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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Martín-Rodríguez A, Redondo-Flórez L, López-Mora C, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10672. [PMID: 37445852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine homeostasis and metabolic diseases have been the subject of extensive research in recent years. The development of new techniques and insights has led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these conditions and opened up new avenues for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discussed the rise of metabolic diseases, especially in Western countries, the genetical, psychological, and behavioral basis of metabolic diseases, the role of nutrition and physical activity in the development of metabolic diseases, the role of single-cell transcriptomics, gut microbiota, epigenetics, advanced imaging techniques, and cell-based therapies in metabolic diseases. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain
| | - Clara López-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Pg. de l'Albereda, 7, 46010 València, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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Liu T, Zou X, Ruze R, Xu Q. Bariatric Surgery: Targeting pancreatic β cells to treat type II diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1031610. [PMID: 36875493 PMCID: PMC9975540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1031610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell function impairment and insulin resistance are central to the development of obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Bariatric surgery (BS) is a practical treatment approach to treat morbid obesity and achieve lasting T2DM remission. Traditionally, sustained postoperative glycemic control was considered a direct result of decreased nutrient intake and weight loss. However, mounting evidence in recent years implicated a weight-independent mechanism that involves pancreatic islet reconstruction and improved β-cell function. In this article, we summarize the role of β-cell in the pathogenesis of T2DM, review recent research progress focusing on the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) on pancreatic β-cell pathophysiology, and finally discuss therapeutics that have the potential to assist in the treatment effect of surgery and prevent T2D relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rexiati Ruze
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Xu,
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Akalestou E, Suba K, Lopez-Noriega L, Georgiadou E, Chabosseau P, Gallie A, Wretlind A, Legido-Quigley C, Leclerc I, Salem V, Rutter GA. Intravital imaging of islet Ca 2+ dynamics reveals enhanced β cell connectivity after bariatric surgery in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5165. [PMID: 34453049 PMCID: PMC8397709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery improves both insulin sensitivity and secretion and can induce diabetes remission. However, the mechanisms and time courses of these changes, particularly the impact on β cell function, are difficult to monitor directly. In this study, we investigated the effect of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG) on β cell function in vivo by imaging Ca2+ dynamics in islets engrafted into the anterior eye chamber. Mirroring its clinical utility, VSG in mice results in significantly improved glucose tolerance, and enhanced insulin secretion. We reveal that these benefits are underpinned by augmented β cell function and coordinated activity across the islet. These effects involve changes in circulating GLP-1 levels which may act both directly and indirectly on the β cell, in the latter case through changes in body weight. Thus, bariatric surgery leads to time-dependent increases in β cell function and intra-islet connectivity which are likely to contribute to diabetes remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Akalestou
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Kinga Suba
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Livia Lopez-Noriega
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Eleni Georgiadou
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Alasdair Gallie
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Central Biological Services (CBS) Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Asger Wretlind
- grid.419658.70000 0004 0646 7285Systems Medicine, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- grid.419658.70000 0004 0646 7285Systems Medicine, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Leclerc
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Victoria Salem
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK ,grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- grid.413629.b0000 0001 0705 4923Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK ,grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Lee Kong Chian Imperial Medical School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357Centre de Recherches du CHUM, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada
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Bini J, Norcross M, Cheung M, Duffy A. The Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Bariatric Surgery Research: a Review. Obes Surg 2021; 31:4592-4606. [PMID: 34304378 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery, initially understood as restricting or bypassing the amount of food that reaches the stomach to reduce food intake and/or increase malabsorption of food to promote weight loss, is now recognized to also affect incretin signaling in the gut and promote improvements in system-wide metabolism. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique whereby patients are injected with picomolar concentrations of radioactive molecules, below the threshold of having physiological effects, to measure spatial distributions of blood flow, metabolism, receptor, and enzyme pharmacology. Recent advances in both whole-body PET imaging and radioligand development will allow for novel research that may help clarify the roles of peripheral and central receptor/enzyme systems in treating obesity with bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Maija Cheung
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Duffy
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Douros JD, Tong J, D’Alessio DA. The Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Islet Function, Insulin Secretion, and Glucose Control. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1394-1423. [PMID: 31241742 PMCID: PMC6749890 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although bariatric surgery was developed primarily to treat morbid obesity, evidence from the earliest clinical observations to the most recent clinical trials consistently demonstrates that these procedures have substantial effects on glucose metabolism. A large base of research indicates that bariatric surgeries such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), and biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) improve diabetes in most patients, with effects frequently evident prior to substantial weight reduction. There is now unequivocal evidence from randomized controlled trials that the efficacy of surgery is superior to intensive life-style/medical management. Despite advances in the clinical understanding and application of bariatric surgery, there remains only limited knowledge of the mechanisms by which these procedures confer such large changes to metabolic physiology. The improvement of insulin sensitivity that occurs with weight loss (e.g., the result of diet, illness, physical training) also accompanies bariatric surgery. However, there is evidence to support specific effects of surgery on insulin clearance, hepatic glucose production, and islet function. Understanding the mechanisms by which surgery affects these parameters of glucose regulation has the potential to identify new targets for therapeutic discovery. Studies to distinguish among bariatric surgeries on key parameters of glucose metabolism are limited but would be of considerable value to assist clinicians in selecting specific procedures and investigators in delineating the resulting physiology. This review is based on literature related to factors governing glucose metabolism and insulin secretion after the commonly used RYGB and VSG, and the less frequently used BPD and adjustable gastric banding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Douros
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jenny Tong
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David A D’Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Georgia A, Asnis MCC, Febres G, Tsang A, Bessler M, Korner J. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Is Associated With Hyperinsulinemia But Not Increased Maximal β-Cell Function. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:632-642. [PMID: 30834358 PMCID: PMC6391719 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is associated with postprandial hyperinsulinemia. Objective This study assessed whether increased blood insulin levels may be due to an increase in maximal β-cell function. Design, Setting, and Participants We performed a cross-sectional study at Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. Subjects without a history of diabetes were studied after surgery (n = 12) and were compared with nonsurgical controls (n = 10) who were mean matched for body mass index, insulin sensitivity, and hemoglobin A1c and with nonobese controls (n = 8). Methods Subjects underwent a mixed-meal tolerance test and on a separate day an intravenous glucose tolerance test followed by a hyperglycemic clamp (450 mg/dL; 25 mM blood glucose) and arginine stimulation. The main outcome measure was maximal insulin secretion quantified after arginine stimulation (AinsRmax). Results The RYGB group exhibited greater peak postprandial glucose levels and fourfold greater peak insulin levels than control groups; however, there were no significant differences in insulinogenic index or AinsRmax. Another finding was significantly greater postprandial glucagon levels in the RYGB group compared with controls. Conclusions Our results suggest that after RYGB, the increase in postprandial levels of insulin are not due to changes in maximal β-cell function but appear to be an appropriate response to altered nutrient flow and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Georgia
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Maria Cecilia Catilo Asnis
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.,Stamford Health Medical Group, Stamford, Connecticut
| | - Gerardo Febres
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Amanda Tsang
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Marc Bessler
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Judith Korner
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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Korner J, Cline GW, Slifstein M, Barba P, Rayat GR, Febres G, Leibel RL, Maffei A, Harris PE. A role for foregut tyrosine metabolism in glucose tolerance. Mol Metab 2019; 23:37-50. [PMID: 30876866 PMCID: PMC6479665 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We hypothesized that DA and L-DOPA derived from nutritional tyrosine and the resultant observed postprandial plasma excursions of L-DOPA and DA might affect glucose tolerance via their ability to be taken-up by beta cells and inhibit glucose-stimulated β-cell insulin secretion. Methods To investigate a possible circuit between meal-stimulated 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) and dopamine (DA) production in the GI tract and pancreatic β-cells, we: 1) mapped GI mucosal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC); 2) measured L-DOPA and DA content of GI mucosal tissues following meal challenges with different L-tyrosine (TYR) content, 3) determined whether meal TYR content impacts plasma insulin and glucose excursions; and 4) characterized postprandial plasma excursions of L-DOPA and DA in response to meal tyrosine content in rodents and a population of bariatric surgery patients. Next, we characterized: 1) the metabolic transformation of TYR and L-DOPA into DA in vitro using purified islet tissue; 2) the metabolic transformation of orally administrated stable isotope labeled TYR into pancreatic DA, and 3) using a nuclear medicine technique, we studied endocrine beta cells in situ release and binding of DA in response to a glucose challenge. Results We demonstrate in rodents that intestinal content and circulatory concentrations L-DOPA and DA, plasma glucose and insulin are responsive to the tyrosine (TYR) content of a test meal. Intestinal expression of two enzymes, Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Aromatic Amino acid Decarboxylase (AADC), essential to the transformation of TYR to DA was mapped and the metabolism of metabolism of TYR to DA was traced in human islets and a rodent beta cell line in vitro and from gut to the pancreas in vivo. Lastly, we show that β cells secrete and bind DA in situ in response to glucose stimulation. Conclusions We provide proof-of-principle evidence for the existence of a novel postprandial circuit of glucose homeostasis dependent on nutritional tyrosine. DA and L-DOPA derived from nutritional tyrosine may serve to defend against hypoglycemia via inhibition of glucose-stimulated β-cell insulin secretion as proposed by the anti-incretin hypothesis. Nutritional tyrosine is metabolized to L DOPA and DA in the foregut. Postprandial L-DOPA and DA plasma concentrations rise in response to tyrosine. Oral stable isotope labeled tyrosine is found postprandially in the pancreas as DA. L-DOPA and DA are inhibitors of beta cell glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Postprandial L-DOPA and DA excursions are muted in certain bariatric surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Korner
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gary W Cline
- Yale Diabetes Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Mark Slifstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Pasquale Barba
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, IT 80131, Italy
| | - Gina R Rayat
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 CA, Canada
| | - Gerardo Febres
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Antonella Maffei
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Paul E Harris
- Department of Medicine and the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Wei W, Ehlerding EB, Lan X, Luo QY, Cai W. Molecular imaging of β-cells: diabetes and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:16-31. [PMID: 31378283 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Since diabetes is becoming a global epidemic, there is a great need to develop early β-cell specific diagnostic techniques for this disorder. There are two types of diabetes (i.e., type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)). In T1DM, the destruction of pancreatic β-cells leads to reduced insulin production or even absolute insulin deficiency, which consequently results in hyperglycemia. Actually, a central issue in the pathophysiology of all types of diabetes is the relative reduction of β-cell mass (BCM) and/or impairment of the function of individual β-cells. In the past two decades, scientists have been trying to develop imaging techniques for noninvasive measurement of the viability and mass of pancreatic β-cells. Despite intense scientific efforts, only two tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and one contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are currently under clinical evaluation. β-cell specific imaging probes may also allow us to precisely and specifically visualize transplanted β-cells and to improve transplantation outcomes, as transplantation of pancreatic islets has shown promise in treating T1DM. In addition, some of these probes can be applied to the preoperative detection of hidden insulinomas as well. In the present review, we primarily summarize potential tracers under development for imaging β-cells with a focus on tracers for PET, SPECT, MRI, and optical imaging. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of the various imaging probes and extend an outlook on future developments in the field.
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9
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Patti ME, Goldfine AB, Hu J, Hoem D, Molven A, Goldsmith J, Schwesinger WH, La Rosa S, Folli F, Kulkarni RN. Heterogeneity of proliferative markers in pancreatic β-cells of patients with severe hypoglycemia following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:737-747. [PMID: 28512677 PMCID: PMC5515485 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Severe postprandial hypoglycemia with neuroglycopenia is an increasingly recognized, debilitating complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. Increased secretion of insulin and incretin hormones is implicated in its pathogenesis. Histopathologic examination of pancreas has demonstrated increased islet size and/or nuclear diameter in post-RYGB patients who underwent pancreatectomy for severe refractory hypoglycemia with neuroglycopenia (RYGB + NG). We aimed to determine whether β-cell proliferation or apoptosis is altered in RYGB + NG. METHODS We performed an observational study to analyze markers of proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and transcription factor expression in pancreatic tissue from affected RYGB + NG patients (n = 12), normoglycemic patients undergoing pancreatic surgery for benign lesions (controls, n = 6), and individuals with hypoglycemia due to insulinoma (n = 52). RESULTS Proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was increased in insulin-positive cells in RYGB + NG patients (4.5-fold increase, p < 0.001 vs. controls) and correlated with β-cell mass. Ki-67 immunoreactivity was low in both RYGB + NG and controls, but did not differ between groups. Phospho-histone H3 levels did not differ between RYGB + NG and controls. PCNA and Ki-67 were both significantly lower in both controls and RYGB + NG than insulinomas. Markers of apoptosis and cell cycle (M30, p27, and p21) did not differ between groups. PDX1 and menin exhibited similar expression patterns, while FOXO1 appeared to be more cytosolic in RYGB + NG. CONCLUSIONS Markers of proliferation are heterogeneous in patients with severe post-RYGB hypoglycemia. Increased β-cell proliferation in some individuals may contribute to increased β-cell mass observed in severely affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Allison B Goldfine
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jiang Hu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Dag Hoem
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jeffrey Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wayne H Schwesinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Service of Clinical Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Institute of Pathology, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas (FCM), Departamento de Clinica Medica, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (O.C.R.C.), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano, Via A. Di Rudini', 8, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Yoshimura M, Ono M, Watanabe H, Kimura H, Saji H. Development of 99mTc-Labeled Pyridyl Benzofuran Derivatives To Detect Pancreatic Amylin in Islet Amyloid Model Mice. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1532-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yoshimura
- Department
of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department
of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department
of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department
of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department
of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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11
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Compared to Sleeve Gastrectomy, Duodenal–Jejunal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Gives Better Glycemic Control in T2DM Patients, with a Lower β-Cell Response and Similar Appetite Sensations: Mixed-Meal Study. Obes Surg 2016; 26:2862-2872. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Maffei A, Segal AM, Alvarez-Perez JC, Garcia-Ocaña A, Harris PE. Anti-incretin, Anti-proliferative Action of Dopamine on β-Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:542-57. [PMID: 25751312 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human islet β-cells exploit an autocrine dopamine (DA)-mediated inhibitory circuit to regulate insulin secretion. β-Cells also express the DA active transporter and the large neutral amino acid transporter heterodimer enabling them to import circulating DA or its biosynthetic precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The capacity to import DA or L-DOPA from the extracellular space possibly indicates that DA may be an endocrine signal as well. In humans, a mixed meal stimulus is accompanied by contemporary serum excursions of incretins, DA and L-DOPA, suggesting that DA may act as an anti-incretin as postulated by the foregut hypothesis proposed to explain the early effects of bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes. In this report, we take a translational step backwards and characterize the kinetics of plasma DA and incretin production after a mixed meal challenge in a rat model and study the integration of incretin and DA signaling at the biochemical level in a rodent β-cell line and islets. We found that there are similar excursions of incretins and DA in rats, as those reported in humans, after a mixed meal challenge and that DA counters incretin enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and intracellular signaling at multiple points from dampening calcium fluxes to inhibiting proliferation as well as apoptosis. Our data suggest that DA is an important regulator of insulin secretion and may represent 1 axis of a gut level circuit of glucose and β-cell mass homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Maffei
- Division of Endocrinology (A.M., P.H.), Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery (A.M.S.), Columbia University Medical College, New York, New York 10032; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (A.M.), Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, New York, New York 10029
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Lindqvist A, Spégel P, Ekelund M, Garcia Vaz E, Pierzynowski S, Gomez MF, Mulder H, Hedenbro J, Groop L, Wierup N. Gastric bypass improves β-cell function and increases β-cell mass in a porcine model. Diabetes 2014; 63:1665-71. [PMID: 24487021 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently used and effective treatment for morbid obesity is Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB), which results in rapid remission of type 2 diabetes in most cases. To what extent this is accounted for by weight loss or other factors remains elusive. To gain insight into these mechanisms, we investigated the effects of RYGB on β-cell function and β-cell mass in the pig, a species highly reminiscent of the human. RYGB was performed using linear staplers during open surgery. Sham-operated pigs were used as controls. Both groups were fed a low-calorie diet for 3 weeks after surgery. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed 2 weeks after surgery. Body weight in RYGB pigs and sham-operated, pair-fed control pigs developed similarly. RYGB pigs displayed improved glycemic control, which was attributed to increases in β-cell mass, islet number, and number of extraislet β-cells. Pancreatic expression of insulin and glucagon was elevated, and cells expressing the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor were more abundant in RYGB pigs. Our data from a pig model of RYGB emphasize the key role of improved β-cell function and β-cell mass to explain the improved glucose tolerance after RYGB as food intake and body weight remained identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
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14
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Nausheen S, Shah IH, Pezeshki A, Sigalet DL, Chelikani PK. Effects of sleeve gastrectomy and ileal transposition, alone and in combination, on food intake, body weight, gut hormones, and glucose metabolism in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E507-18. [PMID: 23800881 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00130.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgeries are hypothesized to produce weight loss and improve diabetes control by multiple mechanisms including gastric restriction and lower gut stimulation; the relative importance of these mechanisms remains poorly understood. We compared the effects of a typical foregut procedure, sleeve gastrectomy, (SG) with a primarily hindgut surgery, ileal transposition (IT), alone and together (SGIT), or sham manipulations, on food intake, body weight, gut hormones, glucose tolerance, and key markers of glucose homeostasis in peripheral tissues of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (450-550 g, n = 7-9/group). SG, IT, and SGIT surgeries produced transient reduction in food intake and weight gain; the effects of SG and IT on intake and body weight were nonadditive. SG, IT, and SGIT surgeries resulted in increased tissue expression and plasma concentrations of the lower gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY and decreased plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, insulin, and leptin concentrations. Despite transient effects on intake and weight gain, the SG, IT, and SGIT surgeries produced a significant improvement in glucose tolerance. In support of glycemic improvements, the protein abundance of key markers of glucose metabolism (e.g., GLUT4, PKA, IRS-1) in muscle and adipose tissue were increased, whereas the expression of key gluconeogenic enzyme in liver (G-6-Pase) were decreased following the surgeries. Therefore, our data suggest that enhanced lower gut stimulation following SG, IT, and SGIT surgeries leads to transient reduction in food intake and weight gain together with enhanced secretion of lower gut hormones and improved glucose clearance by peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nausheen
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Lifante JC, Milone L, Korner J, Kopsombut G, Sebastian M, Inabnet WB. Sleeve Gastrectomy Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Obes Surg 2012; 22:1110-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-012-0660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Effects of duodenal-jejunal exclusion on beta cell function and hormonal regulation in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Am J Surg 2012; 204:242-7. [PMID: 22341521 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our work was to investigate the hormones that control glycemic status and in vitro β-cell function in diabetes mellitus after a duodenal-jejunal exclusion in Goto-Kakizaki rats (Taconic, Denmark). METHODS Twenty-three rats (age, 12-14 wk) were randomized as follows: group 1 (n = 14), no intervention (control); or group 2 (n = 9), duodenal-jejunal exclusion. RESULTS In group 2, levels of glucagon and leptin were lower than in group 1 at 1 week and at 8 weeks. Glucagon-like peptide 1 levels had a significant increase at 8 weeks from basal value in group 2 and this value was higher than in group 1. The insulin secretion at 60 minutes in group 2 was higher than in group 1 (group 1, 12.9 ± 12.0 μg/L vs group 2, 41.9 ± 36.3 μg/L; P < .05). Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of insulin at 2 months was higher in the rat pancreas of the experimental group than in the control group (group 1, .99 ± .48 mRNA amount vs group 2, 1.66 ± .33 mRNA amount; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Gastrojejunal bypass in this model improves glucose ratios, with a significant increase of glucagon-like peptide 1 and decrease of homeostasis model assessment, glucagon, and leptin levels after surgery. This type of surgery improves mRNA insulin expression in pancreatic islets and insulin secretion as well.
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Hirashita T, Ohta M, Endo Y, Masuda T, Iwashita Y, Kitano S. Effects of visceral fat resection and gastric banding in an obese diabetic rat model. Surgery 2011; 151:6-12. [PMID: 21943633 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the function of visceral fat has gradually become clear, the effects of its resection on insulin resistance and glucose metabolism are still unknown. This study aimed to clarify the effects of visceral fat resection and gastric banding in an obese diabetic rat model. METHODS Forty male Zucker diabetic fatty rats were divided into 4 groups: sham operation, visceral fat resection, gastric banding, and gastric banding with visceral fat resection. The rats were followed for 8 weeks after operation, and the change in body weight, amount of food intake, metabolic parameters, insulin tolerance, oral glucose tolerance, and adipocytokines were examined. RESULTS Compared with the sham operation and visceral fat resection groups, the gastric banding and gastric banding + visceral fat resection groups showed significant decreases in weight gain and cumulative food intake, as well as improvement in secretion of adipocytokines and in insulin resistance. Although no differences were found between the sham operation and visceral fat resection groups in weight gain and food intake, high-molecular-weight adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α levels, and insulin resistance were improved in the visceral fat resection group compared with the sham operation group. The gastric banding + visceral fat resection group had greater serum levels of high-molecular-weight adiponectin than did the gastric banding group, but no difference was found between the gastric banding and gastric banding + visceral fat resection groups in insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. CONCLUSION In diabetic fatty rats, the surgical removal of visceral fat effected some improvement in insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. Because the effect was relatively minimal compared with that of gastric banding, visceral fat resection combined with gastric banding did not appear to exert additional effects on insulin resistance and glucose metabolism compared with gastric banding alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teijiro Hirashita
- Department of Surgery I, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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18
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Wu Z, Todorov I, Li L, Bading JR, Li Z, Nair I, Ishiyama K, Colcher D, Conti PE, Fraser SE, Shively JE, Kandeel F. In vivo imaging of transplanted islets with 64Cu-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin-4 by targeting GLP-1 receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1587-94. [PMID: 21692471 DOI: 10.1021/bc200132t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) is highly expressed in pancreatic islets, especially on β-cells. Therefore, a properly labeled ligand that binds to GLP-1R could be used for in vivo pancreatic islet imaging. Because native GLP-1 is degraded rapidly by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), a more stable agonist of GLP-1 such as Exendin-4 is a preferred imaging agent. In this study, DO3A-VS-Cys(40)-Exendin-4 was prepared through the conjugation of DO3A-VS with Cys(40)-Exendin-4. The in vitro binding affinity of DO3A-VS-Cys(40)-Exendin-4 was evaluated in INS-1 cells, which overexpress GLP-1R. After (64)Cu labeling, biodistribution studies and microPET imaging of (64)Cu-DO3A-VS-Cys(40)-Exendin-4 were performed on both subcutaneous INS-1 tumors and islet transplantation models. The subcutaneous INS-1 tumor was clearly visualized with microPET imaging after the injection of (64)Cu-DO3A-VS-Cys(40)-Exendin-4. GLP-1R positive organs, such as pancreas and lung, showed high uptake. Tumor uptake was saturable, reduced dramatically by a 20-fold excess of unlabeled Exendin-4. In the intraportal islet transplantation models, (64)Cu-DO3A-VS-Cys(40)-Exendin-4 demonstrated almost two times higher uptake compared with normal mice. (64)Cu-DO3A-VS-Cys(40)-Exendin-4 demonstrated persistent and specific uptake in the mouse pancreas, the subcutaneous insulinoma mouse model, and the intraportal human islet transplantation mouse model. This novel PET probe may be suitable for in vivo pancreatic islets imaging in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhong Wu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, United States
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Kindel TL, Martins PJF, Yoder SM, Jandacek RJ, Seeley RJ, D'Alessio DA, Obici S, Tso P. Bypassing the duodenum does not improve insulin resistance associated with diet-induced obesity in rodents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:380-7. [PMID: 21030948 PMCID: PMC3144555 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery rapidly improves glucose tolerance and reverses insulin resistance in obese patients. It has been hypothesized that this effect is mediated by the diversion of nutrients from the proximal small intestine. We utilized duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) as a modification of gastric bypass to determine the effect of nutrient diversion from the foregut without gastric restriction on insulin resistance in obese rats. The effects of DJB or Sham surgery on glucose homeostasis were determined in both high-fat-fed Long-Evans and Wistar rats. Body weight and food intake were measured weekly postoperatively, and body composition was monitored before and after surgery. Glucose tolerance was tested before and as early as 1 month postoperation; additionally, in Wistar rats, insulin sensitivity was determined by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HIEC). DJB did not affect body weight, body composition, glucose tolerance, or insulin concentrations over the period of the study. The average glucose infusion rate (GIR) during the HIEC was 6.2 ± 1.16 mg/kg/min for Sham rats compared to 7.2 ± 1.71 mg/kg/min for DJB rats (P = 0.62), and neither endogenous glucose production (EGP; P = 0.81) nor glucose utilization (glucose disappearance (R(d)), P = 0.59) differed between DJB and Sham rats. DJB does not affect insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet in Long-Evans and Wistar rats. These data suggest that duodenal bypass alone is an insufficient mechanism to alter insulin sensitivity independent of weight loss in obese, nondiabetic rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Kindel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Wu Z, Kandeel F. Radionuclide probes for molecular imaging of pancreatic beta-cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1125-38. [PMID: 20854861 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a promising treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the fate of the graft over time remains difficult to follow, due to the lack of available tools capable of monitoring graft rejection and inflammation prior to islet graft loss. Due to the challenges imposed by the location of the pancreas and the sparsely dispersed beta-cell population within the pancreas, currently, the clinical verification of beta-cell abnormalities can only be obtained indirectly via metabolic studies, which typically is not possible until after a significant deterioration in islet function has already occurred. The development of non-invasive imaging methods for the assessment of the pancreatic beta-cells, however, offers the potential for the early detection of beta-cell dysfunction prior to the clinical onset of T1D and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Ideal islet imaging agents would have an acceptable residence time in the human body, be capable of providing high-resolution images with minimal uptake in surrounding tissues (e.g., the liver), would not be toxic to islets, and would not require pre-treatment of islets prior to transplantation. A variety of currently available imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and nuclear imaging have been tested for the study of beta-cell diseases. In this article, we summarize the recent advances made in nuclear imaging techniques for non-invasive imaging of pancreatic beta-cells. The use of radioactive probes for islet imaging is also discussed.
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Schlager A, Khalaileh A, Mintz Y, Abu Gazala M, Globerman A, Ilani N, Rivkind AI, Salpeter S, Dor Y, Zamir G. A mouse model for sleeve gastrectomy: applications for diabetes research. Microsurgery 2010; 31:66-71. [PMID: 20734435 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Discovery of enhanced glucose tolerance following bariatric surgery has sparked renewed interest in the investigation of unchartered underlying pathways of glucose homeostasis. Delineation of this pathway may ultimately be the first step in the creation of a novel therapy for type II diabetes. Nevertheless, the technical complexity and formidable nature of these surgeries coupled with the fragile nature of small rodents has made the creation of a mouse model to study these effects incredibly challenging. We have created a simplified sleeve gastrectomy mouse model to study the effects of bariatric surgery on glucose tolerance and beta cell proliferation. METHODS Nineteen mice were randomized to undergo either sleeve gastrectomy (SG) (9) or sham operation (SH) (10). Weight and serum glucose were measured three times weekly and serum insulin measurements and pancreatic harvest were performed at the time of sacrifice. Five mice from each group were sacrificed after one week and the remainder sacrificed after one month. RESULTS Survival of mice was 100% for both groups. The SG group demonstrated an initial drop in weight and serum glucose as compared to SH, which normalized by one month following surgery. Serum insulin levels and rate of beta cell proliferation were similar in both groups after one week and one month. CONCLUSION The simplified sleeve gastrectomy is a technically straightforward, low-mortality technique for creating a bariatric mouse model which most faithfully replicates bariatric surgery performed in humans. This model can be a valuable tool to investigate the glucose tolerance and beta cell effects of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Schlager
- Department of Surgery, New York University Medical Center, NY, USA.
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22
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Fagerholm V, Mikkola KK, Ishizu T, Arponen E, Kauhanen S, Någren K, Solin O, Nuutila P, Haaparanta M. Assessment of islet specificity of dihydrotetrabenazine radiotracer binding in rat pancreas and human pancreas. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:1439-46. [PMID: 20720057 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.074492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is a putative molecular target for the quantitative imaging of pancreatic beta-cell mass by PET. The VMAT2 PET tracer (11)C-dihydrotetrabenazine ((11)C-DTBZ) exhibits high pancreatic uptake that is reduced in type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the islet and VMAT2 specificity of DTBZ binding in the pancreas. METHODS The biodistribution of (11)C-DTBZ in rats was determined 10 and 60 min after injection. The localization of DTBZ radioactivity in rat and human pancreatic tissue sections was investigated by autoradiography. Saturation and competition binding assays were performed with (3)H-DTBZ and sections of rat pancreatic and control tissues. The binding of (11)C-DTBZ in pancreatic sections from rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes was compared with that in control rats. RESULTS The values for the pancreatic uptake of (11)C-DTBZ (percentage injected dose per gram of tissue) were 3.0 at 10 min and 2.7 at 60 min. At 10 min, pancreatic radioactivity was heterogeneously distributed, with higher levels toward the head of the pancreas (head-to-tail ratio, 1.7). No such gradient was observed in pancreatic sections incubated with (11)C-DTBZ and (3)H-DTBZ in vitro. In rats, (11)C-DTBZ and (3)H-DTBZ binding in pancreatic islets did not exceed binding in the exocrine pancreas. Saturable (3)H-DTBZ binding was observed in the rat brain striatum (dissociation constant [K(d)], 1.3 nM) and the bovine adrenal medulla (K(d), 3.3 nM), whereas in the rat pancreas, (3)H-DTBZ binding was nonsaturable. Competition binding with (3)H-DTBZ and VMAT2 antagonists also indicated that DTBZ binding in the rat pancreas was nonspecific and did not represent binding to VMAT2. Nonspecific pancreatic (11)C-DTBZ binding was lower in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes than in control rats. In sections of human pancreas, a subset of pancreatic islets were weakly but VMAT2-specifically labeled with (3)H-DTBZ. CONCLUSION The results showed that the pancreatic uptake of (11)C-DTBZ is mainly due to nonspecific binding in the exocrine pancreas and suggested that the reduction in pancreatic (11)C-DTBZ binding observed in type 1 diabetes is not specific for the loss of beta-cell mass.
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Kilbourn MR. Rat pancreas uptake of [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine stereoisomers. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:869-71. [PMID: 21055616 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
(+)-α-[(11)C]Dihydrotetrabenazine ((+)-[(11)C]DTBZ), a radioligand for the vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2), has been previously proposed as an in vivo marker of beta-cell degeneration in the pancreas. The stereospecificity of uptake of [(11)C]DTBZ into rat pancreas was examined here using radiolabeled forms of the (+)- and (-)-isomers. Pancreas localization of (+)-[(11)C]DTBZ could be partially blocked by prior administration of unlabeled (+)-DTBZ. Pancreatic uptake of the (-)-isomer was unexpectedly high and could not be blocked by pretreatment with (+)-DTBZ, but could be significantly reduced by treatment with racemic tetrabenazine, an in vivo source of (-)-DTBZ. These studies indicate that the inactive isomer of DTBZ does not provide a mechanism for defining the nonspecific binding of (+)-DTBZ in rat pancreas.
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