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Dashtian K, Kamalabadi M, Ghoorchian A, Ganjali MR, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M. Integrated supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1733:465240. [PMID: 39154494 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) stands out as an incredibly efficient, environmentally conscious, and fast method for obtaining essential oils (EOs) from plants. These EOs are abundant in aromatic compounds that play a crucial role in various industries such as food, fragrances, cosmetics, perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare. While there is a wealth of existing literature on using supercritical fluids for extracting plant essential oils, there's still much to explore in terms of combining different techniques to enhance the SFE process. This comprehensive review presents a sophisticated framework that merges SFE with EO extraction methods. This inclusive categorization encompasses a range of methods, including the integration of pressurized liquid processes, ultrasound assistance, steam distillation integration, microfluidic techniques, enzyme integration, adsorbent facilitation, supercritical antisolvent treatments, molecular distillation, microwave assistance, milling process and mechanical pressing integration. Throughout this in-depth exploration, we not only elucidate these combined techniques but also engage in a thoughtful discussion about the challenges they entail and the array of opportunities they offer within the realm of SFE for EOs. By dissecting these complexities, our objective is to tackle the current challenges associated with enhancing SFE for commercial purposes. This endeavor will not only streamline the production of premium-grade essential oils with improved safety measures but also pave the way for novel applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheibar Dashtian
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdie Kamalabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Arash Ghoorchian
- Department of Chemistry, Research Center for Development of Advanced Technologies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Gao BC, Sun YF, Tian Y, Shi Y, Zhang ZG, Mao GL. Direct de/carboxylation of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabidiol (CBD) from hemp plant material under supercritical CO 2. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:1087-1093. [PMID: 38676379 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2345825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Many organic reactions rely on CO2 sources to generate important structural units and valuable chemicals. In this study, we compared the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) on the supercritical CO2 (scCO2)-induced de/carboxylation reaction. The results showed that CBD was directly carboxylated in the ortho-position to form CBDA with up to 62% conversion. Meanwhile, CBDA decarboxylation occurred on hemp plant material via varying composition. Mechanistic studies revealed that CBD carboxylation was influenced not only by the physical properties of scCO2, but also by the vegetable matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Chang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163316, China
- Institute of Phytochemistry, Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Yu-Feng Sun
- Institute of Phytochemistry, Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Institute of Phytochemistry, Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Phytochemistry, Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- Institute of Phytochemistry, Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Guo-Liang Mao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163316, China
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3
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Chacon FT, Raup-Konsavage WM, Vrana KE, Kellogg JJ. Effect of Hemp Extraction Procedures on Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Composition. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2222. [PMID: 39204658 PMCID: PMC11359220 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A variety of techniques have been developed to extract hemp phytochemicals for research and consumption. Some of the most common processes in the industry include supercritical CO2 extraction, hydrodistillation, and solvent-based (ethanol) extractions. Each of these processes has the potential to differentially extract various phytochemicals, which would impact their efficacy, tolerability, and safety. However, despite these differences, there has been no direct comparison of the methods and the resulting phytochemical composition. This work aimed to compare cannabinoid and terpene profiles using the three primary commercial procedures, using hemp inflorescence from a CBD/CBG dominant Cannabis sativa L. cultivar. Extracts were then evaluated for their terpene and cannabinoid content using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Hydrodistilled extracts contained the most variety and abundance of terpenes with β-caryophyllene to be the most concentrated terpene (25-42 mg/g). Supercritical CO2 extracts displayed a minimal variety of terpenes, but the most variety and abundance of cannabinoids with CBD ranging from 12.8-20.6 mg/g. Ethanol extracts contained the most acidic cannabinoids with 3.2-4.1 mg/g of CBDA along with minor terpene levels. The resulting extracts demonstrated substantially different chemical profiles and highlight how the process used to extract hemp can play a large role in product composition and potential biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco T. Chacon
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Wesley M. Raup-Konsavage
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (W.M.R.-K.); (K.E.V.)
| | - Kent E. Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (W.M.R.-K.); (K.E.V.)
| | - Joshua J. Kellogg
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
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4
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García-Casas I, Valor D, Elayoubi H, Montes A, Pereyra C. Morphological 3D Analysis of PLGA/Chitosan Blend Polymer Scaffolds and Their Impregnation with Olive Pruning Residues via Supercritical CO 2. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1451. [PMID: 38891395 PMCID: PMC11174888 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural extracts, such as those from the residues of the Olea europaea industry, offer an opportunity for use due to their richness in antioxidant compounds. These compounds can be incorporated into porous polymeric devices with huge potential for tissue engineering such as bone, cardiovascular, osteogenesis, or neural applications using supercritical CO2. For this purpose, polymeric scaffolds of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan, generated in situ by foaming, were employed for the supercritical impregnation of ethanolic olive leaf extract (OLE). The influence of the presence of chitosan on porosity and interconnectivity in the scaffolds, both with and without impregnated extract, was studied. The scaffolds have been characterized by X-ray computed microtomography, scanning electron microscope, measurements of impregnated load, and antioxidant capacity. The expansion factor decreased as the chitosan content rose, which also occurred when OLE was used. Pore diameters varied, reducing from 0.19 mm in pure PLGA to 0.11 mm in the two experiments with the highest chitosan levels. The connectivity was analyzed, showing that in most instances, adding chitosan doubled the average number of connections, increasing it by a factor of 2.5. An experiment was also conducted to investigate the influence of key factors in the impregnation of the extract, such as pressure (10-30 MPa), temperature (308-328 K), and polymer ratio (1:1-9:1 PLGA/chitosan). Increased pressure facilitated increased OLE loading. The scaffolds were evaluated for antioxidant activity and demonstrated substantial oxidation inhibition (up to 82.5% under optimal conditions) and remarkable potential to combat oxidative stress-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Valor
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, International Excellence, Agrifood Campus (CeiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (H.E.); (C.P.)
| | | | - Antonio Montes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, International Excellence, Agrifood Campus (CeiA3), University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (I.G.-C.); (H.E.); (C.P.)
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de Brito Siqueira AL, Cremasco PV, Bahú JO, Pioli da Silva A, Melo de Andrade LR, González PG, Crivellin S, Cárdenas Concha VO, Krambeck K, Lodi L, Severino P, Souto EB. Phytocannabinoids: Pharmacological effects, biomedical applications, and worldwide prospection. J Tradit Complement Med 2023; 13:575-587. [PMID: 38020546 PMCID: PMC10658372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence exists about the association between neurological diseases (i.e., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, depression, and memory loss) and oxidative damage. The increasing worldwide incidence of such diseases is attracting the attention of researchers to find palliative medications to reduce the symptoms and promote quality of life, in particular, in developing countries, e.g., South America and Africa. Among potential alternatives, extracts of Cannabis Sativa L. are suitable for people who have neurological disorders, spasticity, and pain, nausea, resulting from diseases such as cancer and arthritis. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in the use of Cannabis, its subtypes and constituents, extraction methods, and relevant pharmacological effects. Biomedical applications, marketed products, and prospects for the worldwide use of Cannabis Sativa L. extracts are also discussed, providing the bibliometric maps of scientific literature published in representative countries from South America (i.e., Brazil) and Africa (i.e., South Africa). A lack of evidence on the effectiveness and safety of Cannabis, besides the concerns about addiction and other adverse events, has led many countries to act with caution before changing Cannabis-related regulations. Recent findings are expected to increase the social acceptance of Cannabis, while new technologies seem to boost the global cannabis market because the benefits of (-)-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) use have been proven in several studies in addition to the potential to general new employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L.G. de Brito Siqueira
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Poços de Caldas, 37715-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro V.V. Cremasco
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Poços de Caldas, 37715-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana O. Bahú
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, 13083-852, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Pioli da Silva
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Nicolau St., Jd. Pitangueiras, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas R. Melo de Andrade
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Paula G.A. González
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Nicolau St., Jd. Pitangueiras, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara Crivellin
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, 13083-852, SP, Brazil
| | - Viktor O. Cárdenas Concha
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Nicolau St., Jd. Pitangueiras, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Karolline Krambeck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Lodi
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Poços de Caldas, 37715-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMed), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Murilo Dantas Ave., 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil
- Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave., 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Stasiłowicz-Krzemień A, Sip S, Szulc P, Walkowiak J, Cielecka-Piontek J. The Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Potential of Leaves and Inflorescences Extracts of Selected Hemp Varieties Obtained with scCO 2. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1827. [PMID: 37891906 PMCID: PMC10604441 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa, a versatile plant with numerous varieties, holds promising potential for a wide range of biological activity. As raw materials for research, we chose leaves and inflorescences of hemp varieties such as Białobrzeskie, Henola, and Tygra, which are cultivated mainly for their fibers or seeds. The choice of extraction is a key step in obtaining the selected compositions of active compounds from plant material. Bearing in mind the lipophilic nature of cannabinoids, we performed supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction at 50 °C under 2000 (a) and 6000 PSI (b). The cannabinoid contents were determined with the use of the HPLC-DAD method. The antioxidant capabilities were assessed through a series of procedures, including the DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP methods. The capacity to inhibit enzymes that play a role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase was also studied. The dominant cannabinoids in the extracts were cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). The highest concentration of eight cannabinoids was detected in the Tygra inflorescences extract (b). The most notable antioxidant properties were provided by the Tygra inflorescences extract (b). Nonetheless, it was the Henola inflorescences extract (b) that demonstrated the most efficient inhibition of AChE and BChE, and tyrosinase was inhibited the most significantly by the Białobrzeskie inflorescences extract (b). Multidimensional comparative analysis enrolled all assays and revealed that the Henola inflorescences extract (b) showed the most substantial neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Szymon Sip
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Piotr Szulc
- Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
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Coelho MP, Duarte P, Calado M, Almeida AJ, Reis CP, Gaspar MM. The current role of cannabis and cannabinoids in health: A comprehensive review of their therapeutic potential. Life Sci 2023; 329:121838. [PMID: 37290668 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increased interest of the scientific community in cannabis and its constituents for therapeutic purposes. Although it is believed that cannabinoids can be effective for a few different conditions and syndromes, there are little objective data that clearly support the use of cannabis, cannabis extracts or even cannabidiol (CBD) oil. This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids for the treatment of several diseases. A broad search covering the past five years, was performed in PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov databases, to identify papers focusing on the use of medical phytocannabinoids in terms of tolerability, efficacy and safety. Accordingly, there are preclinical data supporting the use of phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids for the management of neurological pathologies, acute and chronical pain, cancer, psychiatric disorders and chemotherapy-induced emetic symptoms. However, regarding the clinical trials, most of the collected data do not fully support the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of such conditions. Consequently, more studies are still needed to clarify ascertain if the use of these compounds is useful in the management of different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pinto Coelho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Duarte
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Calado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António J Almeida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; IBEB, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Manuela Gaspar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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de Aguiar AC, Vardanega R, Viganó J, Silva EK. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093849. [PMID: 37175258 PMCID: PMC10180460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction techniques meet all-new consumer market demands for health-promoting phytochemical compound-rich extracts produced from green and sustainable technology. In this regard, this review is dedicated to discussing is the promise of integrating high-pressure CO2 technologies into the Cannabis sativa L. processing chain to valorize its valuable pharmaceutical properties and food biomass. To do this, the cannabis plant, cannabinoids, and endocannabinoid system were reviewed to understand their therapeutic and side effects. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was presented as a smart alternative to producing cannabis bioproducts. The impact of SFE operating conditions on cannabis compound extraction was examined for aerial parts (inflorescences, stems, and leaves), seeds, and byproducts. Furthermore, the opportunities of using non-thermal supercritical CO2 processing on cannabis biomass were addressed for industrial hemp valorization, focusing on its biorefinery to simultaneously produce cannabidiol and new ingredients for food applications as plant-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Aguiar
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Vardanega
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Juliane Viganó
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Eric Keven Silva
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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Suárez-Jacobo Á, Díaz Pacheco A, Bonales-Alatorre E, Castillo-Herrera GA, García-Fajardo JA. Cannabis Extraction Technologies: Impact of Research and Value Addition in Latin America. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072895. [PMID: 37049659 PMCID: PMC10095677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cannabis genus of plants has been widely used in different cultures for various purposes. It is separated into three main species: sativa, indica, and ruderalis. In ancient practices, the plant was used as a multipurpose crop and valued for its fiber, food, and medicinal uses. Since methodologies for the extraction, processing, and identification of components have become available, medical, and food applications have been increasing, allowing potential development in the pharmaceutical and healthy functional food industries. Although the growing legalization and adoption of cannabis for the treatment of diseases are key factors pushing the growth of its market, the biggest challenge is to obtain higher-quality products in a time- and cost-effective fashion, making the process of extraction and separation an essential step. Latin American countries exhibit great knowledge of extraction technologies; nevertheless, it is still necessary to verify whether production costs are economically profitable. In addition, there has been an increase in commercial cannabis products that may or may not be allowed, with or without quality fact sheets, which can pose health risks. Hence, legalization is mandatory and urgent for the rest of Latin American countries. In this article, the phytochemical compounds (cannabinoids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds), the current status of legalization, extraction techniques, and research advances in cannabis in Latin America are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Suárez-Jacobo
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 45019, Mexico
| | - Adrián Díaz Pacheco
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Tlaxcala del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tlaxcala 90000, Mexico
| | - Edgar Bonales-Alatorre
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28045, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Castillo-Herrera
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 45019, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alberto García-Fajardo
- Subsede Noreste, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca 66628, Mexico
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Sainz Martinez A, Lanaridi O, Stagel K, Halbwirth H, Schnürch M, Bica-Schröder K. Extraction techniques for bioactive compounds of cannabis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:676-717. [PMID: 36625451 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Historically, cannabis has always constituted a component of the civilized world; archaeological discoveries indicate that it is one of the oldest crops, while, up until the 19th century, cannabis fibers were extensively used in a variety of applications, and its seeds comprised a part of human and livestock nutrition. Additional evidence supports its exploitation for medicinal purposes in the ancient world. The cultivation of cannabis gradually declined as hemp fibers gave way to synthetic fibers, while the intoxicating ability of THC eventually overshadowed the extensive potential of cannabis. Nevertheless, the proven value of certain non-intoxicating cannabinoids, such as CBD and CBN, has recently given rise to an entire market which promotes cannabis-based products. An increase in the research for recovery and exploitation of beneficial cannabinoids has also been observed, with more than 10 000 peer-reviewed research articles published annually. In the present review, a brief overview of the history of cannabis is given. A look into the classification approaches of cannabis plants/species as well as the associated nomenclature is provided, followed by a description of their chemical characteristics and their medically valuable components. The application areas could not be absent from the present review. Still, the main focus of the review is the discussion of work conducted in the field of extraction of valuable bioactive compounds from cannabis. We conclude with a summary of the current status and outlook on the topics that future research should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Sainz Martinez
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Olga Lanaridi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kristof Stagel
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Valorization of Wild-Type Cannabis indica by Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Insights into the Utilization of Raffinate Biomass. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010207. [PMID: 36615400 PMCID: PMC9822091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 extraction (SCCO2) extraction of cannabis oil from Indian cannabis (Cannabis indica) leaves was optimized through a central composite design using CO2 pressure (150-250 bar), temperature (30-50 °C) and time (1-2 h). From the regression model, the optimal CO2 pressure, extraction temperature and time were 250 bar, 43 °C and 1.7 h, respectively resulting in the experimental yield of 4.9 wt% of cannabis oil via SCCO2 extraction. The extract contained cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabivarin, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol as well as two terpenoids such as cis-caryophyllene and α-humulene. Besides SCCO2 extraction of cannabis oil, the raffinate biomass was utilized to extract polyphenols using water as the extraction medium. Cannabis oil and water extractive were investigated for their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, which were found to be 1.3 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively. This is comparable to the commercially available antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytoluene with an IC50 value of 0.5 mg/mL. This work on SCCO2 extraction of cannabinoids and other valuable bioactive compounds provides an environmentally sustainable technique to valorize cannabis leaves.
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12
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Li W, Thuan Lu H, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Stevens GW, Mumford KA. A novel efficient liquid-liquid solvent extraction process for cannabinoid mimic recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.123011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Supercritical Extract of Cannabis sativa Inhibits Lung Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer Cells by Increasing AMPK and MAPKs-Mediated Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214548. [DOI: 10.3390/nu14214548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the diseases with the highest rates of prevalence and mortality despite therapeutic methods in the world. In particular, there are not enough methods to treat metastasis of CRC cells to distant organs. Cannabis sativa Linne (C. sativa) is a popular medicinal plant used by humans to treat many diseases. Recently, extracts of C. sativa have shown diverse pharmacological effects as a result of choosing different extraction methods. In this study, we performed experiments to confirm the inhibitory effect and related mechanisms of supercritical extract of C. sativa on metastatic CRC cells. The effect of SEC on the viability of CRC cell lines, CT26 and HCT116, was determined using CCK reagent. Flow cytometry was performed to confirm whether SEC can promote cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Additionally, SEC reduced proliferation of CT26 and HCT116 cells without causing toxicity to normal colon cell line CCD-18Co cells. SEC treatment reduced colony formation in both CRC cell lines, promoted G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in CT26 and HCT116 cells through AMPK activation and MAPKs such as ERK, JNK, and p38 inactivation. Moreover, oral administration of SEC decreased pulmonary metastasis of CT26 cells. Our research demonstrates the inhibitory effect of SEC on CRC cell proliferation and metastasis. Thus, SEC might have therapeutic potential for CRC treatment.
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Promhuad K, Srisa A, San H, Laorenza Y, Wongphan P, Sodsai J, Tansin K, Phromphen P, Chartvivatpornchai N, Ngoenchai P, Harnkarnsujarit N. Applications of Hemp Polymers and Extracts in Food, Textile and Packaging: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204274. [PMID: 36297852 PMCID: PMC9612365 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa Linn.) is a high-yielding annual crop farmed for its stalk fiber and oil-producing seeds. This specialized crop is currently experiencing a revival in production. Hemp fiber contains pectin, hemicellulose and lignin with superior strength, while hemp seed oil contains unsaturated triglycerides with well-established nutritional and physiological properties. Therefore, focus on the utilization of hemp in various industries is increasing globally. This study reviewed recent applications of hemp components, including fiber and extract, in food, textile and packaging applications. Hemp fibers mainly consisting of cellulose derivatives have superior strength to be used as reinforcements in thermoplastic packaging and paper. Combined physical and chemical modifications of hemp fibers improved mechanical and barrier properties of composite materials. Physically and chemically processed hemp extracts have been used in food and non-food applications. Functional foods containing hemp oils deliver nutrients by their unsaturated lipids. High-quality hemp fiber with several fiber modifications has been applied in garments. Innovative applications of hemp components and by-products are increasing, thereby facilitating utilization of green sustainable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khwanchat Promhuad
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Atcharawan Srisa
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Horman San
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yeyen Laorenza
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Phanwipa Wongphan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Janenutch Sodsai
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kittichai Tansin
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Phannaphat Phromphen
- Department of Textile Science, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Chartvivatpornchai
- Department of Textile Science, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Phurit Ngoenchai
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nathdanai Harnkarnsujarit
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2562-5045
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15
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Menezes IM, Nascimento PDA, Yamamoto CI, Oliveira A. Evaluation of trace elements in cannabis products. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Fallahi S, Bobak Ł, Opaliński S. Hemp in Animal Diets—Cannabidiol. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192541. [PMID: 36230282 PMCID: PMC9559627 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, interest in hemp use has grown owing to its chemical and medicinal properties. Several parts of this plant, such as seeds, leaves, flowers, and stems are used in medicine, industry, and environmental preservation. Although there were legal restrictions on hemp exploitation in some countries due to the trace presence of THC as a psychoactive element, many countries have legalized it in recent years. Cannabidiol or CBD is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid that can activate the endocannabinoid system and its receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system in bodies of different species. Cannabidiol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, analgesic, and anti-depressant effects. This review investigates various aspects of cannabidiol use and its potential in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Fallahi
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Bobak
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sebastian Opaliński
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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17
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Jokić S, Jerković I, Pavić V, Aladić K, Molnar M, Kovač MJ, Vladimir-Knežević S. Terpenes and Cannabinoids in Supercritical CO 2 Extracts of Industrial Hemp Inflorescences: Optimization of Extraction, Antiradical and Antibacterial Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091117. [PMID: 36145338 PMCID: PMC9502342 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are increasingly in demand in dermatology and cosmetology. In the present study, highly valuable supercritical CO2 (sCO2) extracts rich in bioactive compounds with antiradical and antibacterial activity were obtained from the inflorescences of industrial hemp. Volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while cannabinoids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Extraction yields varied from 0.75 to 8.83%, depending on the pressure and temperature applied. The extract obtained at 320 bar and 40 °C with the highest content (305.8 µg mg-1) of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) showed the best antiradical properties. All tested extract concentrations from 10.42 µg mL-1 to 66.03 µg mL-1 possessed inhibitory activities against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus. The sCO2 extract with the highest content of cannabidiol (CBD) and rich in α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, and limonene was the most effective. The optimal conditions for sCO2 extraction of cannabinoids and volatile terpenes from industrial hemp were determined. The temperature of 60 °C proved to be optimal for all responses studied, while the pressure showed a different effect depending on the compounds targeted. A low pressure of 131.2 bar was optimal for the extraction of monoterpenes, while extracts rich in sesquiterpenes were obtained at 319.7 bar. A high pressure of 284.78 bar was optimal for the extraction of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Jokić
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Igor Jerković
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-329-461
| | - Valentina Pavić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Aladić
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Molnar
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Jakovljević Kovač
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sanda Vladimir-Knežević
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Pilařová V, Hadysová Z, Švec F, Nováková L. Supercritical fluids in analysis of cannabinoids in various Cannabis products. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1232:340452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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19
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Supercritical fluid extraction as a suitable technology to recover bioactive compounds from flowers. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Hemp and Its Derivatives as a Universal Industrial Raw Material (with Particular Emphasis on the Polymer Industry)-A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072565. [PMID: 35407897 PMCID: PMC9000560 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides basic information about cannabis, its structure, and its impact on human development at the turn of the century. It also contains a brief description of the cultivation and application of these plants in the basic branches of the economy. This overview is also a comprehensive collection of information on the chemical composition of individual cannabis derivatives. It contains the characteristics of the chemical composition as well as the physicochemical and mechanical properties of hemp fibers, oil, extracts and wax, which is unique compared to other review articles. As one of the few articles, it approaches the topic in a holistic and evolutionary way, moving through the plant’s life cycle. Its important element is examples of the use of hemp derivatives in polymer composites based on thermoplastics, elastomers and duroplasts and the influence of these additives on their properties, which cannot be found in other review articles on this subject. It indicates possible directions for further technological development, with particular emphasis on the pro-ecological aspects of these plants. It indicates the gaps and possible research directions in basic knowledge on the use of hemp in elastomers.
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21
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Ohtsuki T, Friesen JB, Chen SN, McAlpine JB, Pauli GF. Selective Preparation and High Dynamic-Range Analysis of Cannabinoids in "CBD Oil" and Other Cannabis sativa Preparations. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:634-646. [PMID: 34990123 PMCID: PMC8957589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Much confusion exists about the chemical composition of widely sold Cannabis sativa products that utilize the cannabidiol (CBD) acronym and related terms such as "CBD oil", "CBD plus hemp oil", "full spectrum CBD", "broad spectrum CBD", and "cannabinoids". Their rational chemical and subsequent biological assessment requires both knowledge of the chemical complexity and the characterization of significant individual constituents. Applicable to hemp preparations in general, this study demonstrates how the combination of liquid-liquid-based separation techniques, NMR analysis, and quantum mechanical-based NMR interpretation facilitates the process of natural product composition analysis by allowing specific structural characterization and absolute quantitation of cannabinoids present in such products with a large dynamic range. Countercurrent separation of a commercial "CBD oil" yielded high-purity CBD plus a more polar cannabinoid fraction containing cannabigerol and cannabidivarin, as well as a less polar cannabinoid fraction containing cannabichromene, trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cis-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabinol. Representatives of six cannabinoid classes were identified within a narrow range of polarity, which underscores the relevance of residual complexity in biomedical research on cannabinoids. Characterization of the individual components and their quantitation in mixed fractions were undertaken by TLC, HPLC, 1H (q)NMR spectroscopy, 1H iterative full spin analysis (HiFSA), 13C NMR, and 2D NMR. The developed workflow and resulting analytical data enhance the reproducible evaluation of "CBD et al." products, which inevitably represent complex mixtures of varying molecular populations, structures, abundances, and polarity features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohtsuki
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Physical Sciences, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - James B McAlpine
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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22
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Pattnaik F, Nanda S, Mohanty S, Dalai AK, Kumar V, Ponnusamy SK, Naik S. Cannabis: Chemistry, extraction and therapeutic applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133012. [PMID: 34838836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis, a genus of perennial indigenous plants is well known for its recreational and medicinal activities. Cannabis and its derivatives have potential therapeutic activities to treat epilepsy, anxiety, depression, tumors, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, to name a few. This article reviews some recent literature on the bioactive constituents of Cannabis, commonly known as phytocannabinoids, their interactions with the different cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid receptors as well as the significances of these interactions in treating various diseases and syndromes. The biochemistry of some notable cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabichromene and their carboxylic acid derivatives is explained in the context of therapeutic activities. The medicinal features of Cannabis-derived terpenes are elucidated for treating several neuro and non-neuro disorders. Different extraction techniques to recover cannabinoids are systematically discussed. Besides the medicinal activities, the traditional and recreational utilities of Cannabis and its derivatives are presented. A brief note on the legalization of Cannabis-derived products is provided. This review provides comprehensive knowledge about the medicinal properties, recreational usage, extraction techniques, legalization and some prospects of cannabinoids and terpenes extracted from Cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Pattnaik
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sonil Nanda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Ajay K Dalai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Senthil Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satyanarayan Naik
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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23
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Stefkov G, Cvetkovikj Karanfilova I, Stoilkovska Gjorgievska V, Trajkovska A, Geskovski N, Karapandzova M, Kulevanova S. Analytical Techniques for Phytocannabinoid Profiling of Cannabis and Cannabis-Based Products-A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2022; 27:975. [PMID: 35164240 PMCID: PMC8838193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is gaining increasing attention due to the high pharmacological potential and updated legislation authorizing multiple uses. The development of time- and cost-efficient analytical methods is of crucial importance for phytocannabinoid profiling. This review aims to capture the versatility of analytical methods for phytocannabinoid profiling of cannabis and cannabis-based products in the past four decades (1980-2021). The thorough overview of more than 220 scientific papers reporting different analytical techniques for phytocannabinoid profiling points out their respective advantages and drawbacks in terms of their complexity, duration, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness for their specific application, along with the most widely used sample preparation strategies. In particular, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, are presented and discussed. Acquired knowledge of phytocannabinoid profile became extremely relevant and further enhanced chemotaxonomic classification, cultivation set-ups examination, association of medical and adverse health effects with potency and/or interplay of certain phytocannabinoids and other active constituents, quality control (QC), and stability studies, as well as development and harmonization of global quality standards. Further improvement in phytocannabinoid profiling should be focused on untargeted analysis using orthogonal analytical methods, which, joined with cheminformatics approaches for compound identification and MSLs, would lead to the identification of a multitude of new phytocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjoshe Stefkov
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Ivana Cvetkovikj Karanfilova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Veronika Stoilkovska Gjorgievska
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Ana Trajkovska
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Marija Karapandzova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Svetlana Kulevanova
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Bul. Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; (G.S.); (V.S.G.); (A.T.); (M.K.); (S.K.)
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24
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Cannabis sativa Bioactive Compounds and Their Extraction, Separation, Purification, and Identification Technologies: An Updated Review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Fractional Factorial Design Study for the Extraction of Cannabinoids from CBD-Dominant Cannabis Flowers by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimization of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of cannabinoids, using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), was investigated in a fractional factorial design study. It is hypothesized that four main parameters (temperature, pressure, dry flower weight, and extraction time) play an important role. Therefore, these parameters were screened at predetermined low, medium, and high relative levels. The density of scCO2 was used as a factor for the extraction of cannabinoids by changing the pressure and temperature. The robustness of the mathematical model was also evaluated by regression analysis. The quantification of major (cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol acid (THCA-A)) and minor (cannabidivann (CBDV), tetrahydrocannabivann (THCV), cannabigerolic acid (CBG), cannabigerol (CBGA), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabichomere (CBC)) cannabinoids in the scCO2 extract was performed by RP-HPLC analysis. From the model response, it was identified that long extraction time is a significant parameter to obtain a high yield of cannabinoids in the scCO2 extract. Higher relative concentrations of CBD(A) (0.78 and 2.41% w/w, respectively) and THC(A) (0.084 and 0.048% w/w, respectively) were found when extraction was performed at high relative pressures and temperatures (250 bar and 45 °C). The higher yield of CBD(A) compared to THC(A) can be attributed to the extract being a CBD-dominant cannabis strain. The study revealed that conventional organic solvent extraction, e.g., ethanol gives a marginally higher yield of cannabinoids from the extract compared to scCO2 extraction. However, scCO2 extraction generates a cleaner (chlorophyll-free) and organic solvent-free extract, which requires less downstream processing, such as purification from waxes and chlorophyll.
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26
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Fernández S, Carreras T, Castro R, Perelmuter K, Giorgi V, Vila A, Rosales A, Pazos M, Moyna G, Carrera I, Bollati-Fogolín M, García-Carnelli C, Carrera I, Vieitez I. A comparative study of supercritical fluid and ethanol extracts of cannabis inflorescences: Chemical profile and biological activity. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of seized cannabis and self-emulsifying drug delivery system for enhancing the dissolution of cannabis extract. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Karğılı U, Aytaç E. Supercritical fluid extraction of cannabinoids (THC and CBD) from four different strains of cannabis grown in different regions. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kornpointner C, Sainz Martinez A, Schnürch M, Halbwirth H, Bica-Schröder K. Combined ionic liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide based dynamic extraction of six cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:10079-10089. [PMID: 35002535 PMCID: PMC8667783 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc03516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The potential of supercritical CO2 and ionic liquids (ILs) as alternatives to traditional extraction of natural compounds from plant material is of increasing importance. Both techniques offer several advantages over conventional extraction methods. These two alternatives have been separately employed on numerous ocassions, however, until now, they have never been combined for the extraction of secondary metabolites from natural sources, despite properties that complement each other perfectly. Herein, we present the first application of an IL-based dynamic supercritical CO2 extraction of six cannabinoids (CBD, CBDA, Δ9-THC, THCA, CBG and CBGA) from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Various process parameters were optimized, i.e., IL-based pre-treatment time and pre-treatment temperature, as well as pressure and temperature during supercritical fluid extraction. In addition, the impact of different ILs on cannabinoid extraction yield was evaluated, namely, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, choline acetate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate. This novel technique exhibits a synergistic effect that allows the solvent-free acquisition of cannabinoids from industrial hemp, avoiding further processing steps and the additional use of resources. The newly developed IL-based supercritical CO2 extraction results in high yields of the investigated cannabinoids, thus, demonstrating an effective and reliable alternative to established extraction methods. Ultimately, the ILs can be recycled to reduce costs and to improve the sustainability of the developed extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kornpointner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/166 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Aitor Sainz Martinez
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/166 1060 Vienna Austria
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Abraham OR, Waddell Smith R. Optical and spectroscopic characterization of crystalline structures in cannabis extracts. J Forensic Sci 2021; 67:483-493. [PMID: 34787321 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana and hemp represent two broad classes of Cannabis sativa plants that are distinguished based on the concentration of the psychoactive cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC). In this work, solvent extracts derived from marijuana and hemp were characterized using optical and spectroscopic techniques. The crystalline components of the solvent extracts were first analyzed using polarized light microscopy to determine optical properties, namely, crystal system, optical sign, and principle refractive indices. Crystals from the marijuana-derived extracts exhibited an orthorhombic crystal system and were optically negative, with nβ between 1.6320 and 1.6330 ± 0.0002. In contrast, crystals from hemp-derived extracts exhibited a monoclinic crystal system and were optically positive, with nβ between 1.600 and 1.6040 ± 0.0002. Crystals were further distinguished through infrared spectroscopy, which highlighted structural differences between the two sample types, primarily based on differences in O-H stretching. Finally, single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to definitively identify the crystalline components, confirming the presence of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in marijuana-derived extracts and cannabidiol in hemp-derived extracts. Given the differences in crystal structure identified between marijuana-derived and hemp-derived solvent extracts, optical characterization provides a screening method to differentiate visually similar samples prior to confirmatory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otyllia R Abraham
- Forensic Science Program, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth Waddell Smith
- Forensic Science Program, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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31
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Maksoud S, Abdel-Massih RM, Rajha HN, Louka N, Chemat F, Barba FJ, Debs E. Citrus aurantium L. Active Constituents, Biological Effects and Extraction Methods. An Updated Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195832. [PMID: 34641373 PMCID: PMC8510401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus genus is a prominent staple crop globally. Long-term breeding and much hybridization engendered a myriad of species, each characterized by a specific metabolism generating different secondary metabolites. Citrus aurantium L., commonly recognized as sour or bitter orange, can exceptionally be distinguished from other Citrus species by unique characteristics. It is a fruit with distinctive flavor, rich in nutrients and phytochemicals which possess different health benefits. This paper presents an overview of the most recent studies done on the matter. It intends to provide an in-depth understanding of the biological activities and medicinal uses of active constituents existing in C. aurantium. Every plant part is first discussed separately with regards to its content in active constituents. All extraction methods, their concepts and yields, used to recover these valuable molecules from their original plant matrix are thoroughly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawssan Maksoud
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (S.M.); (R.M.A.-M.); (E.D.)
| | - Roula M. Abdel-Massih
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (S.M.); (R.M.A.-M.); (E.D.)
| | - Hiba N. Rajha
- Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Beyrouth (ESIB), Saint-Joseph University, CST Mkalles Mar Roukos, P.O. Box 11-514, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon;
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P.O. Box 17-5208, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Saint-Joseph University, P.O. Box 17-5208, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Farid Chemat
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRA, UMR408, Avignon University, F-84000 Avignon, France;
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-544-972
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon; (S.M.); (R.M.A.-M.); (E.D.)
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Effects of Ethanol on the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Cannabinoids from Near Equimolar (THC and CBD Balanced) Cannabis Flower. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8090154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extractions of cannabinoids were conducted at four different densities (231, 590, 818, and 911 kg/m3) using ethanol (5% w/v) as a co-solvent. The chemical profiles of these cannabinoids were analysed via reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). It was determined that scCO2, at low density (231 kg/m3), produced an extract yield of 6.1% w/v. At high scCO2 density (~818 kg/m3), the yield was 16.1% w/v. More specifically, the amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in the scCO2 extract at 818 kg/m3 were 10.8 and 15.6% w/v, respectively. It was also found that the use of 5% w/v ethanol increased scCO2 extract yields at both low and high densities (7.6% w/v and 18.2% w/v, respectively). Additionally, the use of co-solvent increased this yield further under both low- and high-density conditions, to 13.7 and 19.1% w/v, respectively. Interestingly, higher scCO2 density (911 kg/m3) with and without ethanol did not improve the scCO2 extract yield or the amount of cannabinoids. Although this study provides new insights into the correlation between scCO2 density and ethanol co-extraction of CBD and THC, more studies are needed to determine how different scCO2 densities and co-solvents influence the extraction of cannabinoids.
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Lv C, Hao L, Cui X, Yi F, Su C. Study on the Composition and Physiological Activity of the Essential Oils and Extracts of Cinnamomum camphora Fruit. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100201. [PMID: 34423561 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2 ), hydrodistillation (HDO), ethanol extraction (EE), and petroleum ether extraction (PE) were used to extract the essential oil and extracts of Cinnamomum camphora fruit in this study. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the volatile components of essential oils and extracts, and 63 compounds were identified. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays and the inhibition experiment of bacteria and fungi (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Hay bacillus (H. bacillus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Aspergillus niger (A. niger), Candida albicans (C. albicans)) showed these essential oils and extracts indicated antioxidant and antibacterial activities. S. aureus was the most sensitive to the essential oil (MIC=0.08 mg/ml). Combined with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) experiment, HDO (LD50 =68.21 μg/ml) was considered to have the most potential natural preservative. Subsequently, the inhibitory mechanism of HDO on bacteria and fungi was explored through extracellular conductivity and SEM, and the possibility of HDO to preserve the freshness of bananas was verified through banana shelf-life experiments. The results suggested these essential oils and extracts of Cinnamomum camphora fruit indicated effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the surface of bananas, extend the shelf-life, and have the potential to become a natural antiseptic ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Lv
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, P. R. China
| | - Linyu Hao
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, P. R. China
| | - Xinang Cui
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, P. R. China
| | - Fengping Yi
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, P. R. China
| | - Chang Su
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, P. R. China
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Madden O, Walshe J, Kishore Patnala P, Barron J, Meaney C, Murray P. Phytocannabinoids - An Overview of the Analytical Methodologies for Detection and Quantification of Therapeutically and Recreationally Relevant Cannabis Compounds. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:211-231. [PMID: 34328047 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1949694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The legalization of the cultivation of low Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and high cannabidiol (CBD) Cannabis Sativa plants is gaining momentum around the world due to increasing demand for CBD-containing products. In many countries where CBD oils, extracts and CBD-infused foods and beverages are being sold in health shops and supermarkets, appropriate testing of these products is a legal requirement. Normally this involves determining the total Δ9-THC and CBD and their precursor tetrahydrocannabinolic acids (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). As our knowledge of the other relevant cannabinoids expands, it is likely so too will the demand for them as additives in many consumer products ensuring a necessity for quantification methods and protocols for their identification. This paper discusses therapeutically relevant cannabinoids found in Cannabis plant, the applicability and efficiency of existing extraction and analytical techniques as well as the legal requirements for these analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Madden
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jessica Walshe
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland.,Department of Applied Science, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Prem Kishore Patnala
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Claire Meaney
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Patrick Murray
- Research and Technology Transfer, Shannon ABC, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
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Lazarjani MP, Young O, Kebede L, Seyfoddin A. Processing and extraction methods of medicinal cannabis: a narrative review. J Cannabis Res 2021; 3:32. [PMID: 34281626 PMCID: PMC8290527 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-021-00087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the cannabis industry transitions from a black market to a legal market, product development, and methods of extraction have become a focal point. To date, more than thousands of chemical constituents have been identified from the cannabis plant, all of which possess different chemical properties that require different conditions for preservation during drying and extraction. However, scientific publications that explore these areas for the cannabis plant are currently lacking. METHOD This is a narrative review paper which focuses on critiquing drying and extraction methods of Cannabis sativa L. plant. Relevant keywords such as medicinal cannabis, extraction, solvent, cannabinoids, and terpenes have been searched in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases. RESULT To find relevant papers for this narrative review, 93 papers have been reviewed. Among them, 12 irrelevant papers were discarded. The excluded papers were either about hemp seed oil or hemp fiber and protein. Based on this review, solvent extraction is the most common method for cannabis plants. Although solventless and hydrodynamic extraction are known for their high yield and feasibility, more investigation is needed in these areas. Regarding the drying process, hang-drying is the most convenient method; however, it may be substituted by freeze-drying in the near future. DISCUSSION This review analyses various drying and extraction processes to guide the selection of suitable methods for various types of cannabis products and applications. This is done by outlining traditional and modern methods of drying techniques, exploring the importance of solvents for extraction, visiting solventless extraction procedures, and finally comparing conventional and alternative methods of extraction. CONCLUSION In conclusion, based on the current knowledge, using organic solvents is the most convenient method for medicinal cannabis extraction. However, more research is needed for some of the drying and extraction methods. Also, developing a green and sustainable cannabis extraction method should be considered for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Pourseyed Lazarjani
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Owen Young
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lidya Kebede
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ali Seyfoddin
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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36
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Grijó DR, Olivo JE, da Motta Lima OC. Analysis of the different solubility data of cannabidiol in supercritical carbon dioxide described in the literature. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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37
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Khalid S, Almalki FA, Hadda TB, Bader A, Abu-Izneid T, Berredjem M, Elsharkawy ER, Alqahtani AM. Medicinal Applications of Cannabinoids Extracted from Cannabis sativa (L.): A New Route in the Fight Against COVID-19? Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1564-1578. [PMID: 33267756 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201202125807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a well-known plant that has been recognized for its benefits since ancient times by several medicinal systems, including those of China, India, Greece, and Egypt. Although C. sativa is one of the most investigated medicinal plants in the world, it faces some of the greatest controversies surrounding its legalization and use as a medication. C. sativa contains several hundred phytoconstituents, including the infamous "cannabinoids". It is necessary to properly understand the medicinal importance of these phytochemicals and spread awareness among the countries where cannabis is still facing legal obstacles. The current review focuses on the most recent literature pertaining to various applications of cannabinoids, with a special focus on the medicinal aspect of these phytochemicals. Peer-reviewed articles focusing on the importance of cannabis and cannabinoids are the target of this review. Articles were selected based on the relevance to the general scope of the work, i.e., application of cannabinoids. Cannabinoids can truly be regarded as wonder drugs, considering their immense diversity of usage. Unfortunately, however, many of the mares have never been researched biologically or pharmacologically due to their low yield in the plant. However, the approval of some cannabinoids by the FDA (along with other recognized national medical health systems) has opened the horizon for the use of these natural drugs in medicines such as Epidiolex® (cannabidiol, used for the treatment of severe forms of epilepsy) and Sativex®(Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, used for the treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis). Many pharmacological properties of C. sativa are attributed to cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component, along with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a psychoactive component. This review addresses the most important applications or current utilization of cannabinoids in a variety of treatments such as chronic pain, cancer, emesis, anorexia, irritable bowel syndrome, communicable diseases, glaucoma, and central nervous system disorders. The biosynthetic pathway of cannabinoids is also discussed. In short, cannabis has a myriad of bioactive compounds that have the potential to increase the list of approved cannabinoids suitable for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Khalid
- Department of Botany, Islamia College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Faisal A Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taibi Ben Hadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Bader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Almukkarramah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collage of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Malika Berredjem
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry LCOA, Synthesis of Biomolecules and Molecular Modelling Group, Badji-Mokhtar - Annaba University, Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Eman R Elsharkawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Northern Borders University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
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In Situ Decarboxylation-Pressurized Hot Water Extraction for Selective Extraction of Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa. Chemometric Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113343. [PMID: 34199346 PMCID: PMC8199533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of the therapeutic cannabinoid compounds from Cannabis Sativa L. (C. Sativa) is important for the development of cannabis-based pharmaceuticals for cancer treatment, among other ailments. The main pharmacological cannabinoids are THC and CBD. However, THC also induces undesirable psychoactive effects. The decarboxylation process converts the naturally occurring acidic forms of cannabinoids, such as cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), to their more active neutral forms, known as cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The purpose of this study was to selectively extract cannabinoids using a novel in situ decarboxylation pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) system. The decarboxylation step was evaluated at different temperature (80–150 °C) and time (5–60 min) settings to obtain the optimal conditions for the decarboxylation-PHWE system using response surface methodology (RSM). The system was optimized to produce cannabis extracts with high CBD content, while suppressing the THC and CBN content. The identification and quantification of cannabinoid compounds were determined using UHPLC-MS/MS with external calibration. As a result, the RSM has shown good predictive capability with a p-value < 0.05, and the chosen parameters revealed to have a significant effect on the CBD, CBN and THC content. The optimal decarboxylation conditions for an extract richer in CBD than THC were set at 149.9 °C and 42 min as decarboxylation temperature and decarboxylation time, respectively. The extraction recoveries ranged between 96.56 and 103.42%, 95.22 and 99.95%, 99.62 and 99.81% for CBD, CBN and THC, respectively.
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Nahar L, Uddin SJ, Alam MA, Sarker SD. Extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids: an update. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:228-241. [PMID: 32893413 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic molecules that interact with the cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids, which can be endogenous, natural or synthetic compounds. They possess similar pharmacological properties as produced by the plant, Cannabis sativa L. Before cannabinoids can be analysed, they need to be extracted from the matrices. OBJECTIVE To review literature on the methods and protocols for the extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids. METHODOLOGY An extensive literature search was performed incorporating several databases, notably, Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials. The keywords used in the search, in various combinations, with cannabinoids and extraction being present in all combinations, were Cannabis, hemp, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, and extraction. RESULTS In addition to classical maceration with organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, pressurised solvent extraction, solvent heat reflux, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction, are routinely used nowadays for the extraction of cannabinoids from plant materials and cannabis consumer products. For the extraction of cannabinoids from biological samples, e.g. human blood, and also from food and beverages, and wastewater, solid-phase extraction and its variants, as well as liquid-liquid extraction are commonly used. Parameters for extraction can be optimised by response surface methodology or other mathematical modelling tools. There are at least six US patents on extraction of cannabinoids available to date. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of the extraction method, extraction temperature, extraction time and extraction pressure play a vital role in overall yield of extraction. Solvent polarity can also be an important factor in some extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashraful Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Multi-class pesticide analysis in cannabis oil using coated blade spray and solid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 225:122036. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Different Cannabis sativa Extraction Methods Result in Different Biological Activities against a Colon Cancer Cell Line and Healthy Colon Cells. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030566. [PMID: 33802757 PMCID: PMC8002592 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is one of the oldest medicinal plants used by humans, containing hundreds of bioactive compounds. The biological effects and interplay of these compounds are far from fully understood, although the plant’s therapeutic effects are beyond doubt. Extraction methods for these compounds are becoming an integral part of modern Cannabis-based medicine. Still, little is known about how different methods affect the final composition of Cannabis extracts and thus, their therapeutic effects. In this study, different extraction methods were tested, namely maceration, Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and supercritical CO2 extraction methods. The obtained extracts were evaluated for their cannabinoid content, antioxidant properties, and in vitro bioactivity on human colon cancer and healthy colon cells. Our data suggest that Cannabis extracts, when properly prepared, can significantly decrease cancer cell viability while protecting healthy cells from cytotoxic effects. However, post-processing of extracts poses a significant limitation in predicting therapeutic response based on the composition of the crude extract, as it affects not only the actual amounts of the respective cannabinoids but also their relative ratio to the primary extracts. These effects must be carefully considered in the future preparations of new therapeutic extracts.
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Qamar S, Torres YJM, Parekh HS, Robert Falconer J. Extraction of medicinal cannabinoids through supercritical carbon dioxide technologies: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1167:122581. [PMID: 33639334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical importance of cannabis is growing due to the natural non-psychoactive and psychoactive cannabinoids. For medicinal and forensic purposes, the effective extraction and quantification are essential to fully utilise the natural cannabinoids. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process has gained increasing interest due to its selective extraction, short processing time (partly due to the efficient solvent removal process - supercritical fluid to vapour - leaving a solvent free product), low running cost, and low impact on the environment, compared to that of most conventional extraction methods. In this review, the extraction of cannabinoids through SFE methods have been summarised. The advantages of SFE of cannabinoids over conventional extraction procedures; such as microwave-assisted extraction, solid phase microextraction, hard-cap espresso, soxhlet extraction, high-throughput homogenization, ultrasound-assisted extraction, vacuum distillation of lipid-based extract, and liquid-liquid extraction are discussed. Furthermore, this review examines the importance of the SFE of cannabinoids by coupling with various conventional extraction methods, separation techniques, selection of a suitable co-solvent/modifier, and appropriate sample preparation. Additionally, the applications of using SFE technology and cannabinoids are reviewed with a focus on industrial, pharmaceutical, waste by-products, and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Qamar
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yady J M Torres
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Harendra S Parekh
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James Robert Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Feng XS. Cannabinoids: Recent Updates on Public Perception, Adverse Reactions, Pharmacokinetics, Pretreatment Methods and Their Analysis Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1197-1222. [PMID: 33557608 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1864718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBDs) have been traditionally used as a folk medicine. Recently, they have been found to exhibit a high pharmacological potential. However, they are addicted and are often abused by drug users, thereby, becoming a threat to public safety. CBDs and their metabolites are usually found in trace levels in plants or in biological matrices and, are therefore not easy to be detected. Advances have been made toward accurately analyzing CBDs in plants or in biological matrices. This review aims at elucidating on the consumption of CBDs as well as its adverse effects and to provide a comprehensive overview of CBD pretreatment and detection methods. Moreover, novel pretreatment methods such as microextraction, Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe and online technology as well as novel analytic methods such as ion-mobility mass spectrometry, application of high resolution mass spectrometry in nontarget screening are summarized. In addition, we discuss and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different methods and suggest their future prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Song G, Wang X, Romero C, Chen H, Yao Z, Kaziunas A, Schlake R, Anand M, Lowe T, Driscoll G, Kreglow B, Schobert H, Baltrusaitis J. Extraction of selected rare earth elements from anthracite acid mine drainage using supercritical CO2 via coagulation and complexation. J RARE EARTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lefebvre T, Destandau E, Lesellier E. Selective extraction of bioactive compounds from plants using recent extraction techniques: A review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461770. [PMID: 33310280 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant extraction has existed for a long time and is still of interest. Due to technological improvements, it is now possible to obtain extracts with higher yields. While global yield is a major parameter because it assesses the extraction performance, it can be of interest to focus on the extraction of particular compounds (specific metabolites) to enrich the sample and to avoid the extraction of unwanted ones, for instance the primary metabolites (carbohydrates, triacylglycerols). The objective then is to improve extraction selectivity is then considered. In solid-liquid extraction, which is often called maceration, the solvent has a major impact on selectivity. Its polarity has a direct influence on the solutes extracted, related to the chemical structure of the compounds, and modelling compound/solvent interactions by using various polarity or interaction scales is a great challenge to favor the choice of the appropriate extracting liquid. Technical advances have allowed the development of recent, and sometimes green, extraction techniques, such as Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). This review focuses on the specificity of these recent techniques and the influence of their physical parameters (i.e. pressure, intensity, etc.). In addition to the solvent selection, which is of prime interest, the physical parameters applied by the different techniques influence the extraction results in different ways. Besides, SFE is a versatile and green technique suitable to achieve selectivity for some compounds. Due to its properties, SC-CO2 allows tailoring conditions to improve the selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Lefebvre
- ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Emilie Destandau
- ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Eric Lesellier
- ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans, France.
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Supercritical CO2 extraction of α-bisabolol from different parts of candeia wood (Eremanthus erythropappus). J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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47
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Supercritical fluid technologies applied to the extraction of compounds of industrial interest from Cannabis sativa L. and to their pharmaceutical formulations: A review. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Žitek T, Leitgeb M, Golle A, Dariš B, Knez Ž, Knez Hrnčič M. The Influence of Hemp Extract in Combination with Ginger on the Metabolic Activity of Metastatic Cells and Microorganisms. Molecules 2020; 25:E4992. [PMID: 33126621 PMCID: PMC7662229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents an investigation of the anticancer and antimicrobial ability of a combination of ginger and cannabis extracts in different ratios (1:1, 7:3 and 3:7). Extracts were obtained using various methods (Soxhlet extractions, cold macerations, ultrasonic extractions and supercritical fluid extractions). The antioxidant activity and the presence of total phenols were measured in the extracts, and the effect of the application extracts in various concentrations (c = 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1, 0.01 mg/mL) on cells was investigated. Higher values of antioxidants were measured at the ratio where ginger was predominant, which is reflected in a higher concentration of total phenols. Depending on the polyphenol content, the extracts were most effective when prepared supercritically and ultrasonically. However, with respect to cell response, the ratio was shown to have no effect on inhibiting cancer cell division. The minimum concentration required to inhibit cancer cell growth was found to be 1 mg/mL. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis also confirmed the effectiveness of ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extraction, as their extracts reached higher cannabinoid contents. In both extractions, the cannabidiol (CBD) content was above 30% and the cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) content was above 45%. In the case of ultrasonic extraction, a higher quantity of cannabigerol (CBG) (5.75 ± 0.18) was detected, and in the case of supercritical fluid extraction, higher cannabichromene (CBC) (5.48 ± 0.13) content was detected, when compared to other extraction methods. The antimicrobial potential of extracts prepared with ultrasonic and supercritical extractions on three microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans) was checked. Ginger and cannabis extract show better growth inhibition of microorganisms in cannabis-dominated ratios for gram-positive bacterium S. aureus, MIC = 9.38 mg/mL, for gram-negative bacterium E. coli, MIC > 37.5 mg/mL and for the C. albicans fungus MIC = 4.69 mg/mL. This suggests guidelines for further work: a 1: 1 ratio of ginger and hemp will be chosen in a combination with supercritical and ultrasonic extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Žitek
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.Ž.); (M.L.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.Ž.); (M.L.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Andrej Golle
- National Laboratory for Health, Environment and Food, Prvomajska ulica 1, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Barbara Dariš
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.Ž.); (M.L.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Maša Knez Hrnčič
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.Ž.); (M.L.); (Ž.K.)
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Process integration for recovering high added-value products from Genipa americana L.: Process optimization and economic evaluation. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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50
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Vági E, Balázs M, Komoczi A, Mihalovits M, Székely E. Fractionation of phytocannabinoids from industrial hemp residues with high-pressure technologies. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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