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Shi C, Chang L, Wang J, Dai J, Xu W, Tang J, Mei W, Zhang C, Wang Z, Liao Y, Zhang X, Jiang W, Zhang G, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Zhu L, Li H. Discovery of Novel Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors Interacting with Dizinc Ions of CD73. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9686-9708. [PMID: 38809692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
High extracellular concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the tumor microenvironment generate adenosine by sequential dephosphorylation of CD39 and CD73, resulting in potent immunosuppression to inhibit T cell and natural killer (NK) cell function. CD73, as the determining enzyme for adenosine production, has been shown to correlate with poor clinical tumor prognosis. Conventional inhibitors as analogues of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) may have a risk of further metabolism to adenosine analogues. Here, we report a new series of malonic acid non-nucleoside inhibitors coordinating with zinc ions of CD73. Compound 12f was found to be a superior CD73 inhibitor (IC50 = 60 nM) by structural optimization, and its pharmacokinetic properties were investigated. In mouse tumor models, compound 12f showed excellent efficacy and reversal of immunosuppression in combination with chemotherapeutic agents or checkpoint inhibitors, suggesting that it deserves further development as a novel CD73 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunjian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Longfeng Chang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jingqi Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiangyang Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenyi Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zedong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yichen Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xingsen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenzhe Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yufang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
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2
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Wang H, Wei Y, Wang N. Purinergic pathways and their clinical use in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-09997-8. [PMID: 38446337 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-09997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the use of various therapies such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T), the prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still generally poor. However, immunotherapy is currently a hot topic in the treatment of hematological tumors. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) via CD39, and ADP can be converted to adenosine via CD73, which can bind to P1 and P2 receptors to exert immunomodulatory effects. Research on the mechanism of the purinergic signaling pathway can provide a new direction for the treatment of AML, and inhibitors of this signaling pathway have been discovered by several researchers and gradually applied in the clinic. In this paper, the mechanism of the purinergic signaling pathway and its clinical application are described, revealing a new target for the treatment of AML and subsequent improvement in patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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3
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Midtbø HMD, Eichner C, Hamre LA, Dondrup M, Flesland L, Tysseland KH, Kongshaug H, Borchel A, Skoge RH, Nilsen F, Øvergård AC. Salmon louse labial gland enzymes: implications for host settlement and immune modulation. Front Genet 2024; 14:1303898. [PMID: 38299097 PMCID: PMC10828956 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1303898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a skin- and blood-feeding ectoparasite, infesting salmonids. While feeding, labial gland proteins from the salmon louse may be deposited on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) skin. Previously characterized labial gland proteins are involved in anti-coagulation and may contribute to inhibiting Atlantic salmon from mounting a sufficient immune response against the ectoparasite. As labial gland proteins seem to be important in the host-parasite interaction, we have, therefore, identified and characterized ten enzymes localized to the labial gland. They are a large group of astacins named L. salmonis labial gland astacin 1-8 (LsLGA 1-8), one serine protease named L. salmonis labial gland serine protease 1 (LsLGSP1), and one apyrase named L. salmonis labial gland apyrase 1 (LsLGAp1). Protein domain predictions showed that LsLGA proteins all have N-terminal ShK domains, which may bind to potassium channels targeting the astacins to its substrate. LsLGA1 and -4 are, in addition, expressed in another gland type, whose secrete also meets the host-parasite interface. This suggests that LsLGA proteins may have an anti-microbial function and may prevent secondary infections in the wounds. LsLGAp1 is predicted to hydrolyze ATP or AMP and is, thereby, suggested to have an immune dampening function. In a knockdown study targeting LsLGSP1, a significant increase in IL-8 and MMP13 at the skin infestation site was seen under LsLGSP1 knockdown salmon louse compared to the control, suggesting that LsLGSP1 may have an anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, most of the identified labial gland proteins are expressed in mature copepodids prior to host settlement, are not regulated by starvation, and are expressed at similar or higher levels in lice infesting the salmon louse-resistant pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). This study, thereby, emphasizes the importance of labial gland proteins for host settlement and their immune dampening function. This work can further contribute to anti-salmon louse treatment such as vaccine development, functional feed, or gene-edited salmon louse-resistant Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Eichner
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Are Hamre
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Dondrup
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linn Flesland
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Heidi Kongshaug
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Borchel
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Renate Hvidsten Skoge
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Ge GH, Wang QY, Zhang ZH, Zhang X, Guo S, Zhang TJ, Meng FH. Small molecular CD73 inhibitors: Recent progress and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116028. [PMID: 38086190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and development of the tumor are very complex biological processes. In recent years, a large number of research data shows that CD73 is closely related to tumor growth and metastasis. It has been confirmed that the cascade hydrolysis of extracellular ATP to adenosine is one of the most important immunosuppressive regulatory pathways in the tumor microenvironment. The metabolite adenosine can mediate immunosuppression by activating adenosine receptor (such as A2A) on effector Immune cells and enable tumor cells to achieve immune escape. Therefore, attenuating or completely removing adenosine-mediated immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment by inhibiting CD73 is a promising approach in the treatment of solid tumors. This paper focuses on the research progress of CD73 enzyme and CD73 small molecule inhibitors, and is expected to provide some insights into the development of small-molecule antitumor drugs targeting CD73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Hui Ge
- School of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Small Molecule Targeted Antitumor Drugs, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qiu-Yin Wang
- School of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Small Molecule Targeted Antitumor Drugs, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Small Molecule Targeted Antitumor Drugs, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Small Molecule Targeted Antitumor Drugs, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Small Molecule Targeted Antitumor Drugs, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Small Molecule Targeted Antitumor Drugs, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy / Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Small Molecule Targeted Antitumor Drugs, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
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5
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Kostecki KL, Iida M, Crossman BE, Salgia R, Harari PM, Bruce JY, Wheeler DL. Immune Escape Strategies in Head and Neck Cancer: Evade, Resist, Inhibit, Recruit. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:312. [PMID: 38254801 PMCID: PMC10814769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) arise from the mucosal lining of the aerodigestive tract and are often associated with alcohol use, tobacco use, and/or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Over 600,000 new cases of HNC are diagnosed each year, making it the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Historically, treatments have included surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, and while these treatments are still the backbone of current therapy, several immunotherapies have recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in HNC. The role of the immune system in tumorigenesis and cancer progression has been explored since the early 20th century, eventually coalescing into the current three-phase model of cancer immunoediting. During each of the three phases-elimination, equilibrium, and escape-cancer cells develop and utilize multiple strategies to either reach or remain in the final phase, escape, at which point the tumor is able to grow and metastasize with little to no detrimental interference from the immune system. In this review, we summarize the many strategies used by HNC to escape the immune system, which include ways to evade immune detection, resist immune cell attacks, inhibit immune cell functions, and recruit pro-tumor immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourtney L. Kostecki
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (K.L.K.); (M.I.); (B.E.C.)
| | - Mari Iida
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (K.L.K.); (M.I.); (B.E.C.)
| | - Bridget E. Crossman
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (K.L.K.); (M.I.); (B.E.C.)
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Paul M. Harari
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (K.L.K.); (M.I.); (B.E.C.)
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Justine Y. Bruce
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Deric L. Wheeler
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (K.L.K.); (M.I.); (B.E.C.)
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
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6
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Schulman ES, Nishi H, Pelleg A. Degranulation of human mast cells: modulation by P2 receptors' agonists. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216580. [PMID: 37868982 PMCID: PMC10585249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the late 1970s, there has been an alarming increase in the incidence of asthma and its morbidity and mortality. Acute obstruction and inflammation of allergic asthmatic airways are frequently caused by inhalation of exogenous substances such as allergens cross-linking IgE receptors expressed on the surface of the human lung mast cells (HLMC). The degree of constriction of human airways produced by identical amounts of inhaled allergens may vary from day to day and even hour to hour. Endogenous factors in the human mast cell (HMC)'s microenvironment during allergen exposure may markedly modulate the degranulation response. An increase in allergic responsiveness may significantly enhance bronchoconstriction and breathlessness. This review focuses on the role that the ubiquitous endogenous purine nucleotide, extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), which is a component of the damage-associated molecular patterns, plays in mast cells' physiology. ATP activates P2 purinergic cell-surface receptors (P2R) to trigger signaling cascades resulting in heightened inflammatory responses. ATP is the most potent enhancer of IgE-mediated HLMC degranulation described to date. Current knowledge of ATP as it relates to targeted receptor(s) on HMC along with most recent studies exploring HMC post-receptor activation pathways are discussed. In addition, the reviewed studies may explain why brief, minimal exposures to allergens (e.g., dust, cat, mouse, and grass) can unpredictably lead to intense clinical reactions. Furthermore, potential therapeutic approaches targeting ATP-related enhancement of allergic reactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Schulman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Haruhisa Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amir Pelleg
- Danmir Therapeutics, LLC, Haverford, PA, United States
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7
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Kagami LP, Gonçalves IL, da Silva ÁC, Silva AC, das Neves GM, Göethel G, Spillere A, Dos Santos MR, Figueiró F, Garcia SC, Ávila DS, Battastini AMO, Eifler-Lima VL. LaSOM 335, active against bladder cancer cells, interferes with Let-60 (hRas) and reduces CD73 expression/activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:536-546. [PMID: 37272688 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in men. It can present along the entire continuum of severity, from mild to well-differentiated disease to extremely malignant tumors with low survival rates. Human RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancers, and the critical role of aberrant Ras protein function in carcinogenesis is well established. Therefore, considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of anti-Ras inhibitors for cancer treatment. This study presents the biphenyl dihydropyrimidinone LaSOM 335 with high activity against T24 bladder cancer cells (IC50 = 10.73 ± 0.53 μM) and selectivity of cytotoxicity for this cancer cell line compared to two non-cancer cell lines investigated. Furthermore, we also show that this compound reduced vulvar development in the mutant let-60 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. Let-60 is a homolog of the mammalian Ras gene. In addition, we observed that LaSOM 335 inhibits the enzymatic activity of CD73 and decreases CD73 expression. Possibly, this expression decrease is due to downstream EGFR signaling via the Ras-Raf-ERK pathway, that directly regulates CD73 expression via ERK1/2. Evidence suggests that non-immunomodulating functions of CD73 play an equally important role for cancer cell survival, progression, and migration. Regarding we also notice that LaSOM 335 was safe in the in vivo model of C. elegans. The set of these findings makes this biphenyl dihydropyrimidinone a promising candidate for further investigations in the bladder cancer field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Porto Kagami
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal - LaSOM®, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Itamar Luís Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal - LaSOM®, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões-URI, Erechim, Brazil
| | - Álisson Coldebella da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Castro Silva
- Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Machado das Neves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal - LaSOM®, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Göethel
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal - LaSOM®, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Spillere
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal - LaSOM®, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maitê Roxo Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal - LaSOM®, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analyses, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Eifler-Lima
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal - LaSOM®, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Viviani LG, Kokh DB, Wade RC, T-do Amaral A. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Human Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (h-ecto-5'-NT, CD73): Insights into Protein Flexibility and Binding Site Dynamics. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4691-4707. [PMID: 37532679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Human ecto-5'-nucleotidase (h-ecto-5'-NT, CD73) is a homodimeric Zn2+-binding metallophosphoesterase that hydrolyzes adenosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-AMP) to adenosine and phosphate. h-Ecto-5'-NT is a key enzyme in purinergic signaling pathways and has been recognized as a promising biological target for several diseases, including cancer and inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Despite its importance as a biological target, little is known about h-ecto-5'-NT dynamics, which poses a considerable challenge to the design of inhibitors of this target enzyme. Here, to explore h-ecto-5'-NT flexibility, all-atom unbiased molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed. Remarkable differences in the dynamics of the open (catalytically inactive) and closed (catalytically active) conformations of the apo-h-ecto-5'-NT were observed during the simulations, and the nucleotide analogue inhibitor AMPCP was shown to stabilize the protein structure in the closed conformation. Our results suggest that the large and complex domain motion that enables the h-ecto-5'-NT open/closed conformational switch is slow, and therefore, it could not be completely captured within the time scale of our simulations. Nonetheless, we were able to explore the faster dynamics of the h-ecto-5'-NT substrate binding site, which is mainly located at the C-terminal domain and well conserved among the protein's open and closed conformations. Using the TRAPP ("Transient Pockets in Proteins") approach, we identified transient subpockets close to the substrate binding site. Finally, conformational states of the substrate binding site with higher druggability scores than the crystal structure were identified. In summary, our study provides valuable insights into h-ecto-5'-NT structural flexibility, which can guide the structure-based design of novel h-ecto-5'-NT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Viviani
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daria B Kokh
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonia T-do Amaral
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Bach N, Winzer R, Tolosa E, Fiedler W, Brauneck F. The Clinical Significance of CD73 in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11759. [PMID: 37511518 PMCID: PMC10380759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new and effective treatment targets for cancer immunotherapy is an ongoing challenge. Alongside the more established inhibitory immune checkpoints, a novel potential target is CD73. As one of the key enzymes in the purinergic signalling pathway CD73 is responsible for the generation of immune suppressive adenosine. The expression of CD73 is higher in tumours than in the corresponding healthy tissues and associated with a poor prognosis. CD73, mainly by the production of adenosine, is critical in the suppression of an adequate anti-tumour immune response, but also in promoting cancer cell proliferation, tumour growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The upregulation of CD73 and generation of adenosine by tumour or tumour-associated immune cells is a common resistance mechanism to many cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Therefore, the inhibition of CD73 represents a new and promising approach to increase therapy efficacy. Several CD73 inhibitors have already been developed and successfully demonstrated anti-cancer activity in preclinical studies. Currently, clinical studies evaluate CD73 inhibitors in different therapy combinations and tumour entities. The initial results suggest that inhibiting CD73 could be an effective option to augment anti-cancer immunotherapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the rationale behind the CD73 inhibition in different treatment combinations and the role of CD73 as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Bach
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Riekje Winzer
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Fiedler
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Brauneck
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald University Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Stagg J, Golden E, Wennerberg E, Demaria S. The interplay between the DNA damage response and ectonucleotidases modulates tumor response to therapy. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabq3015. [PMID: 37418547 PMCID: PMC10394739 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular nucleoside adenosine reduces tissue inflammation and is generated by irreversible dephosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) mediated by the ectonucleotidase CD73. The pro-inflammatory nucleotides adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and cyclic guanosine -monophosphate-AMP (cGAMP), which are produced in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during therapy-induced immunogenic cell death and activation of innate immune signaling, can be converted into AMP by ectonucleotidases CD39, CD38, and CD203a/ENPP1. Thus, ectonucleotidases shape the TME by converting immune-activating signals into an immunosuppressive one. Ectonucleotidases also hinder the ability of therapies including radiation therapy, which enhance the release of pro-inflammatory nucleotides in the extracellular milieu, to induce immune-mediated tumor rejection. Here, we review the immunosuppressive effects of adenosine and the role of different ectonucleotidases in modulating antitumor immune responses. We discuss emerging opportunities to target adenosine generation and/or its ability to signal via adenosine receptors expressed by immune and cancer cells in the context of combination immunotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de
l’Université de Montréal, 900 St-Denis street, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Encouse Golden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine,
New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erik Wennerberg
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer
Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine,
New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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11
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Younus HA, Saeed M, Mahmood A, Jadoon MSK, Hameed A, Asari A, Mohamad H, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J, Al-Rashida M. Exploring chromone sulfonamides and sulfonylhydrazones as highly selective ectonucleotidase inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico study. Bioorg Chem 2023; 134:106450. [PMID: 36924652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases, a well-known superfamily of plasma membrane located metalloenzymes plays a central role in mediating the process of purinergic cell signaling. Major functions performed by these enzymes include the hydrolysis of extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides which are considered as important cell-signaling molecules. Any (patho)-physiologically induced disruption in this purinergic cell signaling leads to several disorders, hence these enzymes are important drug targets for therapeutic purposes. Among the major challenges faced in the design of inhibitors of ectonucleotidases, an important one is the lack of selective inhibitors. Access to highly selective inhibitors via a facile synthetic route will not only be beneficial therapeutically, but will also lead to an increase in our understanding of intricate interplay between members of ectonucleotidase enzymes in relation to their selective activation and/or inhibition in different cells and tissues. Herein we describe synthesis of highly selective inhibitors of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase (h-IAP) and human tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (h-TNAP), containing chromone sulfonamide and sulfonylhydrazone scaffolds. Compound 1c exhibited highest (and most selective) h-IAP inhibition activity (h-IAP IC50 = 0.51 ± 0.20 µM; h-TNAP = 36.5%) and compound 3k showed highest activity and selective inhibition against h-TNAP (h-TNAP IC50 = 1.41 ± 0.10 µM; h-IAP = 43.1%). These compounds were also evaluated against another member of ectonucleotidase family, that is rat and human ecto-5'-nucleotidase (r-e5'NT and h-e5'NT). Some of the compounds exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Compound 2 g exhibited highest inhibition against h-e5'NT (IC50 = 0.18 ± 0.02 µM). To rationalize the interactions with the binding site, molecular docking studies were carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Amna Younus
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abid Mahmood
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Siraj Khan Jadoon
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan
| | - Asnuzilawati Asari
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Habsah Mohamad
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Mariya Al-Rashida
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
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12
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Chan JCY, Chaban R, Chang SH, Angel LF, Montgomery RA, Pierson RN. Future of Lung Transplantation: Xenotransplantation and Bioengineering Lungs. Clin Chest Med 2023; 44:201-214. [PMID: 36774165 PMCID: PMC11078107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation promises to alleviate the issue of donor organ shortages and to decrease waiting times for transplantation. Recent advances in genetic engineering have allowed for the creation of pigs with up to 16 genetic modifications. Several combinations of genetic modifications have been associated with extended graft survival and life-supporting function in experimental heart and kidney xenotransplants. Lung xenotransplantation carries specific challenges related to the large surface area of the lung vascular bed, its innate immune system's intrinsic hyperreactivity to perceived 'danger', and its anatomic vulnerability to airway flooding after even localized loss of alveolocapillary barrier function. This article discusses the current status of lung xenotransplantation, and challenges related to immunology, physiology, anatomy, and infection. Tissue engineering as a feasible alternative to develop a viable lung replacement solution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Y Chan
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ryan Chaban
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, Bau 505, 5. OG55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Chang
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luis F Angel
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- NYU Transplant Institute, New York University, 530 1st Avenue, Suite 7R, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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13
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Sayegh MN, Cooney KA, Han WM, Cicka M, Strobel F, Wang L, García AJ, Levit RD. Hydrogel delivery of purinergic enzymes improves cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 176:98-109. [PMID: 36764383 PMCID: PMC10006353 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The innate immune response contributes to cardiac injury in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). Neutrophils are an important early part of the innate immune response to MI/R. Adenosine, an endogenous purine, is a known innate immune modulator and inhibitor of neutrophil activation. However, its delivery to the heart is limited by its short half-life (<30 s) and off-target side effects. CD39 and CD73 are anti-inflammatory homeostatic enzymes that can generate adenosine from phosphorylated adenosine substrate such as ATP released from injured tissue. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that hydrogel-delivered CD39 and CD73 target the local early innate immune response, reduce neutrophil activation, and preserve cardiac function in MI/R injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We engineered a poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) hydrogel loaded with the adenosine-generating enzymes CD39 and CD73. We incubated the hydrogels with neutrophils in vitro and showed a reduction in hydrogen peroxide production using Amplex Red. We demonstrated availability of substrate for the enzymes in the myocardium in MI/R by LC/MS, and tested release kinetics from the hydrogel. On echocardiography, global longitudinal strain (GLS) was preserved in MI/R hearts treated with the loaded hydrogel. Delivery of purinergic enzymes via this synthetic hydrogel resulted in lower innate immune infiltration into the myocardium post-MI/R, decreased markers of macrophage and neutrophil activation (NETosis), and decreased leukocyte-platelet complexes in circulation. CONCLUSIONS In a rat model of MI/R injury, CD39 and CD73 delivered via a hydrogel preserve cardiac function by modulating the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Sayegh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A Cooney
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Woojin M Han
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Orthopedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Markus Cicka
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Frederick Strobel
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lanfang Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Andrés J García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca D Levit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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14
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das Neves GM, Kagami LP, Battastini AMO, Figueiró F, Eifler-Lima VL. Targeting ecto-5'-nucleotidase: A comprehensive review into small molecule inhibitors and expression modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115052. [PMID: 36599229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling has drawn attention from academia and more recently from pharmaceutical industries as a potential therapeutic route for cancer treatment, since ATP may act as chemotactic agent and possess in vitro antineoplastic activity. On the other way, adenosine, produced in extracellular medium by ecto-5'-NT, acts as immunosuppressor and is related to neoangiogenesis, vasculogenesis and evasion to the immune system. Consequently, inhibitors of ecto-5'-NT may prevent tumor progression, reducing adenosine concentrations, preventing escape from the host's immune system and slowing cancer's growth. This review aims to highlight important biochemical and structural features of ecto-5'NT, highlight its expression profile in normal and cancer cell lines detailing compounds which may act as expression regulators and to review the several classes of ecto-5'NT inhibitors developed in the past 12 years, in order to build a general structure-activity relationship model to guide further compound design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Machado das Neves
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal (LaSOM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Porto Kagami
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal (LaSOM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Laboratório de Imunobioquímica do Câncer (LIBC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Laboratório de Imunobioquímica do Câncer (LIBC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Eifler-Lima
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Medicinal (LaSOM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Jiang X, Wu X, Xiao Y, Wang P, Zheng J, Wu X, Jin Z. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 on T cells: The new pillar of hematological malignancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1110325. [PMID: 36776866 PMCID: PMC9911447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancy develops and applies various mechanisms to induce immune escape, in part through an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Adenosine is an immunosuppressive metabolite produced at high levels within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Adenosine signaling through the A2A receptor expressed on immune cells, such as T cells, potently dampens immune responses. Extracellular adenosine generated by ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) molecules is a newly recognized 'immune checkpoint mediator' and leads to the identification of immunosuppressive adenosine as an essential regulator in hematological malignancies. In this Review, we provide an overview of the detailed distribution and function of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes in the TME and the effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition on preclinical hematological malignancy data, which provides insights into the potential clinical applications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Penglin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamian Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiuli Wu, ; Zhenyi Jin,
| | - Zhenyi Jin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiuli Wu, ; Zhenyi Jin,
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16
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Li J, Chen L, Billedeau RJ, Stanton TF, Chiang JTP, Lee CC, Li W, Steggerda S, Emberley E, Gross M, Bhupathi D, Che X, Chen J, Dang R, Huang T, Ma Y, MacKinnon A, Makkouk A, Marguier G, Neou S, Sotirovska N, Spurlock S, Zhang J, Zhang W, van Zandt M, Yuan L, Savoy J, Parlati F, Sjogren EB. Discovery of a Series of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Nucleoside Inhibitors of CD73 That Demonstrates In Vivo Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2023; 66:345-370. [PMID: 36529947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) has emerged as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy of many cancers. CD73 catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) into highly immunosuppressive adenosine that plays a critical role in tumor progression. Herein, we report our efforts in developing orally bioavailable and highly potent small-molecule CD73 inhibitors from the reported hit molecule 2 to lead molecule 20 and then finally to compound 49. Compound 49 was able to reverse AMP-mediated suppression of CD8+ T cells and completely inhibited CD73 activity in serum samples from various cancer patients. In preclinical in vivo studies, orally administered 49 showed a robust dose-dependent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship that correlated with efficacy. Compound 49 also demonstrated the expected immune-mediated antitumor mechanism of action and was efficacious upon oral administration not only as a single agent but also in combination with either chemotherapeutics or checkpoint inhibitor in the mouse tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Li
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lijing Chen
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Roland J Billedeau
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Timothy F Stanton
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John T P Chiang
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Clarissa C Lee
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Weiqun Li
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Susanne Steggerda
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ethan Emberley
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Gross
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Deepthi Bhupathi
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Jason Chen
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rosalyn Dang
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tony Huang
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yong Ma
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrew MacKinnon
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amani Makkouk
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gisele Marguier
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Silinda Neou
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Natalija Sotirovska
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sandra Spurlock
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Winter Zhang
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Lin Yuan
- NEDP, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | | | - Francesco Parlati
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eric B Sjogren
- Calithera Biosciences, 343 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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17
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Discovery of Hepatotoxic Equivalent Markers and Mechanism of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. by Metabolomics Coupled with Molecular Docking. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010025. [PMID: 36615221 PMCID: PMC9822512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PMT), a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine for treating diseases such as poisoning and white hair, has attracted constant attention due to the frequent occurrence of liver injury incidents. To date, its hepatotoxic equivalent markers (HEMs) and potential hepatotoxic mechanisms are still unclear. In order to clarify the HEMs of PMT and further explore the potential mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, firstly, the chemical constituents in PMT extract were globally characterized, and the fingerprints of PMT extracts were established along with the detection of their hepatotoxicity in vivo. Then, the correlations between hepatotoxic features and component contents were modeled by chemometrics to screen HEMs of PMT, which were then further evaluated. Finally, the hepatotoxic mechanisms of PMT were investigated using liver metabolomics and molecular docking. The results show that the chemical combination of 2,3,5,4-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) and emodin-8-O-glucoside (EG) was discovered as the HEMs of PMT through pre-screening and verifying process. Liver metabolomics revealed that PMT caused liver injury by interfering with purine metabolism, which might be related to mitochondrial function disorder and oxidative injury via the up-regulations of xanthosine and xanthine, and the down-regulation of 5' nucleotidase (NT5E) and adenylate kinase 2 (AK2). This study not only found that the HEMs of PMT were TSG and EG, but also clarified that PMT might affect purine metabolism to induce liver injury, which contributed to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of PMT hepatotoxicity.
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18
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Miller RA, Luke JJ, Hu S, Mahabhashyam S, Jones WB, Marron T, Merchan JR, Hughes BGM, Willingham SB. Anti-CD73 antibody activates human B cells, enhances humoral responses and induces redistribution of B cells in patients with cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005802. [PMID: 36600561 PMCID: PMC9723961 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD73 is widely expressed on immune cells playing a critical role in immunomodulatory functions including cell adhesion and migration, as a costimulatory molecule for T cells and in production of adenosine. The function of CD73 expressed on B cells has not been fully characterized. Mupadolimab is an anti-human CD73 antibody that activates B cells. We evaluated the characteristics of this antibody and its effects on immune cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Mupadolimab binding to CD73, inhibition of CD73 enzymatic activity, and effects on lymphocyte activation were evaluated in vitro by measuring changes in immunophenotype by flow cytometry. Cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy was used to determine epitope binding. Effects on human B cells in vivo were evaluated in immunodeficient NSG-SGM3 mice immunized with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viral antigens. Safety and immune effects were evaluated in the completed dose escalation portion of a phase 1 trial conducted in patients with cancer. RESULTS Mupadolimab binds to a unique epitope on CD73POS B cells resulting in their activation and differentiation through B cell receptor signaling pathways. Mupadolimab induces expression of CD69, CD83, CD86 and MHC class II on B cells along with morphological transformation into plasmablasts and expression of CD27, CD38 and CD138. These effects are independent of adenosine. Mupadolimab binds to the N-terminal of CD73 in the closed position and competitively inhibits substrate binding. Mupadolimab enhanced antigen specific antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and influenza hemagglutinin in humanized mouse models. Mupadolimab was evaluated as a monotherapy in a phase 1 trial (NCT03454451) in 34 patients with advanced cancer and demonstrated binding to CD73POS circulating cells and transient reduction in the number of B cells, with return of CD73NEG B cells with memory phenotype. No dose-limiting toxicities or changes in serum immunoglobulins were seen. CONCLUSIONS Mupadolimab activates B cells and stimulates the production of antigen specific antibodies. The effects in patients with cancer suggest that activated, CD69POS B cells redistribute to lymphoid tissues. Minor tumor regression was observed in several patients. These results support further investigation of mupadolimab as an immunotherapy for cancer and its potential use as a vaccine adjuvant. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03454451.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason John Luke
- Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shenshen Hu
- Corvus Pharmaceuticals Inc, Burlingame, California, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Marron
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Brett G M Hughes
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia,The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Identification of CD73 as a Novel Biomarker Encompassing the Tumor Microenvironment, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Responses in Various Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225663. [PMID: 36428755 PMCID: PMC9688912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD73 is essential in promoting tumor growth by prohibiting anti-tumor immunity in many cancer types. While the mechanism remains largely unknown, our paper comprehensively confirmed the onco-immunological characteristics of CD73 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of pan-cancer. This paper explored the expression pattern, mutational profile, prognostic value, tumor immune infiltration, and response to immunotherapy of CD73 in a continuous cohort of cancers through various computational tools. The co-expression of CD73 on cancer cells, immune cells, and stromal cells in the TME was also detected. Especially, we examined the correlation between CD73 and CD8+ (a marker of T cell), CD68+ (a marker of macrophage), and CD163+ (a marker of M2 macrophage) cells using multiplex immunofluorescence staining of tissue microarrays. CD73 expression is significantly associated with a patient's prognosis and could be a promising predictor of these cancers. High CD73 levels are strongly linked to immune infiltrations, neoantigens, and immune checkpoint expression in the TME. In particular, enrichment signaling pathway analysis demonstrated that CD73 was obviously related to activation pathways of immune cells, including T cells, macrophages, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Meanwhile, single-cell sequencing algorithms found that CD73 is predominantly co-expressed on cancer cells, CAFs, M2 macrophages, and T cells in several cancers. In addition, we explored the cellular communication among 14 cell types in glioblastoma (GBM) based on CD73 expression. Based on the expression of CD73 as well as macrophage and T cell markers, we predicted the methylation and enrichment pathways of these markers in pan-cancer. Furthermore, a lot of therapeutic molecules sensitive to these markers were predicted. Finally, potential anticancer inhibitors, immunotherapies, and gene therapy responses targeting CD73 were identified from a series of immunotherapy cohorts. CD73 is closely linked to clinical prognosis and immune infiltration in many cancers. Targeting CD73-dependent signaling pathways may be a promising therapeutic strategy for future tumor immunotherapy.
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Gammelgaard OL, Terp MG, Renn C, Labrijn AF, Hamaker O, Nielsen AY, Vever H, Hansen SW, Gjerstorff MF, Müller CE, Parren PW, Ditzel HJ. Targeting two distinct epitopes on human CD73 with a bispecific antibody improves anticancer activity. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004554. [PMID: 36096528 PMCID: PMC9472124 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunosuppressive extracellular adenosine is generated by the enzymatic activity of CD73. In preclinical models, antibodies (Abs) targeting different epitopes on CD73 exert anticancer activity through distinct mechanisms such as inhibition of enzymatic activity, engagement of Fc receptors, and spatial redistribution of CD73. Methods Using controlled Fab arm exchange, we generated biparatopic bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) from parental anti-CD73 Abs with distinct anticancer activities. The resulting anticancer activity was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models. Results We demonstrate that different anticancer activities can be combined in a biparatopic bsAb. Remarkably, the bsAb significantly improved the enzyme inhibitory activity compared with the parental Abs, which led to neutralization of adenosine-mediated T-cell suppression as demonstrated by proliferation and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, the bsAb caused more efficient internalization of cell surface CD73 and stimulated potent Fc-mediated engagement of human immune effector cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Our data collectively demonstrate that complementary anticancer mechanisms of action of distinct anti-CD73 Abs can be combined and enhanced in a biparatopic bsAb. The multiple mechanisms of action and superior activity compared with the monospecific parental Abs make the bsAb a promising candidate for therapeutic targeting of CD73 in cancer. This concept may greatly improve future Ab design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odd L Gammelgaard
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mikkel G Terp
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Renn
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Hamaker
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Aaraby Y Nielsen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henriette Vever
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Soren Wk Hansen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten F Gjerstorff
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Sciences Bonn (PSB), Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul Whi Parren
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik J Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark .,Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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21
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El-Naccache DW, Chen F, Palma MJ, Lemenze A, Fischer MA, Wu W, Mishra PK, Eltzschig HK, Robson SC, Di Virgilio F, Yap GS, Edelblum KL, Haskó G, Gause WC. Adenosine metabolized from extracellular ATP promotes type 2 immunity through triggering A 2BAR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111150. [PMID: 35926464 PMCID: PMC9402265 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal nematode parasites can cross the epithelial barrier, causing tissue damage and release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that may promote host protective type 2 immunity. We investigate whether adenosine binding to the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) plays an important role. Specific blockade of IEC A2BAR inhibits the host protective memory response to the enteric helminth, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb), including disruption of granuloma development at the host-parasite interface. Memory T cell development is blocked during the primary response, and transcriptional analyses reveal profound impairment of IEC activation. Extracellular ATP is visualized 24 h after inoculation and is shown in CD39-deficient mice to be critical for the adenosine production mediating the initiation of type 2 immunity. Our studies indicate a potent adenosine-mediated IEC pathway that, along with the tuft cell circuit, is critical for the activation of type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darine W El-Naccache
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Mark J Palma
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Alexander Lemenze
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Matthew A Fischer
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Pankaj K Mishra
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas at Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - George S Yap
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - William C Gause
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
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22
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Identification of CD73 as the Antigen of an Antigen-Unknown Monoclonal Antibody Established by Exosome Immunization, and Its Antibody-Drug Conjugate Exerts an Antitumor Effect on Glioblastoma Cell Lines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070837. [PMID: 35890137 PMCID: PMC9322095 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of antibodies against the native structure of membrane proteins with multiple transmembrane domains is challenging because it is difficult to prepare antigens with native structures. Previously, we successfully developed a monoclonal antibody against multi-pass membrane protein TMEM180 by exosome immunization in rats. This approach yielded antibodies that recognized cancer-specific antigens on the exosome. In this study, we performed immunoprecipitation using magnetic beads to identify the antigen of one of the rat antibody clones, 0614, as CD73. We then converted antibody 0614 to human chimeric antibody 0614-5. Glioblastoma (GB) was the cancer type with the highest expression of CD73 in the tumor relative to healthy tissue. An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) of 0614-5 exerted an antitumor effect on GB cell lines according to expression of CD73. The 0614-5-ADC has potential to be used to treat cancers with high CD73 expression. In addition, our strategy could be used to determine the antigen of any antibody produced by exosome immunization, which may allow the antibody to advance to new antibody therapies.
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23
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Role of the nucleoside-metabolizing enzymes on pain responses in zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 93:107109. [PMID: 35777679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a pathway related to pain underlying mechanisms. Adenosine is a neuromodulator responsible for the regulation of multiple physiological and pathological conditions. Extensive advances have been made to understand the role of adenosine in pain regulation. Here we investigated the effects of purinergic compounds able to modulate adenosine production or catabolism on pain responses induced by Acetic Acid (AA) in zebrafish larvae. We investigated the preventive role of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor adenosine 5'-(α,β-methylene)diphosphate (AMPCP) and adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-Hydroxy-3-nonyl)-adenine (EHNA) on the AA-pain induced model. The pain responses were evaluated through exploratory and aversive behaviors in zebrafish larvae. The exploratory behavior showed a reduction in the distance covered by animals exposed to 0.0025% and 0.050% AA. The movement and acceleration were reduced when compared to control. The treatment with AMPCP or EHNA followed by AA exposure did not prevent behavioral changes induced by AA for any parameter tested. There were no changes in aversive behavior after the AA-induced pain model. After AA-induced pain, the AMP hydrolysis increased on zebrafish larvae. However, the AMPCP or EHNA exposure did not prevent changes in AMP hydrolysis induced by the AA-induced pain model in zebrafish larvae. Although AMPCP or EHNA did not show differences in the AA-induced pain model, our results revealed changes in AMP hydrolysis, suggesting the involvement of the purinergic system in zebrafish larvae pain responses.
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Grosjean F, Cros‐Perrial E, Braka A, Uttaro J, Chaloin L, Jordheim LP, Peyrottes S, Mathé C. Synthesis and Studies of Potential Inhibitors of CD73 Based on a Triazole Scaffold. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Grosjean
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1019, route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Emeline Cros‐Perrial
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon 69008 Lyon France
| | - Abdenour Braka
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Jean‐Pierre Uttaro
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1019, route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Laurent Chaloin
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Lars Petter Jordheim
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon 69008 Lyon France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1019, route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
| | - Christophe Mathé
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 1019, route de Mende 34293 Montpellier France
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25
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Channar PA, Bano S, Hassan S, Perveen F, Saeed A, Mahesar PA, Khan IA, Iqbal J. Appraisal of novel azomethine-thioxoimidazolidinone conjugates as ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitors: synthesis and molecular docking studies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17596-17606. [PMID: 35765454 PMCID: PMC9194930 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is regulated by a group of extracellular enzymes called ectonucleotidases. One of its members i.e., ecto-5′-nucleotidase (h-e5′NT) is involved in the final step of the enzymatic hydrolysis cascade that is the conversion of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine and therefore, involves the regulation of adenosine level in extracellular space. The overexpression of h-e5′NT has been observed in various pathological conditions such as hypoxia, inflammation and cancers, and led to various complications. Hence, the identification of a potent as well as selective inhibitor of h-e5′NT is of greater importance in therapeutic treatment of various diseases. Azomethine-thioxoimidazolidinone derivatives were studied for their inhibition potential against e5′NT enzyme along with cytotoxic potential against cancer cell lines possessing overexpression of e5′NT enzyme. The derivative (E)-3-((4-((3-methoxybenzyl)oxy)benzylidene)amino)-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one (4g) displayed selective and significant inhibition towards h-e5′NT with an IC50 value of 0.23 ± 0.08 μM. While two other derivatives i.e., (E)-3-(((5-bromothiophen-2-yl)methylene)amino)-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one (4b) and 2-thioxo-3-((3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)amino)imidazolidin-4-one (4e), exhibited non-selective potent inhibitory behavior against both human and rat enzymes. Moreover, these derivatives (4b, 4e and 4g) were further investigated for their effect on the expression of h-e5′NT using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, molecular docking and DFT studies were also performed to determine the putative binding mode of potent inhibitors within the enzyme active site. HOMO, LUMO, ΔE, and molecular electrostatic potential maps were computed by DFT and the charge transfer regions within the molecules were identified to find out the regions for electrophilic and nucleophilic attack. Azomethine–thioxoimidazolidinone conjugates as ecto-5′-nucleotidase inhibitors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pervaiz Ali Channar
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan .,Department of Basic Sciences, Mathematics and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology Karachi 74800 Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Bano
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad-22060 Pakistan
| | - Sidra Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad-22060 Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Perveen
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulations, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Parvez Ali Mahesar
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur 66020 Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ali Khan
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural University Peshawar 25130 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad-22060 Pakistan
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26
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Da M, Chen L, Enk A, Ring S, Mahnke K. The Multifaceted Actions of CD73 During Development and Suppressive Actions of Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914799. [PMID: 35711418 PMCID: PMC9197450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine (Ado) has been shown to have immunosuppressive effects in a variety of diseases. It can either be released directly into the extracellular environment by cells, or it can be produced by degradation of ATP within the extracellular spaces. This extracellular pathway is facilitated by the concerted actions of the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73. In a first step CD39 dephosphorylates ATP to ADP and AMP, respectively, and in a second step CD73 converts AMP to Ado. Thus, activity of CD73 on the cell surface of cells is the rate limiting step in the generation of extracellular Ado. Among T cells, CD73 is most abundantly expressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs) and is even upregulated after their activation. Functionally, the generation of Ado by CD73+ Tregs has been shown to play a role in immune suppression of dendritic cells, monocytes and T cells, and the defined expression of CD73 by Tregs in immunosuppressive environments, such as tumors, made CD73 a novel checkpoint inhibitor. Therefore, therapeutical intervention by anti-CD73 antibodies or by chemical inhibitors of the enzymatic function is currently under investigation in some preclinical animal models. In the following we summarize the expression pattern and the possible functions of CD73 in T cells and Tregs, and exemplify novel ways to manipulate CD73 functions in Tregs to stimulate anti-tumor immunity.
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27
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Baxevanis CN, Gritzapis AD, Voutsas IF, Batsaki P, Goulielmaki M, Adamaki M, Zoumpourlis V, Fortis SP. T-Cell Repertoire in Tumor Radiation: The Emerging Frontier as a Radiotherapy Biomarker. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112674. [PMID: 35681654 PMCID: PMC9179913 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Radiotherapy constitutes an essential component of the treatment for malignant disease. Besides its direct effect on cancer cells, namely, DNA damage and cell death, ionizing irradiation also mediates indirect antitumor effects that are mostly mediated by the immune system. Investigations into the processes underlying the interaction between radiotherapy and the immune system have uncovered mechanisms that can be exploited to promote the antitumor efficacy of radiotherapy both locally in the irradiated primary tumor and also at distant lesions in non-irradiated tumors. Because of its capacity to stimulate antitumor immunity, radiotherapy is also applied in combination with immune-checkpoint-inhibition-based immunotherapy. This review discusses the important pathways that govern the synergistic interactions between ionizing radiation and antitumor immune reactivity. Unravelling these involved mechanisms is mandatory for the successful application of anticancer radiotherapy and immunotherapy. We also place emphasis on the need for biomarkers that will aid in the selection of patients most likely to benefit from such combined treatments. Abstract Radiotherapy (RT) is a therapeutic modality that aims to eliminate malignant cells through the induction of DNA damage in the irradiated tumor site. In addition to its cytotoxic properties, RT also induces mechanisms that result in the promotion of antitumor immunity both locally within the irradiation field but also at distant tumor lesions, a phenomenon that is known as the “abscopal” effect. Because the immune system is capable of sensing the effects of RT, several treatment protocols have been assessing the synergistic role of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy, collectively referred to as radioimmunotherapy. Herein, we discuss mechanistic insights underlying RT-based immunomodulation, which also enhance our understanding of how RT regulates antitumor T-cell-mediated immunity. Such knowledge is essential for the discovery of predictive biomarkers and for the improvement of clinical trials investigating the efficacy of radio-immunotherapeutic modalities in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin N. Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (C.N.B.); (A.D.G.); (I.F.V.); (P.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Angelos D. Gritzapis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (C.N.B.); (A.D.G.); (I.F.V.); (P.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Ioannis F. Voutsas
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (C.N.B.); (A.D.G.); (I.F.V.); (P.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Panagiota Batsaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (C.N.B.); (A.D.G.); (I.F.V.); (P.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (C.N.B.); (A.D.G.); (I.F.V.); (P.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (V.Z.)
| | - Vassilios Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (V.Z.)
| | - Sotirios P. Fortis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece; (C.N.B.); (A.D.G.); (I.F.V.); (P.B.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2106409462
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The Effects of CD73 on Gastrointestinal Cancer Progression and Treatment. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4330329. [PMID: 35620732 PMCID: PMC9130010 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4330329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a common and deadly malignant tumor. CD73, a cell-surface protein, acts as a switch of the adenosine-related signaling pathway that can cause significant immunosuppression. Recent evidence has emerged that CD73 is a promising immunotherapy target for regaining immune cell function and restraining tumorigenesis, and a growing stream of research indicates that combining immunotherapy with other therapies can effectively improve the prognosis and survival of GI cancer patients. Several immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for use in GI cancer recently; however, they have demonstrated limited efficacy. Solving the problem of immunosuppression in GI cancer is the key to developing an effective therapeutic option and the modulation of CD73 expression may provide an answer. In this review, we discuss current research on CD73 in gastric, liver, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer to evaluate its therapeutic potential as an immunotherapy target in GI cancers.
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A Novel Anti-CD73 Antibody That Selectively Inhibits Membrane CD73 Shows Antitumor Activity and Induces Tumor Immune Escape. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040825. [PMID: 35453575 PMCID: PMC9031174 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD73 catalyzes the conversion of ATP to adenosine, which is involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including tumor immune escape. Because CD73 expression and activity are particularly high on cancer cells and contribute to the immunosuppressive properties of the tumor environment, it is considered an attractive target molecule for specific cancer therapies. In line, several studies demonstrated that CD73 inhibition has a significant antitumor effect. However, complete blocking of CD73 activity can evoke autoimmune phenomena and adverse side effects. We developed a CD73-specific antibody, 22E6, that specifically inhibits the enzymatic activity of membrane-tethered CD73 present in high concentrations on cancer cells and cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles but has no inhibitory effect on soluble CD73. Inhibition of CD73 on tumor cells with 22E6 resulted in multiple effects on tumor cells in vitro, including increased apoptosis and interference with chemoresistance. Intriguingly, in a xenograft mouse model of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 22E6 treatment resulted in an initial tumor growth delay in some animals, followed by a complete loss of CD73 expression on ALL cells in all 22E6 treated animals, indicating tumor immune escape. Taken together, 22E6 shows great potential for cancer therapy, favorably in combination with other drugs.
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Developmentally distinct CD4 + T reg lineages shape the CD8 + T cell response to acute Listeria infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113329119. [PMID: 35239442 PMCID: PMC8915796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113329119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4+ Treg response following acute Listeria infection is heterogeneous and deploys two distinct modes of suppression coinciding with initial pathogen exposure and resolution of infection. This bimodal suppression of CD8+ T cells during priming and contraction is mediated by separate Treg lineages. These findings make a significant contribution to our understanding of the functional plasticity inherent within Tregs, which allows these cells to serve as a sensitive and dynamic cellular rheostat for the immune system to prevent autoimmune pathology in the face of inflammation attendant to acute infection, enable expansion of the pathogen-specific response needed to control the infection, and reestablish immune homeostasis after the threat has been contained. CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) must prevent immunopathology by cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) responding to acute infection and restore immune homeostasis following pathogen clearance, yet little is known about the specific populations or mechanisms governing these discrete events. We found that acute Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) infection produces a phenotypically and functionally complex Treg response comprising two separate suppressor cell subpopulations, with an early Treg peak occurring at 24 h postinfection and a later peak arising by day 7. The first wave of Tregs suppress primary CTL expansion via a contact-independent mechanism involving CD73-derived adenosine (Ado) production from extracellular adenosine monophosphate (5′-AMP), while the second originates from different precursors and acts throughout the contraction phase via contact-dependent gap junction transfer of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)—both potent inhibitors of T cell proliferation. We speculate that the early activation of CD73 on Tregs is enhanced in inflamed tissues due to high purine release from apoptotic cells, whereas late-phase gap junction–dependent Tregs rely more on cell number and less on tissue inflammation. This study importantly reveals that CTL priming and contraction phases are separately fine-tuned by developmentally distinct Treg lineages during an acute infection.
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31
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Scortichini M, Idris RM, Moschütz S, Keim A, Salmaso V, Dobelmann C, Oliva P, Losenkova K, Irjala H, Vaittinen S, Sandholm J, Yegutkin GG, Sträter N, Junker A, Müller CE, Jacobson KA. Structure-Activity Relationship of 3-Methylcytidine-5'-α,β-methylenediphosphates as CD73 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2409-2433. [PMID: 35080883 PMCID: PMC8865918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported N4-substituted 3-methylcytidine-5'-α,β-methylenediphosphates as CD73 inhibitors, potentially useful in cancer immunotherapy. We now expand the structure-activity relationship of pyrimidine nucleotides as human CD73 inhibitors. 4-Chloro (MRS4598 16; Ki = 0.673 nM) and 4-iodo (MRS4620 18; Ki = 0.436 nM) substitution of the N4-benzyloxy group decreased Ki by ∼20-fold. Primary alkylamine derivatives coupled through a p-amido group with a varying methylene chain length (24 and 25) were functionalized congeners, for subsequent conjugation to carrier or reporter moieties. X-ray structures of hCD73 with two inhibitors indicated a ribose ring conformational adaptation, and the benzyloxyimino group (E configuration) binds to the same region (between the C-terminal and N-terminal domains) as N4-benzyl groups in adenine inhibitors. Molecular dynamics identified stabilizing interactions and predicted conformational diversity. Thus, by N4-benzyloxy substitution, we have greatly enhanced the inhibitory potency and added functionality enabling molecular probes. Their potential as anticancer drugs was confirmed by blocking CD73 activity in tumor tissues in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Scortichini
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Riham Mohammed Idris
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Moschütz
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Keim
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Clemens Dobelmann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paola Oliva
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | | | - Heikki Irjala
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital and Turku University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Samuli Vaittinen
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and Turku University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jouko Sandholm
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Norbert Sträter
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Junker
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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32
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Hesse J, Rosse MK, Steckel B, Blank-Landeshammer B, Idel S, Reinders Y, Sickmann A, Sträter N, Schrader J. Mono-ADP-ribosylation sites of human CD73 inhibit its adenosine-generating enzymatic activity. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:115-121. [PMID: 34961895 PMCID: PMC8850506 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD73-derived adenosine plays a major role in damage-induced tissue responses by inhibiting inflammation. Damage-associated stimuli, such as hypoxia and mechanical stress, induce the cellular release of ATP and NAD+ and upregulate the expression of the nucleotide-degrading purinergic ectoenzyme cascade, including adenosine-generating CD73. Extracellular NAD+ also serves as substrate for mono-ADP-ribosylation of cell surface proteins, which in human cells is mediated by ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 (ARTC1). Here we explored, whether human CD73 enzymatic activity is regulated by mono-ADP-ribosylation, using recombinant human CD73 in the presence of ARTC1 with etheno-labelled NAD+ as substrate. Multi-colour immunoblotting with an anti-etheno-adenosine antibody showed ARTC1-mediated transfer of ADP-ribose together with the etheno label to CD73. HPLC analysis of the enzymatic activity of in vitro-ribosylated CD73 revealed strong inhibition of adenosine generation in comparison to non-ribosylated CD73. Mass spectrometry of in vitro-ribosylated CD73 identified six ribosylation sites. 3D model analysis indicated that three of them (R328, R354, R545) can interfere with CD73 enzymatic activity. Our study identifies human CD73 as target for ARTC1-mediated mono-ADP-ribosylation, which can profoundly modulate its adenosine-generating activity. Thus, in settings with enhanced release of NAD+ as substrate for ARTC1, assessment of CD73 protein expression in human tissues may not be predictive of adenosine formation resulting in anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hesse
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mona K Rosse
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bodo Steckel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Svenja Idel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reinders
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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33
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López-Cortés GI, Díaz-Alvarez L, Ortega E. Leukocyte Membrane Enzymes Play the Cell Adhesion Game. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742292. [PMID: 34887854 PMCID: PMC8650063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, proteins with enzymatic activity have not been usually considered to carry out other functions different from catalyzing chemical reactions within or outside the cell. Nevertheless, in the last few years several reports have uncovered the participation of numerous enzymes in other processes, placing them in the category of moonlighting proteins. Some moonlighting enzymes have been shown to participate in complex processes such as cell adhesion. Cell adhesion plays a physiological role in multiple processes: it enables cells to establish close contact with one another, allowing communication; it is a key step during cell migration; it is also involved in tightly binding neighboring cells in tissues, etc. Importantly, cell adhesion is also of great importance in pathophysiological scenarios like migration and metastasis establishment of cancer cells. Cell adhesion is strictly regulated through numerous switches: proteins, glycoproteins and other components of the cell membrane. Recently, several cell membrane enzymes have been reported to participate in distinct steps of the cell adhesion process. Here, we review a variety of examples of membrane bound enzymes participating in adhesion of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina I López-Cortés
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Díaz-Alvarez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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34
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Bhujbal SP, Hah JM. Generation of Non-Nucleotide CD73 Inhibitors Using a Molecular Docking and 3D-QSAR Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312745. [PMID: 34884548 PMCID: PMC8657903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are conventional cancer treatments. Around 60% of all patients who are diagnosed with cancer receive radio- or chemotherapy in combination with surgery during their disease. Only a few patients respond to the blockage of immune checkpoints alone, or in combination therapy, because their tumours might not be immunogenic. Under these circumstances, an increasing level of extracellular adenosine via the activation of ecto-5’-nucleotidase (CD73) and consequent adenosine receptor signalling is a typical mechanism that tumours use to evade immune surveillance. CD73 is responsible for the conversion of adenosine monophosphate to adenosine. CD73 is overexpressed in various tumour types. Hence, targetting CD73’s signalling is important for the reversal of adenosine-facilitated immune suppression. In this study, we selected a potent series of the non-nucleotide small molecule inhibitors of CD73. Molecular docking studies were performed in order to examine the binding mode of the inhibitors inside the active site of CD73 and 3D-QSAR was used to study the structure–activity relationship. The obtained CoMFA (q2 = 0.844, ONC = 5, r2 = 0.947) and CoMSIA (q2 = 0.804, ONC = 4, r2 = 0.954) models showed reasonable statistical values. The 3D-QSAR contour map analysis revealed useful structural characteristics that were needed to modify non-nucleotide small molecule inhibitors. We used the structural information from the overall docking and 3D-QSAR results to design new, potent CD73 non-nucleotide inhibitors. The newly designed CD73 inhibitors exhibited higher activity (predicted pIC50) than the most active compound of all of the derivatives that were selected for this study. Further experimental studies are needed in order to validate the new CD73 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil P. Bhujbal
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Hah
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-400-5803
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35
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Wurm M, Schaaf O, Reutner K, Ganesan R, Mostböck S, Pelster C, Böttcher J, de Andrade Pereira B, Taubert C, Alt I, Serna G, Auguste A, Stadermann KB, Delic D, Han F, Capdevila J, Nuciforo PG, Kroe-Barrett R, Adam PJ, Vogt AB, Hofmann I. A Novel Antagonistic CD73 Antibody for Inhibition of the Immunosuppressive Adenosine Pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2250-2261. [PMID: 34482286 PMCID: PMC9398120 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite some impressive clinical results with immune checkpoint inhibitors, the majority of patients with cancer do not respond to these agents, in part due to immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. High levels of adenosine in tumors can suppress immune cell function, and strategies to target the pathway involved in its production have emerged. CD73 is a key enzyme involved in adenosine production. This led us to identify a novel humanized antagonistic CD73 antibody, mAb19, with distinct binding properties. mAb19 potently inhibits the enzymatic activity of CD73 in vitro, resulting in an inhibition of adenosine formation and enhanced T-cell activation. We then investigated the therapeutic potential of combining CD73 antagonism with other immune modulatory and chemotherapeutic agents. Combination of mAb19 with a PD-1 inhibitor increased T-cell activation in vitro Interestingly, this effect could be further enhanced with an agonist of the adenosine receptor ADORA3. Adenosine levels were found to be elevated upon doxorubicin treatment in vivo, which could be blocked by CD73 inhibition. Combining CD73 antagonism with doxorubicin resulted in superior responses in vivo Furthermore, a retrospective analysis of rectal cancer patient samples demonstrated an upregulation of the adenosine pathway upon chemoradiation, providing further rationale for combining CD73 inhibition with chemotherapeutic agents.This study demonstrates the ability of a novel CD73 antibody to enhance T-cell function through the potent suppression of adenosine levels. In addition, the data highlight combination opportunities with standard of care therapies as well as with an ADORA3 receptor agonist to treat patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wurm
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Cancer Pharmacology and Disease Positioning, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otmar Schaaf
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Drug Discovery Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Reutner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rajkumar Ganesan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Conneticut
| | - Sven Mostböck
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Pelster
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jark Böttcher
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Drug Discovery Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Garazi Serna
- Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology, CIBERONC, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelie Auguste
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Kai B Stadermann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Denis Delic
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Fei Han
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Conneticut
| | - Jaume Capdevila
- Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology, CIBERONC, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo G Nuciforo
- Vall d´Hebron University Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology, CIBERONC, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Conneticut
| | - Paul J Adam
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne B Vogt
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irmgard Hofmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Vienna, Austria.
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36
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Schäkel L, Mirza S, Pietsch M, Lee SY, Keuler T, Sylvester K, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, Gütschow M, Müller CE. 2-Substituted thienotetrahydropyridine derivatives: Allosteric ectonucleotidase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100300. [PMID: 34697820 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The antithrombotic prodrugs ticlopidine and clopidogrel are thienotetrahydro-pyridine derivatives that are metabolized in the liver to produce thiols that irreversibly block adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-activated P2Y12 receptors on thrombocytes. In their native, nonmetabolized form, both drugs were reported to act as inhibitors of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1, CD39). CD39 catalyzes the extracellular hydrolysis of nucleoside tri- and diphosphates, mainly adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and ADP, yielding adenosine monophosphate, which is further hydrolyzed by ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) to produce adenosine. While ATP has proinflammatory effects, adenosine is a potent anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive agent. Inhibitors of CD39 and CD73 have potential as novel checkpoint inhibitors for the immunotherapy of cancer and infection. In the present study, we investigated 2-substituted thienotetrahydropyridine derivatives, structurally related to ticlopidine, as CD39 inhibitors. Due to their substituent on the 2-position, they will not be metabolically transformed into reactive thiols and can, therefore, be expected to be devoid of P2Y12 receptor-antagonistic activity in vivo. Several of the investigated 2-substituted thienotetrahydropyridine derivatives showed concentration-dependent inhibition of CD39. The most potent derivative, 32, showed similar CD39-inhibitory potency to ticlopidine, both acting as allosteric inhibitors. Compound 32 showed an improved selectivity profile: While ticlopidine blocked several NTPDase isoenzymes, 32 was characterized as a novel dual inhibitor of CD39 and CD73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schäkel
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Salahuddin Mirza
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute II of Pharmacology, Centre of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sang-Yong Lee
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Keuler
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Sylvester
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Départment de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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37
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Alcedo KP, Bowser JL, Snider NT. The elegant complexity of mammalian ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:829-842. [PMID: 34116887 PMCID: PMC8448938 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a fundamental mechanism used by all cells to control their internal activities and interact with the environment. A key component of the purinergic system, the enzyme ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) catalyzes the last step in the extracellular metabolism of ATP to form adenosine. Efforts to harness the therapeutic potential of endogenous adenosine in cancer have culminated in the ongoing clinical development of multiple CD73-targeting antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors. However, recent studies are painting an increasingly complex picture of CD73 mRNA and protein regulation and function in cellular homeostasis, physiological adaptation, and disease development. This review discusses the latest conceptual and methodological advances that are helping to unravel the complexity of this important enzyme that was identified nearly 90 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel P Alcedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica L Bowser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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38
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Spatola BN, Lerner AG, Wong C, Dela Cruz T, Welch M, Fung W, Kovalenko M, Losenkova K, Yegutkin GG, Beers C, Corbin J, Soros VB. Fully human anti-CD39 antibody potently inhibits ATPase activity in cancer cells via uncompetitive allosteric mechanism. MAbs 2021; 12:1838036. [PMID: 33146056 PMCID: PMC7646477 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1838036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular ATP/adenosine axis in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as an important immune-regulatory pathway. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1), otherwise known as CD39, is highly expressed in the TME, both on infiltrating immune cells and tumor cells across a broad set of cancer indications. CD39 processes pro-inflammatory extracellular ATP to ADP and AMP, which is then processed by Ecto-5ʹ-nucleotidase/CD73 to immunosuppressive adenosine. Directly inhibiting the enzymatic function of CD39 via an antibody has the potential to unleash an immune-mediated anti-tumor response via two mechanisms: 1) increasing the availability of immunostimulatory extracellular ATP released by damaged and/or dying cells, and 2) reducing the generation and accumulation of suppressive adenosine within the TME. Tizona Therapeutics has engineered a novel first-in-class fully human anti-CD39 antibody, TTX-030, that directly inhibits CD39 ATPase enzymatic function with sub-nanomolar potency. Further characterization of the mechanism of inhibition by TTX-030 using CD39+ human melanoma cell line SK-MEL-28 revealed an uncompetitive allosteric mechanism (α < 1). The uncompetitive mechanism of action enables TTX-030 to inhibit CD39 at the elevated ATP concentrations reported in the TME. Maximal inhibition of cellular CD39 ATPase velocity was 85%, which compares favorably to results reported for antibody inhibitors to other enzyme targets. The allosteric mechanism of TTX-030 was confirmed via mapping the epitope to a region of CD39 distant from its active site, which suggests possible models for how potent inhibition is achieved. In summary, TTX-030 is a potent allosteric inhibitor of CD39 ATPase activity that is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N Spatola
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alana G Lerner
- Immunology, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Clifford Wong
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tracy Dela Cruz
- Immunology, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Immunology, Trishula Therapeutics, South San Francisco , CA, USA
| | - Megan Welch
- Immunology, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wanchi Fung
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Courtney Beers
- Immunology, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Corbin
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa B Soros
- Antibody Development, Tizona Therapeutics , South San Francisco, CA, USA
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39
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Liu S, Li D, Liu J, Wang H, Horecny I, Shen R, Zhang R, Wu H, Hu Q, Zhao P, Zhang F, Yan Y, Feng J, Zhuang L, Li J, Zhang L, Tao W. A Novel CD73 Inhibitor SHR170008 Suppresses Adenosine in Tumor and Enhances Anti-Tumor Activity with PD-1 Blockade in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4561-4574. [PMID: 34466002 PMCID: PMC8403083 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s326178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction CD73 and adenosine support growth-promoting neovascularization, metastasis, and survival in cells, and promote anti-PD-1 mAb therapy-induced immune escape. Consequently, developing a CD73 inhibitor as monotherapy and a potential beneficial combination partner with immune-checkpoint inhibitors needs investigation. Methods CD73 inhibitors were evaluated in vitro with soluble and membrane-bound CD73 enzymes, as well as its PD biomarker responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by flow cytometry and ELISA. The binding modes of the molecules were analyzed via molecular modeling. The anti-tumor activity and synergistic effect of SHR170008 in combination with anti-PD-1 mAb were evaluated in a syngeneic mouse breast cancer model. Results SHR170008 was discovered during the initial structural modifications on the link between the ribose and the α-phosphate of AMPCP, which significantly improved the stability of the compound confirmed by the metabolite identification study. Further modifications on the adenine base of AMPCP improved the potency due to forming stronger interactions with CD73 protein. It exhibited potent inhibitory activities on soluble and endogenous membrane-bound CD73 enzymes, and induced IFNγ production, reversed AMP-suppressed CD25+ and CD8+/CD25+ expression, and enhanced granzyme B production on CD8+ T cells in human PBMC. SHR170008 showed dose-dependent anti-tumor efficacy with suppression of adenosine in the tumors in EMT6 mouse breast tumor model. The increase of adenosine in tumor tissue by anti-PD-1 mAb alone was suppressed by SHR170008 in the combination groups. Simultaneous inhibition of CD73 and PD-1 neutralization synergistically enhanced antitumor immunity and biomarkers in response, and exposures of SHR170008 were correlated with the efficacy readouts. Conclusion Our findings suggest that CD73 may serve as an immune checkpoint by generating adenosine, which suppresses the antitumor activity of anti-PD-1 mAb, and inhibition of CD73 may be a potential beneficial combination partner with immune-checkpoint inhibitors to improve their therapeutic outcomes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxing Liu
- Department of Biology, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Di Li
- Department of Biology, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Huiyun Wang
- Department of Biology, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Ivana Horecny
- Department of Biology, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Ru Shen
- Department of Biology, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Department of Biology, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Heping Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Qiyue Hu
- Department of Molecular Modeling, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 200245, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Fengqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Yinfa Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Process Chemistry, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 200245, People's Republic of China
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biology, Eternity Bioscience Inc., Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Lianshan Zhang
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 200245, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikang Tao
- R&D Center, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 200245, People's Republic of China
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Scaletti E, Huschmann FU, Mueller U, Weiss MS, Sträter N. Substrate binding modes of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides to human ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and inhibition by their bisphosphonic acid derivatives. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:693-704. [PMID: 34403084 PMCID: PMC8677862 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09802-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ecto-5-nucleotidase (CD73) is involved in purinergic signalling, which influences a diverse range of biological processes. CD73 hydrolyses AMP and is the major control point for the levels of extracellular adenosine. Inhibitors of CD73 thus block the immunosuppressive action of adenosine, a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. Interestingly, ADP and ATP are competitive inhibitors of CD73, with the most potent small-molecule inhibitors to date being non-hydrolysable ADP analogues. While AMP is the major substrate of the enzyme, CD73 has been reported to hydrolyse other 5′-nucleoside monophosphates. Based on a fragment screening campaign at the BESSY II synchrotron, we present the binding modes of various deoxyribo- and ribonucleoside monophosphates and of four additional fragments binding to the nucleoside binding site of the open form of the enzyme. Kinetic analysis of monophosphate hydrolysis shows that ribonucleotide substrates are favoured over their deoxyribose equivalents with AMP being the best substrate. We characterised the initial step of AMP hydrolysis, the binding mode of AMP to the open conformation of CD73 and compared that to other monophosphate substrates. In addition, the inhibitory activity of various bisphosphonic acid derivatives of nucleoside diphosphates was determined. Although AMPCP remains the most potent inhibitor, replacement of the adenine base with other purines or with pyrimidines increases the Ki value only between twofold and sixfold. On the other hand, these nucleobases offer new opportunities to attach substituents for improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Scaletti
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska U Huschmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Für Materialien Und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Mueller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Für Materialien Und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred S Weiss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin Für Materialien Und Energie, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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CD73 induces gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A promising target with non-canonical mechanisms. Cancer Lett 2021; 519:289-303. [PMID: 34302921 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CD73, a cell surface-localized ecto-5'-nucleotidase, is the major enzymatic source of extracellular adenosine. Canonically, it plays multiple roles in cancer-related processes via its metabolite. As a druggable target, clinical trials targeting CD73 in various malignant diseases are currently ongoing. Here, we report the ecto-5'-nucleotidase-independent functions of CD73 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our findings support that the elevated expression of CD73 in PDAC cells promotes gemcitabine (GEM) resistance by activating AKT. We discovered that a large amount of intracellular CD73 are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Intracellular CD73 physically interacts with major vault protein to activate the SRC-AKT circuit. Troglitazone (TGZ) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist that could inhibit the expression of CD73. The administration of TGZ markedly enhances sensitivity to GEM via downregulating CD73 in PDAC. Our findings support that CD73 could be targeted to overcome chemoresistance in PDAC.
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42
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CD73 Overexpression in Podocytes: A Novel Marker of Podocyte Injury in Human Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147642. [PMID: 34299260 PMCID: PMC8304086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD73 pathway is an important anti-inflammatory mechanism in various disease settings. Observations in mouse models suggested that CD73 might have a protective role in kidney damage; however, no direct evidence of its role in human kidney disease has been described to date. Here, we hypothesized that podocyte injury in human kidney diseases alters CD73 expression that may facilitate the diagnosis of podocytopathies. We assessed the expression of CD73 and one of its functionally important targets, the C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), in podocytes from kidney biopsies of 39 patients with podocytopathy (including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minimal change disease (MCD), membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) and amyloidosis) and a control group. Podocyte CD73 expression in each of the disease groups was significantly increased in comparison to controls (p < 0.001–p < 0.0001). Moreover, there was a marked negative correlation between CD73 and CCR2 expression, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence (Pearson r = −0.5068, p = 0.0031; Pearson r = −0.4705, p = 0.0313, respectively), thus suggesting a protective role of CD73 in kidney injury. Finally, we identify CD73 as a novel potential diagnostic marker of human podocytopathies, particularly of MCD that has been notorious for the lack of pathological features recognizable by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry.
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Sayegh MN, Cooney KA, Han WM, Wang L, Strobel F, Hansen LM, García AJ, Levit RD. A Hydrogel Strategy to Augment Tissue Adenosine to Improve Hindlimb Perfusion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e314-e324. [PMID: 33882686 PMCID: PMC8159890 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Sayegh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kimberly A. Cooney
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Woojin M. Han
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lanfang Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Laura M. Hansen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Andrés J. García
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rebecca D. Levit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Nocentini A, Capasso C, Supuran CT. Small-molecule CD73 inhibitors for the immunotherapy of cancer: a patent and literature review (2017-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:867-876. [PMID: 33909515 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1923694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine and inorganic phosphate is catalyzed by 5´-ectonucleotidase, e5NT, alias CD73, a metalloenzyme incorporating two zinc ions at its active site. e5NT is involved in crucial physiological and pathological processes, such as immune ho meostasis, inflammation, and tumor progression. CD73 inhibitors belonging to the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and small molecules started to be considered as candidates for the immunotherapy of tumors. AREAS COVERED We review the drug design landscape in the scientific and patent literature on CD73 inhibitors from 2017 to the present. Small-molecule inhibitors were mostly discussed, although the MAbs are also considered. EXPERT OPINION Considerable advances have been reported in the design of nucleotide/nucleoside-based CD73 inhibitors, after the X-ray crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with the non-hydrolyzable ADP analog, adenosine (α,β)-methylene diphosphate (AMPCP), was reported. A large number of highly effective such inhibitors are now available, through modifications of the nucleobase, sugar and zinc-binding groups of the lead. Few classes of non-nucleotide inhibitors were also reported, including flavones, anthraquinone ssulfonates, and primary sulfonamides. A highly potent ssmall-molecule CD73 inhibitor, AB680, is presently in the early phase of clinical trials as immunotherapeutic agents against various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione Di Scienze Farmaceutiche E Nutraceutiche, Università Degli Studi Di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Clemente Capasso
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione Di Scienze Farmaceutiche E Nutraceutiche, Università Degli Studi Di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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45
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Boes DM, Godoy-Hernandez A, McMillan DGG. Peripheral Membrane Proteins: Promising Therapeutic Targets across Domains of Life. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11050346. [PMID: 34066904 PMCID: PMC8151925 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins can be classified into two main categories—integral and peripheral membrane proteins—depending on the nature of their membrane interaction. Peripheral membrane proteins are highly unique amphipathic proteins that interact with the membrane indirectly, using electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions, or directly, using hydrophobic tails or GPI-anchors. The nature of this interaction not only influences the location of the protein in the cell, but also the function. In addition to their unique relationship with the cell membrane, peripheral membrane proteins often play a key role in the development of human diseases such as African sleeping sickness, cancer, and atherosclerosis. This review will discuss the membrane interaction and role of periplasmic nitrate reductase, CymA, cytochrome c, alkaline phosphatase, ecto-5’-nucleotidase, acetylcholinesterase, alternative oxidase, type-II NADH dehydrogenase, and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in certain diseases. The study of these proteins will give new insights into their function and structure, and may ultimately lead to ground-breaking advances in the treatment of severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M. Boes
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; (D.M.B.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - Albert Godoy-Hernandez
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; (D.M.B.); (A.G.-H.)
| | - Duncan G. G. McMillan
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, NL-2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; (D.M.B.); (A.G.-H.)
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Private Bag 11 222, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
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46
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Gasparrini M, Sorci L, Raffaelli N. Enzymology of extracellular NAD metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3317-3331. [PMID: 33755743 PMCID: PMC8038981 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular NAD represents a key signaling molecule in different physiological and pathological conditions. It exerts such function both directly, through the activation of specific purinergic receptors, or indirectly, serving as substrate of ectoenzymes, such as CD73, nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1, CD38 and its paralog CD157, and ecto ADP ribosyltransferases. By hydrolyzing NAD, these enzymes dictate extracellular NAD availability, thus regulating its direct signaling role. In addition, they can generate from NAD smaller signaling molecules, like the immunomodulator adenosine, or they can use NAD to ADP-ribosylate various extracellular proteins and membrane receptors, with significant impact on the control of immunity, inflammatory response, tumorigenesis, and other diseases. Besides, they release from NAD several pyridine metabolites that can be taken up by the cell for the intracellular regeneration of NAD itself. The extracellular environment also hosts nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, which inside the cell catalyze key reactions in NAD salvaging pathways. The extracellular forms of these enzymes behave as cytokines, with pro-inflammatory functions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the extracellular NAD metabolome and describes the major biochemical properties of the enzymes involved in extracellular NAD metabolism, focusing on the contribution of their catalytic activities to the biological function. By uncovering the controversies and gaps in their characterization, further research directions are suggested, also to better exploit the great potential of these enzymes as therapeutic targets in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gasparrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorci
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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Battastini AMO, Figueiró F, Leal DBR, Doleski PH, Schetinger MRC. CD39 and CD73 as Promising Therapeutic Targets: What Could Be the Limitations? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:633603. [PMID: 33815115 PMCID: PMC8014611 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.633603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabricio Figueiró
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Henrique Doleski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Lyu S, Zhao Y, Zeng X, Chen X, Meng Q, Ding Z, Zhao W, Qi Y, Gao Y, Du J. Identification of Phelligridin-Based Compounds as Novel Human CD73 Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1275-1286. [PMID: 33656342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging immune checkpoint, CD73 has received more attention in the past decade. Inhibition of CD73 enzymatic activity can enhance antitumor immunity. Several CD73 inhibitors have been identified by in vitro assays in recent years, but they remain premature for clinical application, indicating that more novel CD73 inhibitors should be studied. Herein, we aimed to identify novel CD73 inhibitors that hopefully are suitable drug candidates by using computer-aided drug discovery and enzymatic-based assays. Five-hundred molecules with high binding affinity were retrieved from the Chemdiv-Plus database by using a structure-based virtual screening approach. Then, we analyzed the drug properties of these molecules and obtained 68 small molecules based on the oral noncentral nervous system (CNS) drug profile. The inhibition rates of these molecules against CD73 enzymatic activities were determined at a concentration of 100 μM, and 20 molecules had an inhibition rate greater than 20%, eight of which were dose-dependent, with IC50 values of 6.72-172.1 μM. Among the screening hits, phelligridin-based compounds had the best experimental inhibition values. Modeling studies indicate that the phelligridin group is sandwiched by the rings of F417 and F500 residues. The identified inhibitors have a molecular weight of approximately 500 Dal and are predicted to form primarily hydrogen bonds with CD73 in addition to hydrophobic stacking interactions. In conclusion, novel inhibitors with satisfactory drug properties may serve as lead compounds for the development of CD73-targeting drugs, and the binding modes may provide insight for phelligridin-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Lyu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yunshuo Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiao Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingqing Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenshan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanming Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Zimmermann H. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases and ecto-5'-nucleotidase in purinergic signaling: how the field developed and where we are now. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:117-125. [PMID: 33336318 PMCID: PMC7954995 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geoffrey Burnstock will be remembered as the scientist who set up an entirely new field of intercellular communication, signaling via nucleotides. The signaling cascades involved in purinergic signaling include intracellular storage of nucleotides, nucleotide release, extracellular hydrolysis, and the effect of the released compounds or their hydrolysis products on target tissues via specific receptor systems. In this context ectonucleotidases play several roles. They inactivate released and physiologically active nucleotides, produce physiologically active hydrolysis products, and facilitate nucleoside recycling. This review briefly highlights the development of our knowledge of two types of enzymes involved in extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis and thus purinergic signaling, the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Goethe University, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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50
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Lee JS, Chowdhury N, Roberts JS, Yilmaz Ö. Host surface ectonucleotidase-CD73 and the opportunistic pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, cross-modulation underlies a new homeostatic mechanism for chronic bacterial survival in human epithelial cells. Virulence 2021; 11:414-429. [PMID: 32419582 PMCID: PMC7239027 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1763061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme, ectonucleotidase-CD73, has emerged as a central component of the cellular homeostatic-machinery that counterbalances the danger-molecule (extracellular-ATP)-driven proinflammatory response in immune cells. While the importance of CD73 in microbial host fitness and symbiosis is gradually being unraveled, there remains a significant gap in knowledge of CD73 and its putative role in epithelial cells. Here, we depict a novel host-pathogen adaptation mechanism where CD73 takes a center role in the intracellular persistence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major colonizer of oral mucosa, using human primary gingival epithelial cell (GEC) system. Temporal analyses revealed, upon invasion into the GECs, P. gingivalis can significantly elevate the host-surface CD73 activity and expression. The enhanced and active CD73 significantly increases P. gingivalis intracellular growth in the presence of substrate-AMP and simultaneously acts as a negative regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon eATP treatment. The inhibition of CD73 by siRNA or by a specific inhibitor markedly increases ROS production. Moreover, CD73 and P. gingivalis cross-signaling significantly modulates pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the GECs. Conversely, exogenous treatment of the infected GECs with IL-6 suppresses the intracellular bacteria via amplified ROS generation. However, the decreased bacterial levels can be restored by overexpressing functionally active CD73. Together, these findings illuminate how the local extracellular-purine-metabolism, in which CD73 serves as a core molecular switch, can alter intracellular microbial colonization resistance. Further, host-adaptive pathogens such as P. gingivalis can target host ectonucleotidases to disarm specific innate defenses for successful intracellular persistence in mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden S Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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