1
|
Davidson TL, Stevenson RJ. Vulnerability of the Hippocampus to Insults: Links to Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1991. [PMID: 38396670 PMCID: PMC10888241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a critical brain substrate for learning and memory; events that harm the hippocampus can seriously impair mental and behavioral functioning. Hippocampal pathophysiologies have been identified as potential causes and effects of a remarkably diverse array of medical diseases, psychological disorders, and environmental sources of damage. It may be that the hippocampus is more vulnerable than other brain areas to insults that are related to these conditions. One purpose of this review is to assess the vulnerability of the hippocampus to the most prevalent types of insults in multiple biomedical domains (i.e., neuroactive pathogens, neurotoxins, neurological conditions, trauma, aging, neurodegenerative disease, acquired brain injury, mental health conditions, endocrine disorders, developmental disabilities, nutrition) and to evaluate whether these insults affect the hippocampus first and more prominently compared to other brain loci. A second purpose is to consider the role of hippocampal blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in either causing or worsening the harmful effects of each insult. Recent research suggests that the hippocampal BBB is more fragile compared to other brain areas and may also be more prone to the disruption of the transport mechanisms that act to maintain the internal milieu. Moreover, a compromised BBB could be a factor that is common to many different types of insults. Our analysis indicates that the hippocampus is more vulnerable to insults compared to other parts of the brain, and that developing interventions that protect the hippocampal BBB may help to prevent or ameliorate the harmful effects of many insults on memory and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry L. Davidson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng R, Liu J, Yang Z, Yao T, Ye P, Li X, Zhang J, Jiang H. Realgar-Induced Neurotoxicity: Crosstalk Between the Autophagic Flux and the p62-NRF2 Feedback Loop Mediates p62 Accumulation to Promote Apoptosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6001-6017. [PMID: 37400749 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Realgar is a traditional Chinese medicine that contains arsenic. It has been reported that the abuse of medicine-containing realgar has potential central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, but the toxicity mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we established an in vivo realgar exposure model and selected the end product of realgar metabolism, DMA, to treat SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. Many assays, including behavioral, analytical chemistry, and molecular biology, were used to elucidate the roles of the autophagic flux and the p62-NRF2 feedback loop in realgar-induced neurotoxicity. The results showed that arsenic could accumulate in the brain, causing cognitive impairment and anxiety-like behavior. Realgar impairs the ultrastructure of neurons, promotes apoptosis, perturbs autophagic flux homeostasis, amplifies the p62-NRF2 feedback loop, and leads to p62 accumulation. Further analysis showed that realgar promotes the formation of the Beclin1-Vps34 complex by activating JNK/c-Jun to induce autophagy and recruit p62. Meanwhile, realgar inhibits the activities of CTSB and CTSD and changes the acidity of lysosomes, leading to the inhibition of p62 degradation and p62 accumulation. Moreover, the amplified p62-NRF2 feedback loop is involved in the accumulation of p62. Its accumulation promotes neuronal apoptosis by upregulating the expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-9, resulting in neurotoxicity. Taken together, these data suggest that realgar can perturb the crosstalk between the autophagic flux and the p62-NRF2 feedback loop to mediate p62 accumulation, promote apoptosis, and induce neurotoxicity. Realgar promotes p62 accumulation to produce neurotoxicity by perturbing the autophagic flux and p62-NRF2 feedback loop crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shengyang, 110122, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shengyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shengyang, 110122, China
| | - Tiantian Yao
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shengyang, 110122, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shengyang, 110122, China
| | - Xiuhan Li
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shengyang, 110122, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shengyang, 110122, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shengyang, 110122, China.
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province On Toxic and Biological Effects of Arsenic, Shengyang, 110122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sinha D, Datta S, Mishra R, Agarwal P, Kumari T, Adeyemi SB, Kumar Maurya A, Ganguly S, Atique U, Seal S, Kumari Gupta L, Chowdhury S, Chen JT. Negative Impacts of Arsenic on Plants and Mitigation Strategies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091815. [PMID: 37176873 PMCID: PMC10181087 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a metalloid prevalent mainly in soil and water. The presence of As above permissible levels becomes toxic and detrimental to living organisms, therefore, making it a significant global concern. Humans can absorb As through drinking polluted water and consuming As-contaminated food material grown in soil having As problems. Since human beings are mobile organisms, they can use clean uncontaminated water and food found through various channels or switch from an As-contaminated area to a clean area; but plants are sessile and obtain As along with essential minerals and water through roots that make them more susceptible to arsenic poisoning and consequent stress. Arsenic and phosphorus have many similarities in terms of their physical and chemical characteristics, and they commonly compete to cause physiological anomalies in biological systems that contribute to further stress. Initial indicators of arsenic's propensity to induce toxicity in plants are a decrease in yield and a loss in plant biomass. This is accompanied by considerable physiological alterations; including instant oxidative surge; followed by essential biomolecule oxidation. These variables ultimately result in cell permeability and an electrolyte imbalance. In addition, arsenic disturbs the nucleic acids, the transcription process, and the essential enzymes engaged with the plant system's primary metabolic pathways. To lessen As absorption by plants, a variety of mitigation strategies have been proposed which include agronomic practices, plant breeding, genetic manipulation, computer-aided modeling, biochemical techniques, and the altering of human approaches regarding consumption and pollution, and in these ways, increased awareness may be generated. These mitigation strategies will further help in ensuring good health, food security, and environmental sustainability. This article summarises the nature of the impact of arsenic on plants, the physio-biochemical mechanisms evolved to cope with As stress, and the mitigation measures that can be employed to eliminate the negative effects of As.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dwaipayan Sinha
- Department of Botany, Government General Degree College, Mohanpur 721436, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumi Datta
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Reema Mishra
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110049, India
| | - Preeti Agarwal
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110049, India
| | - Tripti Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110049, India
| | - Sherif Babatunde Adeyemi
- Ethnobotany/Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin PMB 1515, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Arun Kumar Maurya
- Department of Botany, Multanimal Modi College, Modinagar, Ghaziabad 201204, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharmistha Ganguly
- University Department of Botany, Ranchi University, Ranchi 834008, Jharkhand, India
| | - Usman Atique
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biological Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanchita Seal
- Department of Botany, Polba Mahavidyalaya, Polba 712148, West Bengal, India
| | - Laxmi Kumari Gupta
- Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Shahana Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, German University Bangladesh, TNT Road, Telipara, Chandona Chowrasta, Gazipur 1702, Bangladesh
| | - Jen-Tsung Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arora MK, Singh D, Tomar R, Jangra A. Neuroprotective Efficacy of Edaravone against Arsenic-Induced Behavioral and Neurochemical Deficits in Rats: Amelioration of Cholinergic and Mitochondrial Functions. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:125-136. [PMID: 35232368 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220225112241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial amount of evidence indicates that long-term arsenic exposure leads to various types of pathological complications, especially cognitive dysfunction. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to assess the neuroprotective potential of edaravone (a potent free radical scavenger) against arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Arsenic (20 mg/kg/day; p.o.) and Edaravone (5 and 10 mg/kg/day; i.p.) were administered in different experimental groups for 28 days. RESULTS The results of various behavioral test paradigms revealed that arsenic caused significant learning and memory deficits, along with anxiety-like behavior. In biochemical analysis, we found marked elevations of oxidative-nitrosative stress (indicated by augmentation of lipid peroxidation and nitrite) and a reduction of glutathione levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex region of arsenictreated rats. Moreover, arsenic administration caused mitochondrial complexes impairment and reduction of acetylcholinesterase level. On the other hand, chronic treatment with edaravone (10 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the arsenic-induced behavioral deficits and neurochemical anomalies. CONCLUSION This study suggests that edaravone confers neuroprotection against arsenic-induced memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior, which may be attributed to the inhibition of oxidativenitrosative stress and amelioration of cholinergic and mitochondrial functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K Arora
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, India
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ritu Tomar
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, India
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goel H, Goyal K, Pandey AK, Benjamin M, Khan F, Pandey P, Mittan S, Iqbal D, Alsaweed M, Alturaiki W, Madkhali Y, Kamal MA, Tanwar P, Upadhyay TK. Elucidations of Molecular Mechanism and Mechanistic Effects of Environmental Toxicants in Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:84-97. [PMID: 35352654 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220329103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to rising environmental and global public health concerns associated with environmental contamination, human populations are continually being exposed to environmental toxicants, including physical chemical mutagens widespread in our environment causing adverse consequences and inducing a variety of neurological disorders in humans. Physical mutagens comprise ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, such as UV rays, IR rays, X-rays, which produces a broad spectrum of neuronal destruction, including neuroinflammation, genetic instability, enhanced oxidative stress driving mitochondrial damage in the human neuronal antecedent cells, cognitive impairment due to alterations in neuronal function, especially in synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis repression, modifications in mature neuronal networks drives to enhanced neurodegenerative risk. Chemical Mutagens including alkylating agents (EMS, NM, MMS, and NTG), Hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, sodium azide, halouracils are the major toxic mutagen in our environment and have been associated with neurological disorders. These chemical mutagens create dimers of pyrimidine that cause DNA damage that leads to ROS generation producing mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, genotoxicity which leads to increased neurodegenerative risk. The toxicity of four heavy metal including Cd, As, Pb, Hg is mostly responsible for complicated neurological disorders in humans. Cadmium exposure can enhance the permeability of the BBB and penetrate the brain, driving brain intracellular accumulation, cellular dysfunction, and cerebral edema. Arsenic exerts its toxic effect by induction of ROS production in neuronal cells. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanism and mechanistic effects of mutagens in the environment and their role in multiple neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Goel
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Keshav Goyal
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians Universitat, Munchen, Germany
| | - Avanish Kumar Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mercilena Benjamin
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, India
| | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Department of Cardiology, Ichan School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaweed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Alturaiki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Madkhali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham NSW 2770, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Islam R, Zhao L, Wang Y, Lu-Yao G, Liu LZ. Epigenetic Dysregulations in Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184502. [PMID: 36139662 PMCID: PMC9496897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a crucial environmental metalloid whose high toxicity levels negatively impact human health. It poses significant health concerns to millions of people in developed and developing countries such as the USA, Canada, Bangladesh, India, China, and Mexico by enhancing sensitivity to various types of diseases, including cancers. However, how arsenic causes changes in gene expression that results in heinous conditions remains elusive. One of the proposed essential mechanisms that still has seen limited research with regard to causing disease upon arsenic exposure is the dysregulation of epigenetic components. In this review, we have extensively summarized current discoveries in arsenic-induced epigenetic modifications in carcinogenesis and angiogenesis. Importantly, we highlight the possible mechanisms underlying epigenetic reprogramming through arsenic exposure that cause changes in cell signaling and dysfunctions of different epigenetic elements.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu J, Liu J, Mi Y, Zhao T, Mu D, Meng Q, Wang F, Li N, Hou Y. Triad3A-Dependent TLR4 Ubiquitination and Degradation Contributes to the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pterostilbene on Vascular Dementia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5896-5910. [PMID: 35532888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pterostilbene, a methylated stilbene derived from many plant foods, has significant anti-inflammatory activity. Meanwhile, vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common subtype of dementia, in which inflammation is one of the major pathogenic contributors. However, the protective effect of pterostilbene on VaD is not well understood. In this work, we investigated the effect of pterostilbene on VaD and explored its underlying mechanisms using in vivo and in vitro models. Y-maze and Morris water maze tests showed pterostilbene-attenuated cognitive impairment in mice with bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). The hippocampal neuronal death and microglial activation in BCCAO mice were also reduced by pterostilbene treatment. Further, pterostilbene inhibited the expression of TLR4 and downstream inflammatory cytokines in these mice, with similar results observed in an oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) BV-2 cell model. In addition, its anti-inflammatory effect on OGD/R BV-2 cells was partially blocked by TLR4 overexpression. Moreover, Triad3A-TLR4 interactions were increased by pterostilbene following enhanced ubiquitination and degradation of TLR4, and the inhibitory effect of pterostilbene on inflammation was blocked by Triad3A knockdown in OGD/R-stimulated BV-2 cells. Together, these results reveal that pterostilbene could reduce vascular cognitive impairment and that Triad3A-mediated TLR4 degradation might be the key target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Xu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yan Mi
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Danyang Mu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Qingqi Meng
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Northeastern University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110004, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sarath NG, Shackira AM, El-Serehy HA, Hefft DI, Puthur JT. Phytostabilization of arsenic and associated physio-anatomical changes in Acanthus ilicifolius L. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118828. [PMID: 35031406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenic attribute of arsenic (As) has turned the world to focus more on the decontamination and declining the present level of As from the environment especially from the soil and water bodies. Phytoremediation has achieved a status of sustainable and eco-friendly approach of decontaminating pollutants, and in the present study, an attempt has been made to reveal the potential of As remediation by a halophyte plant, Acanthus ilicifolius L. Special attention has given to analyse the morphological, physiological and anatomical modulations in A. ilicifolius, developed in response to altering concentrations of Na2AsO4.7H2O (0, 70, 80 and 90 μM). Growth of A. ilicifolius under As treatments were diminished as assessed from the reduction in leaf area, root length, dry matter accumulation, and tissue water status. However, the plants exhibited a comparatively higher tolerance index (44%) even when grown in the higher concentrations of As (90 μM). Arsenic treatment induced reduction in the photochemical activities as revealed by the pigment content, chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter. Interestingly, the thickness and diameter of the xylem walls in the leaf as well as root tissues of As treated samples increased upon increasing the As concentration. The adaptive strategies exhibited by A. ilicifolius towards varying concentrations of As is the result of coordinated responses of morpho-physiological and anatomical attributes, which make the plant a promising candidate for As remediation, especially in wetlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nair G Sarath
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, C.U. Campus P.O, Kerala, 673635, India
| | - A M Shackira
- Department of Botany, Sir Syed College, Taliparamba, Kannur, Kerala, 670142, India.
| | - Hamed A El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Ingo Hefft
- Department of Food Science, University Centre Reaseheath College, Nantwich, CW56DF, UK.
| | - Jos T Puthur
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, C.U. Campus P.O, Kerala, 673635, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gowda BR, Prakash N, Santhosh CR, Pavithra BH, Rajashekaraiah R, Sathyanarayana ML, Rao S, Waghe P, Kumar KRA, Shivaprasad GR, Muralidhar Y. Effect of Telmisartan on Arsenic-Induced (Sub-chronic) Perturbations in Redox Homeostasis, Pro-inflammatory Cascade and Aortic Dysfunction in Wistar Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1776-1790. [PMID: 34339004 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted in male Wistar rats to explore the antioxidant potential of telmisartan (an AT1 receptor blocker) to overcome arsenic ('As')-induced perturbations in redox homeostasis pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin-E2 levels and aortic dysfunction in Wistar rats. Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of six each. Group-I served as untreated control, while group-II received sodium (meta) arsenite (NaAsO2) (10 mg/kg b.wt. p.o) for a period of 60 days. Experimental rats in group-III received treatment similar to group-II, but in addition received telmisartan (with 1% aqueous solution of Tween 80) @ 10 mg/kg b.wt. (p.o) for a similar duration, while rats in group-IV received telmisartan alone. Arsenic exposure resulted in significant (p < 0.05) elevation in the levels of superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]) radicals (control: 768.20 ± 126.77 vs group-II: 1232.75 ± 97.85 pmol of NBT reduced/min/mg protein). Telmisartan administration showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in [Formula: see text] generation (815.34 ± 43.41 pmol of NBT reduced/min/mg protein). Sub-chronic exposure to 'As' significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx and GR activity and GSH levels in the aorta, thus induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) measured as measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) called as malondialdehyde (MDA). However, the administration of telmisartan effectively countered the LPO (24.03 ± 1.18 nmol of MDA/g) on account of restoring the levels of aforesaid antioxidant defense system. Telmisartan administration effectively attenuated the 'As'-induced surge in pro-inflammatory cytokines (viz., IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) levels, as well as countered the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX2) as indicated by a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PGE2 level in the aorta. In addition to it, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in plasma angiotensin II (Ang-II) levels in experimental rats receiving telmisartan. Quantitative RT-PCR studies revealed that sub-chronic exposure to 'As' upregulated the Nox2 mRNA expression, but there was a 1.2-fold reduction in expression level upon co-administration of telmisartan. Histopathological examination revealed marked recovery from 'As'-induced disruption of tunica adventitia and loss of connective tissue in experimental rats receiving telmisartan. The study concludes that telmisartan can overcome aortic dysfunction induced by sub-chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water in experimental rats through restoration of redox balance, attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators and downregulation of Nox2 mRNA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Rudresh Gowda
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - N Prakash
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Vinobanagar, Shivamogga, Karnataka, 577 204, India.
| | - C R Santhosh
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - B H Pavithra
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - Rashmi Rajashekaraiah
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - M L Sathyanarayana
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - Suguna Rao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - Prashantkumar Waghe
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nandinagar, Bidar, Karnataka, 585 226, India
| | - K R Anjan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - G R Shivaprasad
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - Y Muralidhar
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cirsium japonicum var. Maackii Improves Cognitive Impairment under Amyloid Beta25-35-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4513998. [PMID: 35036433 PMCID: PMC8759886 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4513998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal production and degradation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain lead to oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cirsium japonicum var. maackii (CJM) is widely used as an herbal medicine and has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study focused on the protective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction from CJM (ECJM) on Aβ25-35-induced control mice. In the T-maze and novel object recognition test, ECJM provided higher spatial memory and object recognition compared to Aβ25-35 treatment alone. In the Morris water maze test, ECJM-administered mice showed greater learning and memory abilities than Aβ25-35-induced control mice. Additionally, ECJM-administered mice experienced inhibited lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner. The present study indicates that ECJM improves cognitive impairment by inhibiting oxidative stress in Aβ25-35-induced mice. Therefore, CJM may be useful for the treatment of AD and may be a potential material for functional foods.
Collapse
|
11
|
Virk D, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Ameliorative role of rolipram, PDE-4 inhibitor, against sodium arsenite-induced vascular dementia in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63250-63262. [PMID: 34226994 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure to the population leads to serious health problems like neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiovascular abnormality. In the present study, the work has been commenced to discover the prospect of rolipram a phosphodiestrase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction (EnDF) leading to dementia in rats. Wistar rats were treated with SA (5 mg/kg body weight/day orally) for 44 days for induction of vascular EnDF and dementia. Learning and memory were evaluated using Morris water maze (MWM) test. Vascular EnDF was evaluated using aortic ring preparation. Various biochemical parameters were also evaluated like brain oxidative stress (viz. reduced glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level), serum nitrite/nitrate activity, acetylcholinesterase activity, and inflammatory markers (viz. neutrophil infiltration in brain and myeloperoxidase). SA-treated rats showed poor performance in water maze trials indicating attenuated memory and ability to learn with significant rise (p < 0.05) in brain acetylcholinesterase activity, brain oxidative stress, neutrophil count, and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in serum nitrite/nitrate levels and vascular endothelial functions. Rolipram (PDE-4 inhibitor) treatment (0.03 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally daily for 14 days) significantly improved memory and learning abilities, and restored various biochemical parameters and EnDF. It is concluded that PDE-4 modulator may be considered the prospective target for the treatment of SA-induced vascular EnDF and related dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divjot Virk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, CNS Research Lab., Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, CNS Research Lab., Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, CNS Research Lab., Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thakur M, Rachamalla M, Niyogi S, Datusalia AK, Flora SJS. Molecular Mechanism of Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity including Neuronal Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810077. [PMID: 34576240 PMCID: PMC8471829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a key environmental toxicant having significant impacts on human health. Millions of people in developing countries such as Bangladesh, Mexico, Taiwan, and India are affected by arsenic contamination through groundwater. Environmental contamination of arsenic leads to leads to various types of cancers, coronary and neurological ailments in human. There are several sources of arsenic exposure such as drinking water, diet, wood preservatives, smoking, air and cosmetics, while, drinking water is the most explored route. Inorganic arsenic exhibits higher levels of toxicity compared its organic forms. Exposure to inorganic arsenic is known to cause major neurological effects such as cytotoxicity, chromosomal aberration, damage to cellular DNA and genotoxicity. On the other hand, long-term exposure to arsenic may cause neurobehavioral effects in the juvenile stage, which may have detrimental effects in the later stages of life. Thus, it is important to understand the toxicology and underlying molecular mechanism of arsenic which will help to mitigate its detrimental effects. The present review focuses on the epidemiology, and the toxic mechanisms responsible for arsenic induced neurobehavioral diseases, including strategies for its management from water, community and household premises. The review also provides a critical analysis of epigenetic and transgenerational modifications, mitochondrial oxidative stress, molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced oxidative stress, and neuronal dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Thakur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Transit Campus, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India; (M.T.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (M.R.); (S.N.)
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (M.R.); (S.N.)
- Toxicology Centre, Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Transit Campus, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India; (M.T.); (A.K.D.)
| | - Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Transit Campus, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow 226002, India; (M.T.); (A.K.D.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fernando WMADB, Martins IJ, Morici M, Bharadwaj P, Rainey-Smith SR, Lim WLF, Martins RN. Sodium Butyrate Reduces Brain Amyloid-β Levels and Improves Cognitive Memory Performance in an Alzheimer's Disease Transgenic Mouse Model at an Early Disease Stage. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 74:91-99. [PMID: 31958090 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neuropathological features, including abnormal deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal death. Identifying therapeutics which can reduce memory deficits at an early stage of the disease has the advantage of slowing or even reversing disease progression before irreversible brain damage has occurred. Consequently, in this study, we investigated the ability of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaB) to attenuate memory deficits in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD following a 12-week feeding regimen. 5xFAD mice demonstrate a unique time course of Aβ pathology, developing Aβ plaques as early as 2 months. Male mice were assigned to either a control diet or a NaB-supplemented diet which was administered at either 5 mg/kg/day, or 15 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks (each group, N = 15). Supplementation commenced at an early disease stage (8-10 weeks of age). Behavioral testing (contextual and cued fear conditioning) was undertaken, and brain Aβ levels measured, at the end of the 12-week intervention. NaB had profound effects on Aβ levels and on associative learning and cognitive functioning. A 40% reduction in brain Aβ levels and a 25% increase in fear response in both the cued and contextual testing was observed in the NaB-treated animals compared to the control group. These findings suggest that NaB warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with early stages of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M A D Binosha Fernando
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ian J Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Co-operative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, Australia
| | - Michael Morici
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Prashant Bharadwaj
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Wei Ling Florence Lim
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Co-operative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Co-operative Research Centre (CRC) for Mental Health, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wisessaowapak C, Visitnonthachai D, Watcharasit P, Satayavivad J. Prolonged arsenic exposure increases tau phosphorylation in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells: The contribution of GSK3 and ERK1/2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:103626. [PMID: 33621689 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid that has been hypothesized to be an environmental risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease having hyperphosphorylated tau aggregate as a marker. The present study demonstrated that prolonged exposure to sodium arsenite at low micromolar range (1-10 μM) reduced Tau 1 (recognizing dephosphorylated tau at residues 189-207) and elevated pS202 tau in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells indicating that arsenic increases tau phosphorylation in neurons. Sodium arsenite elevated GSK3β kinase activity, while GSK3 inhibitors, BIO, SB216763, and lithium, reversed the Tau 1 reduction by sodium arsenite. Additionally, sodium arsenite increased levels of active phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and inhibition of ERK1/2 by U0126 partially improved the Tau1 reduction. These results suggest that arsenic may cause tau hyperphosphorylation in neurons through the activation of GSK3 and ERK1/2. Furthermore, sodium arsenite augmented tau phosphorylation in the membrane and cytosolic fractions. Inductions of GSK3 activity by sodium arsenite treatment were observed in the membrane fraction, as evidenced by a reduction of β-catenin, a protein signaled for degradation following phosphorylation by GSK3. An enhancement of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by sodium arsenite was also witnessed in the cytosol. Additionally, sodium arsenite increased insoluble tau aggregation. These results suggest that arsenic induces tau hyperphosphorylation in the membrane fraction which may lead to its redistribution from the membrane fraction to the cytosol, where it promotes neurofibrillary formation. Collectively, we demonstrate that prolonged arsenic exposure increases tau phosphorylation, partly through GSK3 and ERK1/2 activation, and insoluble tau aggregates, hence possibly contributing to the development of sporadic AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Churaibhon Wisessaowapak
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Piyajit Watcharasit
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Higher Education Science Research and Innovation, Thailand.
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Thailand; Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Rd, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Higher Education Science Research and Innovation, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suchy-Dicey A, Noonan C, Burduli E, Mateen FJ, Longstreth W, Buchwald D, Navas-Acien A. Urinary Arsenic and Cadmium Associations with Findings from Cranial MRI in American Indians: Data from the Strong Heart Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:127009. [PMID: 33332184 PMCID: PMC7745762 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic and cadmium are known cardiovascular toxicants that pose disproportionate risk to rural communities where environmental exposures are high. American Indians have high vascular risk, which may be attributable in part to these exposures. OBJECTIVE We examined urine metal concentrations in association with magnetic resonance imaging findings of vascular brain injury or cerebral atrophy in adult American Indians. METHODS We measured arsenic and cadmium in American Indian participants from the Strong Heart Study (1989-1991) and evaluated these associations with later (2010-2013) measures of infarct, hemorrhage, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) grade, brain and hippocampal volume, and sulcal and ventricle atrophy using nested multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS Among participants with available data (N=687), the median urine arsenic:creatinine ratio was 7.54μg/g [interquartile range (IQR): 4.90-11.93] and the cadmium:creatinine ratio was 0.96μg/g (IQR: 0.61-1.51). Median time between metal measurement and brain imaging was 21 y (range: 18-25 y). Statistical models detected significant associations between arsenic and higher burden of WMH [grade increase=0.014 (95% CI: 0.000, 0.028) per 10% increase in arsenic]; and between cadmium and presence of lacunar infarcts [relative risk (RR)=1.024 (95% CI: 1.004, 1.045) per 10% increase in cadmium]. DISCUSSION This population-based cohort of American Indian elders had measured values of urine arsenic and cadmium several times higher than previous population- and clinic-based studies in the United States and Mexico, and comparable values with European industrial workers. Our findings of associations for arsenic and cadmium exposures with vascular brain injury are consistent with established literature. Environmental toxicant accumulation is modifiable; public health policy may benefit from focusing on reductions in environmental metals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6930.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Suchy-Dicey
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington, USA
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, WSU, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carolyn Noonan
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington, USA
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, WSU, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Farrah J. Mateen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W.T. Longstreth
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Heath, University of Washington (UW), Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dedra Buchwald
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University (WSU), Spokane, Washington, USA
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, WSU, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Heath, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Patwa J, Flora SJS. Heavy Metal-Induced Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Reversal Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113862. [PMID: 32485831 PMCID: PMC7313017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are considered a continuous threat to humanity, as they cannot be eradicated. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals/metalloids in humans has been associated with several health risks, including neurodegeneration, vascular dysfunction, metabolic disorders, cancer, etc. Small blood vessels are highly vulnerable to heavy metals as they are directly exposed to the blood circulatory system, which has comparatively higher concentration of heavy metals than other organs. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is an umbrella term used to describe various pathological processes that affect the cerebral small blood vessels and is accepted as a primary contributor in associated disorders, such as dementia, cognitive disabilities, mood disorder, and ischemic, as well as a hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, we discuss the possible implication of heavy metals/metalloid exposure in CSVD and its associated disorders based on in-vitro, preclinical, and clinical evidences. We briefly discuss the CSVD, prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors for development such as genetic, traditional, and environmental factors. Toxic effects of specific heavy metal/metalloid intoxication (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cu) in the small vessel associated endothelium and vascular dysfunction too have been reviewed. An attempt has been made to highlight the possible molecular mechanism involved in the pathophysiology, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory pathway, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression, and amyloid angiopathy in the CSVD and related disorders. Finally, we discussed the role of cellular antioxidant defense enzymes to neutralize the toxic effect, and also highlighted the potential reversal strategies to combat heavy metal-induced vascular changes. In conclusion, heavy metals in small vessels are strongly associated with the development as well as the progression of CSVD. Chelation therapy may be an effective strategy to reduce the toxic metal load and the associated complications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Peruru R, Usha Rani R, Thatiparthi J, Sampathi S, Dodoala S, Prasad K. Devil's claw ( Harpagophytum procumbens) ameliorates the neurobehavioral changes and neurotoxicity in female rats exposed to arsenic. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03921. [PMID: 32420487 PMCID: PMC7218267 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 200 million people are exposed to arsenic worldwide in their daily lives. Arsenic is a toxic ubiquitous metalloid distributed in the ground water. From the last few decades it is obtaining considerable attention for its severe neurotoxic properties. In this study the neuroprotective efficacy of devil's claw (DCW), a potent antioxidant has been investigated against arsenic induced neurotoxicity in female rats. Neurotoxicity was established by oral administration of 13 mg/kg sodium arsenite. The animals were divided into five groups (n = 6) including normal control, disease/arsenic control, standard treatment (Apocynin, 10 mg/kg), DCW treatment I (DCW, 200 mg/kg) and DCW treatment II (DCW, 400 mg/kg). Exploratory, anxiety and motor coordination related behavior of the animals was assessed using hole-board, forced swimming, beam walk and elevated plus maze tests. Findings revealed that DCW treatment ameliorated anxiety and motor in-coordination in the rats compared to the arsenic control group. In addition, arsenic induced a significant oxidative stress in arsenic only treated group, whereas co-administration with DCW the oxidative stress was reduced prominently. Arsenic control group produced gliosis and nuclear pyknosis of the brain cells which were prominently suppressed with the treatment of DCW for 21 days. The activity of DCW was in correlation with the concentration of harpagoside in the serum estimated by the HPLC method, supports that harpagoside was the active constituent responsible for neuroprotective effect. Further findings are required to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroprotective effect of harpagoside and DCW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupasree Peruru
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, India
| | - R. Usha Rani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, India
| | - Jhansyrani Thatiparthi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, India
| | - Sunitha Sampathi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, India
| | - Sujatha Dodoala
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, India
| | - K.V.S.R.G. Prasad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liang C, Wu X, Huang K, Yan S, Li Z, Xia X, Pan W, Sheng J, Tao R, Tao Y, Xiang H, Hao J, Wang Q, Tong S, Tao F. Domain- and sex-specific effects of prenatal exposure to low levels of arsenic on children's development at 6 months of age: Findings from the Ma'anshan birth cohort study in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105112. [PMID: 31881426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between prenatal arsenic exposure at low levels and poor development in children, especially in regard to neurodevelopment, has aroused several concerns, but the conclusions have been inconsistent. It still remains unclear whether such adverse effect is associated with a specific profile of the developing brain in early life. To investigate the association between arsenic exposure in utero and children's development and behaviour, we performed a large prospective birth cohort study including 2315 mother-infant pairs in Anhui Province, China. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire of China (ASQ-C) was used to assess the status of children's development and behaviour at 6 months postpartum, and the levels of arsenic were determined in umbilical cord serum samples. Odds ratios for suspected developmental delay (SDD) in each domain of the ASQ-C clusters were estimated using logistic regression models. Compared with low arsenic levels group, medium and high arsenic levels were significantly associated with the increased risks of SDD in the personal-social domain among infants aged 6 months after adjustment for all potential confounders (OR = 1.33, 95% CI (1.01, 1.75) and OR = 1.47, 95% CI (1.08, 2.00), respectively). Sex stratification analysis demonstrated that this association was stronger in females. The sensitivity analyses also showed that high cord serum arsenic levels were associated with a 1.80-fold (95% CIs (1.12, 2.90)) higher risk of a more severe developmental delay in the personal-social domain among six-month-old females. Our results suggest that low-level arsenic exposure in utero could have an adverse domain-specific effect on children's development at 6 months of age, particularly among females. Further studies are warranted to support the findings and explore the mechanism of these domain-and sex-specific associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Liang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangqin Yan
- Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Center, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Zhijuan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xun Xia
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weijun Pan
- Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Center, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruiwen Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yiran Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiyun Xiang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiahu Hao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qunan Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shilu Tong
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China; School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Garza-Lombó C, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI, Gonsebatt ME, Franco R. Arsenic-induced neurotoxicity: a mechanistic appraisal. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1305-1316. [PMID: 31748979 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid found in groundwater as a byproduct of soil/rock erosion and industrial and agricultural processes. This xenobiotic elicits its toxicity through different mechanisms, and it has been identified as a toxicant that affects virtually every organ or tissue in the body. In the central nervous system, exposure to arsenic can induce cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, iAs has been linked to several neurological disorders, including neurodevelopmental alterations, and is considered a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders. However, the exact mechanisms involved are still unclear. In this review, we aim to appraise the neurotoxic effects of arsenic and the molecular mechanisms involved. First, we discuss the epidemiological studies reporting on the effects of arsenic in intellectual and cognitive function during development as well as studies showing the correlation between arsenic exposure and altered cognition and mental health in adults. The neurotoxic effects of arsenic and the potential mechanisms associated with neurodegeneration are also reviewed including data from experimental models supporting epidemiological evidence of arsenic as a neurotoxicant. Next, we focused on recent literature regarding arsenic metabolism and the molecular mechanisms that begin to explain how arsenic damages the central nervous system including, oxidative stress, energy failure and mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetics, alterations in neurotransmitter homeostasis and synaptic transmission, cell death pathways, and inflammation. Outlining the specific mechanisms by which arsenic alters the cell function is key to understand the neurotoxic effects that convey cognitive dysfunction, neurodevelopmental alterations, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Garza-Lombó
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.,Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA. .,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Boomhower SR, Newland MC. Adolescent methylmercury exposure: Behavioral mechanisms and effects of sodium butyrate in mice. Neurotoxicology 2018; 70:33-40. [PMID: 30385387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg), an environmental neurotoxicant primarily found in fish, produces neurobehavioral impairment when exposure occurs during gestation. Whether other developmental periods, such as adolescence, display enhanced vulnerability to the behavioral effects of MeHg exposure is only beginning to be explored. Further, little is known about the effects of repeated administration of lysine deacetylase inhibitors, such as sodium butyrate (NaB), on operant behavior. In Experiment 1, male C57BL6/n mice were exposed to 0, 0.3, and 3.0 ppm MeHg (n = 12 each) via drinking water from postnatal days 21 to 60 (murine adolescence). As adults, mice were trained to lever press under an ascending series of fixed-ratio schedules of milk reinforcement selected to enable the analysis of three important parameters of operant behavior using the framework provided by Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement. Adolescent MeHg exposure dose-dependently increased saturation rate, a measure of the retroactive reach of a reinforcer, and decreased minimum response time relative to controls. In Experiment 2, the behavioral effects of repeated NaB administration both alone and following adolescent MeHg exposure were examined. Male C57BL6/n mice were given either 0 or 3.0 ppm MeHg during adolescence and, before behavioral testing, two weeks of once daily i.p. injections of saline or 0.6 g/kg NaB (n = 12 in each cell). Adolescent MeHg exposure again increased saturation rate but did not significantly alter minimum response time. NaB also increased saturation rate in both MeHg exposure groups. These data suggest that the behavioral mechanisms of adolescent MeHg exposure and NaB may be related to the impact of reinforcement on prior responses. Specifically, MeHg and NaB concentrated the effects of reinforcers onto the most recent responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Boomhower
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Firdaus F, Zafeer MF, Ahmad M, Afzal M. Anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory role of thymoquinone in arsenic-induced hippocampal toxicity in Wistar rats. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00650. [PMID: 29984327 PMCID: PMC6024171 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a widely existing metalloid in the biosphere. Drinking water contamination by arsenic is a major route of human exposure, either by natural means or through industrial pollution. Numerous evidence form earlier reports suggest that arsenic exposure causes cerebral neurodegeneration which initiates behavioral disturbances concomitant to psychiatric disorders. Also, mood disorders in humans as well as in animals correlate with arsenic exposure; the present study is carried out to implore the neuroprotective potential of thymoquinone (TQ) in arsenic-stressed rats. TQ is an active component of Nigella sativa (Kalonji) seed oil. Arsenic exposure in the form of sodium arsenate (10 mg/kg/day; p.o) caused neurobehavioral deficits as evidenced by changes in locomotion and exploratory behavior in open-field and elevated plus maze tasks. Alongside this, arsenate also elevated hippocampal oxidative stress parameters like lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein carbonyl formation with a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content. Genotoxicity assessment by Comet assay also showed prominent levels of DNA damage. Furthermore, arsenic also elevated hippocampal cytokine levels, TNF-α and INF-γ. However, TQ supplementation (2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day, p.o) preceded three days before arsenic administration, significantly attenuated arsenic-associated anxiogenic changes which majorly attributed to its antioxidant and anxiolytic potential. Also, TQ pre-treated rats expressed positive shifts in the hippocampal oxidative stress and cytokine levels with decreased DNA fragmentation. Thus, this study concludes that TQ might serve as a strong therapeutic agent for management of anxiety and depressive outcomes of arsenic intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fakiha Firdaus
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Faraz Zafeer
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Masood Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Du X, Tian M, Wang X, Zhang J, Huang Q, Liu L, Shen H. Cortex and hippocampus DNA epigenetic response to a long-term arsenic exposure via drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:590-600. [PMID: 29223816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of arsenic is a serious health problem, especially for children. DNA epigenetic change may be an important pathogenic mechanism, but the molecular pathway remains obscure. In this study, the weaned male Sprague-Dawly (SD) rats were treated with arsenic trioxide via drinking water for 6 months, simulating real developmental exposure situation of children. Arsenic exposure impaired the cognitive abilities, and altered the expression of neuronal activity-regulated genes. Total arsenic concentrations of cortex and hippocampus tissues were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction in 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) levels as well as the down-regulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and ten-eleven translocations (TETs) expression suggested that DNA methylation/demethylation processes were significantly suppressed in brain tissues. S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) level wasn't changed, but the expression of the important indicators of oxidative/anti-oxidative balance and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was significantly deregulated. Overall, arsenic can disrupt oxidative/anti-oxidative balance, further inhibit TETs expression through TCA cycle and alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) pathway, and consequently cause DNA methylation/demethylation disruption. The present study implies oxidative stress but not SAM depletion may lead to DNA epigenetic alteration and arsenic neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Du
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Meiping Tian
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, China.
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Liangpo Liu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu X, Liu S, Aodengqimuge, Wang H, Hu M, Xing C, Song L. Arsenite Induces Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction by Activating IRE1α/XBP1s/HIF1α-Dependent ANGII Signaling. Toxicol Sci 2017; 160:315-328. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
24
|
Molecular insight of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis and its prevention. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:443-455. [PMID: 28229170 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Population of India and Bangladesh and many other parts of the world are badly exposed to arsenic through drinking water. Due to non-availability of safe drinking water, they are dependent on arsenic-contaminated water. Generally, poverty level is high in those areas with lack of proper nutrition. Arsenic is considered to be an environmental contaminant and widely distributed in the environment due to its natural existence and anthropogenic applications. Contamination of arsenic in both human and animal could occur through air, soil, and other sources. Arsenic exposure mainly occurs in food materials through drinking water with high levels of arsenic in it. High levels of arsenic in groundwater have been found to be associated with various health-related problems including arsenicosis, skin lesions, cardiovascular diseases, reproductive problems, psychological, neurological, immunotoxic, and carcinogenesis. The mechanism of arsenic toxicity consists in its transformation in metaarsenite, which acylates protein sulfhydryl groups, affect on mitochondria by inhibiting succinic dehydrogenase activity and can uncouple oxidative phosphorylation with production of active oxygen species by tissues. A variety of dietary antioxidant supplements are useful to protect the carcinogenetic effects of arsenic. They play crucial role for counteracting oxidative damage and protect carcinogenesis by chelating with heavy metal moiety. Phytochemicals and chelating agents will be beneficial for combating heavy metal-induced carcinogenesis through its biopharmaceutical properties.
Collapse
|
25
|
Alizadeh-Ghodsi M, Zavvari A, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Shiri-Shahsavar MR, Yousefi B. The hypothetical roles of arsenic in multiple sclerosis by induction of inflammation and aggregation of tau protein: A commentary. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:92-96. [PMID: 27697018 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1239399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease which manifests demyelination of neuronal cells in the brain. Despite extensive research on the mechanisms of disease development and progression, the exact mechanism is not elucidated yet, which has hampered drug development and subsequent treatment of the disease. We have recently shown that the serum levels of arsenic and malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation marker, are high in MS patients. In this article, we would like to formulate the hypothesis that arsenic may cause MS by induction of inflammation, degeneration, and apoptosis in neuronal cells. The induction of ROS generation in cells upon exposure to arsenic as a heavy metal may be involved in the pathogenesis of MS. Tau protein, a member of the family of microtubule-associated proteins, is mainly expressed in neurons and contribute to the assembly of neuronal microtubules network. Arsenic may affect the hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau proteins and may be involved in the cascade leading to deregulation of tau function associated with neurodegeneration. For validation of this hypothesis, studies might be conducted to evaluate the association of arsenic levels and tau protein levels in MS patients. Further studies might also focus on the trafficking along microtubules in neurons of MS patient with regard to hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. This hypothesis may add a new dimension to the understanding of MS etiology and help to design novel therapeutic agents against potential targets that might be discovered. If this hypothesis proves to be true, tau phosphorylation inhibitors can be potential candidates for MS drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Alizadeh-Ghodsi
- a Neurosciences Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Ali Zavvari
- b Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- a Neurosciences Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,d Neurosciences Department, School of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shiri-Shahsavar
- e Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Campus , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- c Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,f Students' Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hallauer J, Geng X, Yang HC, Shen J, Tsai KJ, Liu Z. The Effect of Chronic Arsenic Exposure in Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2016; 13:405-12. [PMID: 27140519 PMCID: PMC5035366 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2016.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a prevalent environmental toxin and a Group one human carcinogenic agent. Chronic arsenic exposure has been associated with many human diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate zebrafish as an animal model to assess arsenic toxicity in elevated long-term arsenic exposure. With prolonged exposure (6 months) to various concentrations of arsenic from 50 ppb to 300 ppb, effects of arsenic accumulation in zebrafish tissues, and phenotypes were investigated. Results showed that there are no significant changes of arsenic retention in zebrafish tissues, and zebrafish did not exhibit any visible tumor formation under arsenic exposure conditions. However, the zebrafish demonstrate a dysfunction in their neurological system, which is reflected by a reduction of locomotive activity. Moreover, elevated levels of the superoxide dismutase (SOD2) protein were detected in the eye and liver, suggesting increased oxidative stress. In addition, the progenies of arsenic-treated parents displayed a smaller biomass (four-fold reduction in body weight) compared with those from their parental controls. This result indicates that arsenic may induce genetic or epigenetic changes that are then passed on to the next generation. Overall, this study demonstrates that zebrafish is a convenient vertebrate model with advantages in the evaluation of arsenic-associated neurological disorders as well as its influences on the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janell Hallauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Xiangrong Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Hung-Chi Yang
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kan-Jen Tsai
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zijuan Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Neuroprotective Effects of Nicorandil in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion-Induced Vascular Dementia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:2717-2728. [PMID: 27622862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-induced chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is associated with reduced cerebral blood flow and vascular dementia (VaD). Brain mitochondrial potassium (adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium [KATP]) channels have a beneficial role in various brain conditions. The utility of KATP channels in CCH-induced VaD is still unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of nicorandil, a selective KATP channel opener, in CCH-induced VaD. METHODS The method of 2-vessel occlusion (2VO) was used to induce CCH in mice. Cognitive impairment was assessed using Morris water maze. Serum nitrosative stress (nitrite/nitrate), brain cholinergic dysfunction (acetylcholinesterase [AChE] activity), brain oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, glutathione [GSH], catalase [CAT], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]), inflammation (myeloperoxidase [MPO]), and infarct size (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining) were assessed. RESULTS 2-vessels-occluded animals have shown significant cognitive impairment, serum nitrosative stress (reduced nitrite/nitrate), cholinergic dysfunction (increased brain AChE activity), and increased brain oxidative stress (reduction in GSH content and SOD and CAT activities with a significant increase in lipid peroxidation), along with a significant increase in MPO activity and infarct size. However, nicorandil treatment has significantly attenuated various CCH-induced behavioral and biochemical impairments. CONCLUSIONS It may be said that 2VO provoked CCH leading to VaD, which was attenuated by the treatment of nicorandil. So, modulation of KATP channels may provide benefits in CCH-induced VaD.
Collapse
|
28
|
More SV, Kumar H, Cho DY, Yun YS, Choi DK. Toxin-Induced Experimental Models of Learning and Memory Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1447. [PMID: 27598124 PMCID: PMC5037726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models for learning and memory have significantly contributed to novel strategies for drug development and hence are an imperative part in the assessment of therapeutics. Learning and memory involve different stages including acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval and each stage can be characterized using specific toxin. Recent studies have postulated the molecular basis of these processes and have also demonstrated many signaling molecules that are involved in several stages of memory. Most insights into learning and memory impairment and to develop a novel compound stems from the investigations performed in experimental models, especially those produced by neurotoxins models. Several toxins have been utilized based on their mechanism of action for learning and memory impairment such as scopolamine, streptozotocin, quinolinic acid, and domoic acid. Further, some toxins like 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and amyloid-β are known to cause specific learning and memory impairment which imitate the disease pathology of Parkinson's disease dementia and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Apart from these toxins, several other toxins come under a miscellaneous category like an environmental pollutant, snake venoms, botulinum, and lipopolysaccharide. This review will focus on the various classes of neurotoxin models for learning and memory impairment with their specific mechanism of action that could assist the process of drug discovery and development for dementia and cognitive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Vasant More
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Yo-Sep Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang F, Ichihara S, Yamada Y, Banu S, Ichihara G. Effect of 4-week inhalation exposure to 1-bromopropane on blood pressure in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:331-338. [PMID: 27452781 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of hypertension is complex and multifactorial, and includes exposure to various chemical substances. Several recent studies have documented the reproductive and neurological toxicities of 1-bromopropane (1-BP). Given that 1-BP increased reactive oxygen species in the brain of rats, we hypothesized that 1-BP also has cardiovascular toxicity through increased oxidative stress. To test this hypothesis, male F344 and Wistar Nagoya rats (n = 7-8 per group per test) were exposed to 0 or 1000 ppm of 1-BP via inhalation for 4 weeks (8 h per day, 7 days per week). The exposure to 1-BP increased systolic blood pressure. This effect was associated with a significant decrease in the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio. A significant increase in nitrotyrosine levels, activation of the NADPH oxidase pathway, which was evidenced by upregulation of gp91phox, a NADPH oxidase subunit, and significant decreases in the expressions of antioxidant molecules such as Cu/Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase catalase, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, were observed in the aortas of Wistar Nagoya rats exposed to 1-BP. Our results indicate that subacute (4-week) inhalation exposure to 1-BP increases blood pressure and suggest that this cardiovascular toxic effect is due, at least in part, to increased oxidative stress mediated through activation of the NADPH oxidase pathway. Further study is needed to assess whether NADPH oxidase activation causes the increase in blood pressure in the rats exposed to 1-BP. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Huang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.,Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shameema Banu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Y, Chen M, Zhang Y, Huo T, Fang Y, Jiao X, Yuan M, Jiang H. Effects of realgar on GSH synthesis in the mouse hippocampus: Involvement of system XAG(-), system XC(-), MRP-1 and Nrf2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 308:91-101. [PMID: 27412851 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Realgar is a type of mineral drug that contains arsenic and has neurotoxicity. Glutathione (GSH), which is the main antioxidant in the central nervous system, plays a key role in antioxidant defenses and the detoxification of arsenic. However, whether realgar interferes with the synthesis of GSH in the brain and the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects are largely unknown. Here, we used mouse models of exposure to realgar to show that realgar affects the synthesis of GSH in the hippocampus, leading to ultrastructural changes in hippocampal neurons and synapses and deficiencies in cognitive abilities, and that the mechanisms that cause this effect may be associated with alterations in the expression of system XAG(-), system XC(-), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1(MRP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), and the levels of glutamate (Glu) and cysteine (Cys) in the extracellular fluid. These findings provide a theoretical basis for preventing the drug-induced chronic arsenic poisoning in the nervous system that is triggered by realgar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, 46 Xinhua Road, Tangshan, Hebei 063009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Taoguang Huo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 77 Shenning1 Road, Double D Port, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexin Jiao
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmei Yuan
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Protective effect of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) modulator, against behavioral, biochemical and structural damage in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2016; 1642:397-408. [PMID: 27084583 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheime's disease (AD) is an overwhelming neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by synaptic dysfunction, memory loss, neuro-inflammation and neural cell death. Very few treatments are in hand for the management of AD and they are only concentrating on peculiar aspects. Hence, an immense thrust is required to find utmost therapeutic targets to conquer this condition. This study investigates a potential role of vanillin, a selective agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) in the experimental models of AD viz. intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) streptozotocin (STZ) and aluminum trichloride (AlCl3)+d-galactose induced AD in mice. The i.c.v. administration of STZ and intraperitoneally administration of AlCl3+d-galactose have significantly impaired learning-memory (Morris water maze and attentional set-shifting test), brain structure (hematoxylin, eosin and Congo red staining), enhanced brain oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance - TBARS and glutathione - GSH), nitrosative stress (nitrite/nitrate), acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), inflammation (MPO), and calcium levels (Ca(++)). Treatment with vanillin in different doses and donepezil have significantly ameliorated i.c.v. STZ and AlCl3+d-galactose induced reduction in executive function, impaired reversal learning, cognition, memory and brain damage. Treatment with these drugs has also reduced the brain oxidative stress (TBARS and GSH), nitrosative stress (nitrite/nitrate), and AChE, MPO, and Ca(++) levels. These results indicate that vanillin, a selective agonist of TRPV1 and donepezil, a potent acetylcholine esterase inhibitor have attenuated i.c.v. STZ and AlCl3+d-galactose induced experimental AD. Hence, pharmacological positive modulation of TRPV1 channels may be a potential research target for mitigation of AD.
Collapse
|
32
|
Escudero-Lourdes C. Toxicity mechanisms of arsenic that are shared with neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment: Role of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:223-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
33
|
Bourassa MW, Alim I, Bultman SJ, Ratan RR. Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health? Neurosci Lett 2016; 625:56-63. [PMID: 26868600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As interest in the gut microbiome has grown in recent years, attention has turned to the impact of our diet on our brain. The benefits of a high fiber diet in the colon have been well documented in epidemiological studies, but its potential impact on the brain has largely been understudied. Here, we will review evidence that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon, can improve brain health. Butyrate has been extensively studied as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor but also functions as a ligand for a subset of G protein-coupled receptors and as an energy metabolite. These diverse modes of action make it well suited for solving the wide array of imbalances frequently encountered in neurological disorders. In this review, we will integrate evidence from the disparate fields of gastroenterology and neuroscience to hypothesize that the metabolism of a high fiber diet in the gut can alter gene expression in the brain to prevent neurodegeneration and promote regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan W Bourassa
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave. Box 65, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ishraq Alim
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave. Box 65, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott J Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina Genetic Medicine Building, Room 5060, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave. Box 65, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Alipour M, Adineh F, Mosatafavi H, Aminabadi A, Monirinasab H, Jafari MR. Effect of chronic intraperitoneal aminoguanidine on memory and expression of Bcl-2 family genes in diabetic rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 94:669-75. [PMID: 27210113 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term hyperglycemia associates with memory defects via hippocampal cells damaging. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of 1 month of i.p. injections of AG on passive avoidance learning (PAL) and hippocampal apoptosis in rat. Eighty male rats were divided into 10 groups: control, nondiabetics and STZ-induced diabetics treated with AG (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, i.p.). PAL and the Bcl-2 family gene expressions were determined. Diabetes resulted in memory and Bcl-2 family gene expression deficits. AG (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly improved the learning and Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, and Bak impairment in diabetic rats. However, negative effects were indicated by higher doses of the drug (200 and 400 mg/kg). Present study suggests that 1 month of i.p. injections of lower doses of AG, may improve the impaired cognitive tasks in STZ-induced diabetic rats possibly by modulating Bcl-2 family gene expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Alipour
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Adineh
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mosatafavi
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Azam Aminabadi
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hananeh Monirinasab
- b Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Jafari
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Arsenic causes aortic dysfunction and systemic hypertension in rats: Augmentation of angiotensin II signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 237:104-14. [PMID: 26079204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The groundwater pollutant arsenic can cause various cardiovascular disorders. Angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, plays an important role in vascular dysfunction by promoting changes in endothelial function, vascular reactivity, tissue remodeling and oxidative stress. We investigated whether modulation of angiotensin II signaling and redox homeostasis could be a mechanism contributing to arsenic-induced vascular disorder. Rats were exposed to arsenic at 25, 50 and 100ppm of sodium arsenite through drinking water consecutively for 90 days. Blood pressure was recorded weekly. On the 91st day, the rats were sacrificed for blood collection and isolation of thoracic aorta. Angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin II levels were assessed in plasma. Aortic reactivity to angiotensin II was assessed in organ-bath system. Western blot of AT1 receptors and G protein (Gαq/11), ELISA of signal transducers of MAP kinase pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were assessed in aorta. Arsenic caused concentration-dependent increase in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure from the 10th, 8th and 7th week onwards, respectively. Arsenic caused concentration-dependent enhancement of the angiotensin II-induced aortic contractile response. Arsenic also caused concentration-dependent increase in the plasma levels of angiotensin II and angiotensin converting enzyme and the expression of aortic AT1 receptor and Gαq/11 proteins. Arsenic increased aortic protein kinase C activity and the concentrations of protein tyrosine kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Further, arsenic increased aortic mRNA expression of Nox2, Nox4 and p22phox, NADPH oxidase activity and ROS generation. The results suggest that arsenic-mediated enhancement of angiotensin II signaling could be an important mechanism in the arsenic-induced vascular disorder, where ROS could augment the angiotensin II signaling through activation of MAP kinase pathway.
Collapse
|
36
|
Singh P, Gupta S, Sharma B. Melatonin receptor and KATP channel modulation in experimental vascular dementia. Physiol Behav 2015; 142:66-78. [PMID: 25659733 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases are stated as important risk factors of vascular dementia (VaD) and other cognitive disorders. In the central nervous system, melatonin (MT1/MT2) as well as serotonin subtype 2C (5-HT2C) receptors is pharmacologically associated with various neurological disorders. Brain mitochondrial potassium channels have been reported for their role in neuroprotection. This study has been structured to investigate the role of agomelatine, a melatonergic MT1/MT2 agonist and nicorandil, a selective ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channel opener in renal artery ligation (two-kidney-one-clip: 2K1C) hypertension induced endothelial dysfunction, brain damage and VaD. 2K1C-renovascular hypertension has increased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), impaired memory (elevated plus maze and Morris water maze), endothelial function, reduced serum nitrite/nitrate and increased brain damage (TTC staining of brain sections). Furthermore, 2K1C animals have shown high levels of oxidative stress in serum (increased thiobarbituric acid reactive species-TBARS with decreased levels of glutathione-GSH, superoxide dismutase-SOD and catalase-CAT), in the aorta (increased aortic superoxide anion) and in the brain (increased TBARS with decreased GSH, SOD and CAT). 2K1C has also induced a significant increase in brain inflammation (myeloperoxidase-MPO levels), acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) and calcium levels. Impairment in mitochondrial complexes like NADH dehydrogenase (complex-I), succinate dehydrogenase (complex-II) and cytochrome oxidase (complex-IV) was also noted in 2K1C animals. Administration of agomelatine, nicorandil and donepezil significantly attenuated 2K1C-hypertension induced impairments in memory, endothelial function, nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and brain damage. Therefore, modulators of MT1/MT2 receptors and KATP channels may be considered as potential agents for the management of renovascular hypertension induced VaD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Singh
- CNS and CVS Pharmacology Lab., Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Partapur Bypass, Meerut, 250103 Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Surbhi Gupta
- CNS and CVS Pharmacology Lab., Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Partapur Bypass, Meerut, 250103 Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Partapur Bypass, Meerut, 250103 Uttar Pradesh, India; CNS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, Pocket F-233, B, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Waghe P, Sarath TS, Gupta P, Kutty HS, Kandasamy K, Mishra SK, Sarkar SN. Subchronic arsenic exposure through drinking water alters vascular redox homeostasis and affects physical health in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 162:234-41. [PMID: 25209654 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether arsenic can alter vascular redox homeostasis and modulate antioxidant status, taking rat thoracic aorta as a model vascular tissue. In addition, we evaluated whether the altered vascular biochemical homeostasis could be associated with alterations in the physical indicators of toxicity development. Rats were exposed to arsenic as 25, 50, and 100 ppm of sodium arsenite through drinking water for 90 consecutive days. Body weight, food intake, and water consumption were recorded weekly. On the 91st day, rats were sacrificed; vital organs and thoracic aorta were collected. Lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species generation, and antioxidants were assessed in the thoracic aorta. Arsenic increased aortic lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation while decreased reduced glutathione content in a dose-dependent manner. The activities of the enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were decreased. Further, arsenic at 100 ppm decreased feed intake, water consumption, and body weight from the 11th week onward. At this concentration, arsenic increased the relative weights of the liver and kidney. The results suggest that arsenic causes dose-dependent oxidative stress, reduction in antioxidative defense systems, and body weight loss with alteration in hepato-renal organosomatic indices. Overall, subchronic arsenic exposure through drinking water causes alteration in vascular redox homeostasis and at high concentration affects physical health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashantkumar Waghe
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Spear M, Thomas R, Shrader-Frechette K. Commentary: flawed science delays smelter cleanup and worsens health. Account Res 2014; 22:41-60. [PMID: 25275623 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2014.939746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For 6,000 years, humans have known about smelter hazards. Yet these metals threats continue. Why? This commentary provides one preliminary answer. It (1) summarizes the history of smelter pollution and (2) suggests that at least 3 problems-especially flawed smelter-polluter science-allow continuing health threats. It (3) illustrates this flawed science by using one of the most dangerous of U.S. former smelters, in DePue, Illinois. There polluters are avoiding violating the law yet trying to minimize smelter-caused health threats, thus clean-up costs, by using two questionable scientific claims. The causality-denial claim denies that smelter metals cause neurodegenerative diseases. The biomagnification-denial claim denies that food-chain biomagnification of smelter metals can put citizens at risk. The commentary shows both claims err, and (4) suggests ways to address flawed smelter science and resulting health harms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Spear
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Atorvastatin ameliorates arsenic-induced hypertension and enhancement of vascular redox signaling in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:443-54. [PMID: 25218292 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure has been linked to elevated blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases, while statins reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease predominantly by their low density lipoprotein-lowering effect. Besides, statins have other beneficial effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We evaluated whether atorvastatin, a widely used statin, can ameliorate arsenic-induced increase in blood pressure and alteration in lipid profile and also whether the amelioration could relate to altered NO and ROS signaling. Rats were exposed to sodium arsenite (100ppm) through drinking water for 90 consecutive days. Atorvastatin (10mg/kg bw, orally) was administered once daily during the last 30days of arsenic exposure. On the 91st day, blood was collected for lipid profile. Western blot of iNOS and eNOS protein, NO and 3-nitrotyrosine production, Nox-4 and p22Phox mRNA expression, Nox activity, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were evaluated in thoracic aorta. Arsenic increased systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, while it decreased HDL-C and increased LDL-C, total cholesterol and triglycerides in serum. Arsenic down-regulated eNOS and up-regulated iNOS protein expression and increased basal NO and 3-nitrotyrosine level. Arsenic increased aortic Nox-4 and p22Phox mRNA expression, Nox activity, ROS generation and lipid peroxidation. Further, arsenic decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and depleted aortic GSH content. Atorvastatin regularized blood pressure, improved lipid profile and attenuated arsenic-mediated redox alterations. The results demonstrate that atorvastatin has the potential to ameliorate arsenic-induced hypertension by improving lipid profile, aortic NO signaling and restoring vascular redox homeostasis.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kesavan M, Sarath TS, Kannan K, Suresh S, Gupta P, Vijayakaran K, Sankar P, Kurade NP, Mishra SK, Sarkar SN. Atorvastatin restores arsenic-induced vascular dysfunction in rats: modulation of nitric oxide signaling and inflammatory mediators. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:107-16. [PMID: 25058445 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether atorvastatin, an extensively prescribed statin for reducing the risks of cardiovascular diseases, can reduce the risk of arsenic-induced vascular dysfunction and inflammation in rats and whether the modulation could be linked to improvement in vascular NO signaling. Rats were exposed to sodium arsenite (100ppm) through drinking water for 90 consecutive days. Atorvastatin (10mg/kg bw, orally) was administered once daily during the last 30days of arsenic exposure. On the 91(st) day, blood was collected for measuring serum C-reactive protein. Thoracic aorta was isolated for assessing reactivity to phenylephrine, sodium nitroprusside and acetylcholine; evaluating eNOS and iNOS mRNA expression and measuring NO production, while abdominal aorta was used for ELISA of cytokines, chemokine and vascular cell adhesion molecules. Histopathology was done in aortic arches. Arsenic did not alter phenylephrine-elicited contraction. Atorvastatin inhibited Emax of phenylephrine, but it augmented the contractile response in aortic rings from arsenic-exposed animals. Sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation was not altered with any treatment. However, arsenic reduced acetylcholine-induced relaxation and affected aortic eNOS at the levels of mRNA expression, protein concentration, phosphorylation and NO production. Further, it increased aortic iNOS mRNA expression, iNOS-derived NO synthesis, production of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, VCAM, sICAM) and serum C-reactive protein and aortic vasculopathic lesions. Atorvastatin attenuated these arsenic-mediated functional, biochemical and structural alterations. Results show that atorvastatin has the potential to ameliorate arsenic-induced vascular dysfunction and inflammation by restoring endothelial function with improvement in NO signaling and attenuating production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell adhesion molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Kesavan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Thengumpallil Sasindran Sarath
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kandasamy Kannan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subramaniyam Suresh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karunakaran Vijayakaran
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Palanisamy Sankar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nitin Pandurang Kurade
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Mishra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Souvendra Nath Sarkar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tyler CR, Allan AM. The Effects of Arsenic Exposure on Neurological and Cognitive Dysfunction in Human and Rodent Studies: A Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2014; 1:132-147. [PMID: 24860722 PMCID: PMC4026128 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic toxicity is a worldwide health concern as several millions of people are exposed to this toxicant via drinking water, and exposure affects almost every organ system in the body including the brain. Recent studies have shown that even low concentrations of arsenic impair neurological function, particularly in children. This review will focus on the current epidemiological evidence of arsenic neurotoxicity in children and adults, with emphasis on cognitive dysfunction, including learning and memory deficits and mood disorders. We provide a cohesive synthesis of the animal studies that have focused on neural mechanisms of dysfunction after arsenic exposure including altered epigenetics; hippocampal function; glucocorticoid and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) pathway signaling; glutamatergic, cholinergic and monoaminergic signaling; adult neurogenesis; and increased Alzheimer’s-associated pathologies. Finally, we briefly discuss new studies focusing on therapeutic strategies to combat arsenic toxicity including the use of selenium and zinc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Tyler
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Andrea M Allan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Aminoguanidine Changes Hippocampal Expression of Apoptosis-Related Genes, Improves Passive Avoidance Learning and Memory in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:343-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|