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Duncan MS, Diaz-Zabala H, Jaworski J, Tindle HA, Greevy RA, Lipworth L, Hung RJ, Freiberg MS, Aldrich MC. Interaction between Continuous Pack-Years Smoked and Polygenic Risk Score on Lung Cancer Risk: Prospective Results from the Framingham Heart Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:500-508. [PMID: 38227004 PMCID: PMC10988206 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer risk attributable to smoking is dose dependent, yet few studies examining a polygenic risk score (PRS) by smoking interaction have included comprehensive lifetime pack-years smoked. METHODS We analyzed data from participants of European ancestry in the Framingham Heart Study Original (n = 454) and Offspring (n = 2,470) cohorts enrolled in 1954 and 1971, respectively, and followed through 2018. We built a PRS for lung cancer using participant genotyping data and genome-wide association study summary statistics from a recent study in the OncoArray Consortium. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to assess risk and the interaction between pack-years smoked and genetic risk for lung cancer adjusting for European ancestry, age, sex, and education. RESULTS We observed a significant submultiplicative interaction between pack-years and PRS on lung cancer risk (P = 0.09). Thus, the relative risk associated with each additional 10 pack-years smoked decreased with increasing genetic risk (HR = 1.56 at one SD below mean PRS, HR = 1.48 at mean PRS, and HR = 1.40 at one SD above mean PRS). Similarly, lung cancer risk per SD increase in the PRS was highest among those who had never smoked (HR = 1.55) and decreased with heavier smoking (HR = 1.32 at 30 pack-years). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the presence of a submultiplicative interaction between pack-years and genetics on lung cancer risk, consistent with recent findings. Both smoking and genetics were significantly associated with lung cancer risk. IMPACT These results underscore the contributions of genetics and smoking on lung cancer risk and highlight the negative impact of continued smoking regardless of genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S. Duncan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hector Diaz-Zabala
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James Jaworski
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hilary A. Tindle
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Tennessee
| | - Robert A. Greevy
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Loren Lipworth
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Freiberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Melinda C. Aldrich
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Lu RQ, Yuan W, Feng H, Lennon Luo SX, Mason Wu YC, Etkind SI, Kumar M, Swager TM. Porous Polymers Containing Metallocalix[4]arene for the Extraction of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:10623-10630. [PMID: 37323159 PMCID: PMC10262809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We designed porous polymers with a tungsten-calix[4]arene imido complex as the nitrosamine receptor for the efficient extraction of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) from water. The interaction between the metallocalix[4]arene and the TSNA, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone, NNK) was investigated. We found that the incorporation of the nitrosamine receptor into porous polymers increased their selectivity toward NNK over nicotine. The polymer with an optimal ratio of calixarene-containing and porosity-inducing building blocks showed a high maximum adsorption capacity of up to 203 mg/g toward NNK under sonication, which was among the highest values reported. The adsorbed NNK could be removed from the polymer by soaking it in acetonitrile, enabling the adsorbent to be reused. A similar extraction efficiency to that under sonication could be achieved using the polymer-coated magnetic particles under stirring. We also proved that the material could efficiently extract TSNAs from real tobacco extract. This work not only provides an efficient material for the extraction of TSNAs but also offers a design strategy for efficient adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Qiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Weize Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Haosheng Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - You-Chi Mason Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samuel I Etkind
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohanraja Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Nicotine Inhibits the Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of NNK Mediated by CYP2A13 in BEAS-2B Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154851. [PMID: 35956805 PMCID: PMC9369970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and nicotine can be metabolized by cytochrome P450 2A13 (CYP2A13). Previous studies have shown that nicotine has a potential inhibitory effect on the toxicity of NNK. However, due to the lack of CYP2A13 activity in conventional lung cell lines, there had been no systematic in vitro investigation for the key target organ, the lung. Here, BEAS-2B cells stably expressing CYP2A13 (B-2A13 cells) were constructed to investigate the effects of nicotine on the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of NNK. The results showed more sensitivity for NNK-induced cytotoxicity in B-2A13 cells than in BEAS-2B and B-vector cells. NNK significantly induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and chromosomal damage in B-2A13 cells, but had no significant effect on BEAS-2B cells and the vector control cells. The combination of different concentration gradient of nicotine without cytotoxic effects and a single concentration of NNK reduced or even counteracted the cytotoxicity and multi-dimensional genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, CYP2A13 caused the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of NNK in BEAS-2B cells, and the addition of nicotine could inhibit the toxicity of NNK.
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Abrishami-Kia Z, Sadati-Bizaki T, Ghare-Tapeh EA, Harijani SM. Managing MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGFR-2, TGFβ-1, and TIMP-1 in NNK-induced lung carcinoma by nonchemical interventions in female rats. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1261-1267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abu-Bakar A, Tan BH, Halim H, Ramli S, Pan Y, Ong6 CE. Cytochromes P450: Role in Carcinogenesis and Relevance to Cancers. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:355-373. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220328143828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstracts:
Cancer is a leading factor of mortality globally. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a pivotal role in the biotransformation of both endogenous and exogenous compounds. Evidence from numerous epidemiological, animal, and clinical studies points to instrumental role of CYPs in cancer initiation, metastasis, and prevention. Substantial research has found that CYPs are involved in activating different carcinogenic chemicals in the environment, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-related nitrosamines. Electrophilic intermediates produced from these chemicals can covalently bind to DNA, inducing mutation and cellular transformation that collectively result in cancer development. While bioactivation of procarcinogens and promutagens by CYPs has long been established, the role of CYP-derived endobiotics in carcinogenesis has emerged in recent years. Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via CYP oxidative pathways have been implicated in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. The purpose of this review is to update on the current state of knowledge about the cancer molecular mechanism involving CYPs with focus on the biochemical and biotransformation mechanisms in the various CYP-mediated carcinogenesis, and the role of CYP-derived reactive metabolites, from both external and endogenous sources, on cancer growth and tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A’edah Abu-Bakar
- Product Stewardship and Toxicology, Group Health, Safety, Security and Environment, PETRONAS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon Hooi Tan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hasseri Halim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salfarina Ramli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Eng Ong6
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Shikata M, Toyooka T, Komaki Y, Ibuki Y. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-Induced Histone Acetylation via α7nAChR-Mediated PI3K/Akt Activation and Its Impact on γ-H2AX Generation. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2512-2521. [PMID: 34784199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A typical tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is known as a strong carcinogen. We previously reported that metabolized NNK induced histone H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX), a DNA damage-induced histone modification. In this study, we found that NNK globally acetylated histone H3, which affected γ-H2AX generation. Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 was treated with several doses of NNK. NNK induced dose-dependent global histone H3 acetylation (Ac-H3), at 2 to 12 h after the treatment, independent of the cell cycle. The Ac-H3 pattern was not affected by CYP2A13 overexpression unlike γ-H2AX, indicating no requirement of NNK metabolism to induce Ac-H3. Immunofluorescence staining of Ac-H3 was uniform throughout the nucleus, whereas γ-H2AX was formed as foci and did not coincide with Ac-H3. Nicotinic receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine inhibited Ac-H3 and also γ-H2AX. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitors, LY294002, wortmannin, and GSK690693, also suppressed both Ac-H3 and γ-H2AX, whereas KU-55933, an inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) upstream of γ-H2AX, inhibited γ-H2AX but not Ac-H3. These results suggested that binding of NNK to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, resulting in Ac-H3. The activated pathway leading to Ac-H3 enhanced γ-H2AX, suggesting that NNK-induced DNA damage is impacted by the α7nAChR-mediated signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Shikata
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toyooka
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8585, Japan
| | - Yukako Komaki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuko Ibuki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Sneha S, Baker SC, Green A, Storr S, Aiyappa R, Martin S, Pors K. Intratumoural Cytochrome P450 Expression in Breast Cancer: Impact on Standard of Care Treatment and New Efforts to Develop Tumour-Selective Therapies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030290. [PMID: 33809117 PMCID: PMC7998590 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in treatment strategies over the past decade, selective treatment of breast cancer with limited side-effects still remains a great challenge. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of enzymes contribute to cancer cell proliferation, cell signaling and drug metabolism with implications for treatment outcomes. A clearer understanding of CYP expression is important in the pathogenesis of breast cancer as several isoforms play critical roles in metabolising steroid hormones and xenobiotics that contribute to the genesis of breast cancer. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on how the presence of CYPs impacts on standard of care (SoC) drugs used to treat breast cancer as well as discuss opportunities to exploit CYP expression for therapeutic intervention. Finally, we provide our thoughts on future work in CYP research with the aim of supporting ongoing efforts to develop drugs with improved therapeutic index for patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smarakan Sneha
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
| | - Simon C. Baker
- Jack Birch Unit for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Department of Biology & York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Andrew Green
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.G.); (S.S.); (R.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Sarah Storr
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.G.); (S.S.); (R.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Radhika Aiyappa
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.G.); (S.S.); (R.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Stewart Martin
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (A.G.); (S.S.); (R.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1274-236482 or +44-(0)1274-235866; Fax: +44-(0)1274-233234
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Human Family 1-4 cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of xenobiotic and physiological chemicals: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:395-472. [PMID: 33459808 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic activation of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and general chemicals by the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes belonging to Families 1-4. The data were collected from > 5152 references. The total number of data entries of reactions catalyzed by P450s Families 1-4 was 7696 of which 1121 (~ 15%) were defined as bioactivation reactions of different degrees. The data were divided into groups of General Chemicals, Drugs, Natural Products, and Physiological Compounds, presented in tabular form. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group are discussed. In most of the cases, the metabolites are directly toxic chemicals reacting with cell macromolecules, but in some cases the metabolites formed are not direct toxicants but participate as substrates in succeeding metabolic reactions (e.g., conjugation reactions), the products of which are final toxicants. We identified a high level of activation for three groups of compounds (General Chemicals, Drugs, and Natural Products) yielding activated metabolites and the generally low participation of Physiological Compounds in bioactivation reactions. In the group of General Chemicals, P450 enzymes 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 dominate in the formation of activated metabolites. Drugs are mostly activated by the enzyme P450 3A4, and Natural Products by P450s 1A2, 2E1, and 3A4. Physiological Compounds showed no clearly dominant enzyme, but the highest numbers of activations are attributed to P450 1A, 1B1, and 3A enzymes. The results thus show, perhaps not surprisingly, that Physiological Compounds are infrequent substrates in bioactivation reactions catalyzed by P450 enzyme Families 1-4, with the exception of estrogens and arachidonic acid. The results thus provide information on the enzymes that activate specific groups of chemicals to toxic metabolites.
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Ma L, Jin G, Yang Y, Pang Y, Wang W, Zhang H, Liu J, Wu P, Wang Z, Wang K, Chang R, Li J, Zhu Z. Association between CYP2A13 polymorphisms and lung cancer: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23289. [PMID: 33327254 PMCID: PMC7738112 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, lung cancer has become the most common cause of cancer-related death, several studies indicate that the cytochrome P450 2A13 (CYP2A13) polymorphisms may be correlated with lung cancer susceptibility, but the results have been inconsistent and inconclusive. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis is to provide a precise conclusion on the potential association between CYP2A13 polymorphisms and the risk of lung cancer based on case-control studies. METHODS The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases will be searched for case-control studies published up to September 2020. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to determine the effects of the CYP2A13 polymorphism on lung cancer risk, respectively. RESULTS The results of this meta-analysis will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis will summarize the association between CYP2A13 polymorphisms and the risk of lung cancer. INPLASY REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY202090102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gang Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yao Pang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zequan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruitong Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jialong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zijiang Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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The Multifarious Link between Cytochrome P450s and Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3028387. [PMID: 31998435 PMCID: PMC6964729 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3028387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Cytochrome P450s (P450s) play an important role in the metabolism of endogenous as well as exogenous substances, especially drugs. Moreover, many P450s can serve as targets for disease therapy. Increasing reports of epidemiological, diagnostic, and clinical research indicate that P450s are enzymes that play a major part in the formation of cancer, prevention, and metastasis. The purposes of this review are to shed light on the current state of knowledge about the cancer molecular mechanism involving P450s and to summarize the link between the cancer effects and the participation of P450s.
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Boonruang S, Prakobsri K, Pouyfung P, Prasopthum A, Rongnoparut P, Sarapusit S. Structure-activity relationship and in vitro inhibition of human cytochrome CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 by flavonoids. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:630-639. [PMID: 31578905 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1675101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the major risk factors of various diseases including respiratory diseases and lung cancer. While the liver-specific CYP2A6 is associated with the nicotine clearance and smoking addiction, the metabolic activation of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine by lung-specific CYP2A13 can lead to lung tumorigenesis.It has been reported that inhibition of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 enzymes by flavonoids constituents could be an aids in smoking cessation. This study demonstrates the inhibition activity of kaempferol and myricetin and the structure-function relationship of these two flavonoids and previously isolated flavonoids from Vernonia cinerea and Pluchea indica against both enzymes.Kaempferol could inhibit CYP2A6 with Kic value of 1.77 ± 0.47 µM while inhibit CYP2A13 with Kic value of 0.12 ± 0.01 µM. Myricetin could inhibit CYP2A6 with Kic value of 4.06 ± 0.52 µM while inhibit CYP2A13 with Kic value of 1.88 ± 0.03 µM.Molecular docking indicated that CYP2A13 enzyme has strong hydrophobic interaction with ring B of flavonoids compared to CYP2A6 enzyme. The presence of the hydroxyl group at C3 position of ring C and the hydroxyl group at C5' of ring B affected inhibitory activity on both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supattra Boonruang
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Program, Burapha University, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Khanistha Prakobsri
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Program, Burapha University, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Phisit Pouyfung
- Department of Community Public Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Aruna Prasopthum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpimol Rongnoparut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Songklod Sarapusit
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Unit of Natural Bioactive Compounds for Healthcare Products Development, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand.,Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand
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Tsou HH, Ko HT, Chen CT, Wang TW, Lee CH, Liu TY, Wang HT. Betel quid containing safrole enhances metabolic activation of tobacco specific 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:13-21. [PMID: 31071628 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) and betel quid (BQ) chewing are two known risk factors that have synergistic potential for the enhancing the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Taiwan. Most mutagens and carcinogens are metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) to exert their mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. Previous studies have shown that metabolic activation of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), by CYP2A6 activity determines NNK-induced carcinogenesis. In addition, safrole affects cytochrome P450 activity in rodents. However, the effect of BQ safrole on the metabolism of tobacco-specific NNK and its carcinogenicity remains elusive. This study demonstrates that safrole (1 mg/kg/d) induced CYP2A6 activity, reduced urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) levels, and increased NNK-induced DNA damage, including N7-methylguanine, 8-OH-deoxyguanosine and DNA strand breaks in a Syrian golden hamster model. Furthermore, altered NNK metabolism and increased NNK-induced DNA damage were also observed in healthy subjects with CS and BQ chewing histories compared to healthy subjects with CS histories. In conclusion, BQ containing safrole induced tobacco-specific NNK metabolic activation, resulting in higher NNK-induced genotoxicity. This study provides valuable insight into the synergistic mechanisms of CS- and BQ-induced OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsing Tsou
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Tung Ko
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tzu Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Wen Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Wang H, Li X, Zhao G, Xu L, Wang S, Nie M, Hua C, Shang P, Pan L, Zhao J, Qiao L, Liu K, Hu K, Su J, Cai J, Xie F. Analysis of methyl DNA adducts and metabolites in BEAS-2B cells induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:499-510. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1611982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangtao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingxuan Nie
- Zhengzhou Foreign Language School, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenfeng Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pingping Shang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lining Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangjun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiakun Su
- China Tobacco Jiangxi Industrial LLC, Nanchang, China
| | - Jibao Cai
- China Tobacco Jiangxi Industrial LLC, Nanchang, China
| | - Fuwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Qin Q, Wu Q, Wang Y, Xiong R, Guo L, Fu X, Rosenfeldt H, Bryant M, Cao X. Effects of cellular differentiation in human primary bronchial epithelial cells: Metabolism of 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 55:185-194. [PMID: 30552994 PMCID: PMC7953429 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many of the toxicants in tobacco smoke undergo biotransformation in the lungs of smokers, both to reactive and to detoxified derivatives. Human air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue models have emerged as an advanced in vitro model for evaluating the toxicity of inhaled substances; however, the metabolic potential of these cultures has not been evaluated extensively. In this study, we compared the metabolic activities of an ALI tissue model to the undifferentiated normal human primary bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells from which it was derived. Measurement of the basal levels of gene expression for 84 phase I drug metabolism enzymes indicated that most genes were upregulated in ALI cultures compared to NHBE cells. Furthermore, the enzymatic activities of three cytochrome P450s involved in the bioactivation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines were higher in the ALI cultures, and the bioactivation of 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), as measured by the formation of two of its major metabolites, i.e., keto acid and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), was significantly greater in the ALI cultures. Finally, NNK was a direct-acting genotoxicant in the ALI cultures, while the genotoxicity of NNK was detected in NHBE cells only in the presence of an exogenous liver S9 activation system. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the greater metabolic potential of well-differentiated ALI cultures than primary NHBE cells, supporting the potential use of ALI airway cultures as an alternative in vitro model for evaluating inhaled toxicants that require metabolic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qin
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Xin Fu
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States; Division of Clinical Review, Office of Bioequivalence, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Hans Rosenfeldt
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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15
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Hua F, Guo Y, Sun Q, Yang L, Gao F. HapMap-based study: CYP2A13 may be a potential key metabolic enzyme gene in the carcinogenesis of lung cancer in non-smokers. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10:601-606. [PMID: 30807688 PMCID: PMC6449263 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between CYP2A13 polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility using the HapMap database. Methods A case‐control analysis of 532 subjects with lung cancer and 614 controls with no personal history of the disease was performed. The tag SNPs rs1645690 and rs8192789 for CYP2A13 were selected, and the genetic polymorphisms were confirmed experimentally through real‐time PCR, cloning, and sequencing assay. Results SNP frequency in this study was consistent with the HapMap Project database of Han‐Chinese and lung cancer risk was associated with CYP2A13 polymorphisms in non‐smokers. CYP2A13 shares a 93.5% identity with CYP2A6 in the amino acid sequence and the homologous sequences may interfere with the study of SNPs of CYP2A13. Conclusions CYP2A13 may be a potential key metabolic enzyme gene in the carcinogenesis of lung cancer in non‐smokers. The common polymorphisms of CYP2A13 may be candidate biomarkers for lung cancer susceptibility in Han‐Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hua
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yonglu Guo
- Department of Respiratory, Jiuquan City People's Hospital, Jiuquan, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Infection, Jiuquan City People's Hospital, Jiuquan, China
| | - Leizhou Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jining City Yanzhou District Railway Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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16
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Azab E, Kebeish R, Hegazy AK. Expression of the human gene CYP1A2 enhances tolerance and detoxification of the phenylurea herbicide linuron in Arabidopsis thaliana plants and Escherichia coli. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:281-290. [PMID: 29573710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenylurea herbicide, linuron (LIN), is used to control various types of weeds. Despite its efficient role in controlling weeds, it presents a persistent problem to the environment. In the current study, phytoremediation properties of transgenic CYP1A2 Arabidopsis thaliana plants to LIN were assessed. CYP1A2 gene was firstly cloned and expressed in bacteria before proceeding to plants. In presence of LIN, The growth of CYP1A2 expressing bacteria was superior compared to control bacteria transformed with the empty bacterial expression vector pET22b(+). No clear morphological changes were detected on CYP1A2 transgenic plants. However, significant resistance to LIN herbicide application either via spraying the foliar parts of the plant or via supplementation of the herbicide in the growth medium was observed for CYP1A2 transformants. Plant growth assays under LIN stress provide strong evidence for the enhanced capacity of transgenic lines to grow and to tolerate high concentrations of LIN compared to control plants. HPLC analyses showed that detoxification of LIN by bacterial extracts and/or transgenic plant leaves is improved as compared to the corresponding controls. Our data indicate that over expression of the human CYP1A2 gene increases the phytoremediation capacity and tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana plants to the phenylurea herbicide linuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Azab
- Taif University, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology Department, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Zagazig University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Plant Biotechnology Laboratory (PBL), El-Gamaa Street 1, 44519, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Rashad Kebeish
- Taibah University, Faculty of Science Yanbu, Biology Department, King Khalid Rd, Al amoedi, 46423, Yanbu El-Bahr, Saudi Arabia; Zagazig University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Plant Biotechnology Laboratory (PBL), El-Gamaa Street 1, 44519, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - A K Hegazy
- Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Giza, Egypt
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17
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Zhang S, Chen H, Wang A, Liu Y, Hou H, Hu Q. Genotoxicity analysis of five particle matter toxicants from cigarette smoke based on γH2AX assay combined with Hill/Two-component model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:131-140. [PMID: 29329021 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the genotoxic characteristics of typical toxicants in particle phase of cigarette smoke, including B[a]P, nicotine, tar, NNN and NNK. The in vitro γH2AX assay was used to detect the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in A549 cells using high content screening (HCS). The results showed all toxicants had a dose/time-dependent effects on induction of γH2AX except for NNN and NNK. Based on dose-response of γH2AX and Hill model, the ability to induce DSBs was evaluated: NNN-acetate > B[a]P > NNK-acetate > tar > nicotine. Based on time-course of γH2AX and two-component model, the complex DNA damage was the main subtypes of DNA damage induced by these toxicants. Overall, all toxicants were genotoxic in A549 cells in a dose- or time- dependent manner except for NNN and NNK based on the γH2AX HCS assay. NNN-acetate had more potential to induce DSBs, which was followed by B[a]P, NNK-acetate, tar and nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - An Wang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, PR China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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18
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Park JE, Jang YL, Jang CY. The tobacco carcinogen NNK disturbs mitotic chromosome alignment by interrupting p53 targeting to the centrosome. Toxicol Lett 2017; 281:110-118. [PMID: 28964810 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is the most potent risk factor among tobacco-related carcinogens in lung cancer progression and outcomes. Although genetic mutations and chromosome instability have been detected in NNK-induced lung tumors, the oncogenic mechanisms of NNK are not fully understood. Here, we show that NNK increases chromosomal instability by disrupting spindle microtubule (MT) attachment to the kinetochore (KT) and spindle dynamics. Mechanistically, NNK blocks the targeting of p53 to the centrosome during mitosis, leading to chromosome alignment defects in metaphase. Therefore, lung cancer cells with wild-type p53, such as A594 and H226B, are more resistant to the NNK treatment than p53-mutant lung cancer cells, such as A1299 and H226Br. Although NNK does not affect the levels or transcriptional activity of p53, the reduction of the p53 level at the centrosome exacerbates the NNK-induced chromosome alignment defect in A549 and H226B cells. Therefore, p53 protects against NNK-induced chromosome instability by modulating the function of centrosome-localized p53 and not by modulating transcriptional activity. We conclude that NNK may increase the risk of lung cancer progression and poorer outcomes in patients with p53 mutations by perturbing proper mitotic progression and chromosome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Park
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Lim Jang
- Soongeui Girls' High School, Seoul 06944, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Young Jang
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Kumondai M, Hosono H, Orikasa K, Arai Y, Arai T, Sugimura H, Ozono S, Sugiyama T, Takayama T, Sasaki T, Hirasawa N, Hiratsuka M. CYP2A13 Genetic Polymorphisms in Relation to the Risk of Bladder Cancer in Japanese Smokers. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:1683-1686. [PMID: 27725446 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines including 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), which can be activated by the metabolic enzyme CYP2A13, are potent procarcinogens. Smoking plays a role in carcinogenesis in the human bladder, which expresses CYP2A13 at a relatively high level. Numerous genetic polymorphisms of CYP2A13 causing amino acid substitution might reduce CYP2A13 metabolic activity toward NNK and NNN, resulting in decreased susceptibility to bladder cancer. The aim of this study was to reveal any association between bladder cancer development and CYP2A13 genetic polymorphisms in Japanese smokers. The CYP2A13 genotype of each subject (163 bladder cancer patients and 161 controls) was determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the full CYP2A13 gene. All samples were genotyped for five CYP2A13 variant alleles (CYP2A13*2, *3, *4, *6, *7). Based on biological logistic regression, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the CYP2A13*1/*2 genotype was 0.34 (0.17-0.69). Thus, CYP2A13 genetic polymorphisms might play important roles in the development of bladder cancer in Japanese smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kumondai
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy of Life-Style Related Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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20
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Shimada T, Takenaka S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Kim JH, Kim D, Yoshimoto FK, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Oxidation of Acenaphthene and Acenaphthylene by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 28:268-78. [PMID: 25642975 DOI: 10.1021/tx500505y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acenaphthene and acenaphthylene, two known environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)pollutants, were incubated at 50 μM concentrations in a standard reaction mixture with human P450s 2A6, 2A13, 1B1,1A2, 2C9, and 3A4, and the oxidation products were determined using HPLC and LC-MS. HPLC analysis showed that P450 2A6 converted acenaphthene and acenaphthylene to several mono- and dioxygenated products. LC-MS analysis of acenaphthene oxidation by P450s indicated the formation of1-acenaphthenol as a major product, with turnover rates of 6.7,4.5, and 3.6 nmol product formed/min/nmol P450 for P4502A6, 2A13, and 1B1, respectively. Acenaphthylene oxidation by P450 2A6 showed the formation of 1,2-epoxyacenaphthene as a major product (4.4 nmol epoxide formed/min/nmol P450) and also several mono- and dioxygenated products.P450 2A13, 1B1, 1A2, 2C9, and 3A4 formed 1,2-epoxyacenaphthene at rates of 0.18, 5.3 2.4, 0.16, and 3.8 nmol/min/nmol P450, respectively. 1-Acenaphthenol, which induced Type I binding spectra with P450 2A13, was further oxidized by P450 2A13 but not P450 2A6. 1,2-Epoxyacenaphthene induced Type I binding spectra with P450 2A6 and 2A13 (K(s) 1.8 and 0.16 μM,respectively) and was also oxidized to several oxidation products by these P450s. Molecular docking analysis suggested different orientations of acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, 1-acenaphthenol, and 1,2-epoxyacenaphthene in their interactions with P450 2A6a nd 2A13. Neither of these four PAHs induced umu gene expression in a Salmonella typhimurium NM tester strain. These results suggest, for the first time, that acenaphthene and acenaphthylene are oxidized by human P450s 2A6 and 2A13 and other P450s to form several mono- and dioxygenated products. The results are of use in considering the biological and toxicological significance of these environmental PAHs in humans.
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21
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Shimada T, Takenaka S, Kakimoto K, Murayama N, Lim YR, Kim D, Foroozesh MK, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Structure-Function Studies of Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Biphenyl, and Their Derivatives in Interaction with and Oxidation by Cytochromes P450 2A13 and 2A6. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1029-40. [PMID: 27137136 PMCID: PMC5293596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl, and their derivatives having different ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, and propargyl ether substitutions were examined for their interaction with and oxidation by cytochromes P450 (P450) 2A13 and 2A6. Spectral interaction studies suggested that most of these chemicals interacted with P450 2A13 to induce Type I binding spectra more readily than with P450 2A6. Among the various substituted derivatives examined, 2-ethynylnaphthalene, 2-naphthalene propargyl ether, 3-ethynylphenanthrene, and 4-biphenyl propargyl ether had larger ΔAmax/Ks values in inducing Type I binding spectra with P450 2A13 than their parent compounds. P450 2A13 was found to oxidize naphthalene, phenanthrene, and biphenyl to 1-naphthol, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 2- and/or 4-hydroxybiphenyl, respectively, at much higher rates than P450 2A6. Other human P450 enzymes including P450s 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2C9, and 3A4 had lower rates of oxidation of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and biphenyl than P450s 2A13 and 2A6. Those alkynylated derivatives that strongly induced Type I binding spectra with P450s 2A13 and 2A6 were extensively oxidized by these enzymes upon analysis with HPLC. Molecular docking studies supported the hypothesis that ligand-interaction energies (U values) obtained with reported crystal structures of P450 2A13 and 2A6 bound to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, indole, pilocarpine, nicotine, and coumarin are of use in understanding the basis of possible molecular interactions of these xenobiotic chemicals with the active sites of P450 2A13 and 2A6 enzymes. In fact, the ligand-interaction energies with P450 2A13 4EJG bound to these chemicals were found to relate to their induction of Type I binding spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Maryam K. Foroozesh
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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22
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Shimada T, Takenaka S, Murayama N, Kramlinger VM, Kim JH, Kim D, Liu J, Foroozesh MK, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Oxidation of pyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-nitropyrene and 1-acetylpyrene by human cytochrome P450 2A13. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:211-24. [PMID: 26247835 PMCID: PMC5270756 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1069419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-nitropyrene and 1-acetylpyrene, were found to induce Type I binding spectra with human cytochrome P450 (P450) 2A13 and were converted to various mono- and di-oxygenated products by this enzyme. 2. Pyrene was first oxidized by P450 2A13 to 1-hydroxypyrene which was further oxidized to di-oxygenated products, i.e. 1,8- and 1,6-dihydroxypyrene. Of five other human P450s examined, P450 1B1 catalyzed pyrene oxidation to 1-hydroxypyrene at a similar rate to P450 2A13 but was less efficient in forming dihydroxypyrenes. P450 2A6, a related human P450 enzyme, which did not show any spectral changes with these four PAHs, showed lower activities in oxidation of these compounds than P450 2A13. 3. 1-Nitropyrene and 1-acetylpyrene were also found to be efficiently oxidized by P450 2A13 to several oxygenated products, based on mass spectrometry analysis. 4. Molecular docking analysis supported preferred orientations of pyrene and its derivatives in the active site of P450 2A13, with lower interaction energies (U values) than observed for P450 2A6 and that several amino acid residues (including Ala-301, Asn-297 and Ala-117) play important roles in directing the orientation of these PAHs in the P450 2A13 active site. In addition, Phe-231 and Gly-329 were found to interact with pyrene to orient this compound in the active site of P450 1B1. 5. These results suggest that P450 2A13 is one of the important enzymes that oxidizes these PAH compounds and may determine how these chemicals are detoxicated and bioactivated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Valerie M. Kramlinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Joo-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Maryam K. Foroozesh
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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23
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Ibuki Y, Shikata M, Toyooka T. γ-H2AX is a sensitive marker of DNA damage induced by metabolically activated 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1831-8. [PMID: 26231820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a nicotine-derived nitrosamine, is a potent pulmonary carcinogen present in tobacco smoke. DNA adducts induced by metabolically activated NNK cause carcinogenesis; however, the DNA adducts are difficult to detect in cultured cells because of low intrinsic metabolic enzyme activity. In this study, we indirectly detected NNK-induced DNA adducts via the phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells. NNK treatment dose-dependently induced γ-H2AX. This γ-H2AX induction was suppressed by ataxia telangiectasia mutated inhibitors, suggesting that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed during replication and repair of DNA adducts; however, DSBs could not be directly detected by biased sinusoidal field gel electrophoresis (BSFGE). CYP2A13-overexpressing cells showed prolonged γ-H2AX induction compared with control cells, and DSBs could be detected by BSFGE in CYP2A13-overexpressing cells as a clear migration of double-stranded DNA. These findings suggest that γ-H2AX is a sensitive marker of DNA adducts and provides a possible system for genotoxicity screening of chemicals such as NNK, which need metabolic activation to induce DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ibuki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Mariko Shikata
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toyooka
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan; National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
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Ge GZ, Xu TR, Chen C. Tobacco carcinogen NNK-induced lung cancer animal models and associated carcinogenic mechanisms. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:477-87. [PMID: 26040315 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco usage is a major risk factor in the development, progression, and outcomes for lung cancer. Of the carcinogens associated with lung cancer, tobacco-specific nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is among the most potent ones. The oncogenic mechanisms of NNK are not entirely understood, hindering the development of effective strategies for preventing and treating smoking-associated lung cancers. Here, we introduce the NNK-induced lung cancer animal models in different species and its potential mechanisms. Finally, we summarize several chemopreventive agents developed from these animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhe Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Baxter A, Thain S, Banerjee A, Haswell L, Parmar A, Phillips G, Minet E. Targeted omics analyses, and metabolic enzyme activity assays demonstrate maintenance of key mucociliary characteristics in long term cultures of reconstituted human airway epithelia. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:864-75. [PMID: 25863282 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
3D reconstituted respiratory epithelia have emerged as better in vitro models for toxicological testing compared to cell lines due to the conservation of key morphological features and functions. MucilAir™ is a commercially available human airway epithelia system that can potentially maintain functional attributes for up to a year, however, detailed mucociliary characteristics and xenobiotic metabolism relevant to inhaled pro-toxicant bioactivation is lacking. Here, we assessed in MucilAir™ some key biomarkers that are characteristic of the respiratory epithelia including morphology, function and xenobiotics metabolism. The end points that were measured included targeted proteomics using a panel of 243 airway surface liquid (ASL) proteins, cilia beat frequency (CBF), a qRT-PCR screen of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, and CYP2A6/13, CYP1A1/1B1 activity. Comparison of ASL proteomics with human sputum identified key proteins common to both matrices, but present at different levels. Xenobiotic metabolism gene profiling demonstrated strong similarities with the normal human lung and did not reveal any consistent changes when assessed over a 6 month period. Inducibility and activity of CYP1A1/1B1 and activity of CYP2A6/2A13 were present at one month in culture and maintained in one tested MucilAir™ donor for several months. In conclusion, MucilAir™ presented important morphological and metabolic characteristics of a mucociliary epithelium in short and long term culture. MucilAir™ is therefore a potentially useful model to test repeated sub-cytotoxic doses of toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Baxter
- BAT, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Simon Thain
- BAT, Group Research and Development Cambridge, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WA, UK
| | - Anisha Banerjee
- BAT, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Linsey Haswell
- BAT, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Aleesha Parmar
- BAT, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Gary Phillips
- BAT, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emmanuel Minet
- BAT, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
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26
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Zabala V, Tong M, Yu R, Ramirez T, Yalcin EB, Balbo S, Silbermann E, Deochand C, Nunez K, Hecht S, de la Monte SM. Potential contributions of the tobacco nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis in a chronic plus binge rat model of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 50:118-31. [PMID: 25618784 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is linked to binge drinking and cigarette smoking. Heavy chronic ± binge alcohol, or low-level exposures to dietary nitrosamines cause steatohepatitis with insulin resistance and oxidative stress in animal models. This study examines hepatotoxic effects of sub-mutagenic exposures to tobacco-specific nitrosamine (NNK) in relation to ALD. METHODS Long Evans rats were fed liquid diets containing 0 or 26% (caloric) ethanol (EtOH) for 8 weeks. In Weeks 3 through 8, rats were treated with NNK (2 mg/kg) or saline by i.p. injection, 3×/week, and in Weeks 7 and 8, EtOH-fed rats were binge-administered 2 g/kg EtOH 3×/week; controls were given saline. RESULTS EtOH ± NNK caused steatohepatitis with necrosis, disruption of the hepatic cord architecture, ballooning degeneration, early fibrosis, mitochondrial cytopathy and ER disruption. Severity of lesions was highest in the EtOH+NNK group. EtOH and NNK inhibited insulin/IGF signaling through Akt and activated pro-inflammatory cytokines, while EtOH promoted lipid peroxidation, and NNK increased apoptosis. O(6)-methyl-Guanine adducts were only detected in NNK-exposed livers. CONCLUSION Both alcohol and NNK exposures contribute to ALD pathogenesis, including insulin/IGF resistance and inflammation. The differential effects of EtOH and NNK on adduct formation are critical to ALD progression among alcoholics who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Zabala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rosa Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Teresa Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emine B Yalcin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Chetram Deochand
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kavin Nunez
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Suzanne M de la Monte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Departments of Pathology and Neurology, and the Division of Neuropathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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27
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Lee H, Kim JH, Han S, Lim YR, Park HG, Chun YJ, Park SW, Kim D. Directed-evolution analysis of human cytochrome P450 2A6 for enhanced enzymatic catalysis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1409-1418. [PMID: 25343290 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.951757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (P450 2A6) is the major enzyme responsible for the oxidation of coumarin, nicotine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in human liver. In this study, the catalytic turnover of coumarin oxidation was improved by directed-evolution analysis of P450 2A6 enzyme. A random mutant library was constructed using error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the open reading frame of the P450 2A6 gene and individual mutant clones were screened for improved catalytic activity in analysis of fluorescent coumarin 7-hydroxylation. Four consecutive rounds of random mutagenesis and screening were performed and catalytically enhanced mutants were selected in each round of screening. The selected mutants showed the sequentially accumulated mutations of amino acid residues of P450 2A6: B1 (F209S), C1 (F209S, S369G), D1 (F209S, S369G, E277K), and E1 (F209S, S369G, E277K, A10V). E1 mutants displayed approximately 13-fold increased activity based on fluorescent coumarin hydroxylation assays at bacterial whole cell level. Steady-state kinetic parameters for coumarin 7-hydroxylation and nicotine oxidation were measured in purified mutant enzymes and indicated catalytic turnover numbers (kcat) of selected mutants were enhanced up to sevenfold greater than wild-type P450 2A6. However, all mutants displayed elevated Km values and therefore catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) were not improved. The increase in Km values was partially attributed to reduction in substrate binding affinities measured in the analysis of substrate binding titration. The structural analysis of P450 2A6 indicates that F209S mutation is sufficient to affect direct interaction of substrate at the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwayoun Lee
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
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28
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Pulmonary CYP2A13 levels are associated with early occurrence of lung cancer—Its implication in mutagenesis of non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:653-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Gregg EO, Minet E, McEwan M. Urinary biomarkers of smokers' exposure to tobacco smoke constituents in tobacco products assessment: a fit for purpose approach. Biomarkers 2013; 18:467-86. [PMID: 23902266 PMCID: PMC3812700 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.821523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are established guidelines for bioanalytical assay validation and qualification of biomarkers. In this review, they were applied to a panel of urinary biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure as part of a "fit for purpose" approach to the assessment of smoke constituents exposure in groups of tobacco product smokers. Clinical studies have allowed the identification of a group of tobacco exposure biomarkers demonstrating a good doseresponse relationship whilst others such as dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid and 2-carboxy-1-methylethylmercapturic acid - did not reproducibly discriminate smokers and non-smokers. Furthermore, there are currently no agreed common reference standards to measure absolute concentrations and few inter-laboratory trials have been performed to establish consensus values for interim standards. Thus, we also discuss in this review additional requirements for the generation of robust data on urinary biomarkers, including toxicant metabolism and disposition, method validation and qualification for use in tobacco products comparison studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Minet
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & DevelopmentSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael McEwan
- British American Tobacco, Group Research & DevelopmentSouthamptonUnited Kingdom
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30
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Sun L, Fan X. Expression of cytochrome P450 2A13 in human non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical significance. J Biomed Res 2013; 27:202-7. [PMID: 23720675 PMCID: PMC3664726 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20120019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most important causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Human cytochrome P450 2A13 enzyme (CYP2A13) is predominantly expressed in the respiratory tract and could catalyze various carcinogens. In this study, we quantified CYP2A13 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and examined the relation between CYP2A13 and clinicopathologic factors. Thirty-five paired lung cancer and normal tissues were studied for the expression of the CYP2A13 gene by using real-time PCR and Western blotting assays. We also investigated the relationship between CYP2A13 expression and clinicopathologic factors such as age, gender, histology and lymph node status in tumor tissues. SPSS (17.0) statistical software was applied for data analysis. The real-time PCR results showed that there was no significant difference in the CYP2A13 mRNA transcript levels between tumor and paired normal tissues in the 35 samples and in 12 paired squamous cell carcinomas. In adenocarcinoma, the expression of CYP2A13 mRNA in tumor tissues was 12.5% of that in adjacent tissues (P < 0.05) and it was not associated with age, gender, histology and lymph node status of the patients. The amounts of CYP2A13 proteins detected by Western blotting assays correlated well with those of the corresponding mRNAs. In conclusion, the expression of CYP2A13 was downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma. CYP2A13 may be involved in the development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine of Guilin Medicial University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
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31
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Shimada T, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Tanaka K, Takenaka S, Komori M, Kim D, Guengerich FP. Metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aryl and heterocyclic amines by human cytochromes P450 2A13 and 2A6. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:529-37. [PMID: 23432465 DOI: 10.1021/tx3004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (P450) 2A13 was found to interact with several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to produce Type I binding spectra, including acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, fluoranthene, fluoranthene-2,3-diol, and 1-nitropyrene. P450 2A6 also interacted with acenaphthene and acenaphthylene, but not with fluoranthene, fluoranthene-2,3-diol, or 1-nitropyrene. P450 1B1 is well-known to oxidize many carcinogenic PAHs, and we found that several PAHs (i.e., 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-5,6-diol, benzo[c]phenanthrene, fluoranthene, fluoranthene-2,3-diol, 5-methylchrysene, benz[a]pyrene-4,5-diol, benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol, 1-nitropyrene, 2-aminoanthracene, 2-aminofluorene, and 2-acetylaminofluorene) interacted with P450 1B1, producing Reverse Type I binding spectra. Metabolic activation of PAHs and aryl- and heterocyclic amines to genotoxic products was examined in Salmonella typhimurium NM2009, and we found that P450 2A13 and 2A6 (as well as P450 1B1) were able to activate several of these procarcinogens. The former two enzymes were particularly active in catalyzing 2-aminofluorene and 2-aminoanthracene activation, and molecular docking simulations supported the results with these procarcinogens, in terms of binding in the active sites of P450 2A13 and 2A6. These results suggest that P450 2A enzymes, as well as P450 Family 1 enzymes including P450 1B1, are major enzymes involved in activating PAHs and aryl- and heterocyclic amines, as well as tobacco-related nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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HE WENWU, LONG JIANXIONG, XIAN LEI, PANG FENG, SU LI, WEI SHIXIU, WEI BO, HU YANLING. MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism is associated with lung cancer risk in women: A meta-analysis using METAGEN. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:569-576. [PMID: 23170107 PMCID: PMC3501375 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common diagnosed malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) SNP309 polymorphisms have been reported to influence the risk of lung cancer. However, the published studies together with four subsequent meta-analyses have yielded contradictory results. To examine this inconsistency, we conducted a meta-analysis of 6,696 lung cancer cases and 7,972 controls from eight published case-control studies using METAGEN. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with STATA software and used to assess the strength of the association. In the overall analysis, a significant association between MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and lung cancer risk was observed (OR, 1.143; 95% CI, 1.047-1.247). Moreover, stratified by ethnicity, a significant association was found in Asians (OR, 1.260; 95% CI, 1.111-1.429), but not in Europeans. Subgroup analysis of gender, histology and smoking status suggested that the MDM2 SNP309 genotype was associated with increased lung cancer risk in women (OR, 1.282; 95% CI, 1.062-1.548) and never smokers (OR, 1.328; 95% CI, 1.119-1.575). No statistically significant association was observed in males and ever smoking population, and no association was found in subgroup analysis based on histology. In conclusion, the association between MDM2 SNP309 and lung cancer was statistically significant, particularly in Asians, women and never smoking population.
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Affiliation(s)
- WENWU HE
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | | | - LEI XIAN
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - FENG PANG
- Fourth Grade of Clinical Medicine and
| | | | - SHIXIU WEI
- Medical Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi,
P.R. China
| | | | - YANLING HU
- Medical Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi,
P.R. China
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Chiang HC, Wang CK, Tsou TC. Differential distribution of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 in the human respiratory tract. Respiration 2012; 84:319-26. [PMID: 22890016 DOI: 10.1159/000339591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 play important roles in metabolic activation of many pulmonary carcinogens and thus their expression and distribution may determine the pulmonary susceptibility to metabolically activated carcinogens and the following lung cancer development. Because of the 93.5% of amino acid identity between CYP2A6 and CYP2A13, generation of antibodies specific to CYP2A6 or CYP2A13 has limited immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 levels in the respiratory tract. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the differential distribution of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 in human respiratory tissue with IHC analysis. METHODS With computer-aided protein sequence analyses, candidate epitopes of 15 amino acids in the C-terminal domains of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 were selected for antibody generation. Specificity of these two antibodies was confirmed with immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses. With these two selective antibodies, the differential distribution of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 in human respiratory tissues, including tracheae, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, was determined. RESULTS IHC results showed that both CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 were markedly expressed in epithelial cells of tracheae and bronchi and that only CYP2A6 was detected in bronchiolar epithelial cells of peripheral lungs. A limitation of the present study is the cross-reactivity of our CYP2A6 antibody to the functional inactive CYP2A7. CONCLUSIONS The differential distribution patterns of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 in the respiratory tract are of importance in considering the pulmonary susceptibility to carcinogens and the following lung cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-chih Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
Considerable support exists for the roles of metabolism in modulating the carcinogenic properties of chemicals. In particular, many of these compounds are pro-carcinogens that require activation to electrophilic forms to exert genotoxic effects. We systematically analyzed the existing literature on the metabolism of carcinogens by human enzymes, which has been developed largely in the past 25 years. The metabolism and especially bioactivation of carcinogens are dominated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (66% of bioactivations). Within this group, six P450s--1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2E1, and 3A4--accounted for 77% of the P450 activation reactions. The roles of these P450s can be compared with those estimated for drug metabolism and should be considered in issues involving enzyme induction, chemoprevention, molecular epidemiology, interindividual variations, and risk assessment.
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Kumar S, Jin M, Weemhoff JL. Cytochrome P450-Mediated Phytoremediation using Transgenic Plants: A Need for Engineered Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3. [PMID: 25298920 PMCID: PMC4186655 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for versatile and ubiquitous Cytochrome P450 (CYP) biocatalysts for biotechnology, medicine, and bioremediation. In the last decade there has been an increase in realization of the power of CYP biocatalysts for detoxification of soil and water contaminants using transgenic plants. However, the major limitations of mammalian CYP enzymes are that they require CYP reductase (CPR) for their activity, and they show relatively low activity, stability, and expression. On the other hand, bacterial CYP enzymes show limited substrate diversity and usually do not metabolize herbicides and industrial contaminants. Therefore, there has been a considerable interest for biotechnological industries and the scientific community to design CYP enzymes to improve their catalytic efficiency, stability, expression, substrate diversity, and the suitability of P450-CPR fusion enzymes. Engineered CYP enzymes have potential for transgenic plants-mediated phytoremediation of herbicides and environmental contaminants. In this review we discuss: 1) the role of CYP enzymes in phytoremediation using transgenic plants, 2) problems associated with wild-type CYP enzymes in phytoremediation, and 3) examples of engineered CYP enzymes and their potential role in transgenic plant-mediated phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengyao Jin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, USA
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36
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Shimada T, Murayama N, Tanaka K, Takenaka S, Guengerich FP, Yamazaki H, Komori M. Spectral modification and catalytic inhibition of human cytochromes P450 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, and 2A13 by four chemopreventive organoselenium compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1327-37. [PMID: 21732699 DOI: 10.1021/tx200218u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several organoselenium compounds including benzyl selenocyanate (BSC), 1,2-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (o-XSC), 1,3-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (m-XSC), and 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (p-XSC) have been shown to prevent cancers caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in experimental animals; these chemical carcinogens are activated by human P450 1 and 2A family enzymes, respectively, to carcinogenic metabolites. In this study, we examined whether these selenium compounds interact with and inhibit human P450 1 and 2A enzymes in vitro. Four organoselenium compounds induced reverse Type I binding spectra with P450 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 and Type I binding spectra with P450 2A6 and 2A13. The spectral dissociation constants (K(s)) for the interaction of P450 1B1 with these chemicals were 3.6-5.7 μM; the values were lower than those with seen with P450 1A1 (19-30 μM) or 1A2 (6.3-13 μM). The K(s) values for Type I binding of P450 2A13 with m-XSC and BSC were both 0.20 μM; the values were very low compared to those for the interaction of P450 2A6 with m-XSC (5.7 μM) and BSC (2.0 μM). Four selenium compounds directly inhibited 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation activities catalyzed by P450 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 with IC(50) values <1.0 μM, except for the inhibition of P450 1A2 by BSC (1.3 μM). Coumarin 7-hydroxylation activities of P450 2A13 were more inhibited by four selenium compounds than those of P450 2A6, with IC(50) values of 0.22-1.4 μM for P450 2A13 and 2.4-6.2 μM for P450 2A6. Molecular docking studies of the interaction of four organoselenium compounds with human P450 enzymes suggest that these chemicals can be docked into the active sites of these human P450 enzymes and that the sites of the selenocyanate functional groups of these chemicals differ between the P450 1 and 2A family enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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