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Sadee BA, Galali Y, Zebari SMS. Recent developments in speciation and determination of arsenic in marine organisms using different analytical techniques. A review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:21563-21589. [PMID: 38979458 PMCID: PMC11228943 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms play a vital role as the main providers of essential and functional food. Yet they also constitute the primary pathway through which humans are exposed to total arsenic (As) in their diets. Since it is well known that the toxicity of this metalloid ultimately depends on its chemical forms, speciation in As is an important issue. Most relevant articles about arsenic speciation have been investigated. This extended not only from general knowledge about As but also the toxicity and health related issues resulting from exposure to these As species from the food ecosystem. There can be enormous side effects originating from exposure to As species that must be measured quantitatively. Therefore, various convenient approaches have been developed to identify different species of As in marine samples. Different extraction strategies have been utilized based on the As species of interest including water, methanol and mixtures of both, and many other extraction agents have been explained in this article. Furthermore, details of hyphenated techniques which are available for detecting these As species have been documented, especially the most versatile and applied technique including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Abuzed Sadee
- Department of Food Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil Erbil Iraq
| | - Yaseen Galali
- Department of Food Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil Erbil Iraq
| | - Salih M S Zebari
- Department of Animal Resource, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil Erbil Iraq
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2
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El-Mahrouk SR, El-Ghiaty MA, Alqahtani MA, El-Kadi AOS. Dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTA V) differentially modulates the expression of AHR-regulated cytochrome P450 1A enzymes in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2024; 394:32-45. [PMID: 38403205 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV), a pentavalent thio-arsenic derivative, has been found in bodily fluids and tissues including urine, liver, kidney homogenates, plasma, and red blood cells. Although DMMTAV is a minor metabolite in humans and animals, its substantial toxicity raises concerns about potential carcinogenic effects. This toxicity could be attributed to arsenicals' ability to regulate cytochrome P450 1 A (CYP1A) enzymes, pivotal in procarcinogen activation or detoxification. The current study investigates DMMTAV's impact on CYP1A1/2 expression, individually and in conjunction with its inducer, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 6 mg/kg DMMTAV, alone or with 15 μg/kg TCDD, for 6 and 24 h. Similarly, Hepa-1c1c7 cells were exposed to DMMTAV (0.5, 1, and 2 μM) with or without 1 nM TCDD for 6 and 24 h. DMMTAV hindered TCDD-induced elevation of Cyp1a1 mRNA, both in vivo (at 6 h) and in vitro, associated with reduced CYP1A regulatory element activation. Interestingly, in C57BL/6 mice, DMMTAV boosted TCDD-induced CYP1A1/2 protein and activity, unlike Hepa-1c1c7 cells where it suppressed both. DMMTAV co-exposure increased TCDD-induced Cyp1a2 mRNA. While Cyp1a1 mRNA stability remained unchanged, DMMTAV negatively affected protein stability, indicated by shortened half-life. Baseline levels of CYP1A1/2 mRNA, protein, and catalytic activities showed no significant alterations in DMMTAV-treated C57BL/6 mice and Hepa-1c1c7 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate, for the first time, that DMMTAV differentially modulates the TCDD-mediated induction of AHR-regulated enzymes in both liver of C57BL/6 mice and murine Hepa-1c1c7 cells suggesting that thio-arsenic pentavalent metabolites are extremely reactive and could play a role in the toxicity of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R El-Mahrouk
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A El-Ghiaty
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Alqahtani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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3
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Benford D, Broberg K, Dogliotti E, Fletcher T, Rylander L, Abrahantes JC, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Steinkellner H, Tauriainen T, Schwerdtle T. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8488. [PMID: 38239496 PMCID: PMC10794945 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2009 risk assessment on arsenic in food carrying out a hazard assessment of inorganic arsenic (iAs) and using the revised exposure assessment issued by EFSA in 2021. Epidemiological studies show that the chronic intake of iAs via diet and/or drinking water is associated with increased risk of several adverse outcomes including cancers of the skin, bladder and lung. The CONTAM Panel used the benchmark dose lower confidence limit based on a benchmark response (BMR) of 5% (relative increase of the background incidence after adjustment for confounders, BMDL05) of 0.06 μg iAs/kg bw per day obtained from a study on skin cancer as a Reference Point (RP). Inorganic As is a genotoxic carcinogen with additional epigenetic effects and the CONTAM Panel applied a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the risk characterisation. In adults, the MOEs are low (range between 2 and 0.4 for mean consumers and between 0.9 and 0.2 at the 95th percentile exposure, respectively) and as such raise a health concern despite the uncertainties.
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Davydiuk T, Tao J, Lu X, Le XC. Effects of Dietary Intake of Arsenosugars and Other Organic Arsenic Species on Studies of Arsenic Methylation Efficiency in Humans. ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 1:236-248. [PMID: 37881591 PMCID: PMC10594586 DOI: 10.1021/envhealth.3c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has used dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in urine as a marker of arsenic methylation. The premise is that humans methylate inorganic arsenicals to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and DMA and excrete these arsenic species into the urine. However, DMA in urine not only comes from the methylation of inorganic arsenic but also could be a result of metabolism of other arsenic species, such as arsenosugars and arsenolipids. Most environmental health and epidemiological studies of arsenic methylation might have overlooked confounding factors that contribute to DMA in urine. Here we critically evaluate reported studies that used methylation indexes, concentration ratios of methylated arsenicals, or the percentage of DMA in urine as markers of arsenic methylation efficiency. Dietary intake of arsenosugars potentially confounds the calculation and interpretation of the arsenic methylation efficiencies. Many studies have not considered incidental dietary intake of arsenosugars, arsenolipids, and other organic arsenic species. Future studies should consider the dietary intake of diverse arsenic species and their potential effect on the urinary concentrations of DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Davydiuk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Jeffrey Tao
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - X. Chris Le
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
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5
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Modulation of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) enzymes by monomethylmonothioarsonic acid (MMMTA V) in vivo and in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 376:110447. [PMID: 36893905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a natural toxicant which, upon entering the biosphere, undergoes extensive biotransformation and becomes a portal for generating various organic intermediates/products. The chemical diversity of iAs-derived organoarsenicals (oAs) is accompanied by varying degree of toxicity that can be held responsible, at least partly, for the overall health outcome of the originally encountered parent inorganic molecule. Such toxicity may originate from arsenicals ability to modulate cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) enzymes, whose activity is critical in activating/detoxifying procarcinogens. In this study, we evaluated the effect of monomethylmonothioarsonic acid (MMMTAV) on CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in absence and presence of their inducer; 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Therefore, C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 12.5 mg/kg MMMTAV, with or without 15 μg/kg TCDD for 6 and 24 h. Moreover, murine Hepa-1c1c7 and human HepG2 cells were treated with MMMTAV (1, 5, and 10 μM), with or without 1 nM TCDD for 6 and 24 h. MMMTAV significantly inhibited TCDD-mediated induction of CYP1A1 mRNA, both in vivo and in vitro. This effect was attributed to decreased transcriptional activation of CYP1A regulatory element. Interestingly, MMMTAV significantly increased TCDD-induced CYP1A1 protein and activity in C57BL/6 mice and Hepa-1c1c7 cells, while both were significantly inhibited by MMMTAV treatment in HepG2 cells. CYP1A2 mRNA, protein and activity induced by TCDD were significantly increased by MMMTAV co-exposure. MMMTAV had no effect on CYP1A1 mRNA stability or protein stability and did not alter their half-lives. At basal level, only CYP1A1 mRNA was significantly decreased in MMMTAV-treated Hepa-1c1c7 cells. Our findings show that MMMTAV exposure potentiates procarcinogen-induced catalytic activity of both CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in vivo. This effect entails excessive activation of such procarcinogens upon co-exposure, with potentially negative health-related outcomes.
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Virk RK, Garla R, Kaushal N, Bansal MP, Garg ML, Mohanty BP. The relevance of arsenic speciation analysis in health & medicine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137735. [PMID: 36603678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Long term exposure to arsenic through consumption of contaminated groundwater has been a global issue since the last five decades; while from an alternate standpoint, arsenic compounds have emerged as unparallel chemotherapeutic drugs. This review highlights the contribution from arsenic speciation studies that have played a pivotal role in the progression of our understanding of the biological behaviour of arsenic in humans. We also discuss the limitations of the speciation studies and their association with the interpretation of arsenic metabolism. Chromatographic separation followed by spectroscopic detection as well as the utilization of biotinylated pull-down assays, protein microarray and radiolabelled arsenic have been instrumental in identifying hundreds of metabolic arsenic conjugates, while, computational modelling has predicted thousands of them. However, these species exhibit a variegated pattern, which supports more than one hypothesis for the metabolic pathway of arsenic. Thus, the arsenic species are yet to be integrated into a coherent mechanistic pathway depicting its chemicobiological fate. Novel biorelevant arsenic species have been identified due to significant evolution in experimental methodologies. However, these methods are specific for the identification of only a group of arsenicals sharing similar physiochemical properties; and may not be applicable to other constituents of the vast spectrum of arsenic species. Consequently, the identity of arsenic binding partners in vivo and the sequence of events in arsenic metabolism are still elusive. This resonates the need for additional focus on the extraction and characterization of both low and high molecular weight arsenicals in a combinative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajbinder K Virk
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Roobee Garla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Naveen Kaushal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Mohinder P Bansal
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Mohan L Garg
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Biraja P Mohanty
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Abstract
Arsenic is a naturally occurring hazardous element that is environmentally ubiquitous in various chemical forms. Upon exposure, the human body initiates an elimination pathway of progressive methylation into relatively less bioreactive and more easily excretable pentavalent methylated forms. Given its association with decreasing the internal burden of arsenic with ensuing attenuation of its related toxicities, biomethylation has been applauded for decades as a pure route of arsenic detoxification. However, the emergence of detectable trivalent species with profound toxicity has opened a long-standing debate regarding whether arsenic methylation is a detoxifying or bioactivating mechanism. In this review, we approach the topic of arsenic metabolism from both perspectives to create a complete picture of its potential role in the mitigation or aggravation of various arsenic-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A El-Ghiaty
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
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8
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Müller V, Chavez-Capilla T, Feldmann J, Mestrot A. Increasing temperature and flooding enhance arsenic release and biotransformations in Swiss soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156049. [PMID: 35598661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reductive dissolution is one of the main causes for arsenic (As) mobilisation in flooded soils while biomethylation and biovolatilisation are two microbial mechanisms that greatly influence the mobility and toxicity of As. Climate change results in more extreme weather events such as flooding and higher temperatures, potentially leading to an increase in As release and biotransformations. Here, we investigated the effects of flooding and temperature on As release, biomethylation and biovolatilisation from As-rich soils with different pH and source of As (one acidic and anthropogenic (Salanfe) and one neutral and geogenic (Liesberg)). Flooded soils incubated at 23 °C for two weeks showed a ~ 3-fold (Liesberg site) and ~ 7-fold (Salanfe site) increase in the total As concentration of soil solution compared to those incubated at 18 °C. Methyl- and thio-As species were found in the acidic soil and soil solution. High temperatures enhanced thiolation and methylation although inorganic As was predominant. We also show that volatile As fluxes increased more than 4-fold between treatments, from 18 ± 5 ng/kg/d at 18 °C to 75 ± 6 ng/kg/d at 23 °C from Salanfe soil. Our results suggest that high As soils with acidic pH can become an important source of As to the surrounding environment according to realistic climatic scenarios, and that biovolatilisation is very sensitive to increases in temperature. This study provides new data and further justifies further investigations into climate-induced changes on As release and speciation and its links to important factors such as microbial ecology and sulfate or iron biogeochemistry. SYNOPSIS: In the studied Swiss soils, elevated temperature increases arsenic mobility through volatilisation and methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Müller
- TESLA - Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Teresa Chavez-Capilla
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- TESLA - Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Adrien Mestrot
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Planer-Friedrich B, Kerl CF, Colina Blanco AE, Clemens S. Dimethylated Thioarsenates: A Potentially Dangerous Blind Spot in Current Worldwide Regulatory Limits for Arsenic in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9610-9618. [PMID: 35901520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) occurrence in rice is a serious human health threat. Worldwide, regulations typically limit only carcinogenic inorganic As, but not possibly carcinogenic dimethylated oxyarsenate (DMA). However, there is emerging evidence that "DMA", determined by routine acid-based extraction and analysis, hides a substantial share of dimethylated thioarsenates that have similar or higher cytotoxicities than arsenite. Risk assessments characterizing the in vivo toxicity of rice-derived dimethylated thioarsenates are urgently needed. In the meantime, either more sophisticated methods based on enzymatic extraction and separation of dimethylated oxy- and thioarsenates have to become mandatory or total As should be regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carolin F Kerl
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrea E Colina Blanco
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Plant Physiology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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10
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Pischke E, Barozzi F, Colina Blanco AE, Kerl CF, Planer-Friedrich B, Clemens S. Dimethylmonothioarsenate Is Highly Toxic for Plants and Readily Translocated to Shoots. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10072-10083. [PMID: 35759640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is one of the most relevant environmental pollutants and human health threats. Several arsenic species occur in soil pore waters. Recently, it was discovered that these include inorganic and organic thioarsenates. Among the latter, dimethylmonothioarsenate (DMMTA) is of particular concern because in mammalian cells, its toxicity was found to exceed even that of arsenite. We investigated DMMTA toxicity for plants in experiments with Arabidopsis thaliana and indeed observed stronger growth inhibition than with arsenite. DMMTA caused a specific, localized deformation of root epidermal cells. Toxicity mechanisms apparently differ from those of arsenite since no accumulation of reactive oxygen species was observed in DMMTA-exposed root tips. Also, there was no contribution of the phytochelatin pathway to the DMMTA detoxification as indicated by exposure experiments with respective mutants and thiol profiling. RNA-seq analysis found strong transcriptome changes dominated by stress-responsive genes. DMMTA was taken up more efficiently than the methylated oxyarsenate dimethylarsenate and highly mobile within plants as revealed by speciation analysis. Shoots showed clear indications of DMMTA toxicity such as anthocyanin accumulation and a decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid levels. The toxicity and efficient translocation of DMMTA within plants raise important food safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Pischke
- Plant Physiology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Barozzi
- Plant Physiology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrea E Colina Blanco
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carolin F Kerl
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Plant Physiology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Dai J, Tang Z, Gao AX, Planer-Friedrich B, Kopittke PM, Zhao FJ, Wang P. Widespread Occurrence of the Highly Toxic Dimethylated Monothioarsenate (DMMTA) in Rice Globally. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3575-3586. [PMID: 35174706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) accumulation in rice is of global concern for human health and international trade. Rice is typically reported to contain inorganic As (iAs) and dimethylated arsenate (DMA), with current food guidelines limiting toxic iAs but not less-toxic DMA. Here, we show that the highly toxic dimethylated monothioarsenate (DMMTA) is also found in rice worldwide and has been unknowingly determined as less-toxic DMA by previous routine analytical methods. Using enzymatic extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) analysis with a C18 column, DMMTA was detected in rice grains (n = 103) from a field survey from China and in polished rice grains (n = 140) from a global market-basket survey. Concentration ranged from <0.20 to 34.8 μg/kg (median 10.3 μg/kg), accounting for 0 to 21% of total As. A strong linear correlation was observed in all rice samples between DMA and DMMTA (being 30 ± 8% of DMA) concentrations. This robust relationship allows an estimation of DMMTA in rice grains from the DMA data reported in previous market-basket surveys, showing a general global geographical pattern with DMMTA concentration increasing from the equator toward high-latitude regions. Based on the global occurrence and potential high toxicity, DMMTA in rice should be considered in health risk assessments and for setting food regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - A-Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth D-95447, Germany
| | - Peter M Kopittke
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Shahwan M, Alhumaydhi F, Ashraf GM, Hasan PMZ, Shamsi A. Role of polyphenols in combating Type 2 Diabetes and insulin resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:567-579. [PMID: 35247420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Compromised carbohydrate metabolism leading to hyperglycemia is the primary metabolic disorder of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Reformed digestion and altered absorption of carbohydrates, exhaustion of glycogen stock, enhanced gluconeogenesis and overproduced hepatic glucose, dysfunction of β-cell, resistance to insulin in peripheral tissue, and impaired insulin signaling pathways are essential reasons for hyperglycemia. Although oral anti-diabetic drugs like α-glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylureas and insulin therapies are commonly used to manage Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) and hyperglycemia, natural compounds in diet also play a significant role in combating the effect of diabetes. Due to their vast bioavailability and anti-hyperglycemic effect with least or no side effects, polyphenolic compounds have gained wide popularity. Polyphenols such as flavonoids and tannins play a significant role in carbohydrate metabolism by inhibiting key enzymes responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates to glucose like α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Several polyphenols such as resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and quercetin enhanced glucose uptake in the muscle and adipocytes by translocating GLUT4 to plasma membrane mainly by the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. This review provides an insight into the protective role of polyphenols in T2D, highlighting the aspects of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyad Shahwan
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fahad Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prince M Z Hasan
- Centre of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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13
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Colina Blanco AE, Kerl CF, Planer-Friedrich B. Detection of Thioarsenates in Rice Grains and Rice Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2287-2294. [PMID: 33566616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic and methylated thioarsenates have recently been reported to contribute substantially to arsenic (As) speciation in paddy-soil pore waters. Here, we show that thioarsenates can also accumulate in rice grains and rice products. For their detection, a method was developed using a pepsin-pancreatin enzymatic extraction followed by chromatographic separation at pH 13. From 54 analyzed commercial samples, including white, parboiled and husked rice, puffed rice cakes, and rice flakes, 50 contained dimethylmonothioarsenate (DMMTA) (maximum 25.6 μg kg-1), 18 monothioarsenate (MTA) (maximum 5.6 μg kg-1), 14 dimethyldithioarsenate (DMDTA) (maximum 2.8 μg kg-1), and 5 dithioarsenate (DTA) (maximum 2.3 μg kg-1). Additionally, we show that the commonly used nitric acid extraction transforms MTA to arsenite and DMMTA and DMDTA to dimethylarsenate (DMA). Current food guidelines do not require an analysis of thioarsenates in rice and only limit the contents of inorganic oxyarsenic species (including acid-extraction-transformed MTA), but not DMA (including acid-extraction-transformed DMMTA and DMDTA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Colina Blanco
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carolin F Kerl
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Britta Planer-Friedrich
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BAYCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Sanyal T, Bhattacharjee P, Paul S, Bhattacharjee P. Recent Advances in Arsenic Research: Significance of Differential Susceptibility and Sustainable Strategies for Mitigation. Front Public Health 2020; 8:464. [PMID: 33134234 PMCID: PMC7578365 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic contamination in drinking water and associated adverse outcomes are one of the major health issues in more than 50 countries worldwide. The scenario is getting even more detrimental with increasing number of affected people and newer sites reported from all over the world. Apart from drinking water, the presence of arsenic has been found in various other dietary sources. Chronic arsenic toxicity affects multiple physiological systems and may cause malignancies leading to death. Exposed individuals, residing in the same area, developed differential dermatological lesion phenotypes and varied susceptibility toward various other arsenic-induced disease risk, even after consuming equivalent amount of arsenic from the similar source, over the same duration of time. Researches so far indicate that differential susceptibility plays an important role in arsenic-induced disease manifestation. In this comprehensive review, we have identified major population-based studies of the last 20 years, indicating possible causes of differential susceptibility emphasizing arsenic methylation capacity, variation in host genome (single nucleotide polymorphism), and individual epigenetic pattern (DNA methylation, histone modification, and miRNA expression). Holistic multidisciplinary strategies need to be implemented with few sustainable yet cost-effective solutions like alternative water source, treatment of arsenic-contaminated water, new adaptations in irrigation system, simple modifications in cooking strategy, and dietary supplementations to combat this menace. Our review focuses on the present perspectives of arsenic research with special emphasis on the probable causes of differential susceptibility toward chronic arsenic toxicity and sustainable remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamalika Sanyal
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.,Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.,Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Somnath Paul
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
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Desai G, Barg G, Vahter M, Queirolo EI, Peregalli F, Mañay N, Millen AE, Yu J, Kordas K. Executive functions in school children from Montevideo, Uruguay and their associations with concurrent low-level arsenic exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105883. [PMID: 32599352 PMCID: PMC10927015 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arsenic is a known childhood neurotoxicant, but its neurotoxicity at low exposure levels is still not well established. The aim of our cross-sectional study was to test the association between low-level arsenic exposure and executive functions (EF) among children in Montevideo. We also assessed effect modification by arsenic methylation capacity, a susceptibility factor for the health effects of arsenic, and by B-vitamin intake, which impacts arsenic methylation. METHODS Arsenic exposure was assessed as the specific gravity-adjusted sum of urinary arsenic metabolites (U-As) among 255 ~ 7 year-old children, and methylation capacity as the proportion of urinary monomethylarsonic acid (%MMA). Arsenic concentrations from kitchen water samples at participants' homes were assessed. B-vitamin intake was calculated from the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. EF was measured using three tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery- Stockings of Cambridge (SOC), Intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional shift task (IED), and Spatial Span (SSP). Generalized linear models assessed the association between U-As and EF measures; models were adjusted for age, sex, maternal education, possessions score, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Inventory score, season, and school clusters. Additional analyses were conducted to address issues of residual confounding and sample size. A "B-vitamin index" was calculated using principal component analysis. Effect modification by the index and urinary %MMA was assessed in strata split at the respective medians of these variables. RESULTS The median (range) U-As and water arsenic levels were 9.9 µg/L (2.2, 47.7) and 0.45 µg/L (0.1, 18.9) respectively, indicating that exposure originated mainly from other sources. U-As was inversely associated with the number of stages completed (β = -0.02; 95% CI: -0.03, -0.002) and pre-executive shift errors (β = -0.08; 95% CI: -0.14, -0.02) of the IED task, and span length of the SSP task (β = -0.01; 95% CI: -0.02, -0.004). There was no clear pattern of effect modification by B-vitamin intake or urinary %MMA. CONCLUSION Low-level arsenic exposure may adversely affect executive function among children but additional, including longitudinal, studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Desai
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Gabriel Barg
- Department of Neurocognition, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Elena I Queirolo
- Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana Peregalli
- Center for Research, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nelly Mañay
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Republic of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Amy E Millen
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jihnhee Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, NY, USA
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17
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Mao J, Yang Q, Miyazawa M, Miura M, Wang L, Xia H, Kato K, Yamanaka K, An Y. Possible differences in the mechanism of malignant transformation of HaCaT cells by arsenite and its dimethyl metabolites, particularly dimethylthioarsenics. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 61:126544. [PMID: 32416464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a confirmed human carcinogen, arsenic can cause skin cancer, lung cancer, etc. However, its carcinogenic mechanism is still unclear. In recent years, the oxidative stress hypothesis has become widely accepted. In mammals it has been found that arsenic can be converted to dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII) and dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) through a series of methylation and redox reactions. DMAIII and DMMTAV are highly toxic. METHODS Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were exposed to different concentrations of NaAsO2 (IAsIII), DMMTAV and DMAIII for 24 h. Reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide), oxidative damage markers (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde), and antioxidant markers (glutathione and superoxide dismutase) were measured. In addition, sulfane sulfurs were measured in HaCaT cells and a cell-free system. RESULTS In the DMMTAV and DMAIII treatment groups, the levels of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in HaCaT cells were higher than in the IAsIII treatment groups at the same dose. Levels of 8-OHdG and MDA in the DMMTAV and DMAIII treatment groups were also higher than those in the IAsIII treatment groups at the same dose. However, in the DMMTAV and DMAIII treatment groups, the levels of GSH and SOD activity were lower than that in the IAsIII treatment groups. In DMMTAV-treated HaCaT cells, sulfane sulfurs were produced. Further, it was found that DMMTAV could react with DMDTAV to form persulfide in the cell-free system, which may explain the mechanism of the formation of sulfane sulfurs in DMMTAV-treated HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS DMMTAV and DMAIII more readily induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause oxidative damage in HaCaT cells than inorganic arsenic. Further, the persulfide formed by the reaction of DMMTAV and DMDTAV produced from the metabolism of DMMTAV may induce a stronger reductive defense mechanism than GSH against the intracellular oxidative stress of DMMTAV. However, the cells exposed to arsenite are transformed by the continuous nuclear translocation of Nrf2 due to oxidative stress, and the persulfide from dimethylthioarsenics may promote Nrf2 by the combination with thiol groups, especially redox control key protein, Keap1, eventually cause nuclear translocation of sustained Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Mao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianlei Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Makoto Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motofumi Miura
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Luna Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haixuan Xia
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Koichi Kato
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yan An
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Liamtsau V, Fan C, Liu G, McGoron AJ, Cai Y. Speciation of thioarsenicals through application of coffee ring effect on gold nanofilm and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1106:88-95. [PMID: 32145859 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thioarsenicals, such as dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) and dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV), have been increasingly discovered as important arsenic metabolites, yet analysis of these unstable arsenic species remains a challenging task. A method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection in combination with the coffee ringeffect for separation is expected to be particularly useful for analysis of thioarsenicals, thanks to minimal sample pretreatment and unique fingerprint Raman identification. Such a method would offer an alternative approach that overcomes limitations of conventional arsenic speciation techniques based on high performance liquid chromatography separation and mass spectrometry detection. A novel analytical method based on combination of the coffee ringeffect and SERS was developed for the speciation of thiolated arsenicals. A gold nanofilm (AuNF) was employed not only as a SERS substrate, but also as a platform for the separation of thioarsenicals. Once a drop of the thioarsenicals solution was placed onto the AuNF and evaporation of the solvent and the ring stamp formation onto AuNF began, the SERS signal intensity substantially increased from center to edge regions of the evaporated droplet due to the presence of the coffee ring effect. Through calculating the pKa's of DMMTAV and DMDTAV and accordingly manipulating the chemical environment, separation of these thioarsenicals was realized as they travelled different distances during the development of the coffee ring. The migration distances of individual species were influenced by a radial outward flow of a solute, the thioarsenicals-AuNF interactions and a thermally induced Marangoni flow. The separation of DMMTAV (center) and DMDTAV (edge) on the coffee ring, in combination with fingerprint SERS spectra, enables the identification of these thioarsenicals by this AuNF-based coffee ring effect-SERS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Liamtsau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, 11200 SW 8th ST, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Changjun Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, 11200 SW 8th ST, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Guangliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, 11200 SW 8th ST, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Anthony J McGoron
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, EC 2442, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, 11200 SW 8th ST, Miami, FL, 33199, USA; Southwest Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th ST, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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McDermott TR, Stolz JF, Oremland RS. Arsenic and the gastrointestinal tract microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:136-159. [PMID: 31773890 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxin, ranking first on the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Environmental Protection Agency Priority List of Hazardous Substances. Chronic exposure increases the risk of a broad range of human illnesses, most notably cancer; however, there is significant variability in arsenic-induced disease among exposed individuals. Human genetics is a known component, but it alone cannot account for the large inter-individual variability in the presentation of arsenicosis symptoms. Each part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) may be considered as a unique environment with characteristic pH, oxygen concentration, and microbiome. Given the well-established arsenic redox transformation activities of microorganisms, it is reasonable to imagine how the GIT microbiome composition variability among individuals could play a significant role in determining the fate, mobility and toxicity of arsenic, whether inhaled or ingested. This is a relatively new field of research that would benefit from early dialogue aimed at summarizing what is known and identifying reasonable research targets and concepts. Herein, we strive to initiate this dialogue by reviewing known aspects of microbe-arsenic interactions and placing it in the context of potential for influencing host exposure and health risks. We finish by considering future experimental approaches that might be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R McDermott
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - John F Stolz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Environmental Research and Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Luvonga C, Rimmer CA, Yu LL, Lee SB. Organoarsenicals in Seafood: Occurrence, Dietary Exposure, Toxicity, and Risk Assessment Considerations - A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:943-960. [PMID: 31913614 PMCID: PMC7250045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diet, especially seafood, is the main source of arsenic exposure for humans. The total arsenic content of a diet offers inadequate information for assessment of the toxicological consequences of arsenic intake, which has impeded progress in the establishment of regulatory limits for arsenic in food. Toxicity assessments are mainly based on inorganic arsenic, a well-characterized carcinogen, and arsenobetaine, the main organoarsenical in seafood. Scarcity of toxicity data for organoarsenicals, and the predominance of arsenobetaine as an organic arsenic species in seafood, has led to the assumption of their nontoxicity. Recent toxicokinetic studies show that some organoarsenicals are bioaccessible and cytotoxic with demonstrated toxicities like that of pernicious trivalent inorganic arsenic, underpinning the need for speciation analysis. The need to investigate and compare the bioavailability, metabolic transformation, and elimination from the body of organoarsenicals to the well-established physiological consequences of inorganic arsenic and arsenobetaine exposure is apparent. This review provides an overview of the occurrence and assessment of human exposure to arsenic toxicity associated with the consumption of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Luvonga
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Lee L Yu
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Sang B Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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Sanyal T, Bhattacharjee P, Paul S, Bhattacharjee P. Recent Advances in Arsenic Research: Significance of Differential Susceptibility and Sustainable Strategies for Mitigation. Front Public Health 2020. [PMID: 33134234 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh/2020.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic contamination in drinking water and associated adverse outcomes are one of the major health issues in more than 50 countries worldwide. The scenario is getting even more detrimental with increasing number of affected people and newer sites reported from all over the world. Apart from drinking water, the presence of arsenic has been found in various other dietary sources. Chronic arsenic toxicity affects multiple physiological systems and may cause malignancies leading to death. Exposed individuals, residing in the same area, developed differential dermatological lesion phenotypes and varied susceptibility toward various other arsenic-induced disease risk, even after consuming equivalent amount of arsenic from the similar source, over the same duration of time. Researches so far indicate that differential susceptibility plays an important role in arsenic-induced disease manifestation. In this comprehensive review, we have identified major population-based studies of the last 20 years, indicating possible causes of differential susceptibility emphasizing arsenic methylation capacity, variation in host genome (single nucleotide polymorphism), and individual epigenetic pattern (DNA methylation, histone modification, and miRNA expression). Holistic multidisciplinary strategies need to be implemented with few sustainable yet cost-effective solutions like alternative water source, treatment of arsenic-contaminated water, new adaptations in irrigation system, simple modifications in cooking strategy, and dietary supplementations to combat this menace. Our review focuses on the present perspectives of arsenic research with special emphasis on the probable causes of differential susceptibility toward chronic arsenic toxicity and sustainable remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamalika Sanyal
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Somnath Paul
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, U.T. MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
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Kita K, Imai Y, Asaka N, Suzuki T, Ochi T. BubR1 Is Essential for Thio-Dimethylarsinic Acid-Induced Spindle Assembly Checkpoint and Mitotic Cell Death for Preventing the Accumulation of Abnormal Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1089-1097. [PMID: 31257285 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thio-dimethylarsinic acid (thio-DMA) was detected in human urine after exposure to inorganic arsenic and arsenosugars consumed by marine algae. Our previous studies have shown that thio-DMA disturbed the cell cycle progression and arrested cells in mitosis, though the biological significance or the mechanism by which thio-DMA-induced mitotic phase accumulation occurs is yet to be understood. In this study, we showed that thio-DMA promotes the phosphorylation of BubR1 protein, which is one of the constituents of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) complex and accumulates in the cell in mitotic phase. Binding of Mad2 to CDC20, also known as the marker of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) formation during the activation of SAC, was enhanced and mitotic associated cell death by apoptosis was promoted in HeLa cells but not in HepG2 cells. Basal BubR1 protein level in HepG2 was 10-times lower than that of HeLa cells. Consequently, BubR1 knockdown HeLa cells were generated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique. The MCC formation and mitotic arrest induced by thio-DMA were completely inhibited in BubR1 knockdown cells. Moreover, BubR1 knockdown cells could survive in the medium containing higher concentrations of thio-DMA with some abnormalities such as larger cell size, huge nucleus, multiple nuclei, and abnormal DNA contents. Especially, cyclin B1 negative tetraploid cells, which signify interphase cells with tetraploid, increased and survived after 48-72 h treatment with thio-DMA. Thus, these results suggest that BubR1-mediated SAC activation and MCC formation are one of the defense systems for preventing the accumulation and survival of abnormal cells induced by thio-DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kita
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Yu Imai
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Nanami Asaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Toshihide Suzuki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Takafumi Ochi
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
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Coryell M, Roggenbeck BA, Walk ST. The Human Gut Microbiome's Influence on Arsenic Toxicity. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 5:491-504. [PMID: 31929964 PMCID: PMC6953987 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-019-00206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arsenic exposure is a public health concern of global proportions with a high degree of interindividual variability in pathologic outcomes. Arsenic metabolism is a key factor underlying toxicity, and the primary purpose of this review is to summarize recent discoveries concerning the influence of the human gut microbiome on the metabolism, bioavailability, and toxicity of ingested arsenic. We review and discuss the current state of knowledge along with relevant methodologies for studying these phenomena. RECENT FINDINGS Bacteria in the human gut can biochemically transform arsenic-containing compounds (arsenicals). Recent publications utilizing culture-based approaches combined with analytical biochemistry and molecular genetics have helped identify several arsenical transformations by bacteria that are at least possible in the human gut and are likely to mediate arsenic toxicity to the host. Other studies that directly incubate stool samples in vitro also demonstrate the gut microbiome's potential to alter arsenic speciation and bioavailability. In vivo disruption or elimination of the microbiome has been shown to influence toxicity and body burden of arsenic through altered excretion and biotransformation of arsenicals. Currently, few clinical or epidemiological studies have investigated relationships between the gut microbiome and arsenic-related health outcomes in humans, although current evidence provides strong rationale for this research in the future. SUMMARY The human gut microbiome can metabolize arsenic and influence arsenical oxidation state, methylation status, thiolation status, bioavailability, and excretion. We discuss the strength of current evidence and propose that the microbiome be considered in future epidemiologic and toxicologic studies of human arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Coryell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Barbara A. Roggenbeck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Seth T. Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, 109 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Arsenic exposure: A public health problem leading to several cancers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 110:104539. [PMID: 31765675 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic, a metalloid and naturally occurring element, is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust. Water is contaminated by arsenic through natural sources (underground water, minerals and geothermal processes) and anthropogenic sources such as mining, industrial processes, and the production and use of pesticides. Humans are exposed to arsenic mainly by drinking contaminated water, and secondarily through inhalation and skin contact. Arsenic exposure is associated with the development of vascular disease, including stroke, ischemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Also, arsenic increases the risk of tumors of bladder, lungs, kidneys and liver, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Food and Drug Administration. Once ingested, an estimated 70-90% of inorganic arsenic is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and widely distributed through the blood to different organs, primarily to the liver, kidneys, lungs and bladder and secondarily to muscle and nerve tissue. Arsenic accumulates in the organs, especially in the liver. Its excretion mostly takes place through urination. The toxicokinetics of arsenic depends on the duration of exposure, pathway of ingestion, physicochemical characteristics of the compound, and affected biological species. The present review outlines of arsenic toxic effects focusing on different cancer types whit highest prevalence's by exposure to this metalloid and signaling pathways of carcinogenesis.
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Fan C, Liu G, Long Y, Rosen B, Cai Y. Thiolation in arsenic metabolism: a chemical perspective. Metallomics 2019; 10:1368-1382. [PMID: 30207373 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00231b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, methylated thioarsenicals have been widely detected in various biological and environmental matrices, suggesting their broad involvement and biological importance in arsenic metabolism. However, very little is known about the formation mechanism of methylated thioarsenicals and the relation between arsenic methylation and thiolation processes. It is timely and necessary to summarize and synthesize the reported information on thiolated arsenicals for an improved understanding of arsenic thiolation. To this end, we examined the proposed formation pathways of methylated oxoarsenicals and thioarsenicals from a chemical perspective and proposed a novel arsenic metabolic scheme, in which arsenic thiolation is integrated with methylation (instead of being separated from methylation as currently reported). We suggest in the new scheme that protein-bound pentavalent arsenicals are critical intermediates that connect methylation and thiolation, with protein binding of pentavalent methylated thioarsenical being a key step for arsenic thiolation. This informative review on arsenic thiolation from the chemical perspective will be helpful to better understand the arsenic metabolism at the molecular level and the toxicological effects of arsenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Fan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Mac Monagail M, Morrison L. Arsenic speciation in a variety of seaweeds and associated food products. ARSENIC SPECIATION IN ALGAE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Arsenic speciation in hair and nails of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients undergoing arsenic trioxide treatment. Talanta 2018; 184:446-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Herath I, Vithanage M, Seneweera S, Bundschuh J. Thiolated arsenic in natural systems: What is current, what is new and what needs to be known. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:370-386. [PMID: 29705693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiolated arsenic compounds are the sulfur analogous substructures of oxo-arsenicals as the arsinoyl (As = O) is substituted by an arsinothioyl (As = S) group. Relatively brief history of thioarsenic research, mostly in the current decade has endeavored to understand their consequences in the natural environment. However, thioarsenic related aspects have by far not attached much research concern on global scale compared to other arsenic species. This review attempts to provide a critical overview for the first time on formation mechanisms of thioarsenicals, their chemistry, speciation and analytical methodologies in order to provide a rational assessment of what is new, what is current, what needs to be known or what should be done in future research. Thioarsenic compounds play a vital role in determining the biogeochemistry of arsenic in sulfidic environments under reducing conditions. Thioarsenic species are widely immobilized by naturally occurring processes such as the adsorption on iron (oxyhydr)oxides and precipitation on iron sulfide minerals. Accurate measurement of thioarsenic species is a challenging task due to their instability upon pH, temperature, redox potential, and concentrations of oxygen, sulfur and iron. Assessment of direct and indirect effects of toxic thioarsenic species on global population those who frequently get exposed to high levels of arsenic is an urgent necessity. Dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) is the most cytotoxic arsenic metabolite having similar toxicological effects as dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII) in human and animal tissues. The formation and chemical analysis of thioarsenicals in soil and sediments are highly unknown. Therefore, future research needs to be more inclined towards in determining the molecular structure of unknown thioarsenic complexes in various environmental suites. Contemporary approaches hyphenated to existing technologies would pave the way to overcome critical challenges of thioarsenic speciation such as standards synthesis, structural determination, quantification and sample preservation in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indika Herath
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, 4350 Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- International Centre for Applied Climate Science, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Plant Stress Biology Research Group, Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, 4350 Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; UNESCO Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, 4350 Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
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Bozack AK, Saxena R, Gamble MV. Nutritional Influences on One-Carbon Metabolism: Effects on Arsenic Methylation and Toxicity. Annu Rev Nutr 2018; 38:401-429. [PMID: 29799766 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to inorganic arsenic (InAs) via drinking water and/or food is a considerable worldwide problem. Methylation of InAs generates monomethyl (MMAsIII+V)- and dimethyl (DMAsIII+V)-arsenical species in a process that facilitates urinary As elimination; however, MMAs is considerably more toxic than either InAs or DMAs. Emerging evidence suggests that incomplete methylation of As to DMAs, resulting in increased MMAs, is associated with increased risk for a host of As-related health outcomes. The biochemical pathway that provides methyl groups for As methylation, one-carbon metabolism (OCM), is influenced by folate and other micronutrients, including choline and betaine. Individuals and species differ widely in their ability to methylate As. A growing body of research, including cell-culture, animal-model, and epidemiological studies, has demonstrated the role of OCM-related micronutrients in As methylation. This review examines the evidence that nutritional status and nutritional interventions can influence the metabolism and toxicity of As, with a primary focus on folate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Bozack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Roheeni Saxena
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Mary V Gamble
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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Yang M, Sun Y, Zhang X, McCord B, McGoron AJ, Mebel A, Cai Y. Raman spectra of thiolated arsenicals with biological importance. Talanta 2018; 179:520-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Jeong S, Lee H, Kim YT, Yoon HO. Development of a simultaneous analytical method to determine arsenic speciation using HPLC-ICP-MS: Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, dimethyldithioarsinic acid, and dimethylmonothioarsinic acid. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Seaweeds contain arsenic primarily in the form of arsenosugars, which can be metabolized to a wide range of arsenic compounds. To characterize human exposure to arsenic from seaweed consumption, we determined concentrations of arsenic species in locally available seaweeds, and assessed urinary arsenic compounds in an experimental feeding study. A total of 11 volunteers consumed 10 g per day of three types of seaweeds (nori, kombu, and wakame) for three days each, while abstaining from rice and seafood following a three-day washout period. Urinary arsenosugars and their metabolites (including dimethyl arsenate (DMA), thio-dimethylarsinoylethanol (thio-DMAE), thio-dimethylarsinoylacetate (thio-DMAA), and thio-DMA) were measured in spot urine samples prior to seaweed consumption, and in 24-hour urine samples while consuming seaweed. Commercial products made from whole seaweed had substantial concentrations of arsenic (12-84 µg/g), dominated by arsenosugars. Intact arsenosugars along with DMA, thio-DMAA, thio-DMAE all increased in urine after ingesting each type of seaweed, and varied between seaweed types and between individuals. Only trace levels of the known toxic metabolite, thio-DMA, were observed, across individuals. Thio-DMAE and thio-DMAA are unique products of arsenosugar breakdown, thus assessment of these compounds may help to identify dietary intake of arsenic from seaweed from other exposure pathways.
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Leese E, Clench M, Morton J, Gardiner PHE, Carolan VA. The Investigation of Unexpected Arsenic Compounds Observed in Routine Biological Monitoring Urinary Speciation Analysis. TOXICS 2017; 5:E12. [PMID: 29051444 PMCID: PMC5606668 DOI: 10.3390/toxics5020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the identity of two unexpected arsenic species found separately in a number of urine samples sent to the Health and Safety Executive's Health and Safety Laboratory for arsenic speciation (arsenobetaine, AB; arsenite, As3+; arsenate, As5+; monomethylarsonic acid, MMA5+; and dimethylarsinic acid, DMA5+). Micro liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (µLC-ICP-MS) and electrospray time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS) were used to identify the two arsenic peaks by comparison to several characterized arsenicals: arsenocholine, AC; trimethyl arsine oxide, TMAO; dimethylarsenoacetate, DMAA; dimethylarsenoethanol, DMAE; thio-dimethylarsinate, thio-DMA; thio-dimethylarsenoacetate, thio-DMAA and thio-dimethylarsenoethanol, thio-DMAE. The results from both the ICP-MS and ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS investigations indicate that the unexpected arsenic species termed peak 1 was thio-DMA. While the unexpected arsenic species termed peak 2 has yet to be identified, this investigation shows that it was not AC, TMAO, DMAA, DMAE, thio-DMA, thio-DMAA or thio-DMAE. This study demonstrates the incidence of unexpected arsenic species in both routine and non-routine urine samples from both workers and hospital patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Leese
- Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Malcolm Clench
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Jackie Morton
- Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
| | - Philip H E Gardiner
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Vikki A Carolan
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
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Taylor V, Goodale B, Raab A, Schwerdtle T, Reimer K, Conklin S, Karagas MR, Francesconi KA. Human exposure to organic arsenic species from seafood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:266-282. [PMID: 28024743 PMCID: PMC5326596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seafood, including finfish, shellfish, and seaweed, is the largest contributor to arsenic (As) exposure in many human populations. In contrast to the predominance of inorganic As in water and many terrestrial foods, As in marine-derived foods is present primarily in the form of organic compounds. To date, human exposure and toxicological assessments have focused on inorganic As, while organic As has generally been considered to be non-toxic. However, the high concentrations of organic As in seafood, as well as the often complex As speciation, can lead to complications in assessing As exposure from diet. In this report, we evaluate the presence and distribution of organic As species in seafood, and combined with consumption data, address the current capabilities and needs for determining human exposure to these compounds. The analytical approaches and shortcomings for assessing these compounds are reviewed, with a focus on the best practices for characterization and quantitation. Metabolic pathways and toxicology of two important classes of organic arsenicals, arsenolipids and arsenosugars, are examined, as well as individual variability in absorption of these compounds. Although determining health outcomes or assessing a need for regulatory policies for organic As exposure is premature, the extensive consumption of seafood globally, along with the preliminary toxicological profiles of these compounds and their confounding effect on assessing exposure to inorganic As, suggests further investigations and process-level studies on organic As are needed to fill the current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ken Reimer
- Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Moe B, Peng H, Lu X, Chen B, Chen LWL, Gabos S, Li XF, Le XC. Comparative cytotoxicity of fourteen trivalent and pentavalent arsenic species determined using real-time cell sensing. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:113-124. [PMID: 28007166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of a large number of diverse arsenic species in the environment and in biological systems makes it important to compare their relative toxicity. The toxicity of arsenic species has been examined in various cell lines using different assays, making comparison difficult. We report real-time cell sensing of two human cell lines to examine the cytotoxicity of fourteen arsenic species: arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) originating from the oxide and iodide forms, dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), dimethylarsinic glutathione (DMAGIII), phenylarsine oxide (PAOIII), arsenate (AsV), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV), monomethyltrithioarsonate (MMTTAV), dimethylmonothioarsinate (DMMTAV), dimethyldithioarsinate (DMDTAV), 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (Roxarsone, Rox), and 4-aminobenzenearsenic acid (p-arsanilic acid, p-ASA). Cellular responses were measured in real time for 72hr in human lung (A549) and bladder (T24) cells. IC50 values for the arsenicals were determined continuously over the exposure time, giving rise to IC50 histograms and unique cell response profiles. Arsenic accumulation and speciation were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). On the basis of the 24-hr IC50 values, the relative cytotoxicity of the tested arsenicals was in the following decreasing order: PAOIII≫MMAIII≥DMAIII≥DMAGIII≈DMMTAV≥AsIII≫MMTTAV>AsV>DMDTAV>DMAV>MMAV≥Rox≥p-ASA. Stepwise shapes of cell response profiles for DMAIII, DMAGIII, and DMMTAV coincided with the conversion of these arsenicals to the less toxic pentavalent DMAV. Dynamic monitoring of real-time cellular responses to fourteen arsenicals provided useful information for comparison of their relative cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birget Moe
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hanyong Peng
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Baowei Chen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lydia W L Chen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Stephan Gabos
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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36
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Sun Y, Liu G, Cai Y. Thiolated arsenicals in arsenic metabolism: Occurrence, formation, and biological implications. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:59-73. [PMID: 28007180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a notoriously toxic pollutant of health concern worldwide with potential risk of cancer induction, but meanwhile it is used as medicines for the treatment of different conditions including hematological cancers. Arsenic can undergo extensive metabolism in biological systems, and both toxicological and therapeutic effects of arsenic compounds are closely related to their metabolism. Recent studies have identified methylated thioarsenicals as a new class of arsenic metabolites in biological systems after exposure of inorganic and organic arsenicals, including arsenite, dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV), dimethylarsinous glutathione (DMAIIIGS), and arsenosugars. The increasing detection of thiolated arsenicals, including monomethylmonothioarsonic acid (MMMTAV), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) and its glutathione conjugate (DMMTAVGS), and dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV) suggests that thioarsenicals may be important metabolites and play important roles in arsenic toxicity and therapeutic effects. Here we summarized the reported occurrence of thioarsenicals in biological systems, the possible formation pathways of thioarsenicals, and their toxicity, and discussed the biological implications of thioarsenicals on arsenic metabolism, toxicity, and therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Sun
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guangliang Liu
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry&Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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Cullen WR, Liu Q, Lu X, McKnight-Whitford A, Peng H, Popowich A, Yan X, Zhang Q, Fricke M, Sun H, Le XC. Methylated and thiolated arsenic species for environmental and health research - A review on synthesis and characterization. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:7-27. [PMID: 28007181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fate and human health effects of arsenic require authentic arsenic compounds. We summarize here the synthesis and characterization of more than a dozen methylated and thiolated arsenic compounds that are not commercially available. We discuss the methods of synthesis for the following 14 trivalent (III) and pentavalent (V) arsenic compounds: monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII), dicysteinylmethyldithioarsenite (MMAIII(Cys)2), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV), monomethylmonothioarsonic acid (MMMTAV) or monothio-MMAV, monomethyldithioarsonic acid (MMDTAV) or dithio-MMAV, monomethyltrithioarsonate (MMTTAV) or trithio-MMAV, dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), dimethylarsino-glutathione (DMAIII(SG)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) or monothio-DMAV, dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV) or dithio-DMAV, trimethylarsine oxide (TMAOV), arsenobetaine (AsB), and an arsenicin-A model compound. We have reviewed and compared the available methods, synthesized the arsenic compounds in our laboratories, and provided characterization information. On the basis of reaction yield, ease of synthesis and purification of product, safety considerations, and our experience, we recommend a method for the synthesis of each of these arsenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Cullen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | | | - Hanyong Peng
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Popowich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Yan
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Michael Fricke
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hongsui Sun
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - X Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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38
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Roggenbeck BA, Banerjee M, Leslie EM. Cellular arsenic transport pathways in mammals. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:38-58. [PMID: 28007179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural contamination of drinking water with arsenic results in the exposure of millions of people world-wide to unacceptable levels of this metalloid. This is a serious global health problem because arsenic is a Group 1 (proven) human carcinogen and chronic exposure is known to cause skin, lung, and bladder tumors. Furthermore, arsenic exposure can result in a myriad of other adverse health effects including diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, reproductive, and endocrine systems. In addition to chronic environmental exposure to arsenic, arsenic trioxide is approved for the clinical treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, and is in clinical trials for other hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. Considerable inter-individual variability in susceptibility to arsenic-induced disease and toxicity exists, and the reasons for such differences are incompletely understood. Transport pathways that influence the cellular uptake and export of arsenic contribute to regulating its cellular, tissue, and ultimately body levels. In the current review, membrane proteins (including phosphate transporters, aquaglyceroporin channels, solute carrier proteins, and ATP-binding cassette transporters) shown experimentally to contribute to the passage of inorganic, methylated, and/or glutathionylated arsenic species across cellular membranes are discussed. Furthermore, what is known about arsenic transporters in organs involved in absorption, distribution, and metabolism and how transport pathways contribute to arsenic elimination are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Roggenbeck
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Elaine M Leslie
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada; Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Kim YT, Lee H, Yoon HO, Woo NC. Kinetics of Dimethylated Thioarsenicals and the Formation of Highly Toxic Dimethylmonothioarsinic Acid in Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11637-11645. [PMID: 27701855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) is a highly toxic, thiolated analogue of dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV). In comparison, a further thiolated analogue, dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV), and DMAV both exhibit lower toxicity. To understand the environmental conditions responsible for forming DMMTAV, the kinetics of DMAV thiolation are examined. The thiolation of DMAV is pH-dependent and consists of two consecutive first-order reactions under excess sulfide conditions. The first thiolation of DMAV to form DMMTAV is faster than the second one to DMDTAV. DMMTAV is therefore an intermediate. The first reaction is first-order in H2S at pH 6.0 and 20 °C; therefore, the overall reaction is second-order and the rate coefficient in this condition is 0.0780 M-1 s-1. The rate coefficient significantly decreases at pH 8.0, indicating that H2S(aq) triggers the thiolation of DMAV. The second reaction rate is significantly decreased at pH 2.5; therefore, reaction under strongly acidic conditions leads to accumulation of highly toxic DMMTAV in the early stages of thiolation. The transformation of DMDTAV to DMMTAV is catalyzed in the presence of ferric iron. Formation of DMMTAV should be considered when assessing risk posed by arsenic under sulfidic or sulfate reducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Tae Kim
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Natural Science Research Institute, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosub Lee
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , 6-7 Inchon-ro 22-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-On Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , 6-7 Inchon-ro 22-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam C Woo
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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40
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Chávez-Capilla T, Maher W, Kelly T, Foster S. Evaluation of the ability of arsenic species to traverse cell membranes by simple diffusion using octanol-water and liposome-water partition coefficients. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:222-232. [PMID: 29216971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic metabolism in living organisms is dependent on the ability of different arsenic species to traverse biological membranes. Simple diffusion provides an alternative influx and efflux route to mediated transport mechanisms that can increase the amount of arsenic available for metabolism in cells. Using octanol-water and liposome-water partition coefficients, the ability of arsenous acid, arsenate, methylarsonate, dimethylarsinate, thio-methylarsonate, thio-dimethylarsinic acid, arsenotriglutathione and monomethylarsonic diglutathione to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes was investigated. Molecular modelling of arsenic species was used to explain the results. All arsenic species with the exception of arsenate, methylarsonate and thio-methylarsonate were able to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of liposomes, with liposome-water partition coefficients between 0.04 and 0.13. Trivalent arsenic species and thio-pentavalent arsenic species showed higher partition coefficients, suggesting that they can easily traverse cell membranes by passive simple diffusion. Given the higher toxicity of these species compared to oxo-pentavalent arsenic species, this study provides evidence supporting the risk associated with human exposure to trivalent and thio-arsenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Chávez-Capilla
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - William Maher
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tamsin Kelly
- National Centre for Forensic Studies, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Simon Foster
- Ecochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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41
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Yin N, Du H, Zhang Z, Cai X, Li Z, Sun G, Cui Y. Variability of arsenic bioaccessibility and metabolism in soils by human gut microbiota using different in vitro methods combined with SHIME. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1670-1677. [PMID: 27320743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) speciation analysis is essential when evaluating the risks upon oral exposure to As-contaminated soils. In this study, we first investigated the variability in the As bioaccessibility and speciation using a combination of five common in vitro methods (SBRC, PBET, DIN, UBM and IVG) (gastric and small intestinal phases) and the SHIME model (colon phase). Our results indicate that the As bioaccessibility varies in the colon phase. An increase in the As bioaccessibility for SBRC and PBET, and a decrease for UBM and IVG were observed in the colon phase. In addition, we found different extents of methylation and large amounts of arsenite [As(III)] due to microbial reduction in the colon digests. The UBM-SHIME method displayed a higher methylation percentage of 13.5-82.1%, but a lower methylation percentage of 0.2-21.8% was observed in the SBRC-SHIME method. Besides, The MMA(V) levels in the colon digests were positively correlated with those of As(III) and DMA(V), so DMA(V) can be considered an indicator to evaluate the As metabolic speed of in vitro cultured human gut microbiota. Based on the standard reference soil of NIST 2710a, the As bioaccessibility in the colon phase of PBET-SHIME and SBRC-SHIME were the closest to the in vivo results. Combining in vitro methods and SHIME will remarkably affect the accurate assessment of potential risks to human health associated with oral exposure to soil As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyi Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Du
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhennan Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Zejiao Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxin Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshan Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China.
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42
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Distribution and Excretion of Arsenic Metabolites after Oral Administration of Seafood-Related Organoarsenicals in Rats. METALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/met6100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Barciela-Alonso MC, Bermejo-Barrera P, Feldmann J, Raab A, Hansen HR, Bluemlein K, Wallschläger D, Stiboller M, Glabonjat RA, Raber G, Jensen KB, Francesconi KA. Arsenic and As Species. Metallomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527694907.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Barciela-Alonso
- University of Santiago de Compostela; Department of analytical Chemistry; Nutrition and Bromatology. Avda. das Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- University of Santiago de Compostela; Department of analytical Chemistry; Nutrition and Bromatology. Avda. das Ciencias s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Jörg Feldmann
- University of Aberdeen; Department of Chemistry, TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory); Meston Walk AB24 3UE Aberdeen UK
| | - Andrea Raab
- University of Aberdeen; Department of Chemistry, TESLA (Trace Element Speciation Laboratory); Meston Walk AB24 3UE Aberdeen UK
| | - Helle R. Hansen
- Chemist Metal Section; Eurofins Miljo A/S, Ladelundvej 85 6600 Vejen Denmark
| | - Katharina Bluemlein
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental; Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1 30625 Hannover Germany
| | - Dirk Wallschläger
- Trent University; Water Quality Centre, 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2 Canada
| | - Michael Stiboller
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ronald A. Glabonjat
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Georg Raber
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Kenneth B. Jensen
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Kevin A. Francesconi
- University of Graz; Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, NAWI Graz; Universitätsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
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44
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Howe CG, Gamble MV. Influence of Arsenic on Global Levels of Histone Posttranslational Modifications: a Review of the Literature and Challenges in the Field. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:225-37. [PMID: 27352015 PMCID: PMC4967376 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a human carcinogen and also increases the risk for non-cancer outcomes. Arsenic-induced epigenetic dysregulation may contribute to arsenic toxicity. Although there are several reviews on arsenic and epigenetics, these have largely focused on DNA methylation. Here, we review investigations of the effects of arsenic on global levels of histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Multiple studies have observed that arsenic induces higher levels of H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) and also higher levels of H3 serine 10 phosphorylation (H3S10ph), which regulate chromosome segregation. In contrast, arsenic causes a global loss of H4K16ac, a histone PTM that is a hallmark of human cancers. Although the findings for other histone PTMs have not been entirely consistent across studies, we discuss biological factors which may contribute to these inconsistencies, including differences in the dose, duration, and type of arsenic species examined; the tissue or cell line evaluated; differences by sex; and exposure timing. We also discuss two important considerations for the measurement of histone PTMs: proteolytic cleavage of histones and arsenic-induced alterations in histone expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin G. Howe
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University. Address: 11 Floor, 722 W. 168 Street, New York, New York, 10032. . Phone: 212-305-1205. Fax: 212-305-3857
| | - Mary V. Gamble
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University. Address: 11 Floor, 722 W. 168 Street, New York, New York, 10032. . Phone: 212-305-7949. Fax: 212-305-3857
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45
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Ebert F, Thomann M, Witt B, Müller SM, Meyer S, Weber T, Christmann M, Schwerdtle T. Evaluating long-term cellular effects of the arsenic species thio-DMA(V): qPCR-based gene expression as screening tool. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 37:78-84. [PMID: 27320638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thio-dimethylarsinic acid (thio-DMA(V)) is a human urinary metabolite of the class 1 human carcinogen inorganic arsenic as well as of arsenosugars. Thio-DMA(V) exerts strong cellular toxicity, whereas its toxic modes of action are not fully understood. For the first time, this study characterises the impact of a long-term (21days) in vitro incubation of thio-DMA(V) on the expression of selected genes related to cell death, stress response, epigenetics and DNA repair. The observed upregulation of DNMT1 might be a cellular compensation to counterregulate the in a very recent study observed massive global DNA hypomethylation after chronic thio-DMA(V) incubation. Moreover, our data suggest that chronic exposure towards subcytotoxic, pico- to nanomolar concentrations of thio-DMA(V) causes a stress response in human urothelial cells. The upregulation of genes encoding for proteins of DNA repair (Apex1, Lig1, XRCC1, DDB2, XPG, ATR) as well as damage response (GADD45A, GADD45G, Trp53) indicate a potential genotoxic risk emanating from thio-DMA(V) after long-term incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Marlies Thomann
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Barbara Witt
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sandra M Müller
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sören Meyer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Markus Christmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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46
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Chen B, Lu X, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Le XC. Identification of Methylated Dithioarsenicals in the Urine of Rats Fed with Sodium Arsenite. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1480-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative
Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lora L. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, United States
| | - X. Chris Le
- Analytical and Environmental Toxicology Division, Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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47
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An J, Kim KH, Kong M, Kim JA, Shin JH, Ahn YG, Yoon HO. Formation of dimethyldithioarsinic acid in a simulated landfill leachate in relation to hydrosulfide concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:255-263. [PMID: 26024724 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTA(V)), present in such intense sources as municipal landfill leachate, has drawn a great deal of attention due to its abundant occurrence and different aspect of toxicity. The hydrosulfide (HS(-)) concentration in leachate was studied as a major variable affecting the formation of DMDTA(V). To this end, the HPLC-ICPMS system equipped with the reversed-phase C18 column was used to determine DMDTA(V). Simulated landfill leachates (SLLs) were prepared to cover a mature landfill condition with the addition of sodium sulfate and sulfide at varying concentrations in the presence of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). The concentration of sodium sulfide added in the SLLs generally exhibited a strong positive correlation with the concentration of DMDTA(V). As such, the formation of DMDTA(V) in the SLLs is demonstrated to be controlled by the interactive relationship between DMA(V) and the HS(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung An
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihye Kong
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yeonse-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ae Kim
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 6-7, Inchon-ro 22-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-075, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoung Hwa Shin
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 6-7, Inchon-ro 22-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-075, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-On Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 6-7, Inchon-ro 22-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-075, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Stice S, Liu G, Matulis S, Boise LH, Cai Y. Determination of multiple human arsenic metabolites employing high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1009-1010:55-65. [PMID: 26708625 PMCID: PMC4748725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During the metabolism of different arsenic-containing compounds in human, a variety of metabolites are produced with significantly varying toxicities. Currently available analytical methods can only detect a limited number of human metabolites in biological samples during one run due to their diverse characteristics. In addition, co-elution of species is often unnoticeable with most detection techniques leading to inaccurate metabolic profiles and assessment of toxicity. A high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) method was developed that can identify thirteen common arsenic metabolites possibly present in human with special attention dedicated to thiolated or thiol conjugated arsenicals. The thirteen species included in this study are arsenite (As(III)), arsino-glutathione (As(GS)3), arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), monomethylarsino-glutathione (MMA(III)(GS) 2), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III) (from DMA(III)I)), S-(dimethylarsinic)cysteine (DMA(III) (Cys)), dimethylarsino-glutathione (DMA(III)(GS)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTA(V)), dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTA(V)), dimethylarsinothioyl glutathione (DMMTA(V)(GS)). The developed method was applied for the analysis of cancer cells that were incubated with darinaparsin (DMA(III)(GS)), a novel chemotherapeutic agent for refractory malignancies, and the arsenic metabolic profile obtained was compared to results using a previously developed method. This method provides a useful analytical tool which is much needed in unequivocally identifying the arsenicals formed during the metabolism of environmental arsenic exposure or therapeutic arsenic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabina Stice
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, FL International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Guangliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, FL International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Shannon Matulis
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, FL International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, United States; Southeast Environmental Research Center, FL International University, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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49
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Cortés-Arriagada D, Toro-Labbé A. A theoretical investigation of the removal of methylated arsenic pollutants with silicon doped graphene. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations show the ability of silicon embedded graphene for the removal of methylated arsenic(iii, v) pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cortés-Arriagada
- Nucleus Millennium Chemical Processes and Catalysis
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC)
- Departamento de Química-Física
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Nucleus Millennium Chemical Processes and Catalysis
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC)
- Departamento de Química-Física
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
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50
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Kurosawa H, Shimoda Y, Miura M, Kato K, Yamanaka K, Hata A, Yamano Y, Endo Y, Endo G. A novel metabolic activation associated with glutathione in dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTA(V))-induced toxicity obtained from in vitro reaction of DMMTA(V) with glutathione. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 33:87-94. [PMID: 26653748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the metabolic processing of dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTA(V)), which is a metabolite of inorganic arsenic and has received a great deal of attention recently due to its high toxicity. The metabolites produced from an in vitro reaction with GSH were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometer (HPLC-TOFMS), HPLC with a photodiode array detector (PDA), and also gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC with a flame photometric detector (FPD). The reaction of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) with GSH did not generate DMA(V)-SG but did generate dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) or DMA(III)-SG. On the contrary, we confirmed that the reaction of DMMTA(V) with GSH directly produced the stable complex of DMMTA(V)-SG without reduction through a trivalent dimethylated arsenic such as DMA(III) and DMA(III)-SG. Furthermore, the present study suggests the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and dimethylmercaptoarsine (DMA(III)-SH), a trivalent dimethylated arsenic, as well as DMA(III) and DMA(III)-SG in the decomposition process of DMMTA(V)-SG. These results indicate that the toxicity of DMMTA(V) depends not only on the formation of DMA(III) but also on at least those of H2S and DMA(III)-SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan; Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Metropolitan Police Department, Tokyo 100-8929, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Shimoda
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Motofumi Miura
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Akihisa Hata
- Department of Medical Risk Management, Graduate School of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamano
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Endo
- Research Center for Occupational Poisoning, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Hyogo 660-8511, Japan
| | - Ginji Endo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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