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Roca E, Colloca G, Lombardo F, Bellieni A, Cucinella A, Madonia G, Martinelli L, Damiani ME, Zampieri I, Santo A. The importance of integrated therapies on cancer: Silibinin, an old and new molecule. Oncotarget 2024; 15:345-353. [PMID: 38781107 PMCID: PMC11115268 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the landscape of cancer treatments, the efficacy of coadjuvant molecules remains a focus of attention for clinical research with the aim of reducing toxicity and achieving better outcomes. Most of the pathogenetic processes causing tumour development, neoplastic progression, ageing, and increased toxicity involve inflammation. Inflammatory mechanisms can progress through a variety of molecular patterns. As is well known, the ageing process is determined by pathological pathways very similar and often parallel to those that cause cancer development. Among these complex mechanisms, inflammation is currently much studied and is often referred to in the geriatric field as 'inflammaging'. In this context, treatments active in the management of inflammatory mechanisms could play a role as adjuvants to standard therapies. Among these emerging molecules, Silibinin has demonstrated its anti-inflammatory properties in different neoplastic types, also in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, this molecule could represent a breakthrough in the management of age-related processes. Thus, Silibinin could be a valuable adjuvant to reduce drug-related toxicity and increase therapeutic potential. For this reason, the main aim of this review is to collect and analyse data presented in the literature on the use of Silibinin, to better understand the mechanisms of the functioning of this molecule and its possible therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Roca
- Oncologia Toracica - Lung Unit, Ospedale P. Pederzoli - Via Monte Baldo, Peschiera del Garda (VR), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colloca
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della testa-collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Lombardo
- Oncologia Toracica - Lung Unit, Ospedale P. Pederzoli - Via Monte Baldo, Peschiera del Garda (VR), Italy
| | - Andrea Bellieni
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della testa-collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cucinella
- Oncologia Toracica - Lung Unit, Ospedale P. Pederzoli - Via Monte Baldo, Peschiera del Garda (VR), Italy
| | - Giorgio Madonia
- Oncologia Toracica - Lung Unit, Ospedale P. Pederzoli - Via Monte Baldo, Peschiera del Garda (VR), Italy
| | - Licia Martinelli
- Oncologia Toracica - Lung Unit, Ospedale P. Pederzoli - Via Monte Baldo, Peschiera del Garda (VR), Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Damiani
- Oncologia Toracica - Lung Unit, Ospedale P. Pederzoli - Via Monte Baldo, Peschiera del Garda (VR), Italy
| | - Ilaria Zampieri
- Oncologia Toracica - Lung Unit, Ospedale P. Pederzoli - Via Monte Baldo, Peschiera del Garda (VR), Italy
| | - Antonio Santo
- Oncologia Toracica - Lung Unit, Ospedale P. Pederzoli - Via Monte Baldo, Peschiera del Garda (VR), Italy
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2
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Stoev SD. Natural feed additives and bioactive supplements versus chemical additives as a safe and practical approach to combat foodborne mycotoxicoses. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1335779. [PMID: 38450227 PMCID: PMC10915786 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1335779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the possible hazard of mycotoxins occurrence in foods and feeds in regards to foodborne diseases. The possible management of the risk of contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxins by using natural feed additives, protecting against deleterious effects of mycotoxins or inhibiting the growth of fungi and mycotoxin production, is deeply investigated in the available literature and some effective measures for safe utilization of mycotoxin contaminated feed/food are proposed. The biological methods of decontamination, degradation or biotransformation of mycotoxins are deeply analyzed and discussed. Some natural antagonists against target fungi are also reviewed and a comparison is made with conventional fungicides for ensuring a safe prevention of mycotoxin contamination. The most common and useful chemical methods of mycotoxins decontamination of agricultural commodities or raw materials are also investigated, e.g., chemical additives inactivating or destroying and/or adsorbing mycotoxins as well as chemical additives inhibiting the growth of fungi and mycotoxin production. The practical use and safety of various kind of feed/food additives or herbal/biological supplements as possible approach for ameliorating the adverse effects of some dangerous mycotoxins is deeply investigated and some suggestions are given. Various possibilities for decreasing mycotoxins toxicity, e.g., by clarifying the mechanisms of their toxicity and using some target antidotes and vitamins as supplements to the diet, are also studied in the literature and appropriate discussions or suggestions are made in this regard. Some studies on animal diets such as low carbohydrate intake, increased protein content, calorie restriction or the importance of dietary fats are also investigated in the available literature for possible amelioration of the ailments associated with mycotoxins exposure. It could be concluded that natural feed additives and bioactive supplements would be more safe and practical approach to combat foodborne mycotoxicoses as compared to chemical additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoycho D. Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Mishra AK, Neha S, Rani L, Jain A, Dewangan HK, Sahoo PK. Rationally designed nanoparticulate delivery approach for silymarin with natural bio-enhancer: In vitro characterization and in vivo evaluations of hepatoprotective effects in a mouse model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023; 86:104580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
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Ranjan S, Gautam A. Pharmaceutical prospects of Silymarin for the treatment of neurological patients: an updated insight. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1159806. [PMID: 37274201 PMCID: PMC10232807 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1159806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid complex extricated from dried fruits and seeds of the plant Silybum marianum L. Chemically, it is a mixture of flavonolignan complexes consisting of silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin, a minor quantity of taxifolin, and other polyphenolic compounds, which possess different bio medicinal values. Purpose This review critically looks into the current status, pharmaceutical prospects and limitations of the clinical application of Silymarin for treating neurological disorders. In particular, Silymarin's medicinal properties and molecular mechanisms are focused on providing a better-compiled understanding helpful in its neuro-pharmacological or therapeutic aspects. Methods This review was compiled by the literature search done using three databases, i.e., PubMed (Medline), EMBASE and Science Direct, up to January 2023, using the keywords-Silymarin, neurological disorders, cognitive disorders, Type 2 Diabetes, pharmaceutical prospects and treatment. Then, potentially relevant publications and studies (matching the eligible criteria) were retrieved and selected to explain in this review using PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) study flow chart. Result Since its discovery, it has been widely studied as a hepatoprotective drug for various liver disorders. However, in the last 10-15 years, several research studies have shown its putative neuroprotective nature against various brain disorders, including psychiatric, neurodegenerative, cognitive, metabolic and other neurological disorders. The main underlying neuroprotective mechanisms in preventing and curing such disorders are the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, pro-neurotrophic and pro-estrogenic nature of the bioactive molecules. Conclusion This review provides a lucid summary of the well-studied neuroprotective effects of Silymarin, its underlying molecular mechanisms and current limitations for its usage during neurological disorders. Finally, we have suggested a future course of action for developing it as a novel herbal drug for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovit Ranjan
- University Department of Zoology, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Akash Gautam
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Silymarin for treatment of adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 2023:CD015524. [PMCID: PMC10074766 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the benefits and harms of silymarin in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
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Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165327. [PMID: 36014565 PMCID: PMC9414257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are considered the reservoir of diverse therapeutic agents and have been traditionally employed worldwide to heal various ailments for several decades. Silymarin is a plant-derived mixture of polyphenolic flavonoids originating from the fruits and akenes of Silybum marianum and contains three flavonolignans, silibinins (silybins), silychristin and silydianin, along with taxifolin. Silybins are the major constituents in silymarin with almost 70–80% abundance and are accountable for most of the observed therapeutic activity. Silymarin has also been acknowledged from the ancient period and is utilized in European and Asian systems of traditional medicine for treating various liver disorders. The contemporary literature reveals that silymarin is employed significantly as a neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective and detoxification agent by targeting various cellular and molecular pathways, including MAPK, mTOR, β-catenin and Akt, different receptors and growth factors, as well as inhibiting numerous enzymes and the gene expression of several apoptotic proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the current review aims to recapitulate and update the existing knowledge regarding the pharmacological potential of silymarin as evidenced by vast cellular, animal, and clinical studies, with a particular emphasis on its mechanisms of action.
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Melim C, Magalhães M, Santos AC, Campos EJ, Cabral C. Nanoparticles as phytochemical carriers for cancer treatment: News of the last decade. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:179-197. [PMID: 35166619 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2041599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development and application of novel therapeutic medicines for the treatment of cancer are of vital importance to improve the disease's outcome and survival rate. One noteworthy treatment approach is the use of biologically active compounds present in natural products. Even though these phytocompounds present anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, their use is limited essentially due to poor systemic delivery, low bioavailability, and water solubility concerns. To make full use of the anticancer potential of natural products, these limitations need to be technologically addressed. In this sense, nanotechnology emerges as a promising drug delivery system strategy. AREAS COVERED In this review, the benefits and potential of nanodelivery systems for natural products encapsulation as promising therapeutic approaches for cancer, which were developed during the last decade, are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION The nanotechnology area has been under extensive research in the medical field given its capacity for improving the therapeutic potential of drugs by increasing their bioavailability and allowing a targeted delivery to the tumor site. Thereby, the nanoencapsulation of phytocompounds can have a direct impact on the recognized therapeutic activity of natural products towards cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Melim
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinic Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Magalhães
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinic Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisa Julião Campos
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinic Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Cabral
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Clinic Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Binienda A, Ziolkowska S, Pluciennik E. The Anticancer Properties of Silibinin: Its Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Effect in Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1787-1796. [PMID: 31858905 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666191220142741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silibinin (SB), the main component of Silymarin (SM), is a natural substance obtained from the seeds of the milk thistle. SM contains up to 70% of SB as two isoforms: A and B. It has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect on hepatocytes and is known to inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and curb angiogenesis. SB has demonstrated activity against many cancers, such as skin, liver, lung, bladder, and breast carcinomas. METHODS This review presents current knowledge of the use of SM in breast cancer, this being one of the most common types of cancer in women. It describes selected molecular mechanisms of the action of SM; for example, although SB influences both Estrogen Receptors (ER), α and β, it has opposite effects on the two. Its action on ERα influences the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/ERK signaling pathways, while by up-regulating ERβ, it increases the numbers of apoptotic cells. In addition, ERα is involved in SB-induced autophagy, while ERβ is not. Interestingly, SB also inhibits metastasis by suppressing TGF-β2 expression, thus suppressing Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). It also influences migration and invasive potential via the Jak2/STAT3 pathway. RESULTS SB may be a promising enhancement of BC treatment: when combined with chemotherapeutic drugs such as carboplatin, cisplatin, and doxorubicin, the combination exerts a synergistic effect against cancer cells. This may be of value when treating aggressive types of mammary carcinoma. CONCLUSION Summarizing, SB inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and restrains metastasis via several mechanisms. It is possible to combine SB with different anticancer drugs, an approach that represents a promising therapeutic strategy for patients suffering from BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Binienda
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Ziolkowska
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Education, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pluciennik
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Ashtiani HRA, Dadgar A, Akaberi M. Improvement of Cell Proliferation and Antioxidant Activity of Silymarin in Hair Follicles Dermal Papillae Isolated from the Human Scalp: Comparison with Vitamin C Effects. Int J Trichology 2020; 12:168-175. [PMID: 33376286 PMCID: PMC7759063 DOI: 10.4103/ijt.ijt_124_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, hair loss is becoming a major problem for a large number of people. The main factors affecting hair growth include racial, gender, genetics, and hormonal. Furthermore, environment, physiology, and nutrition are the tools that are affecting hair growth. Materials and Methods: This article analyses the effects of silymarin and Vitamin C on the proliferation of dermal papilla cells (DPCs), COX2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The DPCs of the hair follicle treated by 50 and 100 μM of silymarin and 100 μM of Vitamin C on days 2, 7, and 14. Results: A comparatively effect of silymarin and Vitamin C demonstrated that Vitamin C is more effective in the stimulation of dermal papillae in cell culture. Furthermore, the stimulation effects of silymarin are attributed to its antioxidant activity of the cells. Conclusion: The overall result shows that cell proliferation and TAC significantly increased. However, iNOS, ROS, and COX2 levels were decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Ahmadi Ashtiani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Cosmetic, Hygienic and Detergent Sciences and Technology Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma Dadgar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Cosmetic, Hygienic and Detergent Sciences and Technology Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melika Akaberi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Cosmetic, Hygienic and Detergent Sciences and Technology Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Aboelwafa HR, El-kott AF, Abd-Ella EM, Yousef HN. The Possible Neuroprotective Effect of Silymarin against Aluminum Chloride-Prompted Alzheimer's-Like Disease in Rats. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E628. [PMID: 32932753 PMCID: PMC7564174 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a worldwide rapidly growing neurodegenerative disease. Here, we elucidated the neuroprotective effects of silymarin (SM) on the hippocampal tissues of aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer-like disease in rats using biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural approaches. Forty rats were divided into control, SM, AlCl3, and AlCl3 + SM groups. Biochemically, AlCl3 administration resulted in marked elevation in levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) and decrease in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, AlCl3 significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Furthermore, myriad histological and ultrastructural alterations were recorded in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-treated rats represented as marked degenerative changes of pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Additionally, some myelinated nerve fibers exhibited irregular arrangement of their myelin coats, while the others revealed focal degranulation of their myelin sheaths. Severe defects in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were also recorded. However, co-administration of SM with AlCl3 reversed most of the biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural changes triggered by AlCl3 in rats. The results of the current study indicate that SM can potentially mend most of the previously evoked neuronal damage in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-kindled rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa R. Aboelwafa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Attalla F. El-kott
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Abd-Ella
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
- Biology Department, College of Science and Art, Al-Baha University, Al-Mandaq 65581, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany N. Yousef
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
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Lazzeroni M, Petrangolini G, Legarreta Iriberri JA, Pascual Avellana J, Tost Robusté D, Cagnacci S, Macis D, Aristarco V, Bonanni B, Morazzoni P, Johansson H, Riva A. Development of an HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Silybin in Human Plasma, Urine and Breast Tissue. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122918. [PMID: 32599946 PMCID: PMC7356828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybin is a flavonolignan extracted from Silybum marianum with chemopreventive activity against various cancers, including breast. This study was designed to develop an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of silybin in human plasma, urine and breast tissue in early breast cancer patients undergoing Siliphos® supplementation, an oral silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex. The determination of silybin was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction with methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE); total silybin concentration was determined by treating the samples with β-glucuronidase, while for the determination of free silybin, the hydrolytic step was omitted. Naringenin and naproxen were selected as internal standards. The detection of the analyte was carried out by mass spectrometry and by chromatography. The HPLC-MS/MS method was evaluated in terms of selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification, precision and accuracy, and carryover. The method proved to be selective, linear, precise and accurate for the determination of silybin. To the best of our knowledge, this presents the first analytical method with the capacity to quantify the major bioactive components of milk thistle in three different biological matrices with a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 ng/mL for plasma. Silybin phosphatidylcholine, taken orally, can deliver high blood concentrations of silybin, which selectively accumulates in breast tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lazzeroni
- IEO-European Institute of Oncology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (S.C.); (D.M.); (V.A.); (B.B.); (H.J.)
| | - Giovanna Petrangolini
- Research and Development Department, Indena S.p.A., Viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milan, Italy; (P.M.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - José Antonio Legarreta Iriberri
- Bioanalysis Department, Kymos Pharma Services S.L., Ronda Can Fatjó 7-B, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.A.L.I.); (J.P.A.); (D.T.R.)
| | - Jaume Pascual Avellana
- Bioanalysis Department, Kymos Pharma Services S.L., Ronda Can Fatjó 7-B, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.A.L.I.); (J.P.A.); (D.T.R.)
| | - Digna Tost Robusté
- Bioanalysis Department, Kymos Pharma Services S.L., Ronda Can Fatjó 7-B, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.A.L.I.); (J.P.A.); (D.T.R.)
| | - Sara Cagnacci
- IEO-European Institute of Oncology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (S.C.); (D.M.); (V.A.); (B.B.); (H.J.)
| | - Debora Macis
- IEO-European Institute of Oncology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (S.C.); (D.M.); (V.A.); (B.B.); (H.J.)
| | - Valentina Aristarco
- IEO-European Institute of Oncology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (S.C.); (D.M.); (V.A.); (B.B.); (H.J.)
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- IEO-European Institute of Oncology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (S.C.); (D.M.); (V.A.); (B.B.); (H.J.)
| | - Paolo Morazzoni
- Research and Development Department, Indena S.p.A., Viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milan, Italy; (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Harriet Johansson
- IEO-European Institute of Oncology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (S.C.); (D.M.); (V.A.); (B.B.); (H.J.)
| | - Antonella Riva
- Research and Development Department, Indena S.p.A., Viale Ortles 12, 20139 Milan, Italy; (P.M.); (A.R.)
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Dobiasová S, Řehořová K, Kučerová D, Biedermann D, Káňová K, Petrásková L, Koucká K, Václavíková R, Valentová K, Ruml T, Macek T, Křen V, Viktorová J. Multidrug Resistance Modulation Activity of Silybin Derivatives and Their Anti-inflammatory Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050455. [PMID: 32466263 PMCID: PMC7278776 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybin is considered to be the main biologically active component of silymarin. Its oxidized derivative 2,3-dehydrosilybin typically occurs in silymarin in small, but non-negligible amounts (up to 3%). Here, we investigated in detail complex biological activities of silybin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin optical isomers. Antioxidant activities of pure stereomers A and B of silybin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin, as well as their racemic mixtures, were investigated by using oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay. All substances efficiently reduced nitric oxide production and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) release in a dose-dependent manner. Multidrug resistance (MDR) modulating potential was evaluated as inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) ATPase activity and regulation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein expression. All the tested compounds showed strong dose-dependent inhibition of P-gp pump. Moreover, 2,3-dehydrosilybin A (30 µM) displayed the strongest sensitization of doxorubicin-resistant ovarian carcinoma. Despite these significant effects, silybin B was the only compound acting directly upon P-gp in vitro and also downregulating the expression of respective MDR genes. This compound altered the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2). 2,3-Dehydrosilybin AB exhibited the most effective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. We can clearly postulate that silybin derivatives could serve well as modulators of a cancer drug-resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dobiasová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.D.); (K.Ř.); (D.K.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Kateřina Řehořová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.D.); (K.Ř.); (D.K.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Denisa Kučerová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.D.); (K.Ř.); (D.K.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.M.)
| | - David Biedermann
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (L.P.); (K.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Kristýna Káňová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.D.); (K.Ř.); (D.K.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (L.P.); (K.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (L.P.); (K.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Kamila Koucká
- Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 49, CZ 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655, CZ 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Václavíková
- Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 49, CZ 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655, CZ 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (L.P.); (K.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.D.); (K.Ř.); (D.K.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomáš Macek
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.D.); (K.Ř.); (D.K.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.B.); (L.P.); (K.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Jitka Viktorová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (S.D.); (K.Ř.); (D.K.); (K.K.); (T.R.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Takke A, Shende P. Nanotherapeutic silibinin: An insight of phytomedicine in healthcare reformation. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2019; 21:102057. [PMID: 31340181 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most of the herbal origin drugs possess water insoluble active constituents which lower the bioavailability and increase systemic clearance after administration of repeated or higher dose of drug. Silymarin is extracted from the seeds and fruits of milk thistle plant Silybum marianum which consists of main biologically active component as silibinin. However, the clinical applications of silibinin show some limitations due to low aqueous solubility, poor penetration into the epithelial cells of intestine, high metabolism and rapid systemic elimination. But nanotechnology-based drug delivery system explores great potential for phytochemicals to enhance the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of BCS class II and IV drugs, improve stability and modify the pharmacological activity. This review focuses on the therapeutic properties of silibinin and discusses the benefits, challenges and applications of silibinin nanoformulations. Such nanotherapeutic system as a regular medicine will be an attractive approach to reduce the adverse events and toxicities of current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Takke
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Mumbai, India
| | - Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Mumbai, India.
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Peritore AF, Siracusa R, Crupi R, Cuzzocrea S. Therapeutic Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide and Its New Formulations in Synergy with Different Antioxidant Molecules Present in Diets. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2175. [PMID: 31514292 PMCID: PMC6769461 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a complete nutritional approach seems increasingly promising to combat chronic inflammation. The choice of healthy sources of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, associated with regular physical activity and avoidance of smoking is essential to fight the war against chronic diseases. At the base of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant action of the diets, there are numerous molecules, among which some of a lipidic nature very active in the inflammatory pathway. One class of molecules found in diets with anti-inflammatory actions are ALIAmides. Among all, one is particularly known for its ability to counteract the inflammatory cascade, the Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). PEA is a molecular that is present in nature, in numerous foods, and is endogenously produced by our body, which acts as a balancer of inflammatory processes, also known as endocannabionoid-like. PEA is often used in the treatment of both acute and chronic inflammatory pathologies, either alone or in association with other molecules with properties, such as antioxidants or analgesics. This review aims to illustrate an overview of the different diets that are involved in the process of opposition to the inflammatory cascade, focusing on capacity of PEA and new formulations in synergy with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Stoev S, Njobeh P, Zarkov I, Mircheva T, Zapryanova D, Denev S, Dimitrova B. Selected herbal feed additives showing protective effects against ochratoxin A toxicosis in broiler chicks. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of herbal feed additives Silybum marianum, Withania somnifera and Centella asiatica against the toxic effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) were studied in 70 broiler chicks aged from 11 to 42 days. OTA was given with the feed at levels 5 mg/kg, whereas S. marianum, W. somnifera and C. asiatica were given at levels of 1,100, 4,000 and 4,600 mg/kg, respectively. All chicks were immunised at the age of 14 days against Newcastle disease. A protective effect of all studied herbal additives against the immunosuppressive effect of OTA and associated biochemical or pathomorphological changes was seen. The intensity of macroscopical and histopathological changes, the deviations in relative organs’ weight or body weight, the biochemical changes and the decrease of antibody titer were strongest in the OTA-exposed chicks without herbal supplementation; followed by chicks treated additionally with C. asiatica, whereas the same changes were significantly slighter or not seen in chicks additionally treated with the herbal additives W. somnifera or S. marianum. The slight increase in the serum levels of uric acid and the enzyme activity of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase also supported the protective effects of both herbs on the kidneys and/or liver. The strong immunosuppressive effect of OTA on humoral immune response against Newcastle disease was completely prevented in the chicks taking the herbal additives W. somnifera or S. marianum, which was supported by the higher relative weight of immunocompetent (lymphoid) organs in the same chicks. A hepatoprotective effect was found in OTA-exposed chicks treated additionally with W. somnifera and S. marianum, whereas a nephroprotective effect was only found in the chicks additionally treated with S. marianum as observed from the biochemical and pathomorphological findings. The same herbs could be used as a practical approach for safely utilising of OTA-contaminated feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.D. Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P. Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - I. Zarkov
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - T. Mircheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - D. Zapryanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - S. Denev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Students campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - B. Dimitrova
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology and Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Medical University, Dunav 2, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Zhang T, Kawaguchi N, Yoshihara K, Hayama E, Furutani Y, Kawaguchi K, Tanaka T, Nakanishi T. Silibinin efficacy in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension using monocrotaline and chronic hypoxia. Respir Res 2019; 20:79. [PMID: 31023308 PMCID: PMC6485095 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) may be involved in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 was described to have a positive effect on the prevention of pulmonary arterial muscularization in PAH models. Silibinin is a traditional medicine that has an antagonistic effect on CXCR4. We investigated the effect of silibinin using rat models of PAH. Methods PAH was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline. The rats were maintained in a chronic hypoxic condition (10% O2) with or without silibinin. To evaluate the efficacy of silibinin on PAH, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), Fulton index (weight ratio of right ventricle to the left ventricle and septum), percent medial wall thickness (% MT), and vascular occlusion score (VOS) were measured and calculated. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed targeting CXCR4 and c-Kit. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for the stem cell markers CXCR4, stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), c-Kit, and stem cell factor (SCF), and the inflammatory markers monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Statistical analyses were performed using t-test and one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Results Silibinin treatment for 1 week reduced RVSP and Fulton index. Treatment for 2 weeks reduced RVSP, Fulton index, % MT, and VOS, as well as downregulating the expression of CXCR4, SDF-1, and TNFα in pulmonary arteries. In contrast, treatment for 3 weeks failed to ameliorate PAH. The time-course study demonstrated that RVSP, Fulton index, % MT, and VOS gradually increased over time, with a decrease in the expression of CXCR4 and TNFα occurring after 2 weeks of PAH development. After 3 weeks, SDF-1, c-Kit, and SCF began to decrease and, after 5 weeks, MCP1 and IL-6 gradually accumulated. Conclusions The CXCR4 inhibitor silibinin can ameliorate PAH, possibly through the suppression of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis, until the point where PAH becomes a severe and irreversible condition. Silibinin results in reduced pulmonary arterial pressure and delays pulmonary arteriolar occlusion and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-019-1041-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.,Department of Structural Heart Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nanako Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Kenji Yoshihara
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Emiko Hayama
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Furutani
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
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Involvement of CXCR4 in Normal and Abnormal Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020185. [PMID: 30791675 PMCID: PMC6406665 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CXC motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is associated with normal and abnormal development, including oncogenesis. The ligand of CXCR4 is stromal cell-derived factor (SDF), also known as CXC motif ligand (CXCL) 12. Through the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, both homing and migration of hematopoietic (stem) cells are regulated through niches in the bone marrow. Outside of the bone marrow, however, SDF-1 can recruit CXCR4-positive cells from the bone marrow. SDF/CXCR4 has been implicated in the maintenance and/or differentiation of stemness, and tissue-derived stem cells can be associated with SDF-1 and CXCR4 activity. CXCR4 plays a role in multiple pathways involved in carcinogenesis and other pathologies. Here, we summarize reports detailing the functions of CXCR4. We address the molecular signature of CXCR4 and how this molecule and cells expressing it are involved in either normal (maintaining stemness or inducing differentiation) or abnormal (developing cancer and other pathologies) events. As a constituent of stem cells, the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis influences downstream signal transduction and the cell microenvironment.
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Fernandes Veloso Borges F, Ribeiro e Silva C, Moreira Goes W, Ribeiro Godoy F, Craveiro Franco F, Hollanda Véras J, Luiz Cardoso Bailão EF, de Melo e Silva D, Gomes Cardoso C, Divino da Cruz A, Chen-Chen L. Protective Effects of Silymarin and Silibinin against DNA Damage in Human Blood Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6056948. [PMID: 30370304 PMCID: PMC6189666 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6056948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), a standardized extract derived from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, is primarily composed of flavonolignans, with silibinin (SB) as its major active constituent. The present study aimed to evaluate the antigenotoxic activities of SM and SB using the alkaline comet assay in whole blood cells and to assess their effects on the expression of genes associated with carcinogenesis and chemopreventive processes. Different concentrations of SM or SB (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/ml) were used in combination with the DNA damage-inducing agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS, 800 μM) to evaluate their genoprotective potential. To investigate the role of SM and SB in modulating gene expression, we performed quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of five genes that are known to be involved in DNA damage, carcinogenesis, and/or chemopreventive mechanisms. Treatment with SM or SB was found to significantly reduce the genotoxicity of MMS, upregulate the expression of PTEN and BCL2, and downregulate the expression of BAX and ABL1. We observed no significant changes in ETV6 expression levels following treatment with SM or SB. In conclusion, both SM and SB exerted antigenotoxic activities and modulated the expression of genes related to cell protection against DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Fernandes Veloso Borges
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ribeiro e Silva
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Moreira Goes
- Laboratório de Mutagênese (LABMUT), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ribeiro Godoy
- Laboratório de Mutagênese (LABMUT), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Craveiro Franco
- Laboratório de Mutagênese (LABMUT), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Hollanda Véras
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela de Melo e Silva
- Laboratório de Mutagênese (LABMUT), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Clever Gomes Cardoso
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Aparecido Divino da Cruz
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lee Chen-Chen
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Ijaz S, Akhtar N, Khan MS, Hameed A, Irfan M, Arshad MA, Ali S, Asrar M. Plant derived anticancer agents: A green approach towards skin cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1643-1651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Cheng YY, Hsieh CH, Tsai TH. Concurrent administration of anticancer chemotherapy drug and herbal medicine on the perspective of pharmacokinetics. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:S88-S95. [PMID: 29703390 PMCID: PMC9326883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With an increasing number of cancer patients seeking an improved quality of life, complementary and alternative therapies are becoming more common ways to achieve such improvements. The potential risks of concurrent administration are serious and must be addressed. However, comprehensive evidence for the risks and benefits of combining anticancer drugs with traditional herbs is rare. Pharmacokinetic investigations are an efficient way to understand the influence of concomitant remedies. Therefore, this study aimed to collect the results of pharmacokinetic studies relating to the concurrent use of cancer chemotherapy and complementary and alternative therapies. According to the National Health Insurance (NHI) database in Taiwan and several publications, the three most commonly prescribed formulations for cancer patients are Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang, Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San and Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang. The three most commonly prescribed single herbs for cancer patients are Hedyotis diffusa, Scutellaria barbata, and Astragalus membranaceus. Few studies have discussed herb-drug interactions involving these herbs from a pharmacokinetics perspective. Here, we reviewed Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San, Long-Dan-Xie-Gan-Tang, Curcuma longa and milk thistle to provide information based on pharmacokinetic evidence for healthcare professionals to use in educating patients about the risks of the concomitant use of various remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yi Cheng
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsi Hsieh
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, 220, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, 36063, Taiwan.
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Bijak M, Synowiec E, Sitarek P, Sliwiński T, Saluk-Bijak J. Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Flavonolignans in Different Cellular Models. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1356. [PMID: 29240674 PMCID: PMC5748806 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonolignans are the main components of silymarin, which represents 1.5-3% of the dry fruit weight of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.). In ancient Greece and Romania, physicians and herbalists used the Silybum marianum to treat a range of liver diseases. Besides their hepatoprotective action, silymarin flavonolignans have many other healthy properties, such as anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory actions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effect of flavonolignans on blood platelets, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human lung cancer cell line-A549-using different molecular techniques. We established that three major flavonolignans: silybin, silychristin and silydianin, in concentrations of up to 100 µM, have neither a cytotoxic nor genotoxic effect on blood platelets, PMBCs and A549. We also saw that silybin and silychristin have a protective effect on cellular mitochondria, observed as a reduction of spontaneous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in A549, measured as mtDNA copies, and mtDNA lesions in ND1 and ND5 genes. Additionally, we observed that flavonolignans increase the blood platelets' mitochondrial membrane potential and reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species in blood platelets. Our current findings show for the first time that the three major flavonolignans, silybin, silychristin and silydianin, do not have any cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in various cellular models, and that they actually protect cellular mitochondria. This proves that the antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory effect of these compounds is part of our molecular health mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Przemyslaw Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Sliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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22
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Yamasaki K, Sato H, Minagoshi S, Kyubun K, Anraku M, Miyamura S, Watanabe H, Taguchi K, Seo H, Maruyama T, Otagiri M. The Binding of Silibinin, the Main Constituent of Silymarin, to Site I on Human Serum Albumin. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:310-317. [PMID: 28250272 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin is the main constituent of silymarin, an extract from the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Because silibinin has many pharmacological activities, extending its clinical use in the treatment of a wider variety of diseases would be desirable. In this study, we report on the binding of silibinin to plasma proteins, an issue that has not previously been extensively studied. The findings indicated that silibinin mainly binds to human serum albumin (HSA). Mutual displacement experiments using ligands that primarily bind to sites I and II clearly revealed that silibinin binds tightly and selectively to site I (subsites Ia and/or Ic) of HSA, which is located in subdomain IIA. Thermodynamic analyses suggested that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions are major contributors to silibinin-HSA interactions. Furthermore, the binding of silibinin to HSA was found to be decreased with increasing ionic strength and detergent concentration of the media, suggesting that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are involved in the binding. Trp214 and Arg218 were identified as being involved in the binding of silibinin to site I, based on binding experiments using chemically modified- and mutant-HSAs. In conclusion, the available evidence indicates that silibinin binds to the region close to Trp214 and Arg218 in site I of HSA with assistance by multiple forces and can displace site I drugs (e.g., warfarin or iodipamide), but not site II drugs (e.g., ibuprofen).
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Bayram D, Çetin ES, Kara M, Özgöçmen M, Candan IA. The apoptotic effects of silibinin on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:573-586. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116658105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Silibinin is a bioactive flavonolignan extracted from milk thistle, known as Silybum marianum. Silibinin exerts strong antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. Many studies have shown that silibinin inhibits experimentally induced malignancies of the liver, prostate, skin, and colon as well as promotes inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cell lines in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the effects of silibinin on the human breast carcinoma cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 in monolayer and spheroid cultures. Method: The MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines were cultured in both monolayer and spheroid cultures. Cells were treated with silibinin at 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. The 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine labeling index was used to determine the cells of the synthesis phase. Poly-ADP-ribose-polimerase immunohistochemical staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick and labeling assay were used to determine the death of cells in both the monolayer and spheroid cultures. Results: An half maximal inhibitory concentration dose of silibinin in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was 100 µM/mL at 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick and labeling positive cells and active poly-ADP-ribose-polimerase were detected after treatment with silibinin in both the monolayer and spheroid cultures. The dead cell count was higher in the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines with silibinin applied than in the controls. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that silibinin applications enhanced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick and labeling positive cells and active poly-ADP-ribose-polimerase in comparison to the control in both the monolayer and spheroid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bayram
- Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Isparta, Turkey
| | - ES Çetin
- Muğla Sitki Koçman University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Muğla, Turkey
| | - M Kara
- Muğla Sitki Koçman University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetic, Muğla, Turkey
| | - M Özgöçmen
- Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Isparta, Turkey
| | - IA Candan
- Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Isparta, Turkey
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24
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Borges FFV, Silva CR, Véras JH, Cardoso CG, da Cruz AD, Chen LC. Antimutagenic, Antigenotoxic, and Anticytotoxic Activities of Silybum Marianum [L.] Gaertn Assessed by the Salmonella Mutagenicity Assay (Ames Test) and the Micronucleus Test in Mice Bone Marrow. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:848-55. [PMID: 27352027 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1180414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), a standardized extract from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., is composed mainly of flavonolignans, and silibinin (SB) is its major active constituent. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimutagenic activities of SM and SB using the Ames mutagenicity test in Salmonella Typhimurium, as well as their anticytotoxic and antigenotoxic activities using the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. To assess antimutagenicity, Salmonella Typhimurium strains were treated with different concentrations of SM or SB and the appropriate positive control for each strain. To assess antigenotoxicity and anticytotoxicity, Swiss mice were treated with different concentrations of SM or SB and mitomycin C (MMC). The results showed that SM was not significantly effective in reducing the number of frameshift mutations in strain TA98, while SB demonstrated significant protection at higher doses (P < 0.05). Regarding strain TA 100, SM and SB significantly decreased mutagenicity (point mutations) (P < 0.05). The results of the antigenotoxic evaluation demonstrated that SM and SB significantly reduced the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) (P < 0.05). The results also indicated that SM and SB significantly attenuated MMC-induced cytotoxicity (P < 0.05). Based on these results, both SM and SB presented antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, and anticytotoxic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Fernandes Veloso Borges
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral (ICB1) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Carolina Ribeiroe Silva
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral (ICB1) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Jefferson Hollanda Véras
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral (ICB1) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Clever Gomes Cardoso
- b Departamento de Morfologia (ICB3) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Aparecido Divino da Cruz
- c Departamento de Biologia e Medicina , Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-Goiás) , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
| | - Lee Chen Chen
- a Departamento de Biologia Geral (ICB1) , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II , Goiânia , GO , Brazil
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Johannes J, Jayarama-Naidu R, Meyer F, Wirth EK, Schweizer U, Schomburg L, Köhrle J, Renko K. Silychristin, a Flavonolignan Derived From the Milk Thistle, Is a Potent Inhibitor of the Thyroid Hormone Transporter MCT8. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1694-701. [PMID: 26910310 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are charged and iodinated amino acid derivatives that need to pass the cell membrane facilitated by thyroid hormone transmembrane transporters (THTT) to exert their biological function. The importance of functional THTT is affirmed by the devastating effects of mutations in the human monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8, leading to a severe form of psychomotor retardation. Modulation of THTT function by pharmacological or environmental compounds might disturb TH action on a tissue-specific level. Therefore, it is important to identify compounds with relevant environmental exposure and THTT-modulating activity. Based on a nonradioactive TH uptake assay, we performed a screening of 13 chemicals, suspicious for TH receptor interaction, to test their potential effects on THTT in MCT8-overexpressing MDCK1-cells. We identified silymarin, an extract of the milk thistle, to be a potent inhibitor of T3 uptake by MCT8. Because silymarin is a complex mixture of flavonolignan substances, we further tested its individual components and identified silychristin as the most effective one with an IC50 of approximately 100 nM. The measured IC50 value is at least 1 order of magnitude below those of other known THTT inhibitors. This finding was confirmed by T3 uptake in primary murine astrocytes expressing endogenous Mct8 but not in MCT10-overexpressing MDCK1-cells, indicating a remarkable specificity of the inhibitor toward MCT8. Because silymarin is a frequently used adjuvant therapeutic for hepatitis C infection and chronic liver disease, our observations raise questions regarding its safety with respect to unwanted effects on the TH axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Johannes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (R.J.-N., F.M., E.K.W., L.S., J.K., K.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; and Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Roopa Jayarama-Naidu
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (R.J.-N., F.M., E.K.W., L.S., J.K., K.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; and Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Franziska Meyer
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (R.J.-N., F.M., E.K.W., L.S., J.K., K.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; and Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Katrin Wirth
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (R.J.-N., F.M., E.K.W., L.S., J.K., K.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; and Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (R.J.-N., F.M., E.K.W., L.S., J.K., K.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; and Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (R.J.-N., F.M., E.K.W., L.S., J.K., K.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; and Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (R.J.-N., F.M., E.K.W., L.S., J.K., K.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; and Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kostja Renko
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (R.J.-N., F.M., E.K.W., L.S., J.K., K.R.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany; and Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Nejati-Koshki K, Akbarzadeh A, Pourhasan-Moghaddam M, Abhari A, Dariushnejad H. Inhibition of leptin and leptin receptor gene expression by silibinin-curcumin combination. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:6595-9. [PMID: 24377502 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin and its receptor are involved in breast carcinogenesis as mitogenic factors. Therefore, they could be considered as targets for breast cancer therapy. Expression of the leptin receptor gene could be modulated by leptin secretion. Silibinin and curcumin are herbal compounds with anti-cancer activity against breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess their potential to inhibit of expression of the leptin gene and its receptor and leptin secretion. Cytotoxic effects of the two agents on combination on T47D breast cancer cells was investigated by MTT assay test after 24h treatment. With different concentrations the levels of leptin, leptin receptor genes expression were measured by reverse-transcription real-time PCR. Amount of secreted leptin in the culture medium was determined by ELISA. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. The silibinin and curcumin combination inhibited growth of T47D cells in a dose dependent manner. There were also significant difference between control and treated cells in leptin expression and the quantity of secreted leptin with a relative decrease in leptin receptor expression. In conclusion, these herbal compounds inhibit the expression and secretion of leptin and it could probably be used as drug candidates for breast cancer therapy through leptin targeting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail : ,
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Fan L, Ma Y, Liu Y, Zheng D, Huang G. Silymarin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 743:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Silymarin Attenuated the Amyloid β Plaque Burden and Improved Behavioral Abnormalities in an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:2299-306. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ho BY, Lin CH, Apaya MK, Chao WW, Shyur LF. Silibinin and Paclitaxel Cotreatment Significantly Suppress the Activity and Lung Metastasis of Triple Negative 4T1 Mammary Tumor Cell in Mice. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 2:301-11. [PMID: 24716145 PMCID: PMC3942908 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo bioactivities of silibinin (SB), paclitaxel (PTX) and SB and PTX in combination (SB+PTX) against murine metastatic mammary 4T1 cancer cell line were investigated. Isobologram and combination index (CI) analyses showed that SB and PTX can function synergistically in the inhibition of 4T1 cell proliferation with a CI value < 1. Both SB and PTX alone or SB+PTX treatment inhibited 4T1 cell migration and motility possibly through downregulation of the serpin protease nexin-1 (PN-1) and N-cadherin expression, inhibition of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 activity, and upregulation of E-cadherin. Flow cytometry and Western blot analyses demonstrated that both drugs deregulated cell-cycle mediators and induced apoptosis in 4T1 cells. A real-time in vivo bioluminescence imaging system to monitor the breast cancer cell metastasis in syngeneic BALB/c mice was established using a stable 4T1pGL-COX-2/Luc cell clone carrying a COX-2 promoter driven-luciferase reporter gene. In vivo study using the allograft 4T1pGL-COX-2/Luc metastatic mouse model indicated that SB co-treated with PTX can significantly suppress lung metastasis of 4T1 cells likely through inhibiting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Together, this study demonstrates that SB could act synergistically with PTX in 4T1 cells, providing a therapeutic option for highly metastatic triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Ying Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan ; Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Wan Chao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan ; Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Silibinin induces apoptosis of HT29 colon carcinoma cells through early growth response-1 (EGR-1)-mediated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) up-regulation. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 211:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Milić N, Milošević N, Suvajdžić L, Žarkov M, Abenavoli L. New Therapeutic Potentials of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a bioflavonoid complex extract derived from dry seeds of Milk thistle [( Silybum marianum(L.) Gaernt. (Fam. Asteraceae/Compositaceae)] whose hepatoprotective effect has clinically been proved. Low toxicity, favorable pharmacokinetics, powerful antioxidant, detoxifying, preventive, protective and regenerative effects and side effects similar to placebo make silymarin extremely attractive and safe for therapeutic use. The medicinal properties of silymarin and its main component silibinin have been studied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, sepsis, burns, osteoporosis, diabetes, cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia. Owing to its apoptotic effect, without cytotoxic effects, silymarin possesses potential applications in the treatment of various cancers. Silymarin is being examined as a neuro-, nephro- and cardio-protective in the damage of different etiologies due to its strong antioxidant potentials. Furthermore, it has fetoprotective (against the influence of alcohol) and prolactin effects and is safe to be used during pregnancy and lactation. Finally, the cosmetics industry is examining the antioxidant and UV-protective effects of silymarin. Further clinical studies and scientific evidence that silymarin and silibinin are effective in the therapy of various pathologies are indispensable in order to confirm their different flavonolignan pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Milić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Suvajdžić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Žarkov
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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Woo SM, Min KJ, Chae IG, Chun KS, Kwon TK. Silymarin suppresses the PGE2-induced cell migration through inhibition of EP2 activation; G protein-dependent PKA-CREB and G protein-independent Src-STAT3 signal pathways. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:216-28. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Woo
- Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Keimyung University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Min
- Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Keimyung University; Daegu South Korea
| | - In Gyeong Chae
- College of Pharmacy; Keimyung University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Chun
- College of Pharmacy; Keimyung University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Keimyung University; Daegu South Korea
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Lin CH, Li CH, Liao PL, Tse LS, Huang WK, Cheng HW, Cheng YW. Silibinin inhibits VEGF secretion and age-related macular degeneration in a hypoxia-dependent manner through the PI-3 kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:920-31. [PMID: 23004355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxia-mediated neovascularization plays an important role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There are few animal models or effective treatments for AMD. Here, we investigated the effects of the flavonoid silibinin on hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in a rat AMD model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells were subjected to hypoxia in vitro and the effects of silibinin on activation of key hypoxia-induced pathways were examined by elucidating the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) protein level by Western blot. A rat model of AMD was developed by intravitreal injection of VEGF in Brown Norway rats, with or without concomitant exposure of animals to hypoxia. Animals were treated with oral silibinin starting at day 7 post-VEGF injection and AMD changes were followed by fluorescein angiography on days 14 and 28 post-injection. KEY RESULTS Silibinin pretreatment of RPE cells increased proline hydroxylase-2 expression, inhibited HIF-1α subunit accumulation, and inhibited VEGF secretion. Silibinin-induced HIF-1α and VEGF down-regulation required suppression of hypoxia-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In the rat model of AMD, silibinin administration prevented VEGF- and VEGF plus hypoxia-induced retinal oedema and neovascularization. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The effects of silibinin, both in vitro and in vivo, support its potential as a therapeutic for the prevention of neovascular AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nagy L, Kuki Á, Nagy T, Mándi A, Deák G, Nagy M, Batta G, Zsuga M, Kéki S. Collision-induced dissociation study of isosilychristin, a constituent of silymarin. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1413-1416. [PMID: 23681821 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Cho HJ, Suh DS, Moon SH, Song YJ, Yoon MS, Park DY, Choi KU, Kim YK, Kim KH. Silibinin inhibits tumor growth through downregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt in vitro and in vivo in human ovarian cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4089-4096. [PMID: 23570653 DOI: 10.1021/jf400192v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer activity of silibinin, a flavonoid, has been demonstrated in various cancer cell types. However, the underlying mechanisms were not elucidated in human ovarian cancer cells. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of silibinin in vitro and in vivo on tumor growth in human ovarian cancer cells. Silibinin decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Silibinin caused an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the silibinin-induced cell death was prevented by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Western blot analysis showed silibinin-induced downregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt. Transfection of constitutively active forms of MEK and Akt prevented the silibinin-induced cell death. Oral administration of silibinin in animals with subcutaneous A2780 cells reduced tumor volume. Subsequent tumor tissue analysis showed that silibinin treatment induced a decrease in Ki-67-positive cells, an increase in transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, activation of caspase-3, and inhibition of p-ERK and p-Akt. These results indicate that silibinin reduces tumor growth through inhibition of ERK and Akt in human ovarian cancer cells. These data suggest that silibinin may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for human ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Busan 602-739, Korea
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37
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Blaylock RL. Immunoexcitatory mechanisms in glioma proliferation, invasion and occasional metastasis. Surg Neurol Int 2013; 4:15. [PMID: 23493580 PMCID: PMC3589840 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of an interaction between inflammatory cytokines and glutamate receptors among a number of neurological diseases including traumatic brain injuries, neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) infections. A number of recent studies have now suggested a strong relation between inflammatory mechanisms and excitatory cascades and these may play a role in glioma invasiveness and proliferation. Chronic inflammation appears to be a major initiating mechanism in most human cancers, involving cell-signaling pathways, which are responsible for cell cycling, cancer cell migration, invasion, tumor aggressiveness, and angiogenesis. It is less well appreciated that glutamate receptors also play a significant role in both proliferation and especially glioma invasion. There is some evidence that sustained elevations in glutamate may play a role in initiating certain cancers and new studies demonstrate an interaction between inflammation and glutamate receptors that may enhance tumor invasion and metastasis by affecting a number of cell-signaling mechanisms. These mechanisms are discussed in this paper as well as novel treatment options for reducing immune-glutamate promotion of cancer growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L Blaylock
- Theoretical Neurosciences LLC, Visiting Professor of Biology, Department of Biology, Belhaven University, Jackson, MS 39157, USA
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Stagos D, Amoutzias GD, Matakos A, Spyrou A, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D. Chemoprevention of liver cancer by plant polyphenols. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2155-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nejati-Koshki K, Zarghami N, Pourhassan-Moghaddam M, Rahmati-Yamchi M, Mollazade M, Nasiri M, Esfahlan RJ, Barkhordari A, Tayefi-Nasrabadi H. Inhibition of leptin gene expression and secretion by silibinin: possible role of estrogen receptors. Cytotechnology 2012; 64:719-26. [PMID: 22526491 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin plays the role of mitogenic factor in the breast carcinogenesis. Therefore, it could be considered as a target for breast cancer therapy. Leptin gene expression could be modulated by activation of estrogen receptors. Silibinin is an herbal compound with anti-cancer activity on prostate and colorectal cancers. Based on the fact that targeting of leptin can be considered as a novel strategy for breast cancer therapy, the aim of this study was the investigation of potentiality of silibinin for inhibition of leptin gene expression and secretion, and its link with expression of estrogen receptors. Cytotoxic effect of silibinin on T47D breast cancer cells was investigated by MTT assay test after 24, 48 and 72 h treatments with different concentrations of silibinin. The levels of leptin, estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β genes expression was measured by reverse-transcription real-time PCR. The amount of secreted leptin in the culture medium was determined by ELISA. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA test. Silibinin inhibits growth of T47D cells in a time and dose dependent manner. There was significant difference between control and treated cells in the levels of leptin, estrogen receptor β expression levels and the quantity of secreted leptin was decreased in the treated cells in comparison to control cells. In conclusion, silibinin inhibits the expression and the secretion of leptin and in the future it might probably be a drug candidate for breast cancer therapy through leptin targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- Tuberculosis and Lung Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sangeetha N, Viswanathan P, Balasubramanian T, Nalini N. Colon cancer chemopreventive efficacy of silibinin through perturbation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in experimental rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 674:430-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Banaee M, Sureda A, Mirvaghefi AR, Rafei GR. Effects of long-term silymarin oral supplementation on the blood biochemical profile of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 37:885-896. [PMID: 21519846 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin, an extract from "milk thistle" (Silybum marianum) plant is traditionally used as herbal medicine. The present study was conducted to investigate the clinical effects and possible side effects of silymarin on biochemical blood parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fishes were treated with 0 (control), 100, 400, and 800 mg of silymarin per kg of food during 4 weeks. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), glucose, total protein, creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, uric acid and liver cellular total antioxidant, and protein content were measured after 7, 14, and 28 days of silymarin treatment. The results showed that oral administration of silymarin in fish significantly reduced plasma glucose and cholesterol levels and relatively increased plasma total protein and globulin concentrations (P < 0.05). Increasing plasma albumin levels indicate the important role of albumin in drug transportation in circulatory system of fish. Silymarin also stabilized cellular membrane structure and regulated the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, CK, and LDH activity. In conclusion, on the basis of these results, oral administration of silymarin up to 400 mg per 1 kg of food has no side effect on blood biochemical and clinical parameters of fishes. However, oral administration of 800 mg/kg- of silymarin caused cytotoxicity and modifications in blood biochemical parameters of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Department of Aquaculture, Natural Resource and Environmental Faculty, Industrial University of Behbahan, Behbahan, Iran.
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Toyoda-Hokaiwado N, Yasui Y, Muramatsu M, Masumura K, Takamune M, Yamada M, Ohta T, Tanaka T, Nohmi T. Chemopreventive effects of silymarin against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine plus dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation-associated carcinogenicity and genotoxicity in the colon of gpt delta rats. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1512-7. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Das S, Roy P, Auddy RG, Mukherjee A. Silymarin nanoparticle prevents paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1291-301. [PMID: 21753880 PMCID: PMC3131195 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (Sm) is a polyphenolic component extracted from Silybum marianum. It is an antioxidant, traditionally used as an immunostimulant, hepatoprotectant, and dietary supplement. Relatively recently, Sm has proved to be a valuable chemopreventive and a useful antineoplastic agent. Medical success for Sm is, however, constrained by very low aqueous solubility and associated biopharmaceutical limitations. Sm flavonolignans are also susceptible to ion-catalyzed degradation in the gut. Proven antihepatotoxic activity of Sm cannot therefore be fully exploited in acute chemical poisoning conditions like that in paracetamol overdose. Moreover, a synchronous delivery that is required for hepatic regeneration is difficult to achieve by itself. This work is meant to circumvent the inherent limitations of Sm through the use of nanotechnology. Sm nanoparticles (Smnps) were prepared by nanoprecipitation in polyvinyl alcohol stabilized Eudragit RS100® polymer (Rohm Pharma GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany). Process parameter optimization provided 67.39% entrapment efficiency and a Gaussian particle distribution of average size 120.37 nm. Sm release from the nanoparticles was considerably sustained for all formulations. Smnps were strongly protective against hepatic damage when tested in a paracetamol overdose hepatotoxicity model. Nanoparticles recorded no animal death even when administered after an established paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis. Preventing progress of paracetamol hepatic damage was traced for an efficient glutathione regeneration to a level of 11.3 μmol/g in hepatic tissue due to Smnps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvadra Das
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Jiang YY, Huang H, Wang HJ, Wu D, Yang R, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Interruption of mitochondrial complex IV activity and cytochrome c expression activated O₂·⁻-mediated cell survival in silibinin-treated human melanoma A375-S2 cells via IGF-1R-PI3K-Akt and IGF-1R-PLC γ-PKC pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668:78-87. [PMID: 21703257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin was reported to have high cyto-toxicity in many malignant cell lines, however, it showed low cyto-toxicity in treatment of human melanoma A375-S2 cells and even protected these cells against certain stress insults. Reactive oxygen species was reported to have controversial effects on cancer chemotherapy. In this study we investigated the mechanism of reactive oxygen species generation and the role of reactive oxygen species in protecting cells against silibinin induced cyto-toxicity in A375-S2 cells. We found that silibinin induced the generation of large amount of superoxide anion (O(2)(∙-)) and small amount of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) through down-regulating the activity of mitochondrial complex IV and the protein level of cytochrome c. We also discovered that O(2)(∙-) generation activated insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and its down-stream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases-Akt (PI3K-Akt) and phospholipase C γ-protein kinase C (PLC γ-PKC) signaling pathways, which were augmented by H(2)O(2) scavenger catalase. Scavenging O(2)(∙-) by superoxide dismutase (SOD) or inhibition of IGF-1R-PI3K-Akt and IGF-1R-PLC γ-PKC signaling pathways increased cell apoptosis. Therefore, O(2)(∙-) mediated cell resistance to silibinin via activating IGF-1R-PI3K-Akt and IGF-1R-PLC γ-PKC pathways in silibinin treated A375-S2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-yuan Jiang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Jeong JC, Shin WY, Kim TH, Kwon CH, Kim JH, Kim YK, Kim KH. Silibinin induces apoptosis via calpain-dependent AIF nuclear translocation in U87MG human glioma cell death. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011; 30:44. [PMID: 21501525 PMCID: PMC3108340 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silibinin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid, has been reported to induce cell death in various cancer cell types. However, the molecular mechanism is not clearly defined. Our previous study showed that silibinin induces glioma cell death and its effect was effectively prevented by calpain inhibitor. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the role of calpain in the silibinin-induced glioma cell death. Methods U87MG cells were grown on well tissue culture plates and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. ROS generation and △ψm were estimated using the fluorescence dyes. PKC activation and Bax expression were measured by Western blot analysis. AIF nuclear translocation was determined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Results Silibinin induced activation of calpain, which was blocked by EGTA and the calpain inhibitor Z-Leu-Leu-CHO. Silibinin caused ROS generation and its effect was inhibited by calpain inhibitor, the general PKC inhibitor GF 109203X, the specific PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin, and catalase. Silibinin-induce cell death was blocked by calpain inhibitor and PKC inhibitors. Silibinin-induced PKCδ activation and disruption of △ψm were prevented by the calpain inhibitor. Silibinin induced AIF nuclear translocation and its effect was prevented by calpain inhibitor. Transfection of vector expressing microRNA of AIF prevented the silibinin-induced cell death. Conclusions Silibinin induces apoptotic cell death through a calpain-dependent mechanism involving PKC, ROS, and AIF nuclear translocation in U87MG human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji C Jeong
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyung Ju, 780-714, Korea
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Noh EM, Yi MS, Youn HJ, Lee BK, Lee YR, Han JH, Yu HN, Kim JS, Jung SH. Silibinin enhances ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells. J Breast Cancer 2011; 14:8-13. [PMID: 21847388 PMCID: PMC3148510 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2011.14.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chemotherapies for breast cancer generally have strong cellular cytotoxicity and severe side effects. Thus, significant emphasis has been placed on combinations of naturally occurring chemopreventive agents. Silibinin is a major bioactive flavonolignan extracted from milk thistle with chemopreventive activity in various organs including the skin, prostate, and breast. However, the mechanism underlying the inhibitory action of silibinin in breast cancer has not been completely elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the effect of silibinin in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and determined whether silibinin enhances ultraviolet (UV) B-induced apoptosis. Methods The effects of silibinin on MCF-7 cell viability were determined using the MTT assay. The effect of silibinin on PARP cleavage, as the hallmark of apoptotic cell death, and p53 protein expression in MCF-7 cells was analyzed using Western blot. The effect of silibinin on UVB-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results A dose- and time-dependent reduction in viability was observed in MCF-7 cells treated with silibinin. Silibinin strongly induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells, and induction of apoptosis was associated with increased p53 expression. Moreover, silibinin enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Conclusion Silibinin induced a loss of cell viability and apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, the combination of silibinin and UVB resulted in an additive effect on apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that silibinin might be an important supplemental agent for treating patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Noh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Tiwari P, Kumar A, Balakrishnan S, Kushwaha HS, Mishra KP. Silibinin-induced apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D human breast carcinoma cells involves caspase-8 activation and mitochondrial pathway. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:12-20. [PMID: 21166494 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2010.535053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin, a natural flavonoid, under phase I/II clinical trial in prostate cancer patients was aimed to evaluate its chemotherapeutic potential in human breast cancer cell MCF7 and T47D. Results showed that T47D cells were found to be more sensitive to silibinin than MCF7 as observed by proliferation, clonogenic, and apoptotic assays, which was abrogated by pan-caspase inhibitor but remained unaffected by p53 inhibitor. Apoptotic events in both cell types differ temporally and also by magnitude that involved mitochondrial and caspase-8 activation pathway. These results have relevance in understanding silibinin treatment to breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Tiwari
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Karimi G, Vahabzadeh M, Lari P, Rashedinia M, Moshiri M. "Silymarin", a promising pharmacological agent for treatment of diseases. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2011; 14:308-17. [PMID: 23492971 PMCID: PMC3586829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Widespread use of herbal drugs because of their protective effects on different organs toxicity has been shown in many studies. These protective effects have been illustrated in the fields of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, viral hepatitis, cancer, in vitro fertilization, neurotoxicity, depression, lung diseases, prostate diseases etc. Silymarin has cytoprotection activities due to its antioxidant activity and radical scavenging. The possible known mechanisms of action of silymarin protection are blockade and adjustment of cell transporters, p-glycoprotein, estrogenic and nuclear receptors. Moreover, silymarin anti-inflammatory effects through reduction of TNF-α, protective effects on erythrocyte lysis and cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity have been indicated in some studies. Silymarin has also inhibited apoptosis and follicular development in patients undergoing IVF. Basis on such data, silymarin can be served as a novel medication in complementary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Karimi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Corresponding author: Tel: +98-511-8823255; Fax: +98-511-8823251;
| | - Maryam Vahabzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parisa Lari
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Rashedinia
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Schmit TL, Ledesma MC, Ahmad N. Modulating polo-like kinase 1 as a means for cancer chemoprevention. Pharm Res 2010; 27:989-98. [PMID: 20107874 PMCID: PMC2873067 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring agents have always been appreciated for their medicinal value for both their chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against cancer. In fact, the majority of the drugs we use today, including the anti-cancer agents, were originally derived from natural compounds, either in their native form or modified to enhance their bioavailability or specificity. It is believed that for maximum effectiveness, it will useful to design novel target-based agents for chemoprevention as well as the treatment of cancer. Recent studies have shown that the serine/threonine kinase polo-like kinase (Plk) 1 is widely overexpressed in a variety of cancers and is being increasingly appreciated as a target for cancer management. Additionally, several chemopreventive agents have been shown to inhibit Plk1 in cancer cells. In this review, we will discuss if Plk1 could also be a target for designing novel strategies for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis L. Schmit
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Science Center, Room 423, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark C. Ledesma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Science Center, Room 423, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Medical Science Center, Room 423, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Chemotherapeutic activity of silymarin combined with doxorubicin or paclitaxel in sensitive and multidrug-resistant colon cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 67:369-79. [PMID: 20431887 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The milk thistle extract silymarin, alone or in combined chemotherapy, is now under investigation in anticancer research, with particular interest for its possible employ in the treatment of chemoresistant tumours. So far, the consequences of a silymarin pre-treatment have not been thoroughly investigated. We studied whether silymarin pre-treatment synergized with chemotherapy, exploring the dose-dependence of the interaction in sensitive and multidrug-resistant cells. METHODS We studied cell cycle perturbations induced by silymarin in two colon carcinoma cell lines, LoVo and the multidrug-resistant isogenic LoVo/DX. Synergism/additivity/antagonism of silymarin-doxorubicin silymarin-paclitaxel combined treatments were evaluated by isobologram/combination index analysis, in the whole spectrum of active and sub-active concentrations of all drugs. The mechanisms of silymarin interaction with the other drugs were investigated by measuring drug uptake and cell cycle perturbations. RESULTS Silymarin had similar antiproliferative activity against both cell lines. Pre-treatment with low silymarin concentrations synergised with both doxorubicin and paclitaxel in LoVo but not in LoVo/DX. Higher silymarin concentrations were additive with doxorubicin and paclitaxel in both cell lines. Silymarin favourably interfered with uptake and cell cycle effects of the chemotherapeutics in LoVo but not in LoVo/DX. CONCLUSION These findings confirm activity of silymarin against colon carcinoma, including multidrug-resistant types, at relatively high but clinically achievable concentrations. In view of its low toxicity, two schedules based on low- and high-dose silymarin pre-treatment might offer a valuable option for combined treatment.
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