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Marimoutou M, Patel V, Kim JH, Schaible N, Alvarez J, Hughes J, Obermok M, Rodríguez CI, Kallarakal T, Suki B, Amin K, Krishnan R, Behrsing HP. The Fibrotic Phenotype of Human Precision-Cut Lung Slices Is Maintained after Cryopreservation. TOXICS 2024; 12:637. [PMID: 39330565 PMCID: PMC11436228 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12090637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Human precision-cut lung slices (hPCLS) prepared from fibrotic lungs recapitulate the pathophysiological hallmarks of fibrosis. These hallmark features can also be induced by treating non-fibrotic hPCLS with a fibrotic cocktail (FC). As a result, the fibrotic and fibrosis-induced hPCLS are rapidly emerging as preferred models for disease modeling and drug discovery. However, current hPCLS models are limited by tissue viability in culture, as they are usually only viable for one week after harvesting. Here, we demonstrate that the fibrotic hPCLS can be cryopreserved, stored for months, and then thawed on demand without loss of hPCLS viability or protein content for 14 days post-thawing. Cryopreservation also preserves the pro-fibrotic potential of non-fibrotic hPCLS. Specifically, when we treated the thawed non-fibrotic hPCLS with an FC, we observed significant pro-fibrotic cytokine secretion and elevated tissue stiffness. These pro-fibrotic changes were inhibited by the small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Nintedanib. Taken together, our work indicates that a feasible solution to prolong the pre-clinical utility of fibrotic and fibrosis-induced hPCLS is cryopreservation. We anticipate that cryopreserved hPCLS will serve as an advantageous predictive model for the evaluation of pro-fibrotic pathways during acute and chronic toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Méry Marimoutou
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jae Hun Kim
- Mechanobiologix, LLC, Newton, MA 02464, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Niccole Schaible
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jose Alvarez
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Joseph Hughes
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - McKenzie Obermok
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | - Béla Suki
- Mechanobiologix, LLC, Newton, MA 02464, USA
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Khalid Amin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Mechanobiologix, LLC, Newton, MA 02464, USA
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Leaker BD, Wang Y, Tam J, Anderson RR. Analysis of culture and RNA isolation methods for precision-cut liver slices from cirrhotic rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15349. [PMID: 38961190 PMCID: PMC11222550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) are increasingly used as a model to investigate anti-fibrotic therapies. However, many studies use PCLS from healthy animals treated with pro-fibrotic stimuli in culture, which reflects only the early stages of fibrosis. The effects of different culture conditions on PCLS from cirrhotic animals has not been well characterized and there is no consensus on optimal methods. In this study, we report a method for the collection and culture of cirrhotic PCLS and compare the effect of common culture conditions on viability, function, and gene expression. Additionally, we compared three methods of RNA isolation and identified a protocol with high yield and purity. We observed significantly increased albumin production when cultured with insulin-transferrin-selenium and dexamethasone, and when incubated on a rocking platform. Culturing with insulin-transferrin-selenium and dexamethasone maintained gene expression closer to the levels in fresh slices. However, despite stable viability and function up to 4 days, we found significant changes in expression of key genes by day 2. Interestingly, we also observed that cirrhotic PCLS maintain viability in culture longer than slices from healthy animals. Due to the influence of matrix stiffness on fibrosis and hepatocellular function, it is important to evaluate prospective anti-fibrotic therapies in a platform that preserves tissue biomechanics. PCLS from cirrhotic animals represent a promising tool for the development of treatments for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D Leaker
- Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Thier Research Building, MGH, 55 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Tam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Thier Research Building, MGH, 55 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Thier Research Building, MGH, 55 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Putri KSS, Adhyatmika A, Boorsma CE, Habibie H, Ruigrok MJR, Heukels P, Timens W, de Jager MH, Hinrichs WLJ, Olinga P, Melgert BN. Osteoprotegerin is an Early Marker of the Fibrotic Process and of Antifibrotic Treatment Responses in Ex Vivo Lung Fibrosis. Lung 2024; 202:331-342. [PMID: 38642135 PMCID: PMC11143060 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-024-00691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung fibrosis is a chronic lung disease with a high mortality rate with only two approved drugs (pirfenidone and nintedanib) to attenuate its progression. To date, there are no reliable biomarkers to assess fibrosis development and/or treatment effects for these two drugs. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is used as a serum marker to diagnose liver fibrosis and we have previously shown it associates with lung fibrosis as well. METHODS Here we used murine and human precision-cut lung slices to investigate the regulation of OPG in lung tissue to elucidate whether it tracks with (early) fibrosis development and responds to antifibrotic treatment to assess its potential use as a biomarker. RESULTS OPG mRNA expression in murine lung slices was higher after treatment with profibrotic cytokines TGFβ1 or IL13, and closely correlated with Fn and PAI1 mRNA expression. More OPG protein was released from fibrotic human lung slices than from the control human slices and from TGFβ1 and IL13-stimulated murine lung slices compared to control murine slices. This OPG release was inhibited when murine slices were treated with pirfenidone or nintedanib. OPG release from human fibrotic lung slices was inhibited by pirfenidone treatment. CONCLUSION OPG can already be detected during the early stages of fibrosis development and responds, both in early- and late-stage fibrosis, to treatment with antifibrotic drugs currently on the market for lung fibrosis. Therefore, OPG should be further investigated as a potential biomarker for lung fibrosis and a potential surrogate marker for treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurnia S S Putri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Adhyatmika Adhyatmika
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Drug Targeting and Personalized Medicine Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Carian E Boorsma
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Habibie Habibie
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Mitchel J R Ruigrok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heukels
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina H de Jager
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Lenti MV, Santacroce G, Broglio G, Rossi CM, Di Sabatino A. Recent advances in intestinal fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101251. [PMID: 38359700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite many progresses have been made in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, especially due to the increasing number of effective therapies, the development of tissue fibrosis is a very common occurrence along the natural history of this condition. To a certain extent, fibrogenesis is a physiological and necessary process in all those conditions characterised by chronic inflammation. However, the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix within the bowel wall will end up in the formation of strictures, with the consequent need for surgery. A number of mechanisms have been described in this process, but some of them are not yet clear. For sure, the main trigger is the presence of a persistent inflammatory status within the mucosa, which in turn favours the occurrence of a pro-fibrogenic environment. Among the main key players, myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, immune cells, growth factors and cytokines must be mentioned. Although there are no available therapies able to target fibrosis, the only way to prevent it is by controlling inflammation. In this review, we summarize the state of art of the mechanisms involved in gut fibrogenesis, how to diagnose it, and which potential targets could be druggable to tackle fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Santacroce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Broglio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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Boo YC. Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Rosmarinic Acid and the Extracts of Lamiaceae Plants for the Treatment of Fibrosis of Various Organs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38397744 PMCID: PMC10886237 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, which causes structural hardening and functional degeneration in various organs, is characterized by the excessive production and accumulation of connective tissue containing collagen, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), etc. In traditional medicine, extracts of medicinal plants or herbal prescriptions have been used to treat various fibrotic diseases. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the antifibrotic effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) and plant extracts that contain RA, as observed in various experimental models. RA, as well as the extracts of Glechoma hederacea, Melissa officinalis, Elsholtzia ciliata, Lycopus lucidus, Ocimum basilicum, Prunella vulgaris, Salvia rosmarinus (Rosmarinus officinalis), Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Perilla frutescens, have been shown to attenuate fibrosis of the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, and abdomen in experimental animal models. Their antifibrotic effects were associated with the attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, cell activation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and fibrogenic gene expression. RA treatment activated peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) while suppressing the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and Wnt signaling pathways. Interestingly, most plants that are reported to contain RA and exhibit antifibrotic activity belong to the family Lamiaceae. This suggests that RA is an active ingredient for the antifibrotic effect of Lamiaceae plants and that these plants are a useful source of RA. In conclusion, accumulating scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of RA and Lamiaceae plant extracts in alleviating fibrosis and maintaining the structural architecture and normal functions of various organs under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Leaker B, Qiao G, Sojoodi M, Eissa IR, Epstein ET, Eddy J, Dimowo O, Lauer GM, Chung RT, Qadan M, Lanuti M, Fuchs BC, Tanabe KK. Precision-Cut Liver Slices as an ex vivo model to evaluate antifibrotic therapies for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.30.564772. [PMID: 37961334 PMCID: PMC10635008 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.30.564772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Precision-Cut Liver Slices (PCLS) are an ex vivo culture model developed to study hepatic drug metabolism. One of the main benefits of this model is that it retains the structure and cellular composition of the native liver. PCLS also represents a potential model system to study liver fibrosis in a setting that more closely approximates in vivo pathology than in vitro methods. The aim of this study was to assess whether responses to antifibrotic interventions can be detected and quantified with PCLS. Methods PCLS of 250 μm thickness were prepared from four different murine fibrotic liver models: choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD), thioacetamide (TAA), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). PCLS were treated with 5 μM Erlotinib for 72 hours. Histology and gene expression were then compared with in vivo murine experiments and TGF-β1 activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). These types of PCLS characterization were also evaluated in PCLS from human cirrhotic liver. Results PCLS viability in culture was stable for 72 hours. Treatment of erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor significantly inhibited the expression of profibrogenic genes Il6, Col1a1 and Timp1 in PCLS from CDAHFD-induced cirrhotic mice, and Il6, Col1a1 and Tgfb1 in PCLS from TAA-induced cirrhotic rats. Erlotinib treatment of PCLS from DEN-induced cirrhotic rats inhibited the expression of Col1a1, Timp1, Tgfb1 and Il6, which was consistent with the impact of erlotinib on Col1a1 and Tgfb1 expression in in vivo DEN-induced cirrhosis. Erlotinib treatment of PCLS from CCl4-induced cirrhosis caused reduced expression of Timp1, Col1a1 and Tgfb1, which was consistent with the effect of erlotinib in in vivo CCl4-induced cirrhosis. In addition, in HSCs at PCLS from normal mice, TGF-β1 treatment upregulated Acta2 (αSMA), while treatment with erlotinib inhibited the expression of Acta2. Similar expression results were observed in TGF-β1 treated in vitro HSCs. Expression of MMPs and TIMPs, key regulators of fibrosis progression and regression, were also significantly altered under erlotinib treatment in PCLS. Expression changes under erlotinib treatment were also corroborated with PCLS from human cirrhosis samples. Conclusion The responses to antifibrotic interventions can be detected and quantified with PCLS at the gene expression level. The antifibrotic effects of erlotinib are consistent between PCLS models of murine cirrhosis and those observed in vivo and in vitro. Similar effects were also reproduced in PCLS derived from patients with cirrhosis. PCLS is an excellent model to assess antifibrotic therapies that is aligned with the principles of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (3Rs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ben Leaker
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard-MIT program in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guoliang Qiao
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ibrahim Ragab Eissa
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eliana T. Epstein
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan Eddy
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Oizoshimoshiofu Dimowo
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Georg M. Lauer
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Motaz Qadan
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Fang J, Celton-Morizur S, Desdouets C. NAFLD-Related HCC: Focus on the Latest Relevant Preclinical Models. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3723. [PMID: 37509384 PMCID: PMC10377912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. Despite extensive research, the biological mechanisms underlying HCC's development and progression remain only partially understood. Chronic overeating and/or sedentary-lifestyle-associated obesity, which promote Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), have recently emerged as worrying risk factors for HCC. NAFLD is characterized by excessive hepatocellular lipid accumulation (steatosis) and affects one quarter of the world's population. Steatosis progresses in the more severe inflammatory form, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), potentially leading to HCC. The incidence of NASH is expected to increase by up to 56% over the next 10 years. Better diagnoses and the establishment of effective treatments for NAFLD and HCC will require improvements in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the disease's development. This review describes the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the mechanisms underlying the transition from NAFL/NASH to HCC. We also discuss a selection of appropriate preclinical models of NAFLD for research, from cellular models such as liver-on-a-chip models to in vivo models, focusing particularly on mouse models of dietary NAFLD-HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Séverine Celton-Morizur
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Desdouets
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Genomic Instability, Metabolism, Immunity and Liver Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75005 Paris, France
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Fridrichs J, Hamel B, Kelder W, van den Hoed E, van den Heuvel MC, Hulscher JBF, Olinga P. Human precision-cut cystic duct and gallbladder slices: a novel method for studying cholangiopathies. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1058319. [PMID: 37528870 PMCID: PMC10387522 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1058319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Precision-cut tissue slices (PCTS) are widely used as an ex vivo culture tissue culture technique to study pathogeneses of diseases and drug activities in organs in vitro. A novel application of the PCTS model may be in the field of translational research into cholangiopathies such as biliary atresia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to apply the precision-cut slice technique to human bile duct and gallbladder tissue. Methods Cystic duct and gallbladder tissue derived from patients undergoing a cholecystectomy were collected, preserved and used for preparation of precision-cut cystic duct slices (PCCDS) and precision-cut gallbladder slices (PCGS). The PCCDS and PCGS were prepared using a mechanical tissue slicer and subsequently incubated for 24 and 48 h respectively in William's Medium E (WME) culture medium. Viability was assessed based on ATP/protein content and tissue morphology [hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining]. Results It was shown that viability, assessed by the ATP/protein content and morphology, of the PCCDS (n = 8) and PCGS (n = 8) could be maintained over the 24 and 48 h incubation period respectively. ATP/protein content of the PCCDS increased significantly from 0.58 ± 0.13 pmol/µg at 0 h to 2.4 ± 0.29 pmol/µg after 24 h incubation (P = .0003). A similar significant increase from 0.94 ± 0.22 pmol/µg at 0 h to 3.7 ± 0.41 pmol/µg after 24 h (P = .0005) and 4.2 ± 0.47 pmol/µg after 48 h (P = .0002) was observed in the PCGS. Morphological assessment of the PCCDS and PCGS showed viable tissue at 0 h and after 24 and 48 h incubation respectively. Conclusion This study is the first to report on the use of the PCTS model for human gallbladder and cystic duct tissue. PCCDS and PCGS remain viable for an incubation period of at least 24 h, which makes them suitable for research purposes in the field of cholangiopathies, including biliary atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeske Fridrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart Hamel
- Department of Pathology, Martini Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wendy Kelder
- Department of Surgery, Martini Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jan B. F. Hulscher
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Ren HL, Zhang JH, Xiao JH. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids inhibit lung fibroblast activation mainly via inhibiting TGF-β1/Smads and ERK1/2 pathway proteins. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16849. [PMID: 37346334 PMCID: PMC10279837 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Liensinine (Lien), Neferine (Nef), Isoliensinine (Iso) and Tetrandrine (Tet), benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), have been shown inhibitory effects on pulmonary fibrosis (PF) through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative activities, inhibition of cytokines and NF-κB. Effects of other similar BIAs, Dauricine (Dau), Papaverine (Pap) and lotusine (Lot), on PF remain unclear. Here, we explored the effects of five bisbenzylisoquinoline (Lien, Nef, Iso, Tet and Dau) and two monobenzylisoquinoline (Pap, Lot) alkaloids on normal and PF fibroblasts. Methods Primary normal and PF lung fibroblasts were cultured and treated with these alkaloids. Proliferation, activation, migration and apoptosis changes were detected by MTT, wound healing assay, flow cytometry. Protein level was analyzed by Western blot. Results All BIAs inhibited proliferation of normal and PF lung fibroblasts induced by TGF-β. α-SMA protein level in normal and PF lung fibroblasts decreased after Lien, Nef, Iso, Tet and Dau treatment. Pap and Lot had no influence on α-SMA expression. Dau showed the strongest inhibitory effects on proliferation and activation among alkaloids. The migration rates of normal and PF lung fibroblasts were inhibited by Lien, Nef, Iso, and Dau. Lien, Nef, Iso and Dau significantly promoted apoptosis, while Tet had no effect on apoptosis. Pap and Lot had no influence on activation, migration and apoptosis. Dau significantly inhibited Smad3/4 and p-ERK1/2 protein overexpression induced by TGF-β1. Conclusions Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids had stronger effects on inhibiting lung fibroblasts than monobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Dau expressed the strongest inhibitory effects, which may be related to its inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad3/4 and p-ERK1/2 pathway proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jia-Hua Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jun-Hua Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China
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10
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Reolizo L, Matsuda M, Seki E. Experimental Workflow for Preclinical Studies of Human Antifibrotic Therapies. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2669:285-306. [PMID: 37247068 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases accompanied by liver fibrosis have caused significant morbidity and mortality in the world with increasing prevalence. Nonetheless, there are no approved antifibrotic therapies. Although numerous preclinical studies showed satisfactory results in targeting fibrotic pathways, these animal studies have not led to success in humans. In this chapter, we summarize the experimental approaches currently available, including in vitro cell culture models, in vivo animal models, and new experimental tools relevant to humans, and discuss how we translate laboratory results to clinical trials. We will also address the obstacles in transitioning promising therapies from preclinical studies to human antifibrotic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Reolizo
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michitaka Matsuda
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Hepatoprotective Effect of Silver Nanoparticles at Two Different Particle Sizes: Comparative Study with and without Silymarin. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2923-2938. [PMID: 35877426 PMCID: PMC9321183 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles have been used for numerous therapeutic purposes because of their increased biodegradability and bioavailability, yet their toxicity remains questionable as they are known to interact easily with biological systems because of their small size. This study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of silver nanoparticles’ particle size in terms of their potential hazard, as well as their potential protective effect in an LPS-induced hepatotoxicity model. Liver slices were obtained from Sprague Dawley adult male rats, and the thickness of the slices was optimized to 150 μm. Under regulated physiological circumstances, freshly cut liver slices were divided into six different groups; GP1: normal, GP2: LPS (control), GP3: LPS + AgNpL (positive control), GP4: LPS + silymarin (standard treatment), GP5: LPS + AgNpS + silymarin (treatment I), GP6: LPS + AgNpL + silymarin (treatment II). After 24 h of incubation, the plates were gently removed, and the supernatant and tissue homogenate were all collected and then subjected to the following biochemical parameters: Cox2, NO, IL-6, and TNF-α. The LPS elicited marked hepatic tissue injury manifested by elevated cytokines and proinflammatory markers. Both small silver nanoparticles and large silver nanoparticles efficiently attenuated LPS hepatotoxicity, mainly via preserving the cytokines’ level and diminishing the inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, large silver nanoparticles exhibited effective hepatoprotective capabilities over small silver nanoparticles.
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12
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Karsten REH, Krijnen NJW, Maho W, Permentier H, Verpoorte E, Olinga P. Mouse precision-cut liver slices as an ex vivo model to study drug-induced cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2523-2543. [PMID: 35708773 PMCID: PMC9325861 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drugs are often withdrawn from the market due to the manifestation of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in patients. Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC), defined as obstruction of hepatic bile flow due to medication, is one form of DILI. Because DILI is idiosyncratic, and the resulting cholestasis complex, there is no suitable in vitro model for early DIC detection during drug development. Our goal was to develop a mouse precision-cut liver slice (mPCLS) model to study DIC and to assess cholestasis development using conventional molecular biology and analytical chemistry methods. Cholestasis was induced in mPCLS through a 48-h-incubation with three drugs known to induce cholestasis in humans, namely chlorpromazine (15, 20, and 30 µM), cyclosporin A (1, 3, and 6 µM) or glibenclamide (25, 50, and 65 µM). A bile-acid mixture (16 µM) that is physiologically representative of the human bile-acid pool was added to the incubation medium with drug, and results were compared to incubations with no added bile acids. Treatment of PCLS with cholestatic drugs increased the intracellular bile-acid concentration of deoxycholic acid and modulated bile-transporter genes. Chlorpromazine led to the most pronounced cholestasis in 48 h, observed as increased toxicity; decreased protein and gene expression of the bile salt export pump; increased gene expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4; and accumulation of intracellular bile acids. Moreover, chlorpromazine-induced cholestasis exhibited some transition into fibrosis, evidenced by increased gene expression of collagen 1A1 and heatshock protein 47. In conclusion, we demonstrate that mPCLS can be used to study human DIC onset and progression in a 48 h period. We thus propose this model is suited for other similar studies of human DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E H Karsten
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N J W Krijnen
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Maho
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 16, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Permentier
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 16, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Group, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Olinga
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Best Practices and Progress in Precision-Cut Liver Slice Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137137. [PMID: 34281187 PMCID: PMC8267882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five years ago, precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) were described as a promising tool and were expected to become the standard in vitro model to study liver disease as they tick off all characteristics of a good in vitro model. In contrast to most in vitro models, PCLS retain the complex 3D liver structures found in vivo, including cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, and therefore should constitute the most reliable tool to model and to investigate pathways underlying chronic liver disease in vitro. Nevertheless, the biggest disadvantage of the model is the initiation of a procedure-induced fibrotic response. In this review, we describe the parameters and potential of PCLS cultures and discuss whether the initially described limitations and pitfalls have been overcome. We summarize the latest advances in PCLS research and critically evaluate PCLS use and progress since its invention in 1985.
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14
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Nanoparticle-induced inflammation and fibrosis in ex vivo murine precision-cut liver slices and effects of nanoparticle exposure conditions. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1267-1285. [PMID: 33555372 PMCID: PMC8032640 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure and accumulation of persistent nanomaterials by cells have led to safety concerns on potential long-term effects induced by nanoparticles, including chronic inflammation and fibrosis. With this in mind, we used murine precision-cut liver tissue slices to test potential induction of inflammation and onset of fibrosis upon 72 h exposure to different nanomaterials (0–200 µg/ml). Tissue slices were chosen as an advanced ex vivo 3D model to better resemble the complexity of the in vivo tissue environment, with a focus on the liver where most nanomaterials accumulate. Effects on the onset of fibrosis and inflammation were investigated, with particular care in optimizing nanoparticle exposure conditions to tissue. Thus, we compared the effects induced on slices exposed to nanoparticles in the presence of excess free proteins (in situ), or after corona isolation. Slices exposed to daily-refreshed nanoparticle dispersions were used to test additional effects due to ageing of the dispersions. Exposure to amino-modified polystyrene nanoparticles in serum-free conditions led to strong inflammation, with stronger effects with daily-refreshed dispersions. Instead, no inflammation was observed when slices were exposed to the same nanoparticles in medium supplemented with serum to allow corona formation. Similarly, no clear signs of inflammation nor of onset of fibrosis were detected after exposure to silica, titania or carboxylated polystyrene in all conditions tested. Overall, these results show that liver slices can be used to test nanoparticle-induced inflammation in real tissue, and that the exposure conditions and ageing of the dispersions can strongly affect tissue responses to nanoparticles.
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15
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Schroeder ME, Gonzalez Rodriguez A, Speckl KF, Walker CJ, Midekssa FS, Grim JC, Weiss RM, Anseth KS. Collagen networks within 3D PEG hydrogels support valvular interstitial cell matrix mineralization. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:197-210. [PMID: 33181362 PMCID: PMC7738375 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatically degradable hydrogels were designed for the 3D culture of valvular interstitial cells (VICs), and through the incorporation of various functionalities, we aimed to investigate the role of the tissue microenvironment in promoting the osteogenic properties of VICs and matrix mineralization. Specifically, porcine VICs were encapsulated in a poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel crosslinked with a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable crosslinker (KCGPQG↓IWGQCK) and formed via a thiol-ene photoclick reaction in the presence or absence of collagen type I to promote matrix mineralization. VIC-laden hydrogels were treated with osteogenic medium for up to 15 days, and the osteogenic response was characterized by the expression of RUNX2 as an early marker of an osteoblast-like phenotype, osteocalcin (OCN) as a marker of a mature osteoblast-like phenotype, and vimentin (VIM) as a marker of the fibroblast phenotype. In addition, matrix mineralization was characterized histologically with Von Kossa stain for calcium phosphate. Osteogenic response was further characterized biochemically with calcium assays, and physically via optical density measurements. When the osteogenic medium was supplemented with calcium chloride, OCN expression was upregulated and mineralization was discernable at 12 days of culture. Finally, this platform was used to screen various drug therapeutics that were assessed for their efficacy in preventing mineralization using optical density as a higher throughput readout. Collectively, these results suggest that matrix composition has a key role in supporting mineralization deposition within diseased valve tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schroeder
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Andrea Gonzalez Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Kelly F Speckl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Cierra J Walker
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Firaol S Midekssa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Joseph C Grim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA, 52242
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA; The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder CO 80303, USA.
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16
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Wu Y, Zhao W, Ye F, Huang S, Chen H, Zhou R, Jiang W. Tetrandrine attenuates left ventricular dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:119. [PMID: 33335582 PMCID: PMC7739846 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether tetrandrine could attenuate left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=5/group) as follows: i) Healthy control group; ii) sham operation group; iii) myocardial infarction model group; iv) myocardial infarction + low-dose tetrandrine group (10 mg/kg); v) myocardial infarction + medium-dose tetrandrine group (50 mg/kg); and vi) myocardial infarction + high-dose tetrandrine group (80 mg/kg). Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVIDd), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVIDs), ejection fraction (EF%) and left ventricular fractional shortening rate (FS%) were measured using ultrasonography. The pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Left ventricular tissue section TUNEL staining was also performed. Furthermore, the triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial blood were examined by biochemical testing. Expression levels of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis-related proteins including ryanodine receptor calmodulin, CaM-dependent protein kinase IIδ, protein kinase A, FK506 binding protein 12.6 were measured using western blot analysis. Ultrasonography results showed that in the myocardial infarction model rats, the levels of LVIDd and LVIDs were significantly higher; however, the levels of EF% and FS% were lower compared with those in the sham operation group, which was alleviated by tetrandrine. H&E results showed that tetrandrine alleviated the pathological characteristics of myocardial infarction model rats. Furthermore, tetrandrine significantly inhibited myocardial cell apoptosis in rats with myocardial infarction. Tetrandrine significantly inhibited the levels of TG, TC and LDL and increased the levels of HDL in the arterial blood of rats with myocardial infarction. These findings revealed that tetrandrine could attenuate left ventricular dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction, which might be associated with intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Fanhao Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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17
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Saidu NEB, Bonini C, Dickinson A, Grce M, Inngjerdingen M, Koehl U, Toubert A, Zeiser R, Galimberti S. New Approaches for the Treatment of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Current Status and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:578314. [PMID: 33162993 PMCID: PMC7583636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.578314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) is a severe complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that affects various organs leading to a reduced quality of life. The condition often requires enduring immunosuppressive therapy, which can also lead to the development of severe side effects. Several approaches including small molecule inhibitors, antibodies, cytokines, and cellular therapies are now being developed for the treatment of cGvHD, and some of these therapies have been or are currently tested in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss these emerging therapies with particular emphasis on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). TKIs are a class of compounds that inhibits tyrosine kinases, thereby preventing the dissemination of growth signals and activation of key cellular proteins that are involved in cell growth and division. Because they have been shown to inhibit key kinases in both B cells and T cells that are involved in the pathophysiology of cGvHD, TKIs present new promising therapeutic approaches. Ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibitor, has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States for the treatment of adult patients with cGvHD after failure of first-line of systemic therapy. Also, Janus Associated Kinases (JAK1 and JAK2) inhibitors, such as itacitinib (JAK1) and ruxolitinib (JAK1 and 2), are promising in the treatment of cGvHD. Herein, we present the current status and future directions of the use of these new drugs with particular spotlight on their targeting of specific intracellular signal transduction cascades important for cGvHD, in order to shed some light on their possible mode of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Edward Bennett Saidu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Anne Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Grce
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marit Inngjerdingen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Immunology, University Leipzig and Fraunhofer IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d`Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hopital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Iswandana R, Pham BT, Suriguga S, Luangmonkong T, van Wijk LA, Jansen YJM, Oosterhuis D, Mutsaers HAM, Olinga P. Murine Precision-cut Intestinal Slices as a Potential Screening Tool for Antifibrotic Drugs. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:678-686. [PMID: 31943022 PMCID: PMC7150673 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis is a hallmark of Crohn's disease. Here, we investigated the impact of several putative antifibrotic compounds on the expression of fibrosis markers using murine precision-cut intestinal slices. METHODS Murine precision-cut intestinal slices were cultured for 48 hours in the presence of profibrotic and/or antifibrotic compounds. The fibrotic process was studied on gene and protein level using procollagen 1a1 (Col1α1), heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47), fibronectin (Fn2), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (Pai-1). The effects of potential antifibrotic drugs mainly inhibiting the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway (eg, valproic acid, tetrandrine, pirfenidone, SB203580, and LY2109761) and compounds mainly acting on the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) pathway (eg, imatinib, sorafenib, and sunitinib) were assessed in the model at nontoxic concentrations. RESULTS Murine precision-cut intestinal slices remained viable for 48 hours, and an increased expression of fibrosis markers was observed during culture, including Hsp47, Fn2, and Pai-1. Furthermore, TGF-β1 stimulated fibrogenesis, whereas PDGF did not have an effect. Regarding the tested antifibrotics, pirfenidone, LY2109761, and sunitinib had the most pronounced impact on the expression of fibrosis markers, both in the absence and presence of profibrotic factors, as illustrated by reduced levels of Col1α1, Hsp47, Fn2, and Pai-1 after treatment. Moreover, sunitinib significantly reduced Hsp47 and Fn2 protein expression and the excretion of procollagen 1. CONCLUSIONS Precision-cut intestinal slices can successfully be used as a potential preclinical screening tool for antifibrotic drugs. We demonstrated that sunitinib reduced the expression of several fibrosis markers, warranting further evaluation of this compound for the treatment of intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raditya Iswandana
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Bao Tung Pham
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,Department of Pharmaceutics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Su Suriguga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Theerut Luangmonkong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Louise A van Wijk
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvette J M Jansen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dorenda Oosterhuis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henricus Antonius Maria Mutsaers
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,Address correspondence to: Professor Peter Olinga, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands. E-mail:
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19
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Mastikhina O, Moon BU, Williams K, Hatkar R, Gustafson D, Mourad O, Sun X, Koo M, Lam AYL, Sun Y, Fish JE, Young EWK, Nunes SS. Human cardiac fibrosis-on-a-chip model recapitulates disease hallmarks and can serve as a platform for drug testing. Biomaterials 2019; 233:119741. [PMID: 31927251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While interstitial fibrosis plays a significant role in heart failure, our understanding of disease progression in humans is limited. To address this limitation, we have engineered a cardiac-fibrosis-on-a-chip model consisting of a microfabricated device with live force measurement capabilities using co-cultured human cardiac fibroblasts and pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Transforming growth factor-β was used as a trigger for fibrosis. Here, we have reproduced the classic hallmarks of fibrosis-induced heart failure including high collagen deposition, increased tissue stiffness, BNP secretion, and passive tension. Force of contraction was significantly decreased in fibrotic tissues that displayed a transcriptomic signature consistent with human cardiac fibrosis/heart failure. Treatment with an anti-fibrotic drug decreased tissue stiffness and BNP secretion, with corresponding changes in the transcriptomic signature. This model represents an accessible approach to study human heart failure in vitro, and allows for testing anti-fibrotic drugs while facilitating the real-time assessment of cardiomyocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olya Mastikhina
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Byeong-Ui Moon
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kenneth Williams
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rupal Hatkar
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Dakota Gustafson
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Omar Mourad
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xuetao Sun
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Margaret Koo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alan Y L Lam
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason E Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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20
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Zhao Z, Lin CY, Cheng K. siRNA- and miRNA-based therapeutics for liver fibrosis. Transl Res 2019; 214:17-29. [PMID: 31476281 PMCID: PMC6848786 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing process induced by chronic liver injuries, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and metal poisoning. The accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver is a key characteristic of liver fibrosis. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major producers of ECM and therefore play irreplaceably important roles during the progression of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrogenesis is highly correlated with the activation of HSCs, which is regulated by numerous profibrotic cytokines. Using RNA interference to downregulate these cytokines in activated HSCs is a promising strategy to reverse liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, microRNAs (miRNAs) have also been exploited for the treatment of liver fibrosis. This review focuses on the current siRNA- and miRNA-based liver fibrosis treatment strategies by targeting activated HSCs in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.
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21
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Oakley F, Gee LM, Sheerin NS, Borthwick LA. Implementation of pre-clinical methodologies to study fibrosis and test anti-fibrotic therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 49:95-101. [PMID: 31731225 PMCID: PMC6904905 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diseases where fibrosis plays a major role accounts for enormous morbidity and mortality and yet we have very little in our therapeutic arsenal despite decades of research and clinical trials. Our understanding of fibrosis biology is primarily built on data generated in conventional mono-culture or co-culture systems and in vivo model systems. While these approaches have undoubtedly enhanced our understanding of basic mechanisms, they have repeatedly failed to translate to clinical benefit. Recently, there had been a push to generate more physiologically relevant platforms to study fibrosis and identify new therapeutic targets. Here we review the state-of-the-art regarding the development and application of 3D complex cultures, bio-printing and precision cut slices to study pulmonary, hepatic and renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lucy M Gee
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Neil S Sheerin
- Renal Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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22
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Bigaeva E, Gore E, Simon E, Zwick M, Oldenburger A, de Jong KP, Hofker HS, Schlepütz M, Nicklin P, Boersema M, Rippmann JF, Olinga P. Transcriptomic characterization of culture-associated changes in murine and human precision-cut tissue slices. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3549-3583. [PMID: 31754732 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of complex pathological mechanisms underlying organ fibrosis is predominantly derived from animal studies. However, relevance of animal models for human disease is limited; therefore, an ex vivo model of human precision-cut tissue slices (PCTS) might become an indispensable tool in fibrosis research and drug development by bridging the animal-human translational gap. This study, presented as two parts, provides comprehensive characterization of the dynamic transcriptional changes in PCTS during culture by RNA sequencing. Part I investigates the differences in culture-induced responses in murine and human PCTS derived from healthy liver, kidney and gut. Part II delineates the molecular processes in cultured human PCTS generated from diseased liver, kidney and ileum. We demonstrated that culture was associated with extensive transcriptional changes and impacted PCTS in a universal way across the organs and two species by triggering an inflammatory response and fibrosis-related extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. All PCTS shared mRNA upregulation of IL-11 and ECM-degrading enzymes MMP3 and MMP10. Slice preparation and culturing activated numerous pathways across all PCTS, especially those involved in inflammation (IL-6, IL-8 and HMGB1 signalling) and tissue remodelling (osteoarthritis pathway and integrin signalling). Despite the converging effects of culture, PCTS display species-, organ- and pathology-specific differences in the regulation of genes and canonical pathways. The underlying pathology in human diseased PCTS endures and influences biological processes like cytokine release. Our study reinforces the use of PCTS as an ex vivo fibrosis model and supports future studies towards its validation as a preclinical tool for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bigaeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Gore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Simon
- Computational Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Matthias Zwick
- Computational Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Anouk Oldenburger
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Koert P de Jong
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik S Hofker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Schlepütz
- Respiratory Diseases, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg F Rippmann
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands.
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23
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Bigaeva E, Stribos EGD, Mutsaers HAM, Piersma B, Leliveld AM, de Jong IJ, Bank RA, Seelen MA, van Goor H, Wollin L, Olinga P, Boersema M. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling attenuates fibrogenesis in an ex vivo model of human renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F117-F134. [PMID: 31736352 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00108.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor translation from animal studies to human clinical trials is one of the main hurdles in the development of new drugs. Here, we used precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS) as a translational model to study renal fibrosis and to investigate whether inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptors, with the selective inhibitor nintedanib, can halt fibrosis in murine and human PCKS. We used renal tissue of murine and human origins to obtain PCKS. Control slices and slices treated with nintedanib were studied to assess viability, activation of tyrosine kinase receptors, cell proliferation, collagen type I accumulation, and gene and protein regulation. During culture, PCKS spontaneously develop a fibrotic response that resembles in vivo fibrogenesis. Nintedanib blocked culture-induced phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. Furthermore, nintedanib inhibited cell proliferation and reduced collagen type I accumulation and expression of fibrosis-related genes in healthy murine and human PCKS. Modulation of extracellular matrix homeostasis was achieved already at 0.1 μM, whereas high concentrations (1 and 5 μM) elicited possible nonselective effects. In PCKS from human diseased renal tissue, nintedanib showed limited capacity to reverse established fibrosis. In conclusion, nintedanib attenuated the onset of fibrosis in both murine and human PCKS by inhibiting the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase receptors; however, the reversal of established fibrosis was not achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bigaeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth G D Stribos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus A M Mutsaers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bram Piersma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M Leliveld
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Igle J de Jong
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A Seelen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lutz Wollin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Gore E, Bigaeva E, Oldenburger A, Kim YO, Rippmann JF, Schuppan D, Boersema M, Olinga P. PI3K inhibition reduces murine and human liver fibrogenesis in precision-cut liver slices. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113633. [PMID: 31494146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis results from continuous inflammation and injury. Despite its high prevalence worldwide, no approved antifibrotic therapies exist. Omipalisib is a selective inhibitor of the PI3K/mTOR pathway that controls nutrient metabolism, growth and proliferation. It has shown antifibrotic properties in vitro. While clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have been initiated, an in-depth preclinical evaluation is lacking. We evaluated omipalisib's effects on fibrogenesis using the ex vivo model of murine and human precision-cut tissue slices (PCTS). METHODS Murine and human liver and jejunum PCTS were incubated with omipalisib up to 10 μM for 48 h. PI3K pathway activation was assessed through protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation and antifibrotic efficacy was determined via a spectrum of fibrosis markers at the transcriptional and translational level. RESULTS During incubation of PCTS the PI3K pathway was activated and incubation with omipalisib prevented Akt phosphorylation (IC50 = 20 and 1.5 nM for mouse and human, respectively). Viability of mouse and human liver PCTS was compromised only at the high concentration of 10 and 1-5 μM, respectively. However, viability of jejunum PCTS decreased with 0.1 (mouse) and 0.01 μM (human). Spontaneously increased fibrosis related genes and proteins were significantly and similarly suppressed in mouse and in human liver PCTS. CONCLUSIONS Omipalisib has antifibrotic properties in ex vivo mouse and human liver PCTS, but higher concentrations showed toxicity in jejunum PCTS. While the PI3K/mTOR pathway appears to be a promising target for the treatment of liver fibrosis, PCTS revealed likely side effects in the intestine at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Gore
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Bigaeva
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Oldenburger
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacherstraße 63, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Jörg F Rippmann
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacherstraße 63, Mainz 55131, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 330 Brookline Avenue, MA 02215, USA
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands.
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25
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Estrada-Ortiz N, Lopez-Gonzales E, Woods B, Stürup S, de Graaf IAM, Groothuis GMM, Casini A. Ex vivo toxicological evaluation of experimental anticancer gold(i) complexes with lansoprazole-type ligands. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:885-895. [PMID: 32190293 PMCID: PMC7067241 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold-based compounds are of great interest in the field of medicinal chemistry as novel therapeutic (anticancer) agents due to their peculiar reactivity and mechanisms of action with respect to organic drugs. Despite their promising pharmacological properties, the possible toxic effects of gold compounds need to be carefully evaluated in order to optimize their design and applicability. This study reports on the potential toxicity of three experimental gold-based anticancer compounds featuring lansoprazole ligands (1-3) studied in an ex vivo model, using rat precision cut kidney and liver slices (PCKS and PCLS, respectively). The results showed a different toxicity profile for the tested compounds, with the neutral complex 2 being the least toxic, even less toxic than cisplatin, followed by the cationic complex 1. The dinuclear cationic gold complex 3 was the most toxic in both liver and kidney slices. This result correlated with the metal uptake of the different compounds assessed by ICP-MS, where complex 3 showed the highest accumulation of gold in liver and kidney slices. Interestingly compound 1 showed the highest selectivity towards cancer cells compared to the healthy tissues. Histomorphology evaluation showed a similar pattern for all three Au(i) complexes, where the distal tubular cells suffered the most extensive damage, in contrast to the damage in the proximal tubules induced by cisplatin. The binding of representative gold compounds with the model ubiquitin was also studied by ESI-MS, showing that after 24 h incubation only 'naked' Au ions were bound to the protein following ligands' loss. The mRNA expression of stress response genes appeared to be similar for both evaluated organs, suggesting oxidative stress as the possible mechanism of toxicity. The obtained results open new perspectives towards the design and testing of bifunctional gold complexes with chemotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Estrada-Ortiz
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics , Toxicology and Targeting , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , University of Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713AV Groningen , The Netherlands . ;
| | - Elena Lopez-Gonzales
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics , Toxicology and Targeting , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , University of Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713AV Groningen , The Netherlands . ;
| | - Ben Woods
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building , Park Place , CF10 3AT Cardiff , UK
| | - Stefan Stürup
- Dept. of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Inge A M de Graaf
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics , Toxicology and Targeting , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , University of Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713AV Groningen , The Netherlands . ;
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics , Toxicology and Targeting , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , University of Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713AV Groningen , The Netherlands . ;
| | - Angela Casini
- Dept. Pharmacokinetics , Toxicology and Targeting , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy , University of Groningen , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713AV Groningen , The Netherlands . ;
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building , Park Place , CF10 3AT Cardiff , UK
- Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Lichtenbergstr. 4 , 85748 Garching b. München , Germany
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26
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Bigaeva E, Gore E, Mutsaers HAM, Oosterhuis D, Kim YO, Schuppan D, Bank RA, Boersema M, Olinga P. Exploring organ-specific features of fibrogenesis using murine precision-cut tissue slices. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165582. [PMID: 31676376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the hallmark of pathologic tissue remodelling in most chronic diseases. Despite advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of fibrosis, it remains uncured. Fibrogenic processes share conserved core cellular and molecular pathways across organs. In this study, we aimed to elucidate shared and organ-specific features of fibrosis using murine precision-cut tissue slices (PCTS) prepared from small intestine, liver and kidneys. PCTS displayed substantial differences in their baseline gene expression profiles: 70% of the extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes were differentially expressed across the organs. Culture for 48 h induced significant changes in ECM regulation and triggered the onset of fibrogenesis in all PCTS in organ-specific manner. TGFβ signalling was activated during 48 h culture in all PCTS. However, the degree of its involvement varied: both canonical and non-canonical TGFβ pathways were activated in liver and kidney slices, while only canonical, Smad-dependent, cascade was involved in intestinal slices. The treatment with galunisertib blocked the TGFβRI/SMAD2 signalling in all PCTS, but attenuated culture-induced dysregulation of ECM homeostasis and mitigated the onset of fibrogenesis with organ-specificity. In conclusion, regardless the many common features in pathophysiology of organ fibrosis, PCTS displayed diversity in culture-induced responses and in response to the treatment with TGFβRI kinase inhibitor galunisertib, even though it targets a core fibrosis pathway. A clear understanding of the common and organ-specific features of fibrosis is the basis for developing novel antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bigaeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emilia Gore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henricus A M Mutsaers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Dorenda Oosterhuis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacherstraße 63, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Obere Zahlbacherstraße 63, Mainz 55131, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 330 Brookline Avenue, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruud A Bank
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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27
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Sivakumar P, Kitson C, Jarai G. Modeling and measuring extracellular matrix alterations in fibrosis: challenges and perspectives for antifibrotic drug discovery. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:62-70. [PMID: 30071759 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1500557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and turnover is a hallmark of fibrotic pathologies as opposed to normal repair response to injury across several organs. Antifibrotic approaches to date have targeted multiple mechanisms and pathways involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, injury, wound repair, ECM biosynthesis, assembly, crosslinking and degradation. Many of these approaches have been unsuccessful which may in part be due to suboptimal models and the lack of validated functional ECM end points relevant to fibrosis. In addition, drug discovery and development for fibrotic diseases has been challenging due to the lack of translatability from in vivo models to the clinic. Targeting growth factor signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) are possible in simple recombinant cell models and the approval of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nintedanib (Ofev) is testament to the approach. However, drug targets directly impacting ECM synthesis, assembly or degradation have proven clinically intractable to date. The reasons for a lack of progress are many and include; non-traditional drug targets, lack of suitable high throughput screening assays and translational models, incomplete understanding of the role of the target. Here, we review the role of ECM in fibrosis, the challenges of ECM-targeted antifibrotic approaches, progress in the development of functional and biomarker-related ECM assays and where new translational models of fibrotic ECM remodeling could support drug discovery for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchumani Sivakumar
- a Fibrosis Translational Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christopher Kitson
- b Fibrosis Discovery Biology , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Gabor Jarai
- a Fibrosis Translational Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
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28
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Lehmann M, Buhl L, Alsafadi HN, Klee S, Hermann S, Mutze K, Ota C, Lindner M, Behr J, Hilgendorff A, Wagner DE, Königshoff M. Differential effects of Nintedanib and Pirfenidone on lung alveolar epithelial cell function in ex vivo murine and human lung tissue cultures of pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2018; 19:175. [PMID: 30219058 PMCID: PMC6138909 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease. Repetitive injury and reprogramming of the lung epithelium are thought to be critical drivers of disease progression, contributing to fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and subsequently loss of lung architecture and function. To date, Pirfenidone and Nintedanib are the only approved drugs known to decelerate disease progression, however, if and how these drugs affect lung epithelial cell function, remains largely unexplored. Methods We treated murine and human 3D ex vivo lung tissue cultures (3D-LTCs; generated from precision cut lung slices (PCLS)) as well as primary murine alveolar epithelial type II (pmATII) cells with Pirfenidone or Nintedanib. Murine 3D-LTCs or pmATII cells were derived from the bleomycin model of fibrosis. Early fibrotic changes were induced in human 3D-LTCs by a mixture of profibrotic factors. Epithelial and mesenchymal cell function was determined by qPCR, Western blotting, Immunofluorescent staining, and ELISA. Results Low μM concentrations of Nintedanib (1 μM) and mM concentrations of Pirfenidone (2.5 mM) reduced fibrotic gene expression including Collagen 1a1 and Fibronectin in murine and human 3D-LTCs as well as pmATII cells. Notably, Nintedanib stabilized expression of distal lung epithelial cell markers, especially Surfactant Protein C in pmATII cells as well as in murine and human 3D-LTCs. Conclusions Pirfenidone and Nintedanib exhibit distinct effects on murine and human epithelial cells, which might contribute to their anti-fibrotic action. Human 3D-LTCs represent a valuable tool to assess anti-fibrotic mechanisms of potential drugs for the treatment of IPF patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0876-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Lehmann
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Lara Buhl
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Hani N Alsafadi
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Klee
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Hermann
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Mutze
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Chiharu Ota
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lindner
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Asklepios Biobank for Lung Diseases, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Asklepios Clinic Munich-Gauting, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Asklepios Biobank for Lung Diseases, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Asklepios Clinic Munich-Gauting, Munich, Germany.,Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Stem Cell Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München and University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany. .,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, AMC, Research 2, 9th Flr, 12700 East 19th Ave, Aurora, Denver, CO, 80045, USA.
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29
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Hepatic stellate cells as key target in liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:27-42. [PMID: 28506744 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 900] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progressive liver fibrosis, induced by chronic viral and metabolic disorders, leads to more than one million deaths annually via development of cirrhosis, although no antifibrotic therapy has been approved to date. Transdifferentiation (or "activation") of hepatic stellate cells is the major cellular source of matrix protein-secreting myofibroblasts, the major driver of liver fibrogenesis. Paracrine signals from injured epithelial cells, fibrotic tissue microenvironment, immune and systemic metabolic dysregulation, enteric dysbiosis, and hepatitis viral products can directly or indirectly induce stellate cell activation. Dysregulated intracellular signaling, epigenetic changes, and cellular stress response represent candidate targets to deactivate stellate cells by inducing reversion to inactivated state, cellular senescence, apoptosis, and/or clearance by immune cells. Cell type- and target-specific pharmacological intervention to therapeutically induce the deactivation will enable more effective and less toxic precision antifibrotic therapies.
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30
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Mazza G, Al-Akkad W, Rombouts K. Engineering in vitro models of hepatofibrogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:147-157. [PMID: 28578016 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide marked by chronic inflammation and fibrosis/scarring, resulting in end-stage liver disease and its complications. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a dominant contributor to liver fibrosis by producing excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), irrespective of the underlying disease aetiologies, and for many decades research has focused on the development of a number of anti-fibrotic strategies targeting this cell. Despite major improvements in two-dimensional systems (2D) by using a variety of cell culture models of different complexity, an efficient anti-fibrogenic therapy has yet to be developed. The development of well-defined three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, which mimic ECM structures as found in vivo, have demonstrated the importance of cell-matrix bio-mechanics, the complex interactions between HSCs and hepatocytes and other non-parenchymal cells, and this to improve and promote liver cell-specific functions. Henceforth, refinement of these 3D in vitro models, which reproduce the liver microenvironment, will lead to new objectives and to a possible new era in the search for antifibrogenic compounds.
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31
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Starokozhko V, Groothuis GMM. Challenges on the road to a multicellular bioartificial liver. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e227-e236. [PMID: 27943623 DOI: 10.1002/term.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, the progress in the development of a bioartificial liver (BAL) as an extracorporeal device or as a tissue engineered transplantable organ has been immense. However, many important BAL characteristics that are necessary to meet clinical demands have not been sufficiently addressed. This review describes the existing challenges in the development of a BAL for clinical applications, highlighting multicellularity and sinusoidal microarchitecture as crucial BAL characteristics to fulfil various liver functions. Currently available sources of nonparenchymal liver cells, such as endothelial cells, cholangiocytes and macrophages, used in BAL development are defined. Also, we discuss the recent studies on the reconstruction of the complex liver sinusoid microarchitecture using various liver cell types. Moreover, we highlight some other aspects of a BAL, such as liver zonation and formation of a vascular as well as biliary network for an adequate delivery, biotransformation and removal of substrates and waste products. Finally, the benefits of a multicellular BAL for the pharmaceutical industry are briefly described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Roth AD, Lee MY. Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury (IDILI): Potential Mechanisms and Predictive Assays. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9176937. [PMID: 28133614 PMCID: PMC5241492 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9176937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) is a significant source of drug recall and acute liver failure (ALF) in the United States. While current drug development processes emphasize general toxicity and drug metabolizing enzyme- (DME-) mediated toxicity, it has been challenging to develop comprehensive models for assessing complete idiosyncratic potential. In this review, we describe the enzymes and proteins that contain polymorphisms believed to contribute to IDILI, including ones that affect phase I and phase II metabolism, antioxidant enzymes, drug transporters, inflammation, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA). We then describe the various assays that have been developed to detect individual reactions focusing on each of the mechanisms described in the background. Finally, we examine current trends in developing comprehensive models for examining these mechanisms. There is an urgent need to develop a panel of multiparametric assays for diagnosing individual toxicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Roth
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA
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33
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Fang J, Wang L, Wang Y, Qiu M, Zhang Y. Metabolomics combined with pattern recognition and bioinformatics analysis methods for the development of pharmacodynamic biomarkers on liver fibrosis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:1575-1583. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00093f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics combined with pattern recognition and network analysis maybe an attractive strategy for the pharmacodynamics biomarkers development on liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Fang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 201203
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- P. R. China
| | - Mingfeng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Yongyu Zhang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Systems Biology
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Shanghai 201203
- P. R. China
- School of Traditional Dai Medicine
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34
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Pharmacotoxicology of clinically-relevant concentrations of obeticholic acid in an organotypic human hepatocyte system. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 39:93-103. [PMID: 27939613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an emerging health crisis with no approved therapies. Obeticholic acid (OCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist, shows promise in NASH trials. However, the precise mechanisms mediating OCA effects and impact on cholesterol metabolism are not fully understood. We explored the pharmaco-toxicological effects of OCA on patho-physiological pathways in hepatocytes using a previously described perfused organotypic liver system that allows culture in near-physiological insulin/glucose milieus, and exhibits drug responses at clinically-relevant concentrations. Primary hepatocytes experienced 48-hour exposure to OCA at concentrations approximating therapeutic (0.5μM) and supratherapeutic (10μM) levels. Global transcriptomics by RNAseq was complimented by cellular viability (MTT), CYP activity assays, and secreted FGF19 levels in the media. Dose-dependent, transcriptional effects suggested suppression of bile acid synthesis (↓CYP7A1, ↓CYP27A1) and increased bile efflux (↑ABCB4, ↑ABCB11, ↑OSTA, ↑OSTB). Pleiotropic effects included suppression of TGFβ and IL-6 signaling pathways, and signatures suggestive of HDL suppression (↑SCARB1, ↓ApoAI, ↓LCAT) and LDL elevation (↑ApoB, ↓CYP7A1). OCA exhibited direct FXR-mediated effects with increased FGF19 secretion. Transcriptomics revealed regulation of metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic pathways beneficial in NASH, and predicted cholesterol profiles consistent with clinical findings. Follow-up studies under lipotoxic/inflammatory conditions would corroborate these effects in a disease-relevant environment.
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35
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Ramachandran P, Henderson NC. Antifibrotics in chronic liver disease: tractable targets and translational challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1:328-340. [PMID: 28404203 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease prevalence is increasing globally. Iterative liver damage, secondary to any cause of liver injury, results in progressive fibrosis, disrupted hepatic architecture, and aberrant regeneration, which are defining characteristics of liver cirrhosis. Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for end-stage liver disease; however, demand greatly outweighs donor organ supply, and in many parts of the world liver transplantation is unavailable. Hence, effective antifibrotic therapies are urgently required. In the past decade, rapid progress has been made in our understanding of the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis and a large number of potential cellular and molecular antifibrotic targets have been identified. This has led to numerous clinical trials of antifibrotic agents in patients with chronic liver disease. However, none of these have resulted in a robust and reproducible effect on fibrosis. It is therefore imperative that the ongoing translational challenges are addressed, to convert scientific discoveries into potent antifibrotics and enable bridging of the translational gap between putative therapeutic targets and effective treatments for patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Ramachandran
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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36
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Stribos EG, Hillebrands JL, Olinga P, Mutsaers HA. Renal fibrosis in precision-cut kidney slices. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 790:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Starokozhko V, Vatakuti S, Schievink B, Merema MT, Asplund A, Synnergren J, Aspegren A, Groothuis GMM. Maintenance of drug metabolism and transport functions in human precision-cut liver slices during prolonged incubation for 5 days. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2079-2092. [PMID: 27717970 PMCID: PMC5399048 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Human precision-cut liver slices (hPCLS) are a valuable ex vivo model that can be used in acute toxicity studies. However, a rapid decline in metabolic enzyme activity limits their use in studies that require a prolonged xenobiotic exposure. The aim of the study was to extend the viability and function of hPCLS to 5 days of incubation. hPCLS were incubated in two media developed for long-term culture of hepatocytes, RegeneMed®, and Cellartis®, and in the standard medium WME. Maintenance of phase I and II metabolism was studied both on gene expression as well as functional level using a mixture of CYP isoform-specific substrates. Albumin synthesis, morphological integrity, and glycogen storage was assessed, and gene expression was studied by transcriptomic analysis using microarrays with a focus on genes involved in drug metabolism, transport and toxicity. The data show that hPCLS retain their viability and functionality during 5 days of incubation in Cellartis® medium. Albumin synthesis as well as the activity and gene expression of phase I and II metabolic enzymes did not decline during 120-h incubation in Cellartis® medium, with CYP2C9 activity as the only exception. Glycogen storage and morphological integrity were maintained. Moreover, gene expression changes in hPCLS during incubation were limited and mostly related to cytoskeleton remodeling, fibrosis, and moderate oxidative stress. The expression of genes involved in drug transport, which is an important factor in determining the intracellular xenobiotic exposure, was also unchanged. Therefore, we conclude that hPCLS cultured in Cellartis® medium are a valuable human ex vivo model for toxicological and pharmacological studies that require prolonged xenobiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Suresh Vatakuti
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Schievink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn T Merema
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annika Asplund
- School of Biosciences, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, 54128, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- School of Biosciences, Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, 54128, Skövde, Sweden
| | | | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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38
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Human precision-cut liver slices as a model to test antifibrotic drugs in the early onset of liver fibrosis. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Vatakuti S, Olinga P, Pennings JLA, Groothuis GMM. Validation of precision-cut liver slices to study drug-induced cholestasis: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1401-1412. [PMID: 27344345 PMCID: PMC5316400 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is one of the major reasons for withdrawal of drugs from the market. Therefore, there is a need to screen new drugs for hepatotoxicity in humans at an earlier stage. The aim of this study was to validate human precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) as an ex vivo model to predict drug-induced cholestasis and identify the possible mechanisms of cholestasis-induced toxicity using gene expression profiles. Five hepatotoxicants, which are known to induce cholestasis (alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, ethinyl estradiol and methyl testosterone) were used at concentrations inducing low (<30 %) and medium (30-50 %) toxicity, based on ATP content. Human PCLS were incubated with the drugs in the presence of a non-toxic concentration (60 µM) of a bile acid mixture (portal vein concentration and composition) as model for bile acid-induced cholestasis. Regulated genes include bile acid transporters and cholesterol transporters. Pathway analysis revealed that hepatic cholestasis was among the top ten regulated pathways, and signaling pathways such as farnesoid X receptor- and liver X receptor-mediated responses, which are known to play a role in cholestasis, were significantly affected by all cholestatic compounds. Other significantly affected pathways include unfolded protein response and protein ubiquitination implicating the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress. This study shows that human PCLS incubated in the presence of a physiological bile acid mixture correctly reflect the pathways affected in drug-induced cholestasis in the human liver. In the future, this human PCLS model can be used to identify cholestatic adverse drug reactions of new chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Vatakuti
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Genovese F, Kàrpàti ZS, Nielsen SH, Karsdal MA. Precision-Cut Kidney Slices as a Tool to Understand the Dynamics of Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Renal Fibrosis. Biomark Insights 2016; 11:77-84. [PMID: 27257368 PMCID: PMC4877083 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s38439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to set up an ex vivo model for renal interstitial fibrosis in order to investigate the extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover profile in the fibrotic kidney. We induced kidney fibrosis in fourteen 12-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) surgery of the right ureter. The left kidney (contralateral) was used as internal control. Six rats were sham operated and used as the control group. Rats were terminated two weeks after the surgery; the kidneys were excised and precision-cut kidney slices (PCKSs) were cultured for five days in serum-free medium. Markers of collagen type I formation (P1NP), collagen type I and III degradation (C1M and C3M), and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were measured in the PCKS supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. P1NP, C1M, C3M, and α-SMA were increased up to 2- to 13-fold in supernatants of tissue slices from the UUO-ligated kidneys compared with the contralateral kidneys (P < 0.001) and with the kidneys of sham-operated animals (P < 0.0001). The markers could also reflect the level of fibrosis in different animals. The UUO PCKS ex vivo model provides a valuable translational tool for investigating the extracellular matrix remodeling associated with renal interstitial fibrosis.
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41
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Wang X, Wu X, Zhang A, Wang S, Hu C, Chen W, Shen Y, Tan R, Sun Y, Xu Q. Targeting the PDGF-B/PDGFR-β Interface with Destruxin A5 to Selectively Block PDGF-BB/PDGFR-ββ Signaling and Attenuate Liver Fibrosis. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:146-56. [PMID: 27322468 PMCID: PMC4909612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PDGF-BB/PDGFR-ββ signaling plays very crucial roles in the process of many diseases such as liver fibrosis. However, drug candidates with selective affinities for PDGF-B/PDGFR-β remain deficient. Here, we identified a natural cyclopeptide termed destruxin A5 that effectively inhibits PDGF-BB-induced PDGFR-β signaling. Interestingly and importantly, the inhibitory mechanism is distinct from the mechanism of tyrosine kinase inhibitors because destruxin A5 does not have the ability to bind to the ATP-binding pocket of PDGFR-β. Using Biacore T200 technology, thermal shift technology, microscale thermophoresis technology and computational analysis, we confirmed that destruxin A5 selectively targets the PDGF-B/PDGFR-β interaction interface to block this signaling. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of destruxin A5 on PDGF-BB/PDGFR-ββ signaling was verified using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models, in which the extent of liver fibrosis was effectively alleviated by destruxin A5. In summary, destruxin A5 may represent an efficacious and more selective inhibitor of PDGF-BB/PDGFR-ββ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China; Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Renxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
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42
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Stribos EGD, Luangmonkong T, Leliveld AM, de Jong IJ, van Son WJ, Hillebrands JL, Seelen MA, van Goor H, Olinga P, Mutsaers HAM. Precision-cut human kidney slices as a model to elucidate the process of renal fibrosis. Transl Res 2016; 170:8-16.e1. [PMID: 26687735 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a major health concern, and experimental models bridging the gap between animal studies and clinical research are currently lacking. Here, we evaluated precision-cut kidney slices (PCKSs) as a potential model for renal disease. PCKSs were prepared from human cortical tissue obtained from tumor nephrectomies and cultured up to 96 hours. Morphology, cell viability, and metabolic functionality (ie, uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase and transporter activity) were determined to assess the integrity of PCKSs. Furthermore, inflammatory and fibrosis-related gene expressions were characterized. Finally, to validate the model, renal fibrogenesis was induced using transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Preparation of PCKSs induced an inflammatory tissue response, whereas long-term incubation (96 hours) induced fibrogenesis as shown by an increased expression of collagen type 1A1 (COL1A1) and fibronectin 1 (FN1). Importantly, PCKSs remained functional for more than 48 hours as evidenced by active glucuronidation and phenolsulfonphthalein uptake. In addition, cellular diversity appeared to be maintained, yet we observed a clear loss of nephrin messenger RNA levels suggesting that our model might not be suitable to study the role of podocytes in renal pathology. Moreover, TGF-β1 exposure augmented fibrosis, as illustrated by an increased expression of multiple fibrosis markers including COL1A1, FN1, and α-smooth muscle actin. In conclusion, PCKSs maintain their renal phenotype during culture and appear to be a promising model to investigate renal diseases, for example, renal fibrosis. Moreover, the human origin of PCKSs makes this model very suitable for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G D Stribos
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theerut Luangmonkong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anna M Leliveld
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Igle J de Jong
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J van Son
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A Seelen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henricus A M Mutsaers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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43
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Iswandana R, Pham BT, van Haaften WT, Luangmonkong T, Oosterhuis D, Mutsaers HAM, Olinga P. Organ- and species-specific biological activity of rosmarinic acid. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:261-8. [PMID: 26804033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), a compound found in several plant species, has beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. We investigated the toxicity, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects of RA using precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) and precision-cut intestinal slices (PCIS) prepared from human, mouse, and rat tissue. PCLS and PCIS were cultured up to 48 h in the absence or presence of RA. Gene expression of the inflammatory markers: IL-6, IL-8/CXCL1/KC, and IL-1β, as well as the fibrosis markers: pro-collagen 1a1, heat shock protein 47, α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin (Fn2) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were evaluated by qPCR. RA was only toxic in murine PCIS. RA failed to mitigate the inflammatory response in most models, while it clearly reduced IL-6 and CXCL1/KC gene expression in murine PCIS at non-toxic concentrations. With regard to fibrosis, RA decreased the gene levels of Fn2 and PAI-1 in murine PCLS, and Fn2 in murine PCIS. Yet, no effect was observed on the gene expression of fibrosis markers in human and rat PCIS. In conclusion, we observed clear organ- and species-specific effects of RA. RA had little influence on inflammation. However, our study further establishes RA as a potential candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Iswandana
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.
| | - B T Pham
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Vietnam.
| | - W T van Haaften
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Luangmonkong
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Thailand.
| | - D Oosterhuis
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - H A M Mutsaers
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - P Olinga
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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44
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Qu K, Huang Z, Lin T, Liu S, Chang H, Yan Z, Zhang H, Liu C. New Insight into the Anti-liver Fibrosis Effect of Multitargeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: From Molecular Target to Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:300. [PMID: 26834633 PMCID: PMC4716646 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases (TKs) is a family of tyrosine protein kinases with important functions in the regulation of a broad variety of physiological cell processes. Overactivity of TK disturbs cellular homeostasis and has been linked to the development of certain diseases, including various fibrotic diseases. In regard to liver fibrosis, several TKs, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor kinases, have been identified as central mediators in collagen production and potential targets for anti-liver fibrosis therapies. Given the essential role of TKs during liver fibrogenesis, multitargeted inhibitors of aberrant TK activity, including sorafenib, erlotinib, imatinib, sunitinib, nilotinib, brivanib and vatalanib, have been shown to have potential for treating liver fibrosis. Beneficial effects are observed by researchers of this field using these multitargeted TK inhibitors in preclinical animal models and in patients with liver fibrosis. The present review will briefly summarize the anti-liver fibrosis effects of multitargeted TK inhibitors and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Zichao Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Cancer HospitalXi'an, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Sinan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Hulin Chang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's HospitalXi'an, China
| | - Zhaoyong Yan
- Department of Pain Treatment, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Pain Treatment, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
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Li M, de Graaf IAM, Groothuis GMM. Precision-cut intestinal slices: alternative model for drug transport, metabolism, and toxicology research. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:175-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1125882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology & Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge A. M. de Graaf
- Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology & Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology & Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Starokozhko V, Abza GB, Maessen HC, Merema MT, Kuper F, Groothuis GMM. Viability, function and morphological integrity of precision-cut liver slices during prolonged incubation: Effects of culture medium. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:288-99. [PMID: 26514934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) are an ex vivo model for metabolism and toxicity studies. However, data on the maintenance of the morphological integrity of the various cell types in the slices during prolonged incubation are lacking. Therefore, our aims were to characterize morphological and functional changes in rat PCLS during five days of incubation in a rich medium, RegeneMed®, and a standard medium, Williams' Medium E. Although cells of all types in the slices remain viable, profound changes in morphology were observed, which were more prominent in RegeneMed®. Slices underwent notable fibrosis, bile duct proliferation and fat deposition. Slice thickness increased, resulting in necrotic areas, while slice diameter decreased, possibly indicating cell migration. An increased proliferation of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) was observed. Glycogen, albumin and Cyp3a1 were maintained albeit to a different level in two media. In conclusion, both hepatocytes and NPCs remain viable and functional, enabling five-day toxicity studies. Tissue remodeling and formation of a new capsule-like cell lining around the slices are evident after 3–4 days. The differences in effects between media emphasize the importance of media selection and of the recognition of morphological changes in PCLS, when interpreting results from toxicological or pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Getahun B Abza
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedy C Maessen
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn T Merema
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frieke Kuper
- TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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47
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Poosti F, Pham BT, Oosterhuis D, Poelstra K, van Goor H, Olinga P, Hillebrands JL. Precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS) to study development of renal fibrosis and efficacy of drug targeting ex vivo. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1227-36. [PMID: 26112172 PMCID: PMC4610232 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a serious clinical problem resulting in the greatest need for renal replacement therapy. No adequate preventive or curative therapy is available that could be clinically used to target renal fibrosis specifically. The search for new efficacious treatment strategies is therefore warranted. Although in vitro models using homogeneous cell populations have contributed to the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in renal fibrosis, these models poorly mimic the complex in vivo milieu. Therefore, we here evaluated a precision-cut kidney slice (PCKS) model as a new, multicellular ex vivo model to study the development of fibrosis and its prevention using anti-fibrotic compounds. Precision-cut slices (200-300 μm thickness) were prepared from healthy C57BL/6 mouse kidneys using a Krumdieck tissue slicer. To induce changes mimicking the fibrotic process, slices were incubated with TGFβ1 (5 ng/ml) for 48 h in the presence or absence of the anti-fibrotic cytokine IFNγ (1 µg/ml) or an IFNγ conjugate targeted to PDGFRβ (PPB-PEG-IFNγ). Following culture, tissue viability (ATP-content) and expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen I and collagen III were determined using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Slices remained viable up to 72 h of incubation, and no significant effects of TGFβ1 and IFNγ on viability were observed. TGFβ1 markedly increased α-SMA, fibronectin and collagen I mRNA and protein expression levels. IFNγ and PPB-PEG-IFNγ significantly reduced TGFβ1-induced fibronectin, collagen I and collagen III mRNA expression, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The PKCS model is a novel tool to test the pathophysiology of fibrosis and to screen the efficacy of anti-fibrotic drugs ex vivo in a multicellular and pro-fibrotic milieu. A major advantage of the slice model is that it can be used not only for animal but also for (fibrotic) human kidney tissue. Drug Discovery Collection: TGFβ induces renal fibrosis in ex vivo cultured precision-cut kidney slices, which can be attenuated by IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Poosti
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bao Tung Pham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Dorenda Oosterhuis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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48
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Yanguas SC, Cogliati B, Willebrords J, Maes M, Colle I, van den Bossche B, de Oliveira CPMS, Andraus W, Alves VAF, Leclercq I, Vinken M. Experimental models of liver fibrosis. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1025-1048. [PMID: 26047667 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a wound healing response to insults and as such affects the entire world population. In industrialized countries, the main causes of liver fibrosis include alcohol abuse, chronic hepatitis virus infection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A central event in liver fibrosis is the activation of hepatic stellate cells, which is triggered by a plethora of signaling pathways. Liver fibrosis can progress into more severe stages, known as cirrhosis, when liver acini are substituted by nodules, and further to hepatocellular carcinoma. Considerable efforts are currently devoted to liver fibrosis research, not only with the goal of further elucidating the molecular mechanisms that drive this disease, but equally in view of establishing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The present paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of in vivo and in vitro models used in the field of experimental liver fibrosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Colle
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Bert van den Bossche
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium
| | | | - Wellington Andraus
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratoire d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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49
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Pham BT, van Haaften WT, Oosterhuis D, Nieken J, de Graaf IAM, Olinga P. Precision-cut rat, mouse, and human intestinal slices as novel models for the early-onset of intestinal fibrosis. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/4/e12323. [PMID: 25907784 PMCID: PMC4425951 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis (IF) is a major complication of inflammatory bowel disease. IF research is limited by the lack of relevant in vitro and in vivo models. We evaluated precision-cut intestinal slices (PCIS) prepared from human, rat, and mouse intestine as ex vivo models mimicking the early-onset of (human) IF. Precision-cut intestinal slices prepared from human (h), rat (r), and mouse (m) jejunum, were incubated up to 72 h, the viability of PCIS was assessed by ATP content and morphology, and the gene expression of several fibrosis markers was determined. The viability of rPCIS decreased after 24 h of incubation, whereas mPCIS and hPCIS were viable up to 72 h of culturing. Furthermore, during this period, gene expression of heat shock protein 47 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 increased in all PCIS in addition to augmented expression of synaptophysin in hPCIS, fibronectin (Fn2) and TGF-β1 in rPCIS, and Fn2 and connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) in mPCIS. Addition of TGF-β1 to rPCIS or mPCIS induced the gene expression of the fibrosis markers Pro-collagen1a1, Fn2, and Ctgf in both species. However, none of the fibrosis markers was further elevated in hPCIS. We successfully developed a novel ex vivo model that can mimic the early-onset of fibrosis in the intestine using human, rat, and mouse PCIS. Furthermore, in rat and mouse PCIS, TGF-β1 was able to even further increase the gene expression of fibrosis markers. This indicates that PCIS can be used as a model for the early-onset of IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Tung Pham
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Tobias van Haaften
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorenda Oosterhuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Nieken
- Pathology Friesland Foundation, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Anne Maria de Graaf
- Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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50
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Vatakuti S, Schoonen WGEJ, Elferink MLG, Groothuis GMM, Olinga P. Acute toxicity of CCl4 but not of paracetamol induces a transcriptomic signature of fibrosis in precision-cut liver slices. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1012-20. [PMID: 25858767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In rat in vivo, both paracetamol (APAP) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induce liver necrosis, but long-term treatment with CCl4, in contrast to paracetamol, causes liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was to perform transcriptomic analysis to compare the early changes in mRNA expression profiles induced by APAP and CCl4 in the rat precision-cut liver slice model (PCLS) and to identify early markers that could predict fibrosis-inducing potential. Microarray data of rat PCLS exposed to APAP andCCl4was generated using a toxic dose based on decrease in ATP levels. Toxicity pathway analysis using a custom made fibrosis-related gene list showed fibrosis as one of the predominant toxic endpoints in CCl4-treated, but not in APAP-treated PCLS. Moreover, genes which have a role in fibrosis such as alpha-B crystallin, jun proto-oncogene, mitogen-activated protein kinase 6, serpin peptidase inhibitor and also the transcription factor Kruppel-like-factor-6 were up-regulated by CCl4, but not by APAP. Predicted activation or inhibition of several upstream regulators due to CCl4 is in accordance with their role in fibrosis. In conclusion, transcriptomic analysis of PCLS successfully identified the fibrotic potential of CCl4 as opposed to APAP. The application of PCLS as an ex vivo model to identify early biomarkers to predict the fibrogenic potential of toxic compounds should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Vatakuti
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marieke L G Elferink
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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