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Nowell A, Torres SJ, Hall SJ, Keske MA, Torpy DJ, Parker L, Betik AC, Turner AI. Is high salt intake inducing obesity via production of cortisol? A novel working hypothesis and pilot study. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1315-1327. [PMID: 38409436 PMCID: PMC11139711 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence is growing that high salt intake is an independent risk factor for obesity, but the mechanisms are unknown. Our novel working hypothesis is that high salt intake drives cortisol production, which in turn, drives obesity. The current study aimed to demonstrate an acute cortisol response following a single high salt meal. METHODS Eight participants (age 30.5 ± 9.8 years [mean ± SD], 50% female), consumed high salt (3.82 g; 1529 mg sodium) and low salt (0.02 g; 9 mg sodium) meals in a randomized cross-over design. RESULTS Urinary and salivary cortisol and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) demonstrated order effects. When high salt was given second, there was a peak above baseline for urinary cortisol (26.3%), salivary cortisol (9.4%) and plasma ACTH (4.1%) followed by a significant decline in each hormone (treatment*time, F[9, 18] = 2.641, p = 0.038, partial η2 = 0.569; treatment*time, F[12, 24] = 2.668, p = 0.020, partial η2 = 0.572; treatment*time, F[12, 24] = 2.580, p = 0.023, partial η2 = 0.563, respectively), but not when high salt was given first (p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION These intriguing findings provide partial support for our hypothesis and support a need for further research to elucidate the role of high salt intake in cortisol production and, in turn, in the aetiology of obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12623000490673; date of registration 12/05/2023; retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Nowell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan J Torres
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Hall
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Torpy
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew C Betik
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne I Turner
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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Mohamed RS, Mohamed RH, Wehrend A, Tahoun EA, Hussein HA. The effects of saline water consumption on sperm parameters, testicular histopathology, hormonal and antioxidants concentrations in Barki Rams. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:219. [PMID: 38778406 PMCID: PMC11112924 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the effects of water salinity on the sperm parameters, levels of cortisol, LH, FSH, testosterone and antioxidants as well as the testes' histopathology in Barki rams. Fifteen healthy Barki rams (1-1.5 years) were divided into three equal depending on the type of drinking water for nine months. The rams in the tap water group (TW, water that contained 350 ppm of total dissolved salts (TDS). Males in the high saline water group (HSW) were permitted to consume high saline water with 8,934 ppm TDS, whereas those in the second group were permitted to have moderately saline water (MSW, 4,557 ppm TDS). High salt concentration in drinking water had adverse effect on sperm viability, morphology and sperm cell concertation. Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde concentrations in blood were significantly higher in the MSW and HSW groups than in TW. There was a significant decrease in glutathione concentration as well as superoxide dismutase activity in TDS and HSW. Cortisol was most highly concentrated in the HSW, next in the MSW, and least in TW. The testosterone, LH, and FSH concentrations in the HSW and MSW groups were significantly lower than in TW. As the salt concentration in drinking water increases, damage to testicular tissue. The MSW group demonstrating vacuolation of lining epithelial cells with pyknotic nuclei in the epididymis and necrosis and desquamation of spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules while HSW group displaying desquamated necrotic cells and giant cell formation in the epididymis, as well as damage to some of the seminiferous tubules and showed congestion, vacuolation of spermatogenic epithelium of seminiferous tubules, and desquamated necrotic spermatogenic epithelium. In conclusion, the salinity of the water has detrimental impacts on the sperm morphology, viability and concentration, hormones and antioxidant levels in Barki rams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha S Mohamed
- Department of Animal Health, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ragab H Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Enas A Tahoun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menofia, 32897, Egypt
| | - Hassan A Hussein
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sphinx University, New Assiut, Egypt.
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Komatsu Y, Aoyama K, Yoneda M, Ito S, Sano Y, Kawai Y, Cui X, Yamada Y, Furukawa N, Ikeda K, Nagata K. Surgical ablation of whitened interscapular brown fat ameliorates cardiac pathology in salt-loaded metabolic syndrome rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1492:11-26. [PMID: 33340110 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an endocrine organ that contributes to thermogenesis and energy consumption. We investigated the effects of salt loading and surgical removal of whitened interscapular BAT (iBAT) on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology in DahlS.Z-Leprfa /Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, an animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). DS/obese rats were subjected to surgical removal of iBAT or sham surgery at 8 weeks of age and were provided with drinking water containing or not containing 0.3% NaCl for 4 weeks beginning at 9 weeks of age. Removal of iBAT suppressed the salt-induced exacerbation of left ventricular inflammation, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction, but not that of hypertension development, in DS/obese rats. Salt loading attenuated adipocyte hypertrophy but enhanced inflammation in both visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) and iBAT. Although iBAT removal did not affect visceral WAT pathology in salt-loaded DS/obese rats, it attenuated the elevation of circulating interleukin-6 levels in these animals. Downregulation of uncoupling protein-1 expression in iBAT of DS/obese rats was not affected by salt loading. Our results suggest that the conversion of iBAT to WAT-like tissue contributes to a salt-induced elevation of circulating proinflammatory cytokine levels that leads to exacerbation of cardiac pathology in this model of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Komatsu
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Aoyama
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yoneda
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Ito
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sano
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumeno Kawai
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xixi Cui
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nozomi Furukawa
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Ikeda
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Abdelnour SA, Abd El-Hack ME, Noreldin AE, Batiha GE, Beshbishy AM, Ohran H, Khafaga AF, Othman SI, Allam AA, Swelum AA. High Salt Diet Affects the Reproductive Health in Animals: An Overview. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040590. [PMID: 32244412 PMCID: PMC7222834 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple summary Halophytic plants are a promising animal feed source. However, the extreme NaCl2 salt content constraints their use. Excess diet salt adversely affects growth performance and animal’s reproduction worldwide. This review focuses on the impact of high salt intake on growth performance and reproduction ability in animals. Abstract Salinity is a reliable issue of crop productivity loss in the world and in certain tropical and subtropical zones. However, tremendous progress in the genetic improvement of plants for salinity tolerance has been made over several decades. In light of this, halophytic plants can be used as animal feeds and have promising features because they are a good feed resource. However, the main constraint of saline pasture systems is the extreme concentration of NaCl salt in drinking water and forage plants for grazing animals. Ecological reports revealed that excess diet salt causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Animal fed halophytic forages may have adverse effects on growth performance and reproductive function in males and females due to inducing reductions in hormone regulation, such as testosterone, FSH, LH, and leptin. It was indicated that high salt intake promotes circulating inflammatory factors in the placenta and is associated with adversative effects on pregnancy. This review focuses on the scientific evidence related to the effect of high salt intake on growth performance, spermatogenesis, sperm function, and testicular morphology changes in male animals. In addition, the review will also focus on its effect on some female reproductive features (e.g., ovarian follicle developments, placental indices, and granulosa cell function).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh A. Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed E. Noreldin
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Gaber Elsaber Batiha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; (G.E.B.); (A.M.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Amani Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, 080-8555, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan; (G.E.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Husein Ohran
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Asmaa F. Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt;
| | - Sarah I. Othman
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-suef University, Beni-suef, 65211 Egypt;
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (AAS);
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Shen X, Jin C, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Huang W, Li J, Wu S, Gao X. Prospective study of perceived dietary salt intake and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019; 32:802-809. [PMID: 31209928 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high sodium intake is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, little is known regarding whether greater salt intake is a potential risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We thus prospectively investigated whether individuals with higher perceived dietary salt intake had a higher risk of developing NAFLD. METHODS The present study included 35 023 participants (22 629 men and 12 394 women) from the Kailuan study who were free of NAFLD at baseline (2006) and who did not drink alcohol at baseline and during follow-up (2006-2014; follow-rate 95.2%). NAFLD was defined as a participant who had been diagnosed with fatty liver at least twice by ultrasound tests conducted every 2 years during follow-up. Dietary salt intake was determined by a self-report question and was classified into three categories: low (<6 g day-1 ), medium (6-9 g day-1 ) or high (≥10 g day-1 ). Cox proportional models were used to estimate the risk of NAFLD, adjusting for potential confounders, such as age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking, income, occupation, marriage, body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure, as well as serum concentrations of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride. RESULTS During 8 years of follow-up, we identified 5102 incident NAFLD cases. After adjusting for potential confounders, the hazard ratio (95% conference interval) for NAFLD was 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) for medium salt intake and 1.19 (1.02,1.39) for high salt consumption (P trend = 0.03) relative to the low salt consumption group. CONCLUSIONS A perceived high salt intake was associated with a higher future risk of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Gastroenterology Department, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - W Huang
- Ultrasound Medical Department, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Medical Imagine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - S Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Kailuan General Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - X Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Adekunbi D, Ogunsola O, Oyelowo O, Aluko E, Popoola A, Akinboboye O. Consumption of high sucrose and/or high salt diet alters sperm function in male Sprague–Dawley rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbas.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Adekunbi
- Department of Physiology, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - O.A. Ogunsola
- Department of Physiology, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - O.T. Oyelowo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - E.O. Aluko
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - A.A. Popoola
- Department of Physiology, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - O.O. Akinboboye
- Department of Physiology, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
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Salt Induces Adipogenesis/Lipogenesis and Inflammatory Adipocytokines Secretion in Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010160. [PMID: 30621146 PMCID: PMC6337705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that high salt intake is associated with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension. However, the research on the mechanism of obesity due to high salt intake is rare. To evaluate the roles of salt on obesity prevalence, the gene expression of adipogenesis/lipogenesis and adipocytokines secretion according to adipocyte dysfunction were investigated in salt-loading adipocytes. High salt dose-dependently increased the expression of adipogenic/lipogenic genes, such as PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, SREBP1c, ACC, FAS, and aP2, but decreased the gene of lipolysis like AMPK, ultimately resulting in fat accumulation. With SIK-2 and Na+/K+-ATPase activation, salt increased the metabolites involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) such as ADD1, CYP11β2, and MCR. Increasing insulin dependent insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-signaling, resulting in the insulin resistance, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) and Akt-mTOR were activated but AMPK(Thr172) was depressed in salt-loading adipocytes. The expression of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, TNFα, MCP-1, COX-2, IL-17A, IL-6, leptin, and leptin to adiponectin ratio (LAR) were dose-dependently increased by salt treatment. Using the inhibitors of MAPK/ERK, U0126, we found that the crosstalk among the signaling pathways of MAPK/ERK, Akt-mTOR, and the inflammatory adipogenesis can be the possible mechanism of salt-linked obesity. The possibilities of whether the defense mechanisms against high dose of intracellular salts provoke signaling for adipocytes differentiation or interact with surrounding tissues through other pathways will be explored in future research.
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Urinary sodium is positively associated with urinary free cortisol and total cortisol metabolites in a cross-sectional sample of Australian schoolchildren aged 5–12 years and their mothers. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:164-171. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHigh Na intake and chronically elevated cortisol levels are independently associated with the development of chronic diseases. In adults, high Na intake is associated with high levels of urinary cortisol. We aimed to determine the association between urinary Na and K and urinary cortisol in a cross-sectional sample of Australian schoolchildren and their mothers. Participants were a sample of Australian children (n 120) and their mothers (n 100) recruited through primary schools. We assessed Na, K, free cortisol and cortisol metabolites in one 24 h urine collection. Associations between 24 h urinary electrolytes and 24 h urinary cortisol were assessed using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models. In children, urinary Na was positively associated with urinary free cortisol (β=0·31, 95 % CI 0·19, 0·44) and urinary cortisol metabolites (β=0·006, 95 % CI 0·002, 0·010). Positive associations were also observed between urinary K and urinary free cortisol (β=0·65, 95 % CI 0·23, 1·07) and urinary cortisol metabolites (β=0·02, 95 % CI 0·03, 0·031). In mothers, urinary Na was positively associated with urinary free cortisol (β=0·23, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·50) and urinary cortisol metabolites (β=0·008, 95 % CI 0·0007, 0·016). Our findings show that daily Na and K intake were positively associated with cortisol production in children and their mothers. Investigation of the mechanisms involved and the potential impact of Na reduction on cortisol levels in these populations is warranted.
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Ivy JR, Evans LC, Moorhouse R, Richardson RV, Al-Dujaili EAS, Flatman PW, Kenyon CJ, Chapman KE, Bailey MA. Renal and Blood Pressure Response to a High-Salt Diet in Mice With Reduced Global Expression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Front Physiol 2018; 9:848. [PMID: 30038578 PMCID: PMC6046455 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension is common in glucocorticoid excess. Glucocorticoid resistance also presents with hypercortisolemia and hypertension but the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure (BP) is not well defined. GRβgeo/+ mice have global glucocorticoid receptor (GR) haploinsufficiency and increased BP. Here we examined the effect of high salt diet on BP, salt excretion and renal blood flow in GRβgeo/+mice. Basal BP was ∼10 mmHg higher in male GRβgeo/+ mice than in GR+/+ littermates. This modest increase was amplified by ∼10 mmHg following a high-salt diet in GRβgeo/+ mice. High salt reduced urinary aldosterone excretion but increased renal mineralocorticoid receptor expression in both genotypes. Corticosterone, and to a lesser extent deoxycorticosterone, excretion was increased in GRβgeo/+ mice following a high-salt challenge, consistent with enhanced 24 h production. GR+/+ mice increased fractional sodium excretion and reduced renal vascular resistance during the high salt challenge, retaining neutral sodium balance. In contrast, sodium excretion and renal vascular resistance did not adapt to high salt in GRβgeo/+ mice, resulting in transient sodium retention and sustained hypertension. With high-salt diet, Slc12a3 and Scnn1a mRNAs were higher in GRβgeo/+ than controls, and this was reflected in an exaggerated natriuretic response to thiazide and benzamil, inhibitors of NCC and ENaC, respectively. Reduction in GR expression causes salt-sensitivity and an adaptive failure of the renal vasculature and tubule, most likely reflecting sustained mineralocorticoid receptor activation. This provides a mechanistic basis to understand the hypertension associated with loss-of-function polymorphisms in GR in the context of habitually high salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Ivy
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C Evans
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Moorhouse
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel V Richardson
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Flatman
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome describes a clustering of risk factors—visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and salt-sensitive hypertension—that increases mortality related to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The prevalence of these concurrent comorbidities is ~ 25–30% worldwide, and metabolic syndrome therefore presents a significant global public health burden. Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies indicates that glucocorticoid excess is a key causal feature of metabolic syndrome. This is not increased systemic in circulating cortisol, rather increased bioavailability of active glucocorticoids within tissues. This review examines the role of covert glucocorticoid excess on the hypertension of the metabolic syndrome. Here, the role of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes, which exert intracrine and paracrine control over glucocorticoid signalling, is examined. 11βHSD1 amplifies glucocorticoid action in cells and contributes to hypertension through direct and indirect effects on the kidney and vasculature. The deactivation of glucocorticoid by 11βHSD2 controls ligand access to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors: loss of function promotes salt retention and hypertension. As for hypertension in general, high blood pressure in the metabolic syndrome reflects a complex interaction between multiple systems. The clear association between high dietary salt, glucocorticoid production, and metabolic disorders has major relevance for human health and warrants systematic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Bailey
- The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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11
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Chun YH, Han K, Kim DH, Park YG, Cho KH, Choi YS, Kim SM, Kim YH, Nam GE. Association of Urinary Sodium Excretion With Insulin Resistance in Korean Adolescents: Results From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3447. [PMID: 27124037 PMCID: PMC4998700 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High sodium intake is a well-known risk factor for elevated blood pressure and is responsible for a higher incidence of cardiovascular events. Reports have suggested an association of sodium intake with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. However, evidence on an association between sodium intake assessed on the basis of urinary sodium excretion and IR in adolescents is scarce. The present study aimed at investigating the association between urinary sodium excretion and IR among South Korean adolescents.This population-based, cross-sectional study analyzed the data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009 to 2010. The data of a total of 1353 adolescents (779 boys and 574 girls) were included in the final analysis. Spot urine samples were collected, and urinary sodium excretion was estimated by using the urinary sodium concentration (U[Na]), U[Na] to urinary creatinine ratio (U[Na]/Cr), and U[Na] to specific gravity unit (SGU) ratio (U[Na]/SGU). IR was assessed by using the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk for a high HOMA-IR according to urinary sodium excretion.The mean levels of U[Na], U[Na]/Cr, and U[Na]/SGU were significantly higher in subjects in the highest HOMA-IR quartile (Q4) than in subjects in the lowest, second, or third quartiles (Q1-3) of HOMA-IR. The mean values of HOMA-IR and several cardiometabolic parameters tended to progressively increase with the U[Na], U[Na]/Cr, and U[Na]/SGU quartiles. Q3 of U[Na] was at a significantly higher risk than Q1 of U[Na] of an association with Q4 of HOMA-IR, after adjustment for confounding variables. Q3 and Q4 of U[Na]/Cr and U[Na]/SGU, respectively, had significantly higher risks, than the respective Q1s, of an association with Q4 of HOMA-IR. The risk of an association with Q4 of HOMA-IR demonstrated significantly increasing trends with increasing quartiles of U[Na], U[Na]/Cr, and U[Na]/SGU irrespective of confounding factors.Urinary sodium excretion was positively associated with IR in South Korean adolescents. The monitoring and control of urinary sodium excretion may be recommended as an important intervention for the prevention of IR and related diseases in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Hong Chun
- From the Department of Pediatrics (YHC), Incheon St. Mary's Hospital; Department of Biostatistics (KH, YGP), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea; and Department of Family Medicine (DHK, KHC, YSC, SMK, YHK, GEN), Korea University Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Matsuura N, Asano C, Nagasawa K, Ito S, Sano Y, Minagawa Y, Yamada Y, Hattori T, Watanabe S, Murohara T, Nagata K. Effects of pioglitazone on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology in rats with metabolic syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2014; 179:360-9. [PMID: 25464487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione drug that acts as an insulin sensitizer. We recently characterized DahlS.Z-Lepr(fa)/Lepr(fa) (DS/obese) rats, derived from a cross between Dahl salt-sensitive and Zucker rats, as a new animal model of metabolic syndrome. We have now investigated the effects of pioglitazone on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology in this model. METHODS AND RESULTS DS/obese rats were treated with pioglitazone (2.5 mg/kg per day, per os) from 9 to 13 weeks of age. Age-matched homozygous lean (DahlS.Z-Lepr(+)/Lepr(+), or DS/lean) littermates served as controls. Pioglitazone increased body weight and food intake in DS/obese rats. It also ameliorated left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction as well as attenuated cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation, without lowering blood pressure, in DS/obese rats, but it had no effect on these parameters in DS/lean rats. In addition, pioglitazone increased visceral and subcutaneous fat mass but alleviated adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation in visceral adipose tissue in DS/obese rats. Furthermore, pioglitazone increased the serum concentration of adiponectin, induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the heart, as well as ameliorated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in DS/obese rats. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of DS/obese rats with pioglitazone exacerbated obesity but attenuated LV hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction, with these latter effects being associated with the activation of cardiac AMPK signaling likely as a result of the stimulation of adiponectin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiharu Asano
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kai Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Ito
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sano
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuji Minagawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Hattori
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Baudrand R, Campino C, Carvajal CA, Olivieri O, Guidi G, Faccini G, Vöhringer PA, Cerda J, Owen G, Kalergis AM, Fardella CE. High sodium intake is associated with increased glucocorticoid production, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 80:677-84. [PMID: 23594269 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High sodium (HS) diet is associated with hypertension (HT) and insulin resistance (IR). We evaluated whether HS diet was associated with a dysregulation of cortisol production and metabolic syndrome (MetS). PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS We recruited 370 adults (18-85 years, BMI 29·3 ± 4·4 kg/m(2) , 70% women, 72% HT, 61% MetS). HS diet (urinary sodium >150 mEq/day) was observed in 70% of subjects. We measured plasma hormones, lipid profile, urinary free cortisol (UFC) and cortisol tetrahydrometabolites (THM). RESULTS Urinary sodium was correlated with UFC (r = +0·45, P < 0·001), cortisol THM (r = +0·41, P < 0·001) and inversely with adiponectin, HDL and aldosterone, after adjusting by age, gender and BMI. Subjects with high, compared with adequate sodium intake (50-149 mEq/day) had higher UFC (P < 0·001), THM (P < 0·001), HOMA-IR (P = 0·04), HT (81% vs 50%, P < 0·001), MetS (69% vs 41%, P < 0·001) and lower adiponectin (P = 0·003). A multivariate predictive model adjusted by confounders showed a high discriminative capacity for MetS (ROC curve 0·878) using four clinical variables: HS intake [OR = 5·6 (CI 2·3-15·3)], HOMA-IR [OR 1·7 (1·3-2·2)] cortisol THM [OR 1·2 (1·1-1·4)] and adiponectin [OR = 0·9 (0·8-0·9)], the latter had a protective effect. CONCLUSIONS High sodium diet was associated with increased urinary cortisol and its metabolites. Also, HS diet was associated with HT, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia, even when adjusting by confounding variables. Further, we observed that high salt intake, IR and higher cortisol metabolites, alone or combined in a clinical simple model, accurately predicted MetS status, suggesting an additive mechanism in obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baudrand
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Zicha J, Dobešová Z, Vokurková M, Rauchová H, Hojná S, Kadlecová M, Behuliak M, Vaněčková I, Kuneš J. Age-dependent salt hypertension in Dahl rats: fifty years of research. Physiol Res 2013; 61:S35-S87. [PMID: 22827876 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Lewis K. Dahl has presented a new model of salt hypertension - salt-sensitive and salt-resistant Dahl rats. Twenty years later, John P. Rapp has published the first and so far the only comprehensive review on this rat model covering numerous aspects of pathophysiology and genetics of salt hypertension. When we summarized 25 years of our own research on Dahl/Rapp rats, we have realized the need to outline principal abnormalities of this model, to show their interactions at different levels of the organism and to highlight the ontogenetic aspects of salt hypertension development. Our attention was focused on some cellular aspects (cell membrane function, ion transport, cell calcium handling), intra- and extrarenal factors affecting renal function and/or renal injury, local and systemic effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial and smooth muscle changes responsible for abnormal vascular contraction or relaxation, altered balance between various vasoconstrictor and vasodilator systems in blood pressure maintenance as well as on the central nervous and peripheral mechanisms involved in the regulation of circulatory homeostasis. We also searched for the age-dependent impact of environmental and pharmacological interventions, which modify the development of high blood pressure and/or organ damage, if they influence the salt-sensitive organism in particular critical periods of development (developmental windows). Thus, severe self-sustaining salt hypertension in young Dahl rats is characterized by pronounced dysbalance between augmented sympathetic hyperactivity and relative nitric oxide deficiency, attenuated baroreflex as well as by a major increase of residual blood pressure indicating profound remodeling of resistance vessels. Salt hypertension development in young but not in adult Dahl rats can be attenuated by preventive increase of potassium or calcium intake. On the contrary, moderate salt hypertension in adult Dahl rats is attenuated by superoxide scavenging or endothelin-A receptor blockade which do not affect salt hypertension development in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zicha
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Chen Y, Fu DY, Chen Y, He YM, Fu XD, Xu YQ, Liu Y, Feng XT, Zhang T, Wang WJ. Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Yiqi Huaju Formula on hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2013; 11:184-94. [DOI: 10.3736/jintegrmed2013031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Craigie E, Evans LC, Mullins JJ, Bailey MA. Failure to downregulate the epithelial sodium channel causes salt sensitivity in Hsd11b2 heterozygote mice. Hypertension 2012; 60:684-90. [PMID: 22777941 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.196410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 influences ligand access to the mineralocorticoid receptor. Ablation of the encoding gene, HSD11B2, causes the hypertensive syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Studies in humans and experimental animals have linked reduced 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity and salt sensitivity of blood pressure. In the present study, renal mechanisms underpinning salt sensitivity were investigated in Hsd11b2(+/-) mice fed low-, standard-, and high-sodium diets. In wild-type mice, there was a strong correlation between dietary sodium content and fractional sodium excretion but not blood pressure. High sodium feeding abolished amiloride-sensitive sodium reabsorption, consistent with downregulation of the epithelial sodium channel. In Hsd11b2(+/-) mice, the natriuretic response to increased dietary sodium content was blunted, and epithelial sodium channel activity persisted. High-sodium diet also reduced renal blood flow and increased blood pressure in Hsd11b2(+/-) mice. Aldosterone was modulated by dietary sodium in both genotypes, and salt sensitivity in Hsd11b2(+/-) mice was associated with increased plasma corticosterone levels. Chronic administration of an epithelial sodium channel blocker or a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist prevented salt sensitivity in Hsd11b2(+/-) mice, whereas mineralocorticoid receptor blockade with spironolactone did not. This study shows that reduced 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 causes salt sensitivity of blood pressure because of impaired renal natriuretic capacity. This reflects deregulation of epithelial sodium channels and increased renal vascular resistance. The phenotype is not caused by illicit activation of mineralocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoids but by direct activation of glucocorticoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilidh Craigie
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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de Oliveira C, de Mattos ABM, Silva CBR, Mota JF, Zemdegs JCS. Nutritional and hormonal modulation of adiponectin and its receptors adipoR1 and adipoR2. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 90:57-94. [PMID: 23017712 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398313-8.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is the most abundant plasma protein synthesized mostly by adipose tissue and is an insulin-sensitive hormone, playing a central role in glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin effects are mediated via two receptors, adipoR1 and adipoR2. Several hormones and diet components that are involved in insulin resistance may impair insulin sensitivity at least in part by decreasing adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Adiponectin expression and serum levels are associated with the amount and type of fatty acids and carbohydrate consumed. Other food items, such as vitamins, alcohol, sodium, green tea, and coffee, have been reported to modify adiponectin levels. Several hormones, including testosterone, estrogen, prolactin, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and growth hormone, have been shown to inhibit adiponectin production, but the studies are still controversial. Even so, adiponectin is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other diseases associated with hypoadiponectinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Oliveira
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA.
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Chen Y. Relationships between insulin resistant and hypertension and traditional Chinese medicine intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 8:1114-8. [DOI: 10.3736/jcim20101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rose AJ, Vegiopoulos A, Herzig S. Role of glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid receptor in metabolism: insights from genetic manipulations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 122:10-20. [PMID: 20170729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the beneficial effects of adrenocortical extracts for treating adrenal insufficiency more than 80 years ago, glucocorticoids and their cognate, intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor have been characterized as critical checkpoints in the delicate hormonal control of energy homeostasis in mammals. Whereas physiological levels of glucocorticoids are required for proper metabolic control, aberrant glucocorticoid action has been linked to a variety of pandemic metabolic diseases, such as type II diabetes and obesity. Based on its importance for human health, studies of the molecular mechanisms of within the glucocorticoid signaling axis have become a major focus in biomedical research. In particular, the understanding of tissue-specific functions of the glucocorticoid receptor pathway has been proven to be of substantial value for the development of novel therapies in the treatment of chronic metabolic disorders. Therefore, this review focuses on the consequences of endogenous and experimental modulation of glucocorticoid receptor expression for metabolic homeostasis and dysregulation, particularly emphasizing tissue-specific contributions of the glucocorticoid pathway to the control of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rose
- Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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