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Saadabadi Z, Daraei B, Kobarfard F, Amirahmadi M, Kheirollahi K. Simultaneous Analysis and Efficient Separation of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Dietary Supplement by a Validated HPTLC Method. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e127444. [PMID: 36942061 PMCID: PMC10024326 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-127444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Using sports supplements is common among athletes. The presence of anabolic steroids in sports supplements as a hormonal contaminant can increase production efficiency. Since anabolic steroids cause health problems and result in positive doping tests in athletes, it is important to investigate their presence in the supplement preparations consumed by athletes. Objectives This paper aims to simultaneously determine ten anabolic steroids by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method in sports supplements. Methods Chromatographic analysis was conducted on glass silica gel 60F254 plates. The extracts loaded on silica gel plates are subjected to programed multiple development (PMD) to separate anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs). Densitometric scanning is carried out at the wavelength of 245 and 366nm. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines. Results Spots at retardation factor (Rf) 0.72 (elution system 1), 0.4 (elution system 1), 0.29 (elution system 2), 0.25 (elution system 2), 0.1 (elution system 1), 0.65 (elution system 2), 0.59 (elution system 1), 0.44 (elution system 1), 0.8 (elution system 3), and 0.82 (elution system 3) values were recognized as 19-nor androstenedione, 19-nortestosterone, methyl testosterone, clostebol, stanozolol, trenbolone enanthate, oxymetholone, oxandrolone, testosterone enanthate, and nandrolone decanoate, respectively. The linear ranges were 25 - 250 μg/mL for oxymetholone, 7 - 50 μg/mL for 19-nor androstenedione, 19-nortestosterone, and oxandrolone, and 3 - 20 μg/mL for methyl testosterone, clostebol, stanozolol, trenbolone enanthate, testosterone enanthate, and nandrolone decanoate. The developed method is validated by acceptable precision (CV < 20%) and good accuracy (94% < R < 114%). The value of limit of detection (LOD) for all derivatives was in the range of 0.02 - 0.16 μg/spot (20-160 μg/g of supplement), while limit of quantitation (LOQ) was found to be in the range of 0.06 - 0.5 μg/spot (60 - 500 μg/g of supplement). Fifty sports supplement samples as real sample were collected and analyzed. None of the samples screened positive using the HPTLC method. Conclusions In the present study, the fast, cheap, and simple HPTLC method could be used for the multi-residue analysis of ten anabolic androgenic steroids in sports supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Saadabadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Amirahmadi
- Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kolsum Kheirollahi
- Food and Drug Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Al-Badr AA. Danazol. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2022; 47:149-326. [PMID: 35396014 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive profile of danazol describing the nomenclatures, formulae, elemental composition, appearance, uses and applications is presented. The profile contains the method which was utilized for the preparation of the drug substance and its respective scheme is outlined. The physical characteristics of the drug including the solubility, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal behavior and spectroscopic studies are described. The methods which were used for the analysis of the drug substance in bulk drug and/or in pharmaceutical formulations including the compendial, spectrophotometric, electrochemical and the chromatographic methods are reported. The stability, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, drug evaluation and monitoring, comparisons, pharmacology, in addition to several compiled reviews on the drug substance which were involved. Finally, two hundred and seventy-nine references are listed at the end of this profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A Al-Badr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P, Stadler G, Enev V, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Guddat S, Forsdahl G. Stanozolol-N-glucuronide metabolites in human urine samples as suitable targets in terms of routine anti-doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1668-1677. [PMID: 34089570 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) stanozolol stays one of the most detected substances in professional sports. Its detection is a fundamental part of doping analysis, and the analysis of this steroid has been intensively investigated for a long time. This contribution to the detection of stanozolol doping describes for the first time the unambiguous proof for the existence of 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-2'N-glucuronide in stanozolol-positive human urine samples due to the access to high-quality reference standards. Examination of excretion study samples shows large detection windows for the phase-II metabolites stanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide up to 12 days and respectively up to almost 28 days. In addition, we present appropriate validation parameters for the analysis of these metabolites using a fully automatic method online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method already published before. Limits of identification (LOIs) as low as 100 pg/ml and other validation parameters like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, and linearity are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stadler
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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4
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Galba J, Piešťanský J, Kováč A, Olešová D, Cehlár O, Kertys M, Kozlík P, Chaľová P, Tirčová B, Slíž K, Mikuš P. Fast and Sensitive Screening of Oxandrolone and Its Major Metabolite 17-Epi-Oxandrolone in Human Urine by UHPLC-MS/MS with On-Line SPE Sample Pretreatment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020480. [PMID: 33477515 PMCID: PMC7831107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxandrolone, a synthetic testosterone analog, is used for the treatment of several diseases associated with weight loss. Unfortunately, oxandrolone is abused by many athletes and bodybuilders due to its strong anabolic effect. We have developed and validated a highly sensitive and rapid on-line SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of oxandrolone and simultaneous identification of its major metabolite 17-epi-oxandrolone in urine matrices. Enrichment of the analytes via an integrated solid-phase extraction was achieved using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 Column. Subsequently, the chromatographic separation of the on-line preconcentrated sample fraction was achieved using an Acquity HSS T3 C18 Column. For the structural identification of these analytes, a high-resolution mass spectrometer Synapt-G2Si coupled to the Acquity M-class nano-LC system with ionKey source was used. A highly sensitive determination of oxandrolone was achieved using a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer XEVO TQD. The method was successfully validated in the linear range of oxandrolone from 81.63 pg·mL−1 (limit of quantification, LOQ) to 5000 pg·mL−1 in the human urine matrix. It was applied to the analysis of real urine samples obtained from a healthy volunteer after the oral administration of one dose (10 mg) of oxandrolone. Concentration vs. time dependence was tested in the time interval of 4 h–12 days (after oral administration) to demonstrate the ability of the method to detect the renal elimination of oxandrolone from the human body. Favorable performance parameters along with successful application indicate the usefulness of the proposed method for its routine use in antidoping control labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Galba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Piešťanský
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kováč
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (D.O.); (O.C.)
| | - Dominika Olešová
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (D.O.); (O.C.)
| | - Ondrej Cehlár
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.K.); (D.O.); (O.C.)
| | - Martin Kertys
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Petr Kozlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Chaľová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
| | - Barbora Tirčová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, 974 09 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia;
| | - Kristián Slíž
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.G.); (J.P.); (P.C.); (K.S.)
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-50-117-243
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Bulut U, Sanli S, Cevher SC, Cirpan A, Donmez S, Timur S. A biosensor platform based on amine functionalized conjugated benzenediamine‐benzodithiophene polymer for testosterone analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umut Bulut
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry DepartmentAcıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University İstanbul Turkey
| | - Serdar Sanli
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry DepartmentEge University Izmir Turkey
| | - Sevki Can Cevher
- Chemistry DepartmentMiddle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Ali Cirpan
- Chemistry DepartmentMiddle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Sude Donmez
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry DepartmentEge University Izmir Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry DepartmentEge University Izmir Turkey
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research CenterEge University Izmir Turkey
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Dried Urine Microsampling Coupled to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the Analysis of Unconjugated Anabolic Androgenic Steroids. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143210. [PMID: 32674492 PMCID: PMC7397045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Testing and monitoring anabolic androgenic steroids in biological fluids is a key activity in anti-doping practices. In this study, a novel approach is proposed, based on dried urine microsampling through two different workflows: dried urine spots (DUS) and volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS). Both techniques can overcome some common drawbacks of urine sampling, such as analyte instability and storage and transportation problems. Using an original, validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, exogenous and endogenous unconjugated steroids were analysed. Despite the limitations of microsampling volume, good sensitivity was obtained (limit of quantitation ≤1.5 ng/mL for all analytes), with satisfactory precision (relative standard deviation <7.6%) and absolute recovery (>70.3%). Both microsampling platforms provide reliable results, in good agreement with those obtained from urine.
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7
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Enev V, Kratena N, Gärtner P, Forsdahl G. Development and validation of a simple online‐SPE method coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of stanozolol‐N‐glucuronides in urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1031-1040. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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8
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Synthesis and characterization of stanozolol N-glucuronide metabolites. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Pizzato EC, Filonzi M, Rosa HSD, de Bairros AV. Pretreatment of different biological matrices for exogenous testosterone analysis: a review. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:641-656. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1351015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Filonzi
- Setor de Química Especial, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hemerson Silva da Rosa
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - André Valle de Bairros
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado a Toxicologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Efficient approach for the detection and identification of new androgenic metabolites by applying SRM GC-CI-MS/MS: a methandienone case study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:524-534. [PMID: 27434811 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is a vital issue in doping control and toxicology, and searching for metabolites with longer detection times remains an important task. Recently, a gas chromatography chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-CI-MS/MS) method was introduced, and CI, in comparison with electron ionization (EI), proved to be capable of increasing the sensitivity significantly. In addition, correlations between AAS structure and fragmentation behavior could be revealed. This enables the search for previously unknown but expected metabolites by selection of their predicted transitions. The combination of both factors allows the setup of an efficient approach to search for new metabolites. The approach uses selected reaction monitoring which is inherently more sensitive than full scan or precursor ion scan. Additionally, structural information obtained from the structure specific CI fragmentation pattern facilitates metabolite identification. The procedure was demonstrated by a methandienone case study. Its metabolites have been studied extensively in the past, and this allowed an adequate evaluation of the efficiency of the approach. Thirty three metabolites were detected, including all relevant previously discovered metabolites. In our study, the previously reported long-term metabolite (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methyl-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one) could be detected up to 26 days by using GC-CI-MS/MS. The study proves the validity of the approach to search for metabolites of new synthetic AAS and new long-term metabolites of less studied AAS and illustrates the increase in sensitivity by using CI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Li G, Zhu M, Ma L, Yan J, Lu X, Shen Y, Wan Y. Generation of Small Single Domain Nanobody Binders for Sensitive Detection of Testosterone by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13830-13839. [PMID: 27196036 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A phage display library of variable domain of the heavy chain only antibody or nanobody (Nb) was constructed after immunizing a bactrian camel with testosterone. With the smaller molecular size (15 kDa), improved solubility, good stability, high affinity, specificity, and lower immunogenicity, Nbs are a promising tool in the next generation of diagnosis and medical applications. Testosterone is a reproductive hormone, playing an important role in normal cardiac function and being the highly predictive marker for many diseases. Herein, a simple and sensitive immunosensor based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Nbs was successfully developed for the determination of testosterone. We successfully isolated the antitestosterone Nbs from an immune phage display library. Moreover, one of the Nbs was biotinylated according to in vivo BirA system, which showed the highest production yield and the most stable case. Further, the EIS immunosensor was set up for testosterone detection by applying the biotinylated antitestosterone Nb. As a result, the biosensor exhibited a linear working range from 0.05 to 5 ng mL(-1) with a detection limit of 0.045 ng mL(-1). In addition, the proposed immunosensor was successfully applied in determining testosterone in serum samples. In conclusion, the proposed immunosensor revealed high specificity of testosterone detection and showed as a potential approach for sensitive and accurate diagnosis of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University , Nanjing 210018, P. R. China
| | - Junrong Yan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University , Nanjing 210018, P. R. China
| | | | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University , Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yakun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Nanobody Engineering and Research Center , Nantong 226010, P. R. China
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12
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Gas chromatography/chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis of anabolic steroids: ionization and collision-induced dissociation behavior. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:511-522. [PMID: 26777682 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The detection of new anabolic steroid metabolites and new designer steroids is a challenging task in doping analysis. Switching from electron ionization gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS/MS) to chemical ionization (CI) has proven to be an efficient way to increase the sensitivity of GC/MS/MS analyses and facilitate the detection of anabolic steroids. CI also extends the possibilities of GC/MS/MS analyses as the molecular ion is retained in its protonated form due to the softer ionization. In EI it can be difficult to find previously unknown but expected metabolites due to the low abundance or absence of the molecular ion and the extensive (and to a large extent unpredictable) fragmentation. The main aim of this work was to study the CI and collision-induced dissociation (CID) behavior of a large number of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) as their trimethylsilyl derivatives in order to determine correlations between structures and CID fragmentation. Clarification of these correlations is needed for the elucidation of structures of unknown steroids and new metabolites. METHODS The ionization and CID behavior of 65 AAS have been studied using GC/CI-MS/MS with ammonia as the reagent gas. Glucuronidated AAS reference standards were first hydrolyzed to obtain their free forms. Afterwards, all the standards were derivatized to their trimethylsilyl forms. Full scan and product ion scan analyses were used to examine the ionization and CID behavior. RESULTS Full scan and product ion scan analyses revealed clear correlations between AAS structure and the obtained mass spectra. These correlations were confirmed by analysis of multiple hydroxylated, methylated, chlorinated and deuterated analogs. CONCLUSIONS AAS have been divided into three groups according to their ionization behavior and into seven groups according to their CID behavior. Correlations between fragmentation and structure were revealed and fragmentation pathways were postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Geldof L, Tudela E, Lootens L, van Lysebeth J, Meuleman P, Leroux-Roels G, van Eenoo P, Deventer K. In vitroandin vivometabolism studies of dimethazine. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1202-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lore Geldof
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Eva Tudela
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Leen Lootens
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Jasper van Lysebeth
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Phillip Meuleman
- Center for Vaccinology; Ghent University and Hospital; De Pintelaan 185 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology; Ghent University and Hospital; De Pintelaan 185 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Peter van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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Virus ED, Ivanov AV, Luzyanin BP, Kubatiev AA. Some aspects of experimental design in targeted proteomics based on the use of selected reaction monitoring and isotope-labeled peptides. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815130109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Vaikkinen A, Rejšek J, Vrkoslav V, Kauppila TJ, Cvačka J, Kostiainen R. Feasibility of desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to monitor urinary steroid metabolites during pregnancy. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 880:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Linakis MW, Stockmann C, Campbell SC, Williams RV, Burch PT, Lambert LM, Sherwin CMT, Reilly CA, Spigarelli MG. Quantitative Assay Validation for Oxandrolone in Human Plasma Using LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:526-31. [PMID: 26017381 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for the determination of oxandrolone concentration in human plasma (0.5 mL) was developed and validated according to the 2001 FDA Bioanalytical Guidelines. Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid used to promote weight gain for cachectic patients with severe burn injuries, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C and other wasting syndromes. The assay procedure involved a liquid-liquid extraction of oxandrolone and methyltestosterone (the internal standard, IS) from plasma with n-butyl chloride. The organic layer was clarified by centrifugation and evaporated to dryness under a stream of air. The residue was reconstituted in a solution containing 25% methanol and 75% Milli-Q water, and injected onto a Luna C18 reversed-phase HPLC column (30 mm × 2.0 mm, 2 μm). Separation of oxandrolone and methyltestosterone was achieved with a mobile phase starting composition of 55% methanol and 45% ammonium formate buffer at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min. The total run time was 21 min per sample. Selected reaction monitoring mode was used for quantifying oxandrolone (m/z 307 → 271) and the IS, methyltestosterone (m/z 301 → 149). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first LC-MS-MS method validated for oxandrolone quantification in human plasma. This method can be used in future pharmacokinetic studies involving oxandrolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Linakis
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chris Stockmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sarah C Campbell
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Richard V Williams
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 100 N Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 1500, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | - Phillip T Burch
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 100 N Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 2800, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | - Linda M Lambert
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, 100 N Mario Capecchi Drive, Suite 2800, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
| | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Christopher A Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S 2000 E Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael G Spigarelli
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Suite 1S100, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Lu J, Fernández-Álvarez M, Yang S, He G, Xu Y, Aguilera R. New clostebol metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and their application for doping control. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:191-197. [PMID: 25601692 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, clostebol metabolic profiles were investigated carefully. Clostebol was administered to one healthy male volunteer. Urinary extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) using full scan and targeted MS/MS techniques with accurate mass measurement for the first time. Liquid-liquid extraction and direct injection were applied to processing urine samples. Chromatographic peaks for potential metabolites were found by using the theoretical [M-H](-) as target ion in full scan experiment, and their actual deprotonated ions were analyzed in targeted MS/MS mode. Fourteen metabolites were found for clostebol, and nine unreported metabolites (two free ones and seven sulfate conjugates) were identified by MS, and their potential structures were proposed based on fragmentation and metabolism pathways. Four glucuronide conjugates were also first reported. All the metabolites were evaluated in terms of how long they could be detected and S1 (4ξ-chloro-5ξ-androst-3ξ-ol-17-one-3ξ-sulfate) was considered to be the long-term metabolite for clostebol misuse detected up to 25 days by liquid-liquid extraction and 14 days by direct injection analysis after oral administration. Five conjugated metabolites (M2, M5, S2, S6 and S7) could also be the alternative biomarkers for clostebol misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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18
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Andersen DW, Linnet K. Screening for Anabolic Steroids in Urine of Forensic Cases Using Fully Automated Solid Phase Extraction and LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:637-44. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Synthesis, characterization, and detection of new oxandrolone metabolites as long-term markers in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8285-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Schänzer W, Guddat S, Thomas A, Opfermann G, Geyer H, Thevis M. Expanding analytical possibilities concerning the detection of stanozolol misuse by means of high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric detection of stanozolol glucuronides in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:810-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Georg Opfermann
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne/Bonn Germany
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21
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Zhang HT, Jiang JQ, Wang ZL, Chen JJ, Wang SY, Ding H, Li XP, Li Y. Preparation and validation of monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive ELISA for detecting testosterone levels. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2013.775221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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22
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Athanasiadou I, Angelis YS, Lyris E, Georgakopoulos C, Athanasiadou I, Georgakopoulos C. Chemical derivatization to enhance ionization of anabolic steroids in LC-MS for doping-control analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Pozo OJ, Gómez C, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Detection and characterization of urinary metabolites of boldione by LC-MS/MS. Part II: Conjugates with cysteine andN-acetylcysteine. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:786-97. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J. Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar; Doctor Aiguader 88; 08003; Barcelona; Spain
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Comparison of unit resolution SRM and TOF-MS at 12,000 mass resolution for quantitative bioanalysis of 11 steroids from human plasma. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:555-63. [PMID: 22409553 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of high-resolution MS systems for quantitative bioanalysis is a growing field, even though a clear majority of bioanalytical methods are still based on MS/MS with triple quadrupole (QqQ) instrumentation. The recent advances in TOF-MS technology have provided increased linear range and a high selectivity of detection by increased mass resolution and mass accuracy, making these instruments attractive for quantitative analysis due to lack of a need for compound-specific detection reaction optimization and their capability to collect data for a high number of compounds by sensitive wide mass range data acquisition. MATERIALS & METHODS Here, 11 steroids spiked to human plasma were analyzed by LC-MS using both a QqQ MS system and a TOF instrument operating at 12,000 mass resolution. Sample preparation was performed by hybrid SPE technology. RESULTS The LOD were 0.5-5 and 0.5-20 ng/ml in plasma for all analytes with QqQ and TOF-MS detection, respectively. CONCLUSION Although the results show wider linear range and slightly better sensitivity for most of the compounds with QqQ in comparison to TOF, acceptable performance was obtained for most of the compounds within the range of LOD to 2000 ng/ml (in plasma), this was also the case with LC-TOF-MS analysis. The main problem in TOF-MS analysis at 12,000 mass resolution from plasma was selectivity rather than sensitivity or linear range.
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25
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Lu J, He G, Wang X, Xu Y, Wu Y, Dong Y, Liu X, He Z, Zhao J, Yuan H. Mass spectrometric identification and characterization of new fluoxymesterone metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2012; 77:871-7. [PMID: 22521423 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study fluoxymesterone urinary profiles were investigated by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOFMS) with accurate mass measurement. Twelve metabolites including the parent drug were detected in two fluoxymesterone positive control urine samples. Three parameters were employed for evaluation of the accuracy of the chemical formulae in positive full scan experiment, which contained error between actual and calculated mass weights of prontonated and isotopic molecules together with abundance match between prontonated and isotopic molecules. The 13 analytes were determined with mass accuracy less than 1.1 ppm and isotopic abundance match more than 94 marks. Based on the ionization, CID fragmentation, the accurate mass of the product ion and comparison of the accurate mass weight and retention time with reference standard, fluoxymesterone and its 12 metabolites containing three unreported ones were detected. The chemical structures of three unreported metabolites were identified as: 9-fluro-17β-ol-17-methyl-11-en-5α-androstan-3-one (F13), 9-fluro-17β-ol-17-methyl-11-en-5β-androstan-3-one (F8) and 9-fluro-17β-ol-17-methyl-5-androstan-3,6,11-trione, and meanwhile a dihydroxylated metabolite (F12), 6,16-dihydroxylated fluoxymesterone, was also detected in human urine, which was previously reported to be available only in equine urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, ChaoYang District, Beijing, PR China.
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26
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Chubatyi ND, Pagnotti VS, Bentzley CM, McEwen CN. High sensitivity steroid analysis using liquid chromatography/solvent-assisted inlet ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:887-92. [PMID: 22396024 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Steroids can be injected to behave as therapeutic agents to promote muscle growth and strength. Areas of concern include synthetic steroids in consumer meat and milk products and the presence of anabolic steroids in athletes. Here we demonstrate a new ionization method for high sensitivity steroid analysis using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). METHODS Solvent-assisted inlet ionization (SAII) mass spectrometry was coupled directly to an infusion pump or to a liquid chromatograph to determine the limits of detection and quantitation for selected steroids. LC/MS/MS data was acquired on a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer and high resolution-accurate mass LC/MS data was obtained on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. RESULTS The SAII limit of detection for infusion into the Orbitrap using high mass resolution and accurate mass was shown, for the steroids studied, to be low ppqt and the limit of quantitation using LC/MS was low ppt. Low ppb levels were detected with high signal-to-noise from spiked urine using a simple Ziptip procedure without sample concentration. CONCLUSIONS LC/SAII-MS is more sensitive than electrospray ionization (ESI) at similar mobile phase flow rates for the analysis of steroids. Previous studies have shown LC/SAII-MS to have high sensitivity for analysis of peptides. The combined results suggests this easy to implement ionization method may advantageously replace ESI for a wide range of analyses.
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27
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Ahrens BD, Starcevic B, Butch AW. Detection of prohibited substances by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for sports doping control. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 902:115-128. [PMID: 22767112 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-934-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Drug testing for sports doping control programs is extensive and includes numerous classes of banned compounds including anabolic androgenic steroids, β2-agonists, hormone antagonists and modulators, diuretics, various peptide hormones, and growth factors. During competition, additional compounds may also be prohibited such as stimulants, narcotics, cannabinoids, glucocorticosteroids, and beta-blockers depending both on the sport and level of competition. Each of these classes of compounds can contain many prohibited substances that must be identified during the testing procedure. Various methods that have been designed to detect a large number of compounds in different drug classes are highly desirable as initial screening tools. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is widely used by anti-doping testing laboratories for this purpose and several rapid methods have been described to simultaneously detect different classes of compounds. Here, we describe a simple urine sample cleanup procedure that can be used to detect numerous anabolic androgenic steroids, β2-agonists, hormone antagonists and modulators, glucocorticosteroids, and beta-blockers by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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28
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Dervilly-Pinel G, Rambaud L, Sitthisack P, Monteau F, Hewitt SA, Kennedy DG, Le Bizec B. 5α-Estrane-3β,17β-diol and 5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol: definitive screening biomarkers to sign nandrolone abuse in cattle? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 126:65-71. [PMID: 21621615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
17β-Nandrolone (17β-NT) is one of the most frequently misused anabolic steroids in meat producing animals. As a result of its extensive metabolism combined with the possibility of interferences with other endogenous compounds, detection of its illegal use often turns out to be a difficult issue. In recent years, proving the illegal administration of 17β-NT became even more challenging since the presence of endogenous presence of 17β-NT or some of its metabolite in different species was demonstrated. In bovines, 17α-NT can occur naturally in the urine of pregnant cows and recent findings reported that both forms can be detected in injured animals. Because efficient control must both take into account metabolic patterns and associated kinetics of elimination, the purpose of the present study was to investigate further some estranediols (5α-estrane-3β,17β-diol (abb), 5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol (bab), 5α-estrane-3β,17α-diol (aba), 5α-estrane-3α,17β-diol (aab) and 5β-estrane-3α,17α-diol (baa)) as particular metabolites of 17β-NT on a large number of injured (n=65) or pregnant (n=40) bovines. Whereas the metabolites abb, bab, aba and baa have previously been detected in urine up to several days after 17β-NT administration, the present study showed that some of the isomers abb (5α-estrane-3β,17β-diol) and bab (5β-estrane-3α,17β-diol) could not be detected in injured or pregnant animals, even at very low levels. This result may open a new way for the screening of anabolic steroid administration considering these 2 estranediols as biomarkers to indicate nandrolone abuse in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Atlanpole - La Chantrerie, Nantes, France.
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Abstract
The importance of sample preparation methods as the first stage in bioanalysis is described. In this article, the sample preparation concept and strategies will be discussed, along with the requirements for good sample preparation. The most widely used sample preparation methods in the pharmaceutical industry are presented; for example, the need for same-day rotation of results from large numbers of biological samples in pharmaceutical industry makes high throughput bioanalysis more essential. In this article, high-throughput sample preparation techniques are presented; examples are given of the extraction and concentration of analytes from biological matrices, including protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction and microextraction-related techniques. Finally, the potential role of selective extraction methods, including molecular imprinted phases, is considered.
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Assessment of two complementary liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics strategies for the screening of anabolic steroid treatment in calves. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:144-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Johnson CE, Cober MP, Hawkins KA, Julian JD. Stability of extemporaneously prepared oxandrolone oral suspensions. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2011; 68:519-21. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cary E. Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan (UM), Ann Arbor, and Clinical Pharmacist—Pediatrics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers (UMHHC), Ann Arbor
| | - Mary Petrea Cober
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH, and Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Northeastern Ohio Universities, Rootstown; at the time of writing she was Clinical Assistant Professor—Pediatric Pharmacotherapy, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, UM, and Clinical Pharmacist— Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pharmacy, UMHHC
| | - Katherine A. Hawkins
- Department of Pharmacy, Memorial Hospital, South Bend, IN; at the time of writing she was pharmacy student, College of Pharmacy, UM
| | - Justin D. Julian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus; at the time of writing he was pharmacy student, College of Pharmacy, UM
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Hassell KM, LeBlanc Y, McLuckey SA. Charge inversion via concurrent cation and anion transfer: application to corticosteroids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:476-482. [PMID: 21259355 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel charge inversion process that involves the removal of an excess cation from an analyte ion and the transfer of an anion to the neutral analyte in a single ion/ion encounter is described. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) half-generation dendrimer anions that contain small anions, such as the chloride ion, were used as charge inversion reagents. Several competing processes can occur that include removal of the cation to neutralize the analyte, the removal of the excess cation and an additional proton to yield the deprotonated molecule, or removal of the excess cation and transfer of a small anion to the analyte. For the latter process to dominate, several requirements for both the reagent anion and the analyte cation must be met. The reagent anion must form multiply charged anions and must be able to incorporate one or more small anions for transfer. The analyte must have no strongly acidic sites as well as a relatively high affinity for small anion attachment. The PAMAM dendrimer anions must meet the conditions for the reagent anions and the cations of the corticosteroids meet the conditions for the analyte. The estrogenic steroid estrone, on the other hand, does not meet the requirements and, as a result, is largely neutralized when reacted with the reagent anions. This reaction, therefore, is highly selective and might serve as a useful reaction for the screening of appropriate analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Hassell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA
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Calvo D, Tort N, Pablo Salvador J, Marco MP, Centi F, Marco S. Preliminary study for simultaneous detection and quantification of androgenic anabolic steroids using ELISA and pattern recognition techniques. Analyst 2011; 136:4045-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15114b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dikunets MA, Savel’eva NB, Bolotov SL, Virus ED, Rodchenkov GM. Study of the matrix effect on the determination of nonconjugated xenobiotics in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810130058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Feasibility of gas chromatography–microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry in analysis of anabolic steroids. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8290-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Elbardissy H, Grimalt S, Sancho JV, Hernandez F, Ventura R, Delbeke FT. Comparison between triple quadrupole, time of flight and hybrid quadrupole time of flight analysers coupled to liquid chromatography for the detection of anabolic steroids in doping control analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 684:98-111. [PMID: 21167991 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple quadrupole (QqQ), time of flight (TOF) and quadrupole-time of flight (QTOF) analysers have been compared for the detection of anabolic steroids in human urine. Ten anabolic steroids were selected as model compounds based on their ionization and the presence of endogenous interferences. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were evaluated. QqQ allowed for the detection of all analytes at the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) established by the World Anti-Doping Agency (between 2 and 10 ng mL(-1) in urine). TOF and QTOF approaches were not sensitive enough to detect some of the analytes (3'-hydroxy-stanozolol or the metabolites of boldenone and formebolone) at the established MRPL. Although a suitable accuracy was obtained, the precision was unsatisfactory (RSD typically higher than 20%) for quantitative purposes irrespective of the analyser used. The methods were applied to 30 real samples declared positives either for the misuse of boldenone, stanozolol and/or methandienone. Most of the compounds were detected by every technique, however QqQ was necessary for the detection of some metabolites in a few samples. Finally, the possibility to detect non-target steroids has been explored by the use of TOF and QTOF. The use of this approach revealed that the presence of boldenone and its metabolite in one sample was due to the intake of androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione. Additionally, the intake of methandienone was confirmed by the post-target detection of a long-term metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Pozo
- DoCoLab, UGent, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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Wolf S, Diel P, Parr MK, Rataj F, Schänzer W, Vollmer G, Zierau O. Long-term detection of methyltestosterone (ab-) use by a yeast transactivation system. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:285-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pinel G, Rambaud L, Monteau F, Elliot C, Le Bizec B. Estranediols profiling in calves' urine after 17beta-nandrolone laureate ester administration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:626-32. [PMID: 20132885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
17beta-Nandrolone (17beta-NT) is one of the most recurrent forbidden anabolic steroid used in meat producing animals breeding. Because efficient control must both take into account metabolic patterns and associated kinetics of elimination, the metabolism of 17beta-NT in bovines has already been investigated and is well documented, but only focussing on its main metabolites (i.e. 17alpha-nandrolone, 19-noretiocholanolone and 19-norandrostenedione). The goal of the present study was to enlarge this panel of 17beta-NT metabolites, especially through the urinary estranediols fraction in order to perform a more global steroid profiling upon 17beta-nortestosterone laureate ester administration in calves. A GC-MS/MS method has been developed to monitor and quantify 5 estranediols isomers including 5alpha-estrane-3beta,17beta-diol (abb), 5beta-estrane-3alpha,17beta-diol (bab), 5alpha-estrane-3beta,17alpha-diol (aba), 5alpha-estrane-3alpha,17beta-diol (aab) and 5beta-estrane-3alpha,17alpha-diol (baa). Their urinary elimination kinetics have been established allowing detection of 4 estranediols up to several days after administration. All animals demonstrated homogeneous patterns of elimination both from a qualitative (metabolite profile) and quantitative point of view (elimination kinetics in urine). 5alpha-Estrane-3beta,17alpha-diol (aba) was found as the major metabolite with concentrations up to 100microgL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaud Pinel
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA(1)), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France.
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Ahonen LL, Haapala M, Saarela V, Franssila S, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R. Feasibility of capillary liquid chromatography/microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry in analyzing anabolic steroids in urine samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:958-964. [PMID: 20209666 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined the feasibility of capillary liquid chromatography/microchip atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometry (capLC/microAPPI-MS/MS) for the analysis of anabolic steroids in human urine. The urine samples were pretreated by enzymatic hydrolysis (with beta-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia), and the compounds were liquid-liquid extracted with diethyl ether. After separation the compounds were vaporized by microchip APPI, photoionized by a 10 eV krypton discharge lamp, and detected by selected reaction monitoring. The capLC/microAPPI-MS/MS method showed good sensitivity with detection limits at the level of 1.0 ng mL(-1), good linearity with correlation coefficients between 0.9954 and 0.9990, and good repeatability with relative standard deviations below 10%. These results demonstrate that microchip APPI combined with capLC/MS/MS provides a new potential method for analyzing non-polar and neutral compounds in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Ahonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Salvador JP, Sánchez-Baeza F, Marco MP. A high-throughput screening (HTS) immunochemical method for the analysis of stanozolol metabolites in cattle urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:243-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pozo OJ, Lootens L, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Meuleman P, Leroux-Roels G, Parr MK, Schänzer W, Delbeke FT. Combination of liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in different scan modes with human and chimeric mouse urine for the study of steroid metabolism. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:554-67. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Lootens L, Grimalt S, Sancho JV, Hernández F, Meuleman P, Leroux-Roels G, Delbeke FT. Detection and structural investigation of metabolites of stanozolol in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2009; 74:837-52. [PMID: 19464304 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of LC-MS/MS in precursor ion scan mode for the detection of urinary stanozolol metabolites has been studied. The product ion at m/z 81 has been selected as specific for stanozolol metabolites without a modification in A- or N-rings and the product ions at m/z 97 and 145 for the metabolites hydroxylated in the N-ring and 4-hydroxy-stanozolol metabolites, respectively. Under these conditions, the parent drug and up to 15 metabolites were found in a positive doping test sample. The study of a sample from a chimeric uPA-SCID mouse collected after the administration of stanozolol revealed the presence of 4 additional metabolites. The information obtained from the product ion spectra was used to develop a SRM method for the detection of 19 compounds. This SRM method was applied to several doping positive samples. All the metabolites were detected in both the uPA-SCID mouse sample and positive human samples and were not detected in none of the blank samples tested; confirming the metabolic nature of all the detected compounds. In addition, the application of the SRM method to a single human excretion study revealed that one of the metabolites (4xi,16xi-dihydroxy-stanozolol) could be detected in negative ionization mode for a longer period than those commonly used in the screening for stanozolol misuse (3'-hydroxy-stanozolol, 16beta-hydroxy-stanozolol and 4beta-hydroxy-stanozolol) in doping analysis. The application of the developed approach to several positive doping samples confirmed the usefulness of this metabolite for the screening of stanozolol misuse. Finally, a tentative structure for each detected metabolite has been proposed based on the product ion spectra measured with accurate masses using UPLC-QTOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Pozo
- DoCoLab, UGent, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Technologiepark 30, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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Lootens L, Meuleman P, Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Leroux-Roels G, Delbeke FT. uPA+/+-SCID mouse with humanized liver as a model for in vivo metabolism of exogenous steroids: methandienone as a case study. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1783-93. [PMID: 19643840 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.119396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate detection of designer steroids in the urine of athletes is still a challenge in doping control analysis and requires knowledge of steroid metabolism. In this study we investigated whether uPA(+/+)-SCID mice carrying functional primary human hepatocytes in their liver would provide a suitable alternative small animal model for the investigation of human steroid metabolism in vivo. METHODS A quantitative method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the urinary detection of 7 known methandienone metabolites. Application of this method to urine samples from humanized mice after methandienone administration allowed for comparison with data from in vivo human samples and with reported methandienone data from in vitro hepatocyte cultures. RESULTS The LC-MS/MS method validation in mouse and human urine indicated good linearity, precision, and recovery. Using this method we quantified 6 of 7 known human methandienone metabolites in the urine of chimeric mice, whereas in control nonchimeric mice we detected only 2 metabolites. These results correlated very well with methandienone metabolism in humans. In addition, we detected 4 isomers of methandienone metabolites in both human and chimeric mouse urine. One of these isomers has never been reported before. CONCLUSIONS The results of this proof-of-concept study indicate that the human liver-uPA(+/+)-SCID mouse appears to be a suitable small animal model for the investigation of human-type metabolism of anabolic steroids and possibly also for other types of drugs and medications.
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Dikunets MA, Appolonova SA, Rodchenkov GM. Simultaneous determination of a broad spectrum of nonconjugated xenobiotics by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809080115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kolmonen M, Leinonen A, Kuuranne T, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Generic sample preparation and dual polarity liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry for high-throughput screening in doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:250-66. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fast analysis of doping agents in urine by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4423-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effect of eluent on the ionization process in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:685-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Synthetic anabolic agents: steroids and nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:99-126. [PMID: 20020362 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The central role of testosterone in the development of male characteristics, as well as its beneficial effects on physical performance and muscle growth, has led to the search for synthetic alternatives with improved pharmacological profiles. Hundreds of steroidal analogs have been prepared with a superior oral bioavailability, which should also possess reduced undesirable effects. However, only a few entered the pharmaceutical market due to severe toxicological incidences that were mainly attributed to the lack of tissue selectivity. Prominent representatives of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are for instance methyltestosterone, metandienone and stanozolol, which are discussed as model compounds with regard to general pharmacological aspects of synthetic AAS. Recently, nonsteroidal alternatives to AAS have been developed that selectively activate the androgen receptor in either muscle tissue or bones. These so-called selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are currently undergoing late clinical trials (IIb) and will be prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency from January 2008. Their entirely synthetic structures are barely related to steroids, but particular functional groups allow for the tissue-selective activation or inhibition of androgen receptors and, thus, the stimulation of muscle growth without the risk of severe undesirable effects commonly observed in steroid replacement therapies. Hence, these compounds possess a high potential for misuse in sports and will be the subject of future doping control assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: the Prohibited List 2008-analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:4-13. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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