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Gandhi CR. Pro- and Anti-fibrogenic Functions of Gram-Negative Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in the Liver. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:130. [PMID: 32373617 PMCID: PMC7186417 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research performed over several decades has identified cells participating in the initiation and progression of fibrosis, and the numerous underlying inter- and intra-cellular signaling pathways. However, liver fibrosis continues to be a major clinical challenge as the precise targets of treatment are still elusive. Activation of physiologically quiescent perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to a myofibroblastic proliferating, contractile and fibrogenic phenotype is a critical event in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Thus, elucidation of the mechanisms of the reversal to quiescence or inhibition of activated HSCs, and/or their elimination via apoptosis has been the focus of intense investigation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a gut-resident Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, is a powerful pro-inflammatory molecule implicated in hepatic injury, inflammation and fibrosis. In both acute and chronic liver injury, portal venous levels of LPS are elevated due to increased intestinal permeability. LPS, via CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its adapter molecules, stimulates macrophages, neutrophils and several other cell types to produce inflammatory mediators as well as factors that can activate HSCs and stimulate their fibrogenic activity. LPS also stimulates synthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, growth mediators and molecules of immune regulation by HSCs. However, LPS was found to arrest proliferation of activated HSCs and to convert them into non-fibrogenic phenotype. Interestingly, LPS can elicit responses in HSCs independent of CD14 and TLR4. Identifying and/or developing non-inflammatory but anti-fibrogenic mimetics of LPS could be relevant for treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar R Gandhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Positive Effects of Ger-Gen-Chyn-Lian-Tang on Cholestatic Liver Fibrosis in Bile Duct Ligation-Challenged Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174181. [PMID: 31455001 PMCID: PMC6747316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Ger-Gen-Chyn-Lian-Tang (GGCLT) suppresses oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiogenesis during experimental liver fibrosis through the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-mediated pathway. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to a sham-control or bile duct ligation (BDL) group with or without treatment with GGCLT at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were analyzed using a diagnostic kit. Liver histopathology and hepatic status parameters were measured. Compared to control mice, the BDL mice exhibited an enlargement in liver HIF-1α levels, which was suppressed by 100 and 300 mg/kg GGCLT treatments (control: BDL: BDL + GGCLT-100: BDL + GGCLT-300 = 0.95 ± 0.07: 1.95 ± 0.12: 1.43 ± 0.05: 1.12 ± 0.10 fold; p < 0.05). GGCLT restrained the induction of hepatic hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde levels in the mice challenged with BDL, further increasing the hepatic glutathione levels. Furthermore, in response to increased hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis, significant levels of ALT, nuclear factor kappa B, transforming growth factor-β, α-smooth muscle actin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and procollagen-III were found in BDL mice, which were attenuated with GGCLT. In addition, GGCLT reduced the induction of angiogenesis in the liver after BDL by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors 1 and 2. In conclusion, the anti-liver fibrosis effect of GGCLT, which suppresses hepatic oxidative stress and angiogenesis, may be dependent on an HIF-1α-mediated pathway.
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Lee JH, Kim JH, Lee S, Han JK. Monitoring of impaired phagocytic function of Kupffer cells in an obstructive cholangitis rat model using superparamagnetic iron oxide MRI and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Acta Radiol 2019; 60:407-414. [PMID: 30724596 DOI: 10.1177/0284185118784978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kupffer cells (KC) have an important role in the host defense in obstructive cholangitis. Non-invasive monitoring of phagocytic function of KC is pivotal. Several studies showed the possibility of non-invasive monitoring of phagocytic function of KC using superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (SPIO-MRI) or contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). PURPOSE To investigate the serial change of KC function using SPIO-MRI and CEUS and whether the SPIO-MRI parameter correlates with the CEUS parameter in obstructive cholangitis rat models. MATERIAL AND METHODS With our institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, 19 rats (common bile duct ligation [CBDL]: n = 9; control: n = 10) underwent SPIO-MRI and CEUS at baseline, two, and four weeks after CBDL. The relative signal loss (RSL) of T2* value on SPIO-MRI and Kupffer phase parenchymal echogenicity (KPE) on CEUS were measured. The correlation between SPIO-MRI and CEUS parameters were compared with KC count. RESULTS In CBDL group, RSL and KPE had significantly decreased (72.1% to 29.5%, 2.7 to 0.4) at four weeks compared with those in the control group (68.2% to 58.3%, 2.5 to 3.0, P < 0.05). During the follow-up period, RSL showed significantly positive correlations with KPE ( P = 0.007). In addition, at four weeks, we found RSL was positively correlated with KPE (ρ = 0.750, P = 0.002). KC count was negatively correlated to RSL and KPE at four weeks (ρ = -0.771, P = 0.001 and ρ = -0.644, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION SPIO-MRI and CEUS may be equally useful for monitoring the serial changes of KC phagocytic function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Lee
- Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Koo Han
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hsieh CS, Chuang JH, Chou MH, Kao YH. Dexamethasone restores transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 expression and phagocytosis activity of Kupffer cells in cholestatic liver injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 56:310-319. [PMID: 29414666 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) in modulating the function of Kupffer cells (KCs) within cholestatic livers remains unclear. This study examined the immunopharmacological action of dexamethasone (DEX) in modulating hepatic TAK1 expression and related signaling activity in a rat model of bile duct ligation-mimicked obstructive jaundice. The in vitro effects of DEX on porcine biliary extract (PBE)-modulated gene expression and phagocytosis of KCs were examined using a rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383 cells). Although DEX therapy did not restore the downregulated TAK1 expression and phosphorylation, it significantly attenuated the upregulation of high-mobility group box 1 expression and caspase-3 activation in whole liver extracts of cholestatic rats, possibly via enhancing extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated signaling. Dual immunofluorescence staining of cholestatic livers and western detection on primary KCs isolated from cholestatic livers identified that DEX treatment indeed increased both the expression and phosphorylation levels of TAK1 in the KCs of cholestatic livers. In vitro studies using alveolar NR8383 macrophages with KC-characteristic gene expression further demonstrated that DEX not only repressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine production including with respect to interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, but also enhanced gene expression of TAK1 and a phagocytic marker, natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1, under PBE-mimicked cholestatic conditions. However, WST-1 assay showed that DEX did not protect NR8383 macrophages against the PBE-induced cytotoxicity. Immunofluorescence visualization of cellular F-actin by phalloidin suggested that DEX sustained the PBE-induced phagocytosis morphology of NR8383 macrophages. In conclusion, DEX treatment may pharmacologically restore the expression and activity of TAK1 in KCs, and sustain the phagocytic phenotype of KCs in cholestatic livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sung Hsieh
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Teaching & Research, Pu-Li Christian Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan; Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi-Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Lee S, Kim JH, Lee JH, Choi SY. Image Monitoring of the Impaired Phagocytic Activity of Kupffer Cells and Liver Oxygen Saturation in a Mouse Cholangitis Model Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging and Photoacoustic Imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2017; 43:2461-2468. [PMID: 28673477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bile duct ligation (BDL) can cause cholangitis, which is known to induce impaired Kupffer cell (KC) function and increased oxygen consumption in a mouse model. It is important to monitor changes in KC function and tissue oxygen saturation, both of which are critical factors in the progression of cholangitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impaired phagocytic activity of KC and liver oxygen saturation (sO2) in a mouse cholangitis model using contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEUS) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). A mouse cholangitis model was created by ligation of the common bile duct (CBDL, n = 20), and the left intrahepatic bile duct (BDL-L, n = 19), both of which were compared with the non-ligation groups-right lobe measurement group after left intrahepatic bile duct ligation (BDL-R, n = 19) and the control group (n = 14). The echogenicity and sO2 were measured by CEUS and PAI and the KC fraction was assessed at 1, 2 and 4 wk after ligation. We found a significantly lower echogenicity of the Kupffer phase in the CBDL and BDL-L groups compared with that in the control and BDL-R groups at 2 wk (p < .01). The CBDL and BDL-L groups showed a lower echogenicity than that of the BDL-R group at 4 wk (p < .01). We found a significantly lower sO2 of the CBDL and BDL-L groups compared with that of the control and BDL-R groups at 4 wk (p < .01). The CBDL and BDL-L groups showed a higher KC fraction than that of the BDL-R and control groups at each time point (p < .01). In conclusion, our study suggests that the Sonazoid CEUS and PAI could be a useful tool for monitoring impaired KC phagocytic activity and the liver hypoxic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jae Hwan Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo-Youn Choi
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Martinot E, Sèdes L, Baptissart M, Lobaccaro JM, Caira F, Beaudoin C, Volle DH. Bile acids and their receptors. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:2-9. [PMID: 28153453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary bile acids are synthetized from cholesterol within the liver and then transformed by the bacteria in the intestine to secondary bile acids. In addition to their involvement in digestion and fat solubilization, bile acids also act as signaling molecules. Several receptors are sensors of bile acids. Among these receptors, this review focuses on the nuclear receptor FXRα and the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5. This review briefly presents the potential links between bile acids and cancers that are discussed in more details in the other articles of this special issue of Molecular Aspects of Medicine focused on "Bile acids, roles in integrative physiology and pathophysiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Martinot
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lauriane Sèdes
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marine Baptissart
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lobaccaro
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Caira
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claude Beaudoin
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David H Volle
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), F-63170 Aubière, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, F-63170 Aubière, France; CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, F-63170 Aubière, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Sato K, Hall C, Glaser S, Francis H, Meng F, Alpini G. Pathogenesis of Kupffer Cells in Cholestatic Liver Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2238-47. [PMID: 27452297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells are the resident macrophages in the liver. They are located in hepatic sinusoid, which allows them to remove foreign materials, pathogens, and apoptotic cells efficiently. Activated Kupffer cells secrete various mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, to initiate immune responses, inflammation, or recruitment of other liver cells. Bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery in rodents is often studied as an animal model of cholestatic liver disease, characterized by obstruction of bile flow. BDL mice show altered functional activities of Kupffer cells compared with sham-operated mice, including elevated cytokine secretion and impaired bacterial clearance. Various mediators produced by other liver cells can regulate Kupffer cell activation, which suggest that Kupffer cells orchestrate with other liver cells to relay inflammatory signals and to maintain liver homeostasis during BDL-induced liver injury. Blocking or depletion of Kupffer cells, an approach for the treatment of liver diseases, has shown controversial implications. Procedures in Kupffer cell research have limitations and may produce various results in Kupffer cell research. It is important, however, to reveal underlying mechanisms of activation and functions of Kupffer cells, followed by hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. This review summarizes present Kupffer cell studies in cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Chad Hall
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Academic Research Integration, Department Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, Texas.
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Immune dysfunction in patients with obstructive jaundice before and after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1535-44. [PMID: 27252406 PMCID: PMC4947925 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This prospective observational study investigated monocyte cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in patients with obstructive jaundice (OJ) before and after endoscopic biliary drainage. Dendritic cell (DC) subsets and their expression of co-stimulatory molecules were also studied. Forty patients with OJ and ten non-jaundiced patients with normal gastroscopy findings were recruited. Ten healthy volunteers provided control blood samples for immunological assays. Patients with OJ had blood and duodenal mucosa sampled at the time of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and further blood sampled during the recovery phase. Monocyte cytokine responses to LPS, DC subsets and co-stimulatory molecule expression were compared with controls. Duodenal morphology and occludin expression were also assessed. Monocytes obtained before ERCP from jaundiced patients demonstrated reduced cytokine responses to endotoxin compared with controls (IL-1β: 2678 compared with 4631 pg/ml, P=0.04 and IL-6: 3442 compared with 6157 pg/ml, P=0.002). Monocytes from patients with malignancy had poorer responses to endotoxin than from those with benign OJ (IL-1β: 2025 compared with 3332 pg/ml, P=0.001). After ERCP, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by monocytes obtained from jaundiced patients increased (IL-1β: 2150 compared with 2520 pg/ml, P=0.03 and IL-6: 2488 compared with 3250 pg/ml, P=0.01). Occludin expression (85 compared with 95%, P=0.004) and mean duodenal villus height (334 compared with 404 μm, P=0.03) were lower in jaundiced patients. Before biliary drainage, patients with OJ had a higher percentage of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and greater mDC expression of CD40 (P=0.04) and CD86 (P=0.04). Monocytes from patients with OJ had lower proinflammatory cytokine secretion in response to LPS, an effect reversed following biliary drainage.
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Haselow K, Bode JG, Wammers M, Ehlting C, Keitel V, Kleinebrecht L, Schupp AK, Häussinger D, Graf D. Bile acids PKA-dependently induce a switch of the IL-10/IL-12 ratio and reduce proinflammatory capability of human macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1253-64. [PMID: 23990628 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0812396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
That cholestatic conditions are accompanied by an enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection in human and animal models is a known phenomenon. This correlates with the observation that bile acids have suppressive effects on cells of innate and adaptive immunity. The present study provides evidence that in human macrophages, bile acids inhibit the LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines without affecting the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. This results in a macrophage phenotype that is characterized by an increased IL-10/IL-12 ratio. Correspondingly, bile acids suppress basal phagocytic activity of human macrophages. These effects of bile acids can be mimicked by cAMP, which is presumably induced TGR5-dependently. The data provided further suggest that in primary human macrophages, modulation of the macrophage response toward LPS by bile acids involves activation of CREB, disturbed nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and PKA-dependent enhancement of LPS-induced cFos expression. The increase in cFos expression is paralleled by an enhanced formation of a protein complex comprising cFos and the p65 subunit of NF-κB. In summary, the data provided suggest that in human macrophages, bile acids induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype characterized by an increased IL-10/IL-12 ratio via activation of PKA and thereby, prevent their activation as classically activated macrophages. This bile acid-induced modulation of macrophage function may also be responsible for the experimentally and clinically observed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Haselow
- 1.Hepatology und Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Abstract
Surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by a tumor in the pancreatic head area is associated with a higher risk of postoperative complications. Preoperative biliary drainage was introduced in an attempt to improve the general condition and reduce morbidity and mortality. Extensive experimental studies have been performed to analyze the beneficial effect of biliary drainage and showed improvement in liver function, nutritional status, and cell-mediated immune function as well as reduction in mortality. However, despite the results seen in the experimental studies, clinical studies reported both beneficial and adverse effects, and most studies advised against routinely performing preoperative biliary drainage. To add clarity to the ongoing controversy, a recent randomized controlled trial was performed and reported more overall complications in patients with jaundice who underwent preoperative biliary drainage followed by surgery compared to those who underwent surgery alone. Many of these complications were stent related. Like most clinical studies, a plastic stent was used to initiate biliary drainage. Patients with jaundice because of a tumor in the pancreatic head area without locoregional irresectability or metastases should be candidates for early surgery. Preoperative biliary drainage should not be performed routinely. However, some selected patients might benefit from preoperative biliary drainage, in cases of severe jaundice, neoadjuvant therapy, or postponed surgery due to logistics. In these cases, the use of metal biliary stents is indicated.
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Lessa JFR, Rangel LS, Costa NJDA, Castro e Silva O, Cruz CATD, Sousa JBD. Effects of albumin administration in serum liver enzymes of rats in the presence of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Acta Cir Bras 2012; 26 Suppl 2:70-3. [PMID: 22030818 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502011000800013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the influence of albumin on changes of liver function in the extrahepatic biliary obstruction through an experimental model in rats. METHODS Sixty rats were divided into four groups: Group C (Control): 6 animals. Group M (Fictitious Operation): 18 rats underwent laparotomy and handling of the bile ducts; Groups O (extrahepatic biliary obstruction) and A (Treated with 2% albumin): 18 animals in each group underwent ligation of the ductus liver; The animals in groups M, O and A were divided into three subgroups of 6 animals each to be killed in the 7, 14 and 21 days postoperative (POD). Blood was drawn for determination of total bilirubin (TB), indirect bilirubin (IB), direct bilirubin (DB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). RESULTS On POD 7, BI levels were 4.5 mg / dl in group O and 2.1 mg / dl in group A (p = 0.025). On the 14th POD, the levels of PA were 1185.2 U / l in the group and O 458.3 U / l in group A (p = 0.004). ALT levels were 101.7 U / l in the group O and 75.7 U / l in group A (= 0.037). On POD 21, the levels of ALP were 1069.5 U / l in the group O and 468.3 U / l in group A (p = 0, 004). CONCLUSION The administration of albumin reduced the serum levels of bilirubin in the 7th day of supplementation.
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Chou MH, Chuang JH, Eng HL, Tsai PC, Hsieh CS, Liu HC, Wang CH, Lin CY, Lin TM. Effects of hepatocyte CD14 upregulation during cholestasis on endotoxin sensitivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34903. [PMID: 22511970 PMCID: PMC3325271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is frequently related to endotoxemia and inflammatory response. Our previous investigation revealed a significant increase in plasma endotoxin and CD14 levels during biliary atresia. We therefore propose that lipopolysacharides (LPS) may stimulate CD14 production in liver cells and promote the removal of endotoxins. The aims of this study are to test the hypothesis that CD14 is upregulated by LPS and investigate the pathophysiological role of CD14 production during cholestasis. Using Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and promoter activity assay, we demonstrated that LPS was associated with a significant increase in CD14 and MD2 protein and mRNA expression and CD14 promoter activity in C9 rat hepatocytes but not in the HSC-T6 hepatic stellate cell line in vitro. To correlate CD14 expression and endotoxin sensitivity, in vivo biliary LPS administration was performed on rats two weeks after they were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) or a sham operation. CD14 expression and endotoxin levels were found to significantly increase after LPS administration in BDL rats. These returned to basal levels after 24 h. In contrast, although endotoxin levels were increased in sham-operated rats given LPS, no increase in CD14 expression was observed. However, mortality within 24 h was more frequent in the BDL animals than in the sham-operated group. In conclusion, cholestasis and LPS stimulation were here found to upregulate hepatic CD14 expression, which may have led to increased endotoxin sensitivity and host proinflammatory reactions, causing organ failure and death in BDL rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Huei Chou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Chang Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (J-HC); (T-ML)
| | - Hock-Liew Eng
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sung Hsieh
- Department of Medical Research, PingTung Christian Hospital, PingTung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chun Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Chang Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Huey Wang
- Departmentof Laboratory Medicine, E-DA Hospital/I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yun Lin
- Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Mei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Chang Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Departmentof Laboratory Medicine, E-DA Hospital/I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, E-DA Hospital/I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (J-HC); (T-ML)
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14
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Su GL, Fontana RJ, Jinjuvadia K, Bayliss J, Wang SC. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein is down-regulated during acute liver failure. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:918-24. [PMID: 22278340 PMCID: PMC3500613 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is involved in the modulation of acute liver injury and failure caused by acetaminophen (APAP). Although the biological activity of LBP is concentration dependent, little is known about its levels in acute liver failure. METHODS Serum and hepatic LBP were measured in acute APAP-induced liver injury in mice. Serum LBP was measured in patients with acute liver failure from APAP and non-APAP causes. RESULTS Interestingly, contrary to other diseases, serum and hepatic LBP levels decreased significantly in mice within 24 h after being subjected to APAP-induced injury compared to the control (1.6 ± 0.1 vs. 3.5 ± 1.6 μg/ml, respectively; P < 0.05). Similar decreases were noted in another mouse model of acute liver injury due to carbon tetrachloride. Among patients with acute liver failure due to APAP (n = 5) and non-APAP (n = 5) causes, admission LBP levels were decreased compared to those of healthy controls (5.4 ± 1.4 vs. 3.2 ± 0.2 μg/ml, normal vs. acute liver failure; P = 0.07). However, the levels were not associated with the etiology of acute liver failure or 3-week outcome. CONCLUSIONS Serum and hepatic LBP levels are significantly reduced early after the induction of severe acute liver injury/failure due to acetaminophen and other liver injuries. This reduction in LBP production is specific to acute liver failure and may be important in developing future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for patients with acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Su
- Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Donepudi AC, Aleksunes LM, Driscoll MV, Seeram NP, Slitt AL. The traditional ayurvedic medicine, Eugenia jambolana (Jamun fruit), decreases liver inflammation, injury and fibrosis during cholestasis. Liver Int 2012; 32:560-73. [PMID: 22212619 PMCID: PMC3299847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestasis is a common disease of the liver. Chronic cholestasis eventually leads to hepatic cirrhosis and fibrosis, and rodent chronic cholestasis models are used to study aspects of fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cholestasis-induced liver injury and fibrosis are associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Few pharmacological therapies exist for treatment of cholestasis or cirrhosis, but it is known that humans with better nutritional intake are less likely to develop certain types of cirrhosis. Eugenia jambolana (Jamun) is a tropical berry fruit rich in antioxidant anthocyanin compounds. AIM As anthocyanins decrease cellular lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, it was hypothesized that Jamun fruit extract (JFE) administration could protect against cholestatic liver injury and inflammation in mice. METHOD Starting 24 h after sham or bile-duct ligation (BDL) surgery, male C57Bl/6 mice were administered vehicle or JFE (100 mg/kg, po) for 10 days. RESULTS Mice that underwent BDL had elevated serum ALT levels, which were reduced to 60% by JFE treatment. Likewise, BDL caused hepatic inflammation, macrophage infiltration, fibrosis and necrosis, all of which were largely improved by JFE. Interestingly, hepatoprotection was observed in JFE-treated BDL mice, despite suppressed transporter expression and increased hepatic bile acid concentrations. CONCLUSION Jamun fruit phytochemicals decreased hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress, and protected against hepatocellular injury in mice. Jamun warrants further investigation as a potential antioxidant/anti-inflammatory therapy not only to treat cholestasis but also other liver diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay C. Donepudi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Maureen V. Driscoll
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Navindra P. Seeram
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Angela L. Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
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Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Adler M, Amberg A, Brandenburg A, Callanan JJ, Connor S, Fountoulakis M, Gmuender H, Gruhler A, Hewitt P, Hodson M, Matheis KA, McCarthy D, Raschke M, Riefke B, Schmitt CS, Sieber M, Sposny A, Suter L, Sweatman B, Mally A. The enhanced value of combining conventional and "omics" analyses in early assessment of drug-induced hepatobiliary injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 252:97-111. [PMID: 20888850 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The InnoMed PredTox consortium was formed to evaluate whether conventional preclinical safety assessment can be significantly enhanced by incorporation of molecular profiling ("omics") technologies. In short-term toxicological studies in rats, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics data were collected and analyzed in relation to routine clinical chemistry and histopathology. Four of the sixteen hepato- and/or nephrotoxicants given to rats for 1, 3, or 14days at two dose levels induced similar histopathological effects. These were characterized by bile duct necrosis and hyperplasia and/or increased bilirubin and cholestasis, in addition to hepatocyte necrosis and regeneration, hepatocyte hypertrophy, and hepatic inflammation. Combined analysis of liver transcriptomics data from these studies revealed common gene expression changes which allowed the development of a potential sequence of events on a mechanistic level in accordance with classical endpoint observations. This included genes implicated in early stress responses, regenerative processes, inflammation with inflammatory cell immigration, fibrotic processes, and cholestasis encompassing deregulation of certain membrane transporters. Furthermore, a preliminary classification analysis using transcriptomics data suggested that prediction of cholestasis may be possible based on gene expression changes seen at earlier time-points. Targeted bile acid analysis, based on LC-MS metabonomics data demonstrating increased levels of conjugated or unconjugated bile acids in response to individual compounds, did not provide earlier detection of toxicity as compared to conventional parameters, but may allow distinction of different types of hepatobiliary toxicity. Overall, liver transcriptomics data delivered mechanistic and molecular details in addition to the classical endpoint observations which were further enhanced by targeted bile acid analysis using LC/MS metabonomics.
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Paiva Neto MCD, Almeida REF, Xavier MM, Takano GHS, Silva Jr ODCE, Cruz CATD, Sousa JBD. Influence of glutamine on morphological and functional changes of liver in the presence of extrahepatic biliary obstruction in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502010000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To study the influence of glutamine on functional and morphological changes of liver in the extrahepatic biliary obstruction through an experimental model in rats. METHODS: Seventy Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (group C) fictitious operation, (group FO), submitted to laparotomy with handling of bile ducts, but without hepatic duct ligation, (group EBO) submitted to laparotomy and hepatic duct ligation, one of them submitted to supplementation with glutamine 2% (group G). The control group consisted of 6 animals. The animals from groups FO, EBO and G were divided into three groups consisting of 6 animals each, being sacrificed at 7, 14 and 21 days after operation, respectively. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and a fragment of liver tissue was collected from the middle lobe for histological analysis. RESULTS: Both for biochemical analysis (BT, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase FAL) and for histopathological changes (fibrosis, portal inflammation, parenchymal inflammation, hepatocytic changes and duct proliferation), no statistical difference between groups submitted to extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EBO) with and without treatment with glutamine (G) was observed. CONCLUSION: Glutamine supplementation did not alter the prognosis of liver enzymes and histopathological changes in animals submitted to extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
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Abstract
Chronic liver inflammation after murine bile duct ligation could evolve according to three interrelated phenotypes, which would have different metabolic, functional and histologic characteristics. Liver injury secondary to extrahepatic cholestasis would induce an early ischemic-reperfusion phenotype with cholangiocyte depolarization, abnormal ion transport, hypometabolism with anaerobic glycolysis and hepatocytic apoptosis. This phenotype, in turn, could trigger the switch to a leukocytic phenotype by the cholangiocytes, with an intense anaplerotic activity, hypermetabolism, extracellular matrix degradation and moderated proliferation to create a pseudotissue with metabolic autonomy and paracrine functions. In the long-term cholestasis-drive tumorigenesis, the tumorous tissue would principally consist of cholangiocyte parenchyma, with an impressive biosynthetic activity through the tricarboxylic cell cycle. In terms of the tumorous stroma, made up by fibroplasia and angiogenesis, it would favor the tumor trophism. In conclusion, the great intensity and persistence in the expression of these phenotypes by the cholestatic cholangiocyte would favor chronic inflammatory tumorigenesis.
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19
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Yang J, Wu R, Zhou M, Wang P. Human adrenomedullin and its binding protein ameliorate sepsis-induced organ injury and mortality in jaundiced rats. Peptides 2010; 31:872-7. [PMID: 20132852 PMCID: PMC2854200 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a serious complication for patients with obstructive jaundice. Although administration of adrenomedullin (AM) in combination with its binding protein (AMBP-1) is protective after injury, it remains unknown whether AM/AMBP-1 ameliorates sepsis-induced organ injury and mortality in the setting of biliary obstruction. The aim of this study is, therefore, to test the efficacy of human AM/AMBP-1 in a rat model of obstructive jaundice and polymicrobial sepsis. To study this, obstructive jaundice was induced in male adult rats (275-325g) by common bile duct ligation (BDL). One week after BDL, the rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Plasma levels of AM and AMBP-1 were measured at 20h after CLP. In additional groups of BDL+CLP rats, human AM/AMBP-1 (24/80microg/kg body weight (BW)) or vehicle (i.e., human albumin) was administered intravenously at 5h after CLP. Blood and tissue samples were collected at 20h after CLP for various measurements. To determine the long-term effect of human AM/AMBP-1 after BDL+CLP, the gangrenous cecum was removed at 20h after CLP and 7-day survival was recorded. Our results showed that plasma levels of AM were significantly increased while AMBP-1 levels were markedly decreased after BDL+CLP (n=8, P<0.05). Administration of human AM/AMBP-1 attenuated tissue injury and inflammatory responses after BDL+CLP. Moreover, human AM/AMBP-1 significantly increased the survival rate from 21% (n=14) to 53% (n=15). Thus, human AM/AMBP-1 ameliorates sepsis-induced organ injury and mortality in jaundiced rats. Human AM/AMBP-1 can be further developed as a novel treatment for sepsis in jaundiced patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Yang
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY 11030, United States
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Osawa Y, Seki E, Adachi M, Suetsugu A, Ito H, Moriwaki H, Seishima M, Nagaki M. Role of acid sphingomyelinase of Kupffer cells in cholestatic liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2010; 51:237-45. [PMID: 19821528 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kupffer cells, resident tissue macrophages of the liver, play a key role in the regulation of hepatic inflammation, hepatocyte death, and fibrosis that characterize liver diseases. However, it is controversial whether Kupffer cells promote or protect from liver injury. To explore this issue we examined the role of Kupffer cells in liver injury, cell death, regeneration, and fibrosis on cholestatic liver injury in C57BL/6 mice using a model of partial bile duct ligation (BDL), in which animals do not die and the effects of BDL can be compared between injured ligated lobes and nonligated lobes. In cholestatic liver injury, the remaining viable cells represented tolerance for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and regenerative features along with AKT activation. Inhibition of AKT by adenovirus expressing dominant-negative AKT abolished the survival and regenerative properties in hepatocytes. Moreover, Kupffer cell depletion by alendronate liposomes increased hepatocyte damage and the sensitivity of TNF-alpha-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in ligated lobes. Kupffer cell depletion decreased hepatocyte regeneration and liver fibrosis with reduced AKT activation. To investigate the impact of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) in Kupffer cells, we generated chimeric mice that contained ASMase-deficient Kupffer cells and -sufficient hepatocytes using a combination of Kupffer cell depletion, irradiation, and the transplantation of ASMase-deficient bone marrow cells. In these mice, AKT activation, the tolerance for TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis, and the regenerative responses were attenuated in hepatocytes after BDL. CONCLUSION Kupffer cells have a protective role for hepatocyte damage and promote cell survival, liver regeneration, and fibrosis in cholestatic liver disease. Kupffer cell-derived ASMase is crucial for AKT activation of hepatocytes that is required for the survival and regenerative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Osawa
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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Liao R, Liu Z, Wei S, Xu F, Chen Z, Gong J. Triggering receptor in myeloid cells (TREM-1) specific expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sepsis patients with acute cholangitis. Inflammation 2009; 32:182-90. [PMID: 19396532 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-009-9119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine its relationship with acute cholangitis (AC), we sought to quantify expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of sepsis patients with AC. Peripheral blood samples of 42 AC patients and 48 patients with AC of severe type (ACST) were collected from January to September, 2008 and tested for TREM-1 mRNA by RT-PCR and protein expression by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. ELISA and immunoturbidimetry were employed to detect the changes of TNF-alpha or C-reactive protein in the serum respectively. TREM-1 expression was higher in ACST group than in AC group (P < 0.01). TREM-1 was positive in mononuclear cells by immunochemistry in both groups before operative therapy, but the positive expression rate decreased at 48 h postoperatively. Compared with healthy controls, TREM-1 protein expression levels were up-regulated in sepsis patients with AC. TREM-1 expression has highly sensitivity and specificity in sepsis patients with AC or ACST. TREM-1 is up-regulated in PBMC of AC patients, and has higher sensitivity and specificity than other clinical inflammation markers, suggesting its importance in AC-induced sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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van der Gaag NA, Kloek JJ, de Castro SMM, Busch ORC, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ. Preoperative biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice: history and current status. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:814-20. [PMID: 18726134 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-008-0618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) has been introduced to improve outcome after surgery in patients suffering from obstructive jaundice due to a potentially resectable proximal or distal bile duct/pancreatic head lesion. In experimental models, PBD is almost exclusively associated with beneficial results: improved liver function and nutritional status; reduction of systemic endotoxemia; cytokine release; and, as a result, an improved immune response. Mortality was significantly reduced in these animal models. Human studies show conflicting results. FINDINGS For distal obstruction, currently the "best-evidence" available clearly shows that routine PBD does not yield the appreciated improvement in postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing resection. Moreover, PBD harbors its own complications. However, most of the available data are outdated or suffer from methodological deficits. CONCLUSION The highest level of evidence for PBD to be performed in proximal obstruction, as well as over the preferred mode, is lacking but, nevertheless, assimilated in the treatment algorithm for many centers. Logistics and waiting lists, although sometimes inevitable, could be factors that might influence the decision to opt for PBD, as well as an extended diagnostic workup with laparoscopy (on indication) or scheduled preoperative chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A van der Gaag
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Minter RM, Bi X, Ben-Josef G, Wang T, Hu B, Arbabi S, Hemmila MR, Wang SC, Remick DG, Su GL. LPS-binding protein mediates LPS-induced liver injury and mortality in the setting of biliary obstruction. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G45-54. [PMID: 18948440 PMCID: PMC2636928 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00041.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that low levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) augment the cell's response to LPS, whereas high levels of LBP have been shown to inhibit cell responses to LPS. Clinical studies and in vitro work by our group have demonstrated that, in the setting of liver disease, increased or acute-phase levels of LBP may actually potentiate rather than inhibit an overwhelming proinflammatory response. Therefore, in the present studies we sought to determine the role of acute-phase LBP in mediating morbidity and mortality in animals challenged with LPS in the setting of biliary obstruction. Using LBP-deficient mice and LBP blockade in wild-type mice, we demonstrate that high levels of LBP are deleterious in the setting of cholestasis. Following biliary obstruction and intraperitoneal LPS challenge, hepatic injury, hepatic neutrophil infiltration, and mortality were significantly increased in animals with an intact LBP acute-phase response. Kupffer cell responses from these animals demonstrated a significant increase in several inflammatory mediators, and Kupffer cell-associated LBP appears to be responsible for these differences, at least in part. Our results indicate that the role of LBP signaling in inflammatory conditions is complex and heterogeneous, and elevated levels of LBP are not always protective. Increased LBP production in the setting of cholestatic liver disease appears to be deleterious and may represent a potential therapeutic target for preventing overwhelming inflammatory responses to LPS in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Minter
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiaoming Bi
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gal Ben-Josef
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bin Hu
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Saman Arbabi
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark R. Hemmila
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stewart C. Wang
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel G. Remick
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Grace L. Su
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Experimental obstructive cholestasis: the wound-like inflammatory liver response. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2008; 1:6. [PMID: 19014418 PMCID: PMC2637833 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive cholestasis causes hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of liver disease are multiple and linked. We propose grouping these mechanisms according to the three phenotypes mainly expressed in the interstitial space in order to integrate them.Experimental extrahepatic cholestasis is the model most frequently used to study obstructive cholestasis. The early liver interstitial alterations described in these experimental models would produce an ischemia/reperfusion phenotype with oxidative and nitrosative stress. Then, the hyperexpression of a leukocytic phenotype, in which Kupffer cells and neutrophils participate, would induce enzymatic stress. And finally, an angiogenic phenotype, responsible for peribiliary plexus development with sinusoidal arterialization, occurs. In addition, an intense cholangiocyte proliferation, which acquires neuroendocrine abilities, stands out. This histopathological finding is also associated with fibrosis.It is proposed that the sequence of these inflammatory phenotypes, perhaps with a trophic meaning, ultimately produces a benign tumoral biliary process - although it poses severe hepatocytic insufficiency. Moreover, the persistence of this benign tumor disease would induce a higher degree of dedifferentiation and autonomy and, therefore, its malign degeneration.
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Abstract
Bile acids are not only important for the absorption of dietary lipids and fat soluble vitamins but are signalling molecules with diverse endocrine and paracrine functions. Bile acids regulate bile acid, lipid and glucose metabolism and modulate temperature and energy homeostasis. Furthermore, bile acids can not only promote cell proliferation and liver regeneration but can also induce programmed cell death. Bile acid functions are mediated through different pathways which comprise the activation of nuclear hormone receptors, of intracellular kinases and of the plasma membrane-bound, G-protein coupled bile acid receptor TGR5/Gpbar-1.
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Kupffer cell blockade improves the endotoxin-induced microcirculatory inflammatory response in obstructive jaundice. Shock 2008; 30:69-74. [PMID: 18562926 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e31815dceea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis predisposes to hypersensitivity to LPS, leading to potential septic complications. We set out to characterize the involvement of Kupffer cell (KC) activation in the hepatic microcirculatory and structural consequences of obstructive jaundice in the presence and absence of acute endotoxemia. The hepatic microcirculatory consequences of 3-day extrahepatic bile duct ligation (BDL) were assessed in rats. The contributions of changes in hepatic perfusion, leukocyte influx, and proinflammatory cytokine release to the development of hepatic structural damage were also determined. Furthermore, the corresponding consequences of BDL in combination with acute (2-h) endotoxemia (1 mg kg(-1) LPS, i.v.) were compared with those observed after LPS alone. In a second series, the same protocols were applied in identical groups of rats where the KC function was inhibited with 24-h gadolinium chloride pretreatment (10 mg kg(-1), i.v.). Bile duct ligation induced minor inflammatory reactions but caused a marked reduction in hepatic sinusoidal perfusion and severe histological damage. LPS treatment, however, elicited an approximately 5-fold increase in leukocyte adherence in the central venules and pronounced IL-6 and TNF-alpha release, but without significant structural damage. The combination of BDL with LPS enhanced the perfusion failure, leukocyte sticking/deposition, and proinflammatory cytokine release; most of these changes can be effectively ameliorated by gadolinium chloride. In conclusion, when obstructive jaundice is followed by a second hit of LPS, perfusion failure, liver inflammation, and structural damage are enhanced, the KCs playing a decisive role in this scenario. Therapeutic strategies aimed at KC blockade can potentially reduce the risk of inflammatory complications in cholestasis.
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Keitel V, Donner M, Winandy S, Kubitz R, Häussinger D. Expression and function of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in Kupffer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Morita Y, Yoshidome H, Kimura F, Shimizu H, Ohtsuka M, Takeuchi D, Mitsuhashi N, Iida A, Miyazaki M. Excessive inflammation but decreased immunological response renders liver susceptible to infection in bile duct ligated mice. J Surg Res 2007; 146:262-70. [PMID: 18061617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Obstructive jaundice (OJ) is associated with increased surgical morbidity and infectious complication. The aim of the current study was to clarify the mechanism of excessive inflammation and susceptibility to infection in OJ. METHODS C57/BL6 mice were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) or sham surgery. Expression tumor necrosis factor-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, inducible protein-10, and interleukin (IL)-10, activation of nuclear factor kappa B, fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis, serum alanine aminotransferase levels, and histology were examined. Survival after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration or cecal ligation and puncture 3 or 14 d after surgery was determined. IL-1beta and interferon-gamma expression was examined after LPS administration. RESULTS OJ induced nuclear factor kappa B activation and increased expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2, which caused significant increases in neutrophil recruitment. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels increased consistent with histological observations in OJ. Mononuclear cells were recruited in the liver after BDL associated with monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 up-regulation. The recruitment of NK and T cells was varied, consistent with IP-10 expression during the time course of OJ. IL-10 expression was significantly up-regulated 14 d after BDL. After LPS administration, the mice at 3 d after BDL and at 3 and 14 d after sham surgery were all still alive, but all mice at 14 d after BDL died. After LPS administration, IL-1beta significantly increased in the mice at 14 d after BDL. CONCLUSIONS Immune response such as expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and recruitment of immune cells may thus differ over the time course of OJ. Prolonged OJ may cause excessive inflammation, thus result in susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Morita
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Xiang Z, Minter RM, Bi X, Woolf PJ, He Y. miniTUBA: medical inference by network integration of temporal data using Bayesian analysis. Bioinformatics 2007; 23:2423-32. [PMID: 17644819 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Many biomedical and clinical research problems involve discovering causal relationships between observations gathered from temporal events. Dynamic Bayesian networks are a powerful modeling approach to describe causal or apparently causal relationships, and support complex medical inference, such as future response prediction, automated learning, and rational decision making. Although many engines exist for creating Bayesian networks, most require a local installation and significant data manipulation to be practical for a general biologist or clinician. No software pipeline currently exists for interpretation and inference of dynamic Bayesian networks learned from biomedical and clinical data. RESULTS miniTUBA is a web-based modeling system that allows clinical and biomedical researchers to perform complex medical/clinical inference and prediction using dynamic Bayesian network analysis with temporal datasets. The software allows users to choose different analysis parameters (e.g. Markov lags and prior topology), and continuously update their data and refine their results. miniTUBA can make temporal predictions to suggest interventions based on an automated learning process pipeline using all data provided. Preliminary tests using synthetic data and laboratory research data indicate that miniTUBA accurately identifies regulatory network structures from temporal data. AVAILABILITY miniTUBA is available at http://www.minituba.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoshuang Xiang
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Isayama F, Hines IN, Kremer M, Milton RJ, Byrd CL, Perry AW, McKim SE, Parsons C, Rippe RA, Wheeler MD. LPS signaling enhances hepatic fibrogenesis caused by experimental cholestasis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G1318-28. [PMID: 16439470 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00405.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although it is clear that bile acid accumulation is the major initiator of fibrosis caused by cholestatic liver disease, endotoxemia is a common side effect. However, the depletion of hepatic macrophages with gadolinium chloride blunts hepatic fibrosis. Because endotoxin is a key activator of hepatic macrophages, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that LPS signaling through CD14 contributes to hepatic fibrosis caused by experimental cholestasis. Wild-type mice and CD14 knockout mice (CD14(-/-)) underwent sham operation or bile duct ligation and were killed 3 wk later. Measures of liver injury, such as focal necrosis, biliary cell proliferation, and inflammatory cell influx, were not significantly different among the strains 3 wk after bile duct ligation. Markers of liver fibrosis such as Sirius red staining, liver hydroxyproline, and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression were blunted in CD14(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice after bile duct ligation. Despite no difference in lymphocyte infiltration, the macrophage/monocyte activation marker OX42 (CD11b) and the oxidative stress/lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal were significantly upregulated in wild-type mice after bile duct ligation but not in CD14(-/-) mice. Increased profibrogenic cytokine mRNA expression in the liver after bile duct ligation was significantly blunted in CD14(-/-) mice compared with the wild type. The hypothesis that LPS was involved in experimental cholestatic liver fibrosis was tested using mice deficient in LPS-binding protein (LBP(-/-)). LBP(-/-) mice had less liver injury and fibrosis (Siruis red staining and hydroxyproline content) compared with wild-type mice after bile duct ligation. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that endotoxin in a CD14-dependent manner exacerbates hepatic fibrogenesis and macrophage activation to produce oxidants and cytokines after bile duct ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyumi Isayama
- Laboratory of Hepatobiology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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