spaces. Moreover, barrier protection is compromised and host susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections is increased when endothelial AHR is missing. AHR engages tissue-protective transcriptional networks in endothelia, including the vasoactive apelin-APJ peptide system4, to prevent a dysplastic and apoptotic response in airway epithelial cells. Finally, we show that protective AHR signalling in lung endothelial cells is dampened by the infection itself. Maintenance of protective AHR function requires a diet enriched in naturally occurring AHR ligands, which activate disease tolerance pathways in lung endothelia to prevent tissue damage. Our findings demonstrate the importance of endothelial function in lung barrier immunity. We identify a gut-lung axis that affects lung damage following encounters with viral pathogens, linking dietary composition and intake to host fitness and inter-individual variations in disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Major
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Laboratory of Epithelial Barrier Immunity, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Stefania Crotta
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Kathleen Shah
- AhRimmunity Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Immunology Research Unit, GSK, Stevenage, UK
| | - Bruno Frederico
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Early Oncology, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mary Green
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lucy Meader
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alejandro Suarez-Bonnet
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Simon Priestnall
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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16
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Merk VM, Renzulli P, Vrugt B, Fleischmann A, Brunner T. Glucocorticoids are differentially synthesized along the murine and human respiratory tree. Allergy 2023; 78:2428-2440. [PMID: 37171450 DOI: 10.1111/all.15765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic glucocorticoids (GC) are effective in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the lung. However, long-term use leads to severe side effects. Endogenous GC can be synthesized locally, either de novo from cholesterol in a 11β-hydroxylase (Cyp11b1)-dependent manner, or by reactivation from 11-dehydrocorticosterone/cortisone by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (Hsd11b1). We aimed to define the molecular pathways of endogenous GC synthesis along the respiratory tree to provide a basis for understanding how local GC synthesis contributes to tissue homeostasis. METHODS Expression of steroidogenic enzymes in murine lung epithelium was analyzed by macroscopic and laser capture microdissection, followed by RT-qPCR. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to identify the cellular source of steroidogenic enzymes. Additionally, the induction of steroidogenic enzyme expression in the lung was analyzed after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes was confirmed in human lung tissue by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, GC synthesis was examined in ex vivo cultures of fresh tissue from mice and human lobectomy patients. RESULTS We observed that the murine and human lung tissue differentially expresses synthesis pathway-determining enzymes along the respiratory tree. We detected Hsd11b1 expression in bronchial, alveolar, club and basal epithelial cells, whereas Cyp11b1 expression was detectable only in tracheal epithelial cells of mice. Accordingly, de novo synthesis of bioactive GC occurred in the large conducting airways, whereas reactivation occurred everywhere along the respiratory tree. Strikingly, Cyp11b1 but not Hsd11b1 expression was enhanced in the trachea upon LPS injection in mice. CONCLUSION We report here the differential synthesis of bioactive GC along the murine and human respiratory tree. Thus, extra-adrenal de novo GC synthesis and reactivation may differentially contribute to the regulation of immunological and inflammatory processes in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena M Merk
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Pietro Renzulli
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Münsterlingen, Münsterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Bart Vrugt
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Münsterlingen, Münsterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Achim Fleischmann
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Münsterlingen, Münsterlingen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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17
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El Agha E, Thannickal VJ. The lung mesenchyme in development, regeneration, and fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e170498. [PMID: 37463440 DOI: 10.1172/jci170498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells are uniquely located at the interface between the epithelial lining and the stroma, allowing them to act as a signaling hub among diverse cellular compartments of the lung. During embryonic and postnatal lung development, mesenchyme-derived signals instruct epithelial budding, branching morphogenesis, and subsequent structural and functional maturation. Later during adult life, the mesenchyme plays divergent roles wherein its balanced activation promotes epithelial repair after injury while its aberrant activation can lead to pathological remodeling and fibrosis that are associated with multiple chronic pulmonary diseases, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this Review, we discuss the involvement of the lung mesenchyme in various morphogenic, neomorphogenic, and dysmorphogenic aspects of lung biology and health, with special emphasis on lung fibroblast subsets and smooth muscle cells, intercellular communication, and intrinsic mesenchymal mechanisms that drive such physiological and pathophysiological events throughout development, homeostasis, injury repair, regeneration, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie El Agha
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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18
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Moreno-Valladares M, Moncho-Amor V, Silva TM, Garcés JP, Álvarez-Satta M, Matheu A. KRT5 +/p63 + Stem Cells Undergo Senescence in the Human Lung with Pathological Aging. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1013-1027. [PMID: 37191411 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult lungs present high cellular plasticity against stress and injury, mobilizing stem/progenitor populations from conducting airways to maintain tissue homeostasis and gas exchange in alveolar spaces. With aging, pulmonary functional and structural deterioration occurs, mainly in pathological conditions, which is associated with impaired stem cell activity and increased senescence in mice. However, the impact of these processes underlying lung physiopathology in relation to aging has not been explored in humans. In this work, we analyzed stem cell (SOX2, p63, KRT5), senescence (p16INK4A, p21CIP, Lamin B1) and proliferative (Ki67) markers in lung samples from young and aged individuals, with and without pulmonary pathology. We identified a reduction in SOX2+ cells but not p63+ and KRT5+ basal cells in small airways with aging. In alveoli, we revealed the presence of triple SOX2+, p63+ and KRT5+ cells specifically in aged individuals diagnosed with pulmonary pathologies. Notably, p63+ and KRT5+ basal stem cells displayed colocalization with p16INK4A and p21CIP, as well as with low Lamin B1 staining in alveoli. Further studies revealed that senescence and proliferation markers were mutually exclusive in stem cells with a higher percentage colocalizing with senescence markers. These results provide new evidence of the activity of p63+/KRT5+ stem cells on human lung regeneration and point out that regeneration machinery in human lung is activated under stress due to aging, but fails to repair in pathological cases, as stem cells would likely become senescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Moreno-Valladares
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Cellular Oncology, San Sebastian, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, Pathology Department, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Moncho-Amor
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Cellular Oncology, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tulio M Silva
- Donostia University Hospital, Pathology Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Juan P Garcés
- Donostia University Hospital, Pathology Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Cellular Oncology, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Cellular Oncology, San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), Carlos III Institute, Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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19
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Planer JD, Morrisey EE. After the Storm: Regeneration, Repair, and Reestablishment of Homeostasis Between the Alveolar Epithelium and Innate Immune System Following Viral Lung Injury. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:337-359. [PMID: 36270292 PMCID: PMC10875627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031621-024344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian lung has an enormous environmental-epithelial interface that is optimized to accomplish the principal function of the respiratory system, gas exchange. One consequence of evolving such a large surface area is that the lung epithelium is continuously exposed to toxins, irritants, and pathogens. Maintaining homeostasis in this environment requires a delicate balance of cellular signaling between the epithelium and innate immune system. Following injury, the epithelium can be either fully regenerated in form and function or repaired by forming dysplastic scar tissue. In this review, we describe the major mechanisms of damage, regeneration, and repair within the alveolar niche where gas exchange occurs. With a focus on viral infection, we summarize recent work that has established how epithelial proliferation is arrested during infection and how the innate immune system guides its reconstitution during recovery. The consequences of these processes going awry are also considered, with an emphasis on how this will impact postpandemic pulmonary biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Planer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Zuliani-Alvarez L, Piccinini AM. A virological view of tenascin-C in infection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C1-C9. [PMID: 36458980 PMCID: PMC9762962 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00333.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C is a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein with complex, not yet fully unveiled roles. Its context- and structure-dependent modus operandi renders tenascin-C a puzzling protein. Since its discovery ∼40 years ago, research into tenascin-C biology continues to reveal novel functions, the most recent of all being its immunomodulatory activity, especially its role in infection, which is just now beginning to emerge. Here, we explore the role of tenascin-C in the immune response to viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1. Recently, tenascin-C has emerged as a biomarker of disease severity during COVID-19 and other viral infections, and we highlight relevant RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses that suggest a correlation between tenascin-C levels and disease severity. Finally, we ask what the function of this protein during viral replication is and propose tenascin-C as an intercellular signal of inflammation shuttled to distal sites via exosomes, a player in the repair and remodeling of infected and damaged tissues during severe infectious disease, as well as a ligand for specific pathogens with distinct implications for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Zuliani-Alvarez
- 1QBI Coronavirus Research Group, San Francisco, California,2Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California,3Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Anna M. Piccinini
- 4School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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21
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Kaiser KA, Loffredo LF, Santos-Alexis KDL, Ringham OR, Arpaia N. Regulation of the alveolar regenerative niche by amphiregulin-producing regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 220:213767. [PMID: 36534084 PMCID: PMC9767680 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following respiratory viral infection, regeneration of the epithelial barrier is required to preserve lung function and prevent secondary infections. Lung regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical for maintaining blood oxygenation following influenza virus infection through production of the EGFR ligand amphiregulin (Areg); however, how Treg cells engage with progenitors within the alveolar niche is unknown. Here, we describe local interactions between Treg cells and an Areg-responsive population of Col14a1+EGFR+ lung mesenchymal cells that mediate type II alveolar epithelial (AT2) cell-mediated regeneration following influenza virus infection. We propose a mechanism whereby Treg cells are deployed to sites of damage and provide pro-survival cues that support mesenchymal programming of the alveolar niche. In the absence of fibroblast EGFR signaling, we observe impaired AT2 proliferation and disrupted lung remodeling following viral clearance, uncovering a crucial immune/mesenchymal/epithelial network that guides alveolar regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas F. Loffredo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Olivia R. Ringham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Correspondence to Nicholas Arpaia:
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22
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Weiner AI, Zhao G, Zayas HM, Holcomb NP, Adams-Tzivelekidis S, Wong J, Gentile ME, Reddy D, Wei J, Palashikar G, Quansah KK, Vaughan AE. ΔNp63 drives dysplastic alveolar remodeling and restricts epithelial plasticity upon severe lung injury. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111805. [PMID: 36516758 PMCID: PMC9808897 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung exhibits a robust, multifaceted regenerative response to severe injuries such as influenza infection, during which quiescent lung-resident epithelial progenitors participate in two distinct reparative pathways: functionally beneficial regeneration via alveolar type 2 (AT2) cell proliferation and differentiation, and dysplastic tissue remodeling via intrapulmonary airway-resident basal p63+ progenitors. Here we show that the basal cell transcription factor ΔNp63 is required for intrapulmonary basal progenitors to participate in dysplastic alveolar remodeling following injury. We find that ΔNp63 restricts the plasticity of intrapulmonary basal progenitors by maintaining either active or repressive histone modifications at key differentiation gene loci. Following loss of ΔNp63, intrapulmonary basal progenitors are capable of either airway or alveolar differentiation depending on their surrounding environment both in vitro and in vivo. Uncovering these regulatory mechanisms of dysplastic repair and lung basal cell fate choice highlight potential therapeutic targets to promote functional alveolar regeneration following severe lung injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron I Weiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hanna M Zayas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolas P Holcomb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie Adams-Tzivelekidis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joanna Wong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria E Gentile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dyuthi Reddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joey Wei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gargi Palashikar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kwaku K Quansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Multinuclear MRI in Drug Discovery. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196493. [PMID: 36235031 PMCID: PMC9572840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous development of magnetic resonance imaging broadens the range of applications to newer areas. Using MRI, we can not only visualize, but also track pharmaceutical substances and labeled cells in both in vivo and in vitro tests. 1H is widely used in the MRI method, which is determined by its high content in the human body. The potential of the MRI method makes it an excellent tool for imaging the morphology of the examined objects, and also enables registration of changes at the level of metabolism. There are several reports in the scientific publications on the use of clinical MRI for in vitro tracking. The use of multinuclear MRI has great potential for scientific research and clinical studies. Tuning MRI scanners to the Larmor frequency of a given nucleus, allows imaging without tissue background. Heavy nuclei are components of both drugs and contrast agents and molecular complexes. The implementation of hyperpolarization techniques allows for better MRI sensitivity. The aim of this review is to present the use of multinuclear MRI for investigations in drug delivery.
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24
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Kass-Gergi S, Vaughan AE. Alveolar Repair after Viral Injury: A Tale of Two Cell Types. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:273-274. [PMID: 35816439 PMCID: PMC9447140 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0254ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kass-Gergi
- Penn Lung Biology Institute,Department of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew E. Vaughan
- Penn Lung Biology Institute,School of Veterinary Medicine,Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania
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25
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Liang Z, Han G, Luo Z, Li B, Liu W, Shen C. Effects of Periplaneta americana extracts on the growth and proliferation of cutaneous interstitial cells in cutaneous-wound healing. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:920855. [PMID: 36105218 PMCID: PMC9465176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.920855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous-wound healing requires a coordinated reaction of multiple cells, including interstitial cells. Impaired recovery of cutaneous wounds can lead to various adverse health outcomes. Kangfuxin (KFX), an extract obtained from Periplaneta americana, is beneficial in cutaneous-wound healing. In this study, we isolated dermal cells from suckling mice and established a mouse model of cutaneous injury to evaluate the therapeutic effects of KFX. Cell biology experiments indicated that treatment with KFX improved cell proliferation and migration and also repaired cutaneous wounds in the animal model. Activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway was the core molecular mechanism of KFX. Our study provides a theoretical and practical basis for the clinical application of KFX in cutaneous-wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guiqi Han
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zecheng Luo
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Baojie Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongyang Shen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chongyang Shen,
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26
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Stancil IT, Michalski JE, Hennessy CE, Hatakka KL, Yang IV, Kurche JS, Rincon M, Schwartz DA. Interleukin-6-dependent epithelial fluidization initiates fibrotic lung remodeling. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo5254. [PMID: 35857823 PMCID: PMC9981332 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo5254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic disease results from the failure of tissues to maintain homeostasis. In the lung, coordinated repair of the epithelium is essential for preserving homeostasis. In animal models and human lung disease, airway epithelial cells mobilize in response to lung injury, resulting in the formation of airway-like cysts with persistent loss of functional cell types and parenchymal architecture. Using live-cell imaging of human lung epithelial cultures and mouse precision-cut lung slices, we demonstrated that distal airway epithelia are aberrantly fluidized both after injury and in fibrotic lung disease. Through transcriptomic profiling and pharmacologic stimulation of epithelial cultures, we identified interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling as a driver of tissue fluidization. This signaling cascade occurred independently of canonical Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling but instead was dependent on a downstream SRC family kinase (SFK)-yes-associated protein (YAP) axis. Airway epithelial-fibroblast cocultures revealed that the fibrotic mesenchyme acts as a source of IL-6 family cytokines, which drive airway fluidization. Inhibition of the IL-6-SFK-YAP cascade was sufficient to prevent fluidization in both in vitro and ex vivo models. Last, we demonstrated a reduction in fibrotic lung remodeling in mice through genetic or pharmacologic targeting of IL-6-related signaling. Together, our findings illustrate the critical role of airway epithelial fluidization in coordinating the balance between homeostatic lung repair and fibrotic airspace remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T. Stancil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jacob E. Michalski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Corinne E. Hennessy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristina L. Hatakka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ivana V. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Kurche
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mercedes Rincon
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David A. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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27
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Optical Behavior of Human Skin Substitutes: Absorbance in the 200-400 nm UV Range. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071640. [PMID: 35884945 PMCID: PMC9313464 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent generation of bioengineered human skin allows for the efficient treatment of patients with severe skin defects. Despite UV sunlight can seriously affect human skin, the optical behavior in the UV range of skin models is still unexplored. In the present study, absorbance and transmittance of the UGRSKIN bioartificial skin substitute generated with human skin cells combined with fibrin-agarose biomaterials were evaluated for: UV-C (200−280 nm), -B (280−315 nm), and -A (315−400 nm) spectral range after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of ex vivo development. The epidermis of the bioartificial skin substitute was able to mature and differentiate in a time-dependent manner, expressing relevant molecules able to absorb most of the incoming UV radiation. Absorbance spectral behavior of the skin substitutes showed similar patterns to control native skin (VAF > 99.4%), with values 0.85−0.90 times lower than control values at 7 and 14- days and 1.05−1.10 times the control values at 21- and 28-days. UV absorbance increased, and UV transmission decreased with culture time, and comparable results to the control were found at 21 and 28 days. These findings support the use of samples corresponding to 21 or 28 days of development for clinical purposes due to their higher histological similarities with native skin, but also because of their absorbance of UV radiation.
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28
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Narasimhan H, Wu Y, Goplen NP, Sun J. Immune determinants of chronic sequelae after respiratory viral infection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm7996. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm7996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The acute effects of various respiratory viral infections have been well studied, with extensive characterization of the clinical presentation as well as viral pathogenesis and host responses. However, over the course of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence and prevalence of chronic sequelae after acute viral infections have become increasingly appreciated as a serious health concern. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, alternatively described as “long COVID-19,” are characterized by symptoms that persist for longer than 28 days after recovery from acute illness. Although there exists substantial heterogeneity in the nature of the observed sequelae, this phenomenon has also been observed in the context of other respiratory viral infections including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus. In this Review, we discuss the various sequelae observed following important human respiratory viral pathogens and our current understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the failure of restoration of homeostasis in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Narasimhan
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nick P. Goplen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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29
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Shen M, Luo Z, Zhou Y. Regeneration-Associated Transitional State Cells in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6757. [PMID: 35743199 PMCID: PMC9223485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial disease. It is characterized by fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast activation, and massive extracellular matrix deposition. These processes result in loss of lung parenchyma function. The transdifferentiation of alveolar epithelial type II (AEC2) to alveolar epithelial type I cells (AEC1) plays an important role in the epithelial repair after lung injury. Pulmonary fibrosis begins when this transdifferentiation process is blocked. Several recent studies have found that novel transitional state cells (intermediate states in the transdifferentiation of AEC2 to AEC1) can potentially regenerate the alveolar epithelium surface and promote a repair process. During the AEC2 to AEC1 trans-differentiation process after injury, AEC2 lose their specific markers and become transitional state cells. Furthermore, transdifferentiation of transitional state cells into AEC1 is the critical step for lung repair. However, transitional cells stagnate in the intermediate states in which failure of transdifferentiation to AEC1 may induce an inadequate repair process and pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we focus on the traits, origins, functions, and activation of signaling pathways of the transitional state cell and its communication with other cells. We also provide a new opinion on pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Shen
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410003, China; (M.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410003, China; (M.S.); (Z.L.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Changsha 410003, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410003, China; (M.S.); (Z.L.)
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30
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Khan P, Roux J, Blumer S, Knudsen L, Jonigk D, Kuehnel MP, Tamm M, Hostettler KE. Alveolar Basal Cells Differentiate towards Secretory Epithelial- and Aberrant Basaloid-like Cells In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:1820. [PMID: 35681516 PMCID: PMC9180703 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), keratin (KRT)17+/KRT5+ basal and KRT17+/KRT5- aberrant basaloid cells are atypically present within the alveolar space. We previously described the fibrosis-enriched outgrowth of alveolar basal cells from peripheral fibrotic lung tissue. Using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we here characterize the transcriptome of these cultured alveolar basal cells under different culture conditions. METHODS Fibrotic peripheral lung tissue pieces were placed in DMEM growth medium. Outgrown cells were analysed by scRNA-seq, TaqMan-PCR or immunofluorescence (IF) either directly or after medium change to an epithelial cell specific medium (Cnt-PR-A). RESULTS A fraction of alveolar basal cells cultured in DMEM growth medium showed close transcriptomic similarities to IPF basal cells. However, although they expressed KRT5, the transcriptome of the majority of cells matched best to the transcriptome of recently described KRT17+/KRT5- aberrant basaloid cells, co-expressing the canonical basal cell marker KRT17 and mesenchymal cell marker (VIM, FN1). A smaller fraction of cells matched best to secretory epithelial cells. Two differentiation gradients from basal to aberrant basaloid-like cells and basal to secretory epithelial-like cells were apparent. Interestingly, these differentiation paths seemed reversed when the cell culture medium was changed to Cnt-PR-A. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cultured alveolar basal cells have the capacity to differentiate towards secretory epithelial-like cells and to aberrant basaloid-like cells. However, due to the persistent expression of KRT5, a complete differentiation towards aberrant basaloid cells did not seem to be achieved in our culture conditions. Importantly, differentiation seemed reversible by changing the cells microenvironment. Determining specific factors influencing these differentiation paths may help to define novel drug targets for IPF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Khan
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Blumer
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany; (D.J.); (M.P.K.)
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany; (D.J.); (M.P.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P. Kuehnel
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), The German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany; (D.J.); (M.P.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Tamm
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Katrin E. Hostettler
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (P.K.); (J.R.); (S.B.); (M.T.)
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31
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Ghanem M, Mailleux AA. Aberrant Multiciliogenesis in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Bystander or Driver of Disease Progression? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:142-144. [PMID: 35612966 PMCID: PMC9348563 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0201ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mada Ghanem
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PHERE, Paris, France
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Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a devastating pandemic. Although most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop a mild to moderate disease with virus replication restricted mainly to the upper airways, some progress to having a life-threatening pneumonia. In this Review, we explore recent clinical and experimental advances regarding SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and discuss potential mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), specifically focusing on new insights obtained using novel technologies such as single-cell omics, organoid infection models and CRISPR screens. We describe how SARS-CoV-2 may infect the lower respiratory tract and cause alveolar damage as a result of dysfunctional immune responses. We discuss how this may lead to the induction of a 'leaky state' of both the epithelium and the endothelium, promoting inflammation and coagulation, while an influx of immune cells leads to overexuberant inflammatory responses and immunopathology. Finally, we highlight how these findings may aid the development of new therapeutic interventions against COVID-19.
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Iwabuchi S, Miyamoto K, Hatai M, Mikasa Y, Katsuda M, Murata SI, Kondo T, Yamaue H, Hashimoto S. Immune Cells Profiles in the Different Sites of COVID-19-Affected Lung Lobes in a Single Patient. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:841170. [PMID: 35252273 PMCID: PMC8888686 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.841170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the COVID-19 disease pathophysiology is under investigation, it is important to identify the pathways of viral transmission and inflammation from the pre-illness to the disease-onset stages. We analyzed five lung lobes from a patient with COVID-19 who finally died after prolonged lung protective ventilation. Pathological examination revealed moderate inflammation in upper lung lobes and uneven yet severe inflammation and diffuse alveolar damage in lower lung lobes. SARS-CoV-2 was detected at higher levels not in severely, but rather moderately inflamed middle lung lobes, and immunohistochemistry and bulk RNA-sequencing results showed that immune cells were detected at higher levels in lower lung lobes. The mRNA expression of cytokine families varied. We found an increase in keratin 5- or aquaporin 3-expressing basal cells in the severely inflamed lower lung lobes, and the alveolar stromal tissues were filled with them. Thus, this analysis of lung samples from a patient helps to determine the COVID-19 pathophysiology at a specific time point, and the virus localization and inflammatory responses at each site of the lungs provide various important indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadahiro Iwabuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kyohei Miyamoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Hatai
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yurina Mikasa
- Departments of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsuda
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Murata
- Departments of Human Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kondo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaue
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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Khan P, Fytianos K, Blumer S, Roux J, Gazdhar A, Savic S, Knudsen L, Jonigk D, Kuehnel MP, Mykoniati S, Tamm M, Geiser T, Hostettler KE. Basal-Like Cell-Conditioned Medium Exerts Anti-Fibrotic Effects In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:844119. [PMID: 35350187 PMCID: PMC8957873 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.844119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), basal-like cells are atypically present in the alveolar region, where they may affect adjacent stromal cells by paracrine mechanisms. We here aimed to confirm the presence of basal-like cells in peripheral IPF lung tissue in vivo, to culture and characterize the cells in vitro, and to investigate their paracrine effects on IPF fibroblasts in vitro and in bleomycin-injured rats in vivo. Basal-like cells are mainly localized in areas of pathological bronchiolization or honeycomb cysts in peripheral IPF lung tissue. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) demonstrated an overall homogeneity, the expression of the basal cell markers cytokeratin KRT5 and KRT17, and close transcriptomic similarities to basal cells in the majority of cells cultured in vitro. Basal-like cells secreted significant levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and their conditioned medium (CM) inhibited alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen 1A1 (Col1A1) and upregulated matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by IPF fibroblasts in vitro. The instillation of CM in bleomycin-injured rat lungs resulted in reduced collagen content, improved lung architecture, and reduced α-SMA-positive cells. Our data suggested that basal-like cells may limit aberrant fibroblast activation and differentiation in IPF through paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Khan
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kleanthis Fytianos
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Blumer
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roux
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Spasenija Savic
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark P. Kuehnel
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sofia Mykoniati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jura Cantonal Hospital, Delemont, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katrin E. Hostettler
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinics of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Barr J, Gentile ME, Lee S, Kotas ME, Fernanda de Mello Costa M, Holcomb NP, Jaquish A, Palashikar G, Soewignjo M, McDaniel M, Matsumoto I, Margolskee R, Von Moltke J, Cohen NA, Sun X, Vaughan AE. Injury-induced pulmonary tuft cells are heterogenous, arise independent of key Type 2 cytokines, and are dispensable for dysplastic repair. eLife 2022; 11:78074. [PMID: 36073526 PMCID: PMC9553214 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While the lung bears significant regenerative capacity, severe viral pneumonia can chronically impair lung function by triggering dysplastic remodeling. The connection between these enduring changes and chronic disease remains poorly understood. We recently described the emergence of tuft cells within Krt5+ dysplastic regions after influenza injury. Using bulk and single-cell transcriptomics, we characterized and delineated multiple distinct tuft cell populations that arise following influenza clearance. Distinct from intestinal tuft cells which rely on Type 2 immune signals for their expansion, neither IL-25 nor IL-4ra signaling are required to drive tuft cell development in dysplastic/injured lungs. In addition, tuft cell expansion occurred independently of type I or type III interferon signaling. Furthermore, tuft cells were also observed upon bleomycin injury, suggesting that their development may be a general response to severe lung injury. While intestinal tuft cells promote growth and differentiation of surrounding epithelial cells, in the lungs of tuft cell deficient mice, Krt5+ dysplasia still occurs, goblet cell production is unchanged, and there remains no appreciable contribution of Krt5+ cells into more regionally appropriate alveolar Type 2 cells. Together, these findings highlight unexpected differences in signals necessary for murine lung tuft cell amplification and establish a framework for future elucidation of tuft cell functions in pulmonary health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justinn Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Maria Elena Gentile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States,Lung Biology Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Maya E Kotas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy & Sleep Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Maria Fernanda de Mello Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Nicolas P Holcomb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Abigail Jaquish
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Gargi Palashikar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Marcella Soewignjo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Margaret McDaniel
- Department of Immunology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Jakob Von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Monell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphiaUnited States,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center Surgical ServicePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Xin Sun
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States,Lung Biology Institute, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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36
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Brune JE, Chang MY, Altemeier WA, Frevert CW. Type I Interferon Signaling Increases Versican Expression and Synthesis in Lung Stromal Cells During Influenza Infection. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:691-709. [PMID: 34666527 PMCID: PMC8554580 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211054447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Versican, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, is an essential component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in inflammatory lung disease. Versican's potential as an immunomodulatory molecule makes it a promising therapeutic target for controlling host immune responses in the lungs. To establish changes to versican expression and accumulation during influenza A viral pneumonia, we document the temporal and spatial changes to versican mRNA and protein in concert with pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration. These studies were performed in the lungs of wild-type C57BL6/J mice on days 3, 6, 9, and 12 post-infection with influenza A virus using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and quantitative digital pathology. Using duplex in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that type I interferon signaling contributes significantly to versican expression in lung stromal cells. Our findings show that versican is a type I interferon-stimulated gene in pulmonary fibroblasts and pericytes in the context of viral pneumonia. These data also provide a guide for future studies to determine the role of versican in the pulmonary immune response to influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jourdan E. Brune
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary Y. Chang
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William A. Altemeier
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles W. Frevert
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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37
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Liberti DC, Morrisey EE. Organoid models: assessing lung cell fate decisions and disease responses. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:1159-1174. [PMID: 34674972 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organoids can be derived from various cell types in the lung, and they provide a reproducible and tractable model for understanding the complex signals driving cell fate decisions in a regenerative context. In this review, we provide a retrospective account of organoid methodologies and outline new opportunities for optimizing these methods to further explore emerging concepts in lung biology. Moreover, we examine the benefits of integrating organoid assays with in vivo modeling to explore how the various niches and compartments in the respiratory system respond to both acute and chronic lung disease. The strategic implementation and improvement of organoid techniques will provide exciting new opportunities to understand and identify new therapeutic approaches to ameliorate lung disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Liberti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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38
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Sussman MA. VAPIng into ARDS: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Cardiopulmonary Failure. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108006. [PMID: 34582836 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Modern" vaping involving battery-operated electronic devices began approximately one dozen years and has quickly evolved into a multibillion dollar industry providing products to an estimated 50 million users worldwide. Originally developed as an alternative to traditional cigarette smoking, vaping now appeals to a diverse demographic including substantial involvement of young people who often have never used cigarettes. The rapid rise of vaping fueled by multiple factors has understandably outpaced understanding of biological effects, made even more challenging due to wide ranging individual user habits and preferences. Consequently while vaping-related research gathers momentum, vaping-associated pathological injury (VAPI) has been established by clinical case reports with severe cases manifesting as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with examples of right ventricular cardiac failure. Therefore, basic scientific studies are desperately needed to understand the impact of vaping upon the lungs as well as cardiopulmonary structure and function. Experimental models that capture fundamental characteristics of vaping-induced ARDS are essential to study pathogenesis and formulate recommendations to mitigate harmful effects attributable to ingredients or equipment. So too, treatment strategies to promote recovery from vaping-associated damage require development and testing at the preclinical level. This review summarizes the back story of vaping leading to present day conundrums with particular emphasis upon VAPI-associated ARDS and prioritization of research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sussman
- SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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39
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Feng J, Liu L, He Y, Wang M, Zhou D, Wang J. Novel insights into the pathogenesis of virus-induced ARDS: review on the central role of the epithelial-endothelial barrier. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:991-1001. [PMID: 34224287 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1951233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory viruses can directly or indirectly damage the pulmonary defense barrier, potentially contributing to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite developments in the understanding of the pathogenesis of ARDS, the underlying pathophysiology still needs to be elucidated.Areas covered: The PubMed database was reviewed for relevant papers published up to 2021. This review summarizes the currently immunological and clinical studies to provide a systemic overview of the epithelial-endothelial barrier, given the recently published immunological profiles upon viral pneumonia, and the potentially detrimental contribution to respiratory function caused by damage to this barrier.Expert opinion: The biophysical structure of host pulmonary defense is intrinsically linked with the ability of alveolar epithelial and capillary endothelial cells, known as the epithelial-endothelial barrier, to respond to, and instruct the delicate immune system to protect the lungs from infections and injuries. Recently published immunological profiles upon viral infection, and its contributions to the damage of respiratory function, suggest a central role for the pulmonary epithelial and endothelial barrier in the pathogenesis of ARDS. We suggest a central role and common pathways by which the epithelial-endothelial barrier contributes to the pathogenesis of ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daixing Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junshuai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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40
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Worrell JC, MacLeod MKL. Stromal-immune cell crosstalk fundamentally alters the lung microenvironment following tissue insult. Immunology 2021; 163:239-249. [PMID: 33556186 PMCID: PMC8014587 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between stromal and immune cells is essential to maintain tissue homeostasis, mount an effective immune response and promote tissue repair. This 'crosstalk' occurs in both the steady state and following a variety of insults, for example, in response to local injury, at sites of infection or cancer. What do we mean by crosstalk between cells? Reciprocal activation and/or regulation occurs between immune and stromal cells, by direct cell contact and indirect mechanisms, including the release of soluble cytokines. Moving beyond cell-to-cell contact, this review investigates the complexity of 'cross-space' cellular communication. We highlight different examples of cellular communication by a variety of lung stromal and immune cells following tissue insults. This review examines how the 'geography of the lung microenvironment' is altered in various disease states; more specifically, we investigate how this influences lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts via their communication with immune cells and each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Worrell
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Megan K. L. MacLeod
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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41
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Delorey TM, Ziegler CGK, Heimberg G, Normand R, Yang Y, Segerstolpe Å, Abbondanza D, Fleming SJ, Subramanian A, Montoro DT, Jagadeesh KA, Dey KK, Sen P, Slyper M, Pita-Juárez YH, Phillips D, Biermann J, Bloom-Ackermann Z, Barkas N, Ganna A, Gomez J, Melms JC, Katsyv I, Normandin E, Naderi P, Popov YV, Raju SS, Niezen S, Tsai LTY, Siddle KJ, Sud M, Tran VM, Vellarikkal SK, Wang Y, Amir-Zilberstein L, Atri DS, Beechem J, Brook OR, Chen J, Divakar P, Dorceus P, Engreitz JM, Essene A, Fitzgerald DM, Fropf R, Gazal S, Gould J, Grzyb J, Harvey T, Hecht J, Hether T, Jané-Valbuena J, Leney-Greene M, Ma H, McCabe C, McLoughlin DE, Miller EM, Muus C, Niemi M, Padera R, Pan L, Pant D, Pe'er C, Pfiffner-Borges J, Pinto CJ, Plaisted J, Reeves J, Ross M, Rudy M, Rueckert EH, Siciliano M, Sturm A, Todres E, Waghray A, Warren S, Zhang S, Zollinger DR, Cosimi L, Gupta RM, Hacohen N, Hibshoosh H, Hide W, Price AL, Rajagopal J, Tata PR, Riedel S, Szabo G, Tickle TL, Ellinor PT, Hung D, Sabeti PC, Novak R, Rogers R, Ingber DE, Jiang ZG, Juric D, Babadi M, Farhi SL, Izar B, Stone JR, Vlachos IS, Solomon IH, Ashenberg O, Porter CBM, Li B, Shalek AK, Villani AC, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Regev A. COVID-19 tissue atlases reveal SARS-CoV-2 pathology and cellular targets. Nature 2021; 595:107-113. [PMID: 33915569 PMCID: PMC8919505 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, can result in acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure1-4, but little is known about its pathophysiology. Here we generated single-cell atlases of 24 lung, 16 kidney, 16 liver and 19 heart autopsy tissue samples and spatial atlases of 14 lung samples from donors who died of COVID-19. Integrated computational analysis uncovered substantial remodelling in the lung epithelial, immune and stromal compartments, with evidence of multiple paths of failed tissue regeneration, including defective alveolar type 2 differentiation and expansion of fibroblasts and putative TP63+ intrapulmonary basal-like progenitor cells. Viral RNAs were enriched in mononuclear phagocytic and endothelial lung cells, which induced specific host programs. Spatial analysis in lung distinguished inflammatory host responses in lung regions with and without viral RNA. Analysis of the other tissue atlases showed transcriptional alterations in multiple cell types in heart tissue from donors with COVID-19, and mapped cell types and genes implicated with disease severity based on COVID-19 genome-wide association studies. Our foundational dataset elucidates the biological effect of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection across the body, a key step towards new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Delorey
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Graham Heimberg
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachelly Normand
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yiming Yang
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Åsa Segerstolpe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Domenic Abbondanza
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Fleming
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Precision Cardiology Laboratory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Karthik A Jagadeesh
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kushal K Dey
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pritha Sen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal Slyper
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yered H Pita-Juárez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Devan Phillips
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jana Biermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zohar Bloom-Ackermann
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Barkas
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytical & Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Gomez
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johannes C Melms
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Katsyv
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erica Normandin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pourya Naderi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yury V Popov
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siddharth S Raju
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian Niezen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Linus T-Y Tsai
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Malika Sud
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Victoria M Tran
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shamsudheen K Vellarikkal
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiping Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Deepak S Atri
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Olga R Brook
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Phylicia Dorceus
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jesse M Engreitz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics and BASE Initiative, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam Essene
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donna M Fitzgerald
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robin Fropf
- NanoString Technologies Inc, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven Gazal
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Gould
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John Grzyb
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Harvey
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Hecht
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Judit Jané-Valbuena
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Hui Ma
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristin McCabe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E McLoughlin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Christoph Muus
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mari Niemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liuliu Pan
- NanoString Technologies Inc, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deepti Pant
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmel Pe'er
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Pinto
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob Plaisted
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Marty Ross
- NanoString Technologies Inc, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melissa Rudy
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Sturm
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Todres
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Avinash Waghray
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Shuting Zhang
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Lisa Cosimi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajat M Gupta
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Winston Hide
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Stefan Riedel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy L Tickle
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Hung
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Gordon Jiang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dejan Juric
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehrtash Babadi
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Precision Cardiology Laboratory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samouil L Farhi
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Izar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James R Stone
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis S Vlachos
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Isaac H Solomon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Orr Ashenberg
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline B M Porter
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Computational & Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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42
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Liberti DC, Kremp MM, Liberti WA, Penkala IJ, Li S, Zhou S, Morrisey EE. Alveolar epithelial cell fate is maintained in a spatially restricted manner to promote lung regeneration after acute injury. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109092. [PMID: 33979629 PMCID: PMC8220578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells integrate signals from multiple molecular pathways to proliferate and differentiate to drive regeneration of the lung alveolus. Utilizing in vivo genetic and ex vivo organoid models, we investigated the role of Fgfr2 signaling in AT2 cells across the lifespan and during adult regeneration after influenza infection. We show that, although dispensable for adult homeostasis, Fgfr2 restricts AT2 cell fate during postnatal lung development. Using an unbiased computational imaging approach, we demonstrate that Fgfr2 promotes AT2 cell proliferation and restrains differentiation in actively regenerating areas after injury. Organoid assays reveal that Fgfr2-deficient AT2 cells remain competent to respond to multiple parallel proliferative inputs. Moreover, genetic blockade of AT2 cell cytokinesis demonstrates that cell division and differentiation are uncoupled during alveolar regeneration. These data reveal that Fgfr2 maintains AT2 cell fate, balancing proliferation and differentiation during lung alveolar regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Liberti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Madison M Kremp
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William A Liberti
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ian J Penkala
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shanru Li
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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43
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Kiener M, Roldan N, Machahua C, Sengupta A, Geiser T, Guenat OT, Funke-Chambour M, Hobi N, Kruithof-de Julio M. Human-Based Advanced in vitro Approaches to Investigate Lung Fibrosis and Pulmonary Effects of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:644678. [PMID: 34026781 PMCID: PMC8139419 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused considerable socio-economic burden, which fueled the development of treatment strategies and vaccines at an unprecedented speed. However, our knowledge on disease recovery is sparse and concerns about long-term pulmonary impairments are increasing. Causing a broad spectrum of symptoms, COVID-19 can manifest as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the most severely affected patients. Notably, pulmonary infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causing agent of COVID-19, induces diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) followed by fibrotic remodeling and persistent reduced oxygenation in some patients. It is currently not known whether tissue scaring fully resolves or progresses to interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The most aggressive form of pulmonary fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is a fatal disease that progressively destroys alveolar architecture by uncontrolled fibroblast proliferation and the deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. It is assumed that micro-injuries to the alveolar epithelium may be induced by inhalation of micro-particles, pathophysiological mechanical stress or viral infections, which can result in abnormal wound healing response. However, the exact underlying causes and molecular mechanisms of lung fibrosis are poorly understood due to the limited availability of clinically relevant models. Recently, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 with the urgent need to investigate its pathogenesis and address drug options, has led to the broad application of in vivo and in vitro models to study lung diseases. In particular, advanced in vitro models including precision-cut lung slices (PCLS), lung organoids, 3D in vitro tissues and lung-on-chip (LOC) models have been successfully employed for drug screens. In order to gain a deeper understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection and ultimately alveolar tissue regeneration, it will be crucial to optimize the available models for SARS-CoV-2 infection in multicellular systems that recapitulate tissue regeneration and fibrotic remodeling. Current evidence for SARS-CoV-2 mediated pulmonary fibrosis and a selection of classical and novel lung models will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kiener
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nuria Roldan
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Machahua
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arunima Sengupta
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Thierry Guenat
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Funke-Chambour
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Hobi
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
- Organoid Core, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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44
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Delorey TM, Ziegler CGK, Heimberg G, Normand R, Yang Y, Segerstolpe A, Abbondanza D, Fleming SJ, Subramanian A, Montoro DT, Jagadeesh KA, Dey KK, Sen P, Slyper M, Pita-Juárez YH, Phillips D, Bloom-Ackerman Z, Barkas N, Ganna A, Gomez J, Normandin E, Naderi P, Popov YV, Raju SS, Niezen S, Tsai LTY, Siddle KJ, Sud M, Tran VM, Vellarikkal SK, Amir-Zilberstein L, Atri DS, Beechem J, Brook OR, Chen J, Divakar P, Dorceus P, Engreitz JM, Essene A, Fitzgerald DM, Fropf R, Gazal S, Gould J, Grzyb J, Harvey T, Hecht J, Hether T, Jane-Valbuena J, Leney-Greene M, Ma H, McCabe C, McLoughlin DE, Miller EM, Muus C, Niemi M, Padera R, Pan L, Pant D, Pe’er C, Pfiffner-Borges J, Pinto CJ, Plaisted J, Reeves J, Ross M, Rudy M, Rueckert EH, Siciliano M, Sturm A, Todres E, Waghray A, Warren S, Zhang S, Zollinger DR, Cosimi L, Gupta RM, Hacohen N, Hide W, Price AL, Rajagopal J, Tata PR, Riedel S, Szabo G, Tickle TL, Hung D, Sabeti PC, Novak R, Rogers R, Ingber DE, Jiang ZG, Juric D, Babadi M, Farhi SL, Stone JR, Vlachos IS, Solomon IH, Ashenberg O, Porter CB, Li B, Shalek AK, Villani AC, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Regev A. A single-cell and spatial atlas of autopsy tissues reveals pathology and cellular targets of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.25.430130. [PMID: 33655247 PMCID: PMC7924267 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.25.430130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused over 1 million deaths globally, mostly due to acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, or direct complications resulting in multiple-organ failures. Little is known about the host tissue immune and cellular responses associated with COVID-19 infection, symptoms, and lethality. To address this, we collected tissues from 11 organs during the clinical autopsy of 17 individuals who succumbed to COVID-19, resulting in a tissue bank of approximately 420 specimens. We generated comprehensive cellular maps capturing COVID-19 biology related to patients' demise through single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-Seq of lung, kidney, liver and heart tissues, and further contextualized our findings through spatial RNA profiling of distinct lung regions. We developed a computational framework that incorporates removal of ambient RNA and automated cell type annotation to facilitate comparison with other healthy and diseased tissue atlases. In the lung, we uncovered significantly altered transcriptional programs within the epithelial, immune, and stromal compartments and cell intrinsic changes in multiple cell types relative to lung tissue from healthy controls. We observed evidence of: alveolar type 2 (AT2) differentiation replacing depleted alveolar type 1 (AT1) lung epithelial cells, as previously seen in fibrosis; a concomitant increase in myofibroblasts reflective of defective tissue repair; and, putative TP63+ intrapulmonary basal-like progenitor (IPBLP) cells, similar to cells identified in H1N1 influenza, that may serve as an emergency cellular reserve for severely damaged alveoli. Together, these findings suggest the activation and failure of multiple avenues for regeneration of the epithelium in these terminal lungs. SARS-CoV-2 RNA reads were enriched in lung mononuclear phagocytic cells and endothelial cells, and these cells expressed distinct host response transcriptional programs. We corroborated the compositional and transcriptional changes in lung tissue through spatial analysis of RNA profiles in situ and distinguished unique tissue host responses between regions with and without viral RNA, and in COVID-19 donor tissues relative to healthy lung. Finally, we analyzed genetic regions implicated in COVID-19 GWAS with transcriptomic data to implicate specific cell types and genes associated with disease severity. Overall, our COVID-19 cell atlas is a foundational dataset to better understand the biological impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection across the human body and empowers the identification of new therapeutic interventions and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M. Delorey
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Carly G. K. Ziegler
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Graham Heimberg
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Rachelly Normand
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yiming Yang
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Asa Segerstolpe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Domenic Abbondanza
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Fleming
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Precision Cardiology Laboratory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ayshwarya Subramanian
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | | | - Karthik A. Jagadeesh
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Kushal K. Dey
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Pritha Sen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michal Slyper
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Yered H. Pita-Juárez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Devan Phillips
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Zohar Bloom-Ackerman
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nick Barkas
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytical & Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Gomez
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Erica Normandin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pourya Naderi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yury V. Popov
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Siddharth S. Raju
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sebastian Niezen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linus T.-Y. Tsai
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine J. Siddle
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Malika Sud
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Victoria M. Tran
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shamsudheen K. Vellarikkal
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liat Amir-Zilberstein
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Deepak S. Atri
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Olga R. Brook
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jonathan Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Phylicia Dorceus
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Jesse M. Engreitz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics and BASE Initiative, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Adam Essene
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donna M. Fitzgerald
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robin Fropf
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steven Gazal
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Gould
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - John Grzyb
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tyler Harvey
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Jonathan Hecht
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler Hether
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Judit Jane-Valbuena
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | | | - Hui Ma
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cristin McCabe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Daniel E. McLoughlin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Christoph Muus
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Mari Niemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge MA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liuliu Pan
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Deepti Pant
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115
- Boston Nutrition and Obesity Research Center Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carmel Pe’er
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | | | - Christopher J. Pinto
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jacob Plaisted
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jason Reeves
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marty Ross
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Melissa Rudy
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander Sturm
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ellen Todres
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Avinash Waghray
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sarah Warren
- NanoString Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Lisa Cosimi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajat M. Gupta
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Winston Hide
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alkes L. Price
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Stefan Riedel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy L. Tickle
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Deborah Hung
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
| | - Robert Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - Donald E. Ingber
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Z. Gordon Jiang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dejan Juric
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mehrtash Babadi
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Precision Cardiology Laboratory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samouil L. Farhi
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - James R. Stone
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ioannis S. Vlachos
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isaac H. Solomon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Orr Ashenberg
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Caroline B.M. Porter
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Computational & Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
- Current address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Current address: Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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