1
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Miranda RA, Silva BS, de Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Pesticides as endocrine disruptors: programming for obesity and diabetes. Endocrine 2023; 79:437-447. [PMID: 36301509 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to pesticides has been associated with obesity and diabetes in humans and experimental models mainly due to endocrine disruptor effects. First contact with environmental pesticides occurs during critical phases of life, such as gestation and lactation, which can lead to damage in central and peripheral tissues and subsequently programming disorders early and later in life. METHODS We reviewed epidemiological and experimental studies that associated pesticide exposure during gestation and lactation with programming obesity and diabetes in progeny. RESULTS Maternal exposure to organochlorine, organophosphate and neonicotinoids, which represent important pesticide groups, is related to reproductive and behavioral dysfunctions in offspring; however, few studies have focused on glucose metabolism and obesity as outcomes. CONCLUSION We provide an update regarding the use and metabolic impact of early pesticide exposure. Considering their bioaccumulation in soil, water, and food and through the food chain, pesticides should be considered a great risk factor for several diseases. Thus, it is urgent to reformulate regulatory actions to reduce the impact of pesticides on the health of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Souza Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Egberto Gaspar de Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Míčková K, Tomášek O, Jelínek V, Šulc M, Pazdera L, Albrechtová J, Albrecht T. Age-related changes in sperm traits and evidence for aging costs of sperm production in a sexually promiscuous passerine. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1105596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In many animal species, organismal performance declines with age in a process known as aging or senescence. Senescence typically leads to a deterioration of physiological functionality and can impact the development of primary sexual phenotypes. Sperm production is a complex and costly process that is sensitive to changes in individual physiological state, yet remarkably little is known about age-related changes in sperm performance and aging costs of sperm production. Here we use a non-linear generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) modelling to evaluate age-related changes in postcopulatory sexual traits in the European barn swallow (Hirundo rustica rustica), a relatively short lived sexually promiscuous passerine species, where male extra-pair fertilization success has been shown to increase with age. We confirmed a positive relationship between sperm midpiece length and sperm velocity in this species. Within-male changes in sperm morphology and sperm velocity were in general absent, with only sperm length decreasing linearly with increasing age, although this change was negligible compared to the overall variation in sperm size among males. In contrast, the cloacal protuberance (CP) size changed nonlinearly with age, with an initial increase between the first and third year of life followed by a plateau. The results further indicate the existence of a trade-off between investments in sperm production and survival as males with large CP tended to have a reduced lifespan. This seems consistent with the idea of expensive sperm production and survival aging costs associated with investments in post-copulatory traits in this sexually promiscuous species.
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Martínez-Mercado JP, Sierra-Santoyo A, Verdín-Betancourt FA, Rojas-García AE, Quintanilla-Vega B. Temephos, an organophosphate larvicide for residential use: a review of its toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:113-124. [PMID: 35608007 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2065967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Temephos (O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl O,O'-thiodi-p-phenylene bis(phosphorothioate)) is a larvicide belonging to the family of organophosphate pesticides used for the control of different vectors of diseases, such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and dracunculiasis. The aim of this review was to discuss the available published information about temephos toxicokinetics and toxicity in mammals. Temephos is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, distributed to all organs, and then it accumulates mainly in adipose tissue. It is metabolized by S-oxidation, oxidative desulfuration, and hydrolysis reactions, with the possible participation of cytochrome P450 (CYP). Temephos is mainly eliminated by feces, whereas some of its metabolites are eliminated by urine. The World Health Organization classifies it as class III: slightly dangerous with a NOAEL (no-observed adverse effect level) of 2.3 mg/kg/day for up to 90 days in rats, based on brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. A LOAEL (lowest observable adverse effect level) of 100 mg/kg/day for up to 44 days in rats was proposed based on cholinergic symptoms. However, some studies have shown that temephos causes toxic effects in mammals. The inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of its main demonstrated effects; however, this larvicide has also shown genotoxic effects and some adverse effects on male reproduction and fertility, as well as liver damage, even at low doses. We performed an extensive review through several databases of the literature about temephos toxicokinetics, and we recommend to revisit current assessment of temephos with the new available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Martínez-Mercado
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Mexico
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Mexico
| | - Betzabet Quintanilla-Vega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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Aryan A, Abdollahifar M, Karbalay‐Doust S, Forozesh M, Mahmoudiasl G, Akaberi‐Nasrabadi S, Bahmanpour S. Methamphetamine can induce alteration of histopathology and sex determination gene expression through the oxidative stress pathway in the testes of human post‐mortem. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14441. [DOI: 10.1111/and.14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arefeh Aryan
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mohammad‐Amin Abdollahifar
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Saied Karbalay‐Doust
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mehdi Forozesh
- Forensic Medicine Legal Medicine Research Center Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Tehran Iran
| | - Gholam‐Reza Mahmoudiasl
- Forensic Medicine Legal Medicine Research Center Iranian Legal Medicine Organization Tehran Iran
| | - Soheila Akaberi‐Nasrabadi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Soghra Bahmanpour
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
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Ramos-Flores Á, Camacho-Hernández I, Sierra-Santoyo A, Solís-Heredia MDJ, Verdín-Betancourt FA, Parra-Forero LY, López-González MDL, Hernández-Ochoa I, Quintanilla-Vega B. Temephos decreases sperm quality and fertilization rate and is metabolized in rat reproductive tissues at low dose exposure. Toxicol Sci 2021; 184:57-66. [PMID: 34382084 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Temephos is an organophosphorus (OP) pesticide used in control campaigns against vectors that transmit diseases, including dengue, a public health concern. The WHO classifies temephos in category III and its safe concentration (LOAEL) in male rats is 100 mg/kg/day for up to 44 days. Temephos inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and is metabolized in different tissues, probably by mixed-function oxidases; one of its metabolites is bisphenol S (BPS), which is considered an endocrine disruptor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of temephos on sperm function and its biotransformation in the testis, epididymis, and other tissues to explore its toxicity in rats treated with 100 mg/kg/day/5 or 7 days (gavage). AChE activity was inhibited 70% starting on day 3 and 13 or 41% mortality was observed at 5 or 7 days, respectively. After 7 days, temephos significantly decreased sperm motility (30%) and viability (10%) and increased (10%) lipoperoxidation, and the sperm DNA exhibited no damage. Temephos was distributed and metabolized in all tissues, with the highest levels observed in the adipose tissue and temephos levels were 16-fold higher in the epididymis than in the testis. Notably, BPS was observed in the testis. At 5 days, decreased sperm motility (12.5%) and viability (5.7%) were observed and sperm fertilization decreased (30%). These results suggest that temephos decreases sperm quality and fertilization capacity at recommended safe concentrations and that it is metabolized in male reproductive tissues. This pesticide places the reproductive health of exposed people at risk, suggesting the need to reevaluate its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Ramos-Flores
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav)
| | - Israel Camacho-Hernández
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav)
| | - Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav)
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabel Hernández-Ochoa
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav)
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Gajski G, Ravlić S, Godschalk R, Collins A, Dusinska M, Brunborg G. Application of the comet assay for the evaluation of DNA damage in mature sperm. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108398. [PMID: 34893163 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
DNA integrity is considered an important parameter of semen quality and is of significant value as a predictor of male fertility. Currently, there are several methods that can assess sperm DNA integrity. One such assay is the comet assay, or single-cell gel electrophoresis, which is a simple, sensitive, reliable, quick and low-cost technique that is used for measuring DNA strand breaks and repair at the level of individual cells. Although the comet assay is usually performed with somatic cells from different organs, the assay has the ability to detect genotoxicity in germ cells at different stages of spermatogenesis. Since the ability of sperm to remove DNA damage differs between the stages, interpretation of the results is dependent on the cells used. In this paper we give an overview on the use and applications of the comet assay on mature sperm and its ability to detect sperm DNA damage in both animals and humans. Overall, it can be concluded that the presence in sperm of significantly damaged DNA, assessed by the comet assay, is related to male infertility and seems to reduce live births. Although there is some evidence that sperm DNA damage also has a long-term impact on offspring's health, this aspect of DNA damage in sperm is understudied and deserves further attention. In summary, the comet assay can be applied as a useful tool to study effects of genotoxic exposures on sperm DNA integrity in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sanda Ravlić
- University of Zagreb, Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roger Godschalk
- Maastricht University, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew Collins
- University of Oslo, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Section of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
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Kumari S, Dcunha R, Sanghvi SP, Nayak G, Kalthur SG, Raut SY, Mutalik S, Siddiqui S, Alrumman SA, Adiga SK, Kalthur G. Organophosphorus pesticide quinalphos (Ekalux 25 E.C.) reduces sperm functional competence and decreases the fertilisation potential in Swiss albino mice. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14115. [PMID: 34014595 DOI: 10.1111/and.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinalphos (QP) is one of the most commonly used organophosphate pesticide for agriculture. In this study, adult Swiss albino male mice were orally administered with 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of QP (Ekalux 25 E.C.) for ten consecutive days and the reproductive function was assessed at 35 and 70 days after QP treatment. At highest dose (1.0 mg/kg), QP exposure resulted in significant decrease in motility and increase in sperm head defects and DNA damage. Pharmacokinetic data showed a threefold increase in concentration of QP in the testis as compared to serum. QP was detectable in testes even after 24 hr of administration indicating slow clearance from tissue. In addition, high oestradiol, low testosterone level with a parallel increase in aromatase and cytochrome P450 transcript levels was observed. Significant decrease in fertilisation, lower blastocyst rate and poor blastocyst quality was observed when spermatozoa collected from QP exposed mice were subjected to in vitro fertilisation. In conclusion, exposure of QP to male mice decreases the sperm functional competence and fertilising ability, which appears to be mediated through elevated oxidative stress and altered steroidogenesis in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Kumari
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Reyon Dcunha
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sahil Piyush Sanghvi
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Guruprasad Nayak
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sneha Guruprasad Kalthur
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sushil Yadaorao Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sazada Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Abha
| | - Sulaiman A Alrumman
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Abha
| | - Satish Kumar Adiga
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Characterization of Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Sperm Based on Morphometric Traits. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050355. [PMID: 33922110 PMCID: PMC8143526 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Dolphins are one of the best adapted aquatic mammalians in captivity. While these animals can reproduce naturally in aquaria, many aspects related to their reproduction are still unknown. Their behavior, sociability with humans and ability to learn make dolphins ideal subjects for investigating their reproduction features for conservation programs aimed at this aquatic species and others. It is known that dolphins use a multi-male mating strategy, in which sperm competition could play a fundamental role. This study aims to characterize the shape and dimensions of dolphin sperm from two mature males and putatively classifies them into subpopulations. Moreover, the influence of sex hormone levels (testosterone) and refrigeration (temperature and storage period) with sperm dimension was evaluated. The results indicated that sperm dimensions and shape differed between the two males studied and that the sperm of both males could be classified into two subpopulations depending on their dimensions. Moreover, both testosterone levels and refrigeration were seen to influence sperm dimensions. This investigation provides new insights into sperm competition in dolphin species, and the results could be extrapolated to other endangered aquatic mammalian species. Abstract Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) males follow many reproductive strategies to ensure their paternity. However, little is known about the sperm traits, including morphometric features, that contribute to their reproductive success. Our aim was to study dolphin sperm morphometry (a total of 13 parameters) in two adult males to evaluate (i) presumptive sperm subpopulations, (ii) the correlation of sperm morphometry with testosterone levels and (iii) the effect of refrigerated storage on the sperm morphometry. Sperm populations were classified into four principal components (PCs) based on morphometry (>94% of cumulative variance). The PCs clustered into two different sperm subpopulations, which differed between males. Furthermore, the levels of serum testosterone were positively correlated with the length of the midpiece but negatively correlated with head width and the principal piece, flagellum and total sperm lengths. Most of the sperm morphometric parameters changed during the storage period (day 1 vs. day 7), but only the principal piece length was affected by the storage temperature (5 °C vs. 15 °C). This is the first study to identify dolphin sperm subpopulations based on morphometry and the influence of serum testosterone and refrigeration on sperm morphometry.
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Lin Z, Pang S, Zhang W, Mishra S, Bhatt P, Chen S. Degradation of Acephate and Its Intermediate Methamidophos: Mechanisms and Biochemical Pathways. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2045. [PMID: 33013750 PMCID: PMC7461891 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acephate is an organophosphate pesticide that has been widely used to control insect pests in agricultural fields for decades. However, its use has been partially restricted in many countries due to its toxic intermediate product methamidophos. Long term exposure to acephate and methamidophos in non-target organisms results in severe poisonous effects, which has raised public concern and demand for the removal of these pollutants from the environment. In this paper, the toxicological effects of acephate and/or methamidophos on aquatic and land animals, including humans are reviewed, as these effects promote the necessity of removing acephate from the environment. Physicochemical degradation mechanisms of acephate and/or methamidophos are explored and explained, such as photo-Fenton, ultraviolet/titanium dioxide (UV/TiO2) photocatalysis, and ultrasonic ozonation. Compared with physicochemical methods, the microbial degradation of acephate and methamidophos is emerging as an eco-friendly method that can be used for large-scale treatment. In recent years, microorganisms capable of degrading methamidophos or acephate have been isolated, including Hyphomicrobium sp., Penicillium oxalicum, Luteibacter jiangsuensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. Enzymes related to acephate and/or methamidophos biodegradation include phosphotriesterase, paraoxonase 1, and carboxylesterase. Furthermore, several genes encoding organophosphorus degrading enzymes have been identified, such as opd, mpd, and ophc2. However, few reviews have focused on the biochemical pathways and molecular mechanisms of acephate and methamidophos. In this review, the mechanisms and degradation pathways of acephate and methamidophos are summarized in order to provide a new way of thinking for the study of the degradation of acephate and methamidophos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Chen R, Hong X, Yan S, Zha J. Three organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) reduce sperm quality in Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114525. [PMID: 32289612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widespread in the aquatic environment, but the effects of these chemicals on reproductive toxicity are far from clear. In this study, sperm quality in adult male Chinese rare minnows after exposure to tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was investigated. No obvious change in sperm concentration and vitality was observed after treatments, whereas significant changes in sperm velocity and morphology were found following all treatments (P < 0.05). Moreover, OPFR exposure significantly increased the apoptosis ratios in testis cells. Analysis of the transcriptomic data revealed that Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA) related genes were significantly downregulated, and the NKA enzyme activities after all treatments were significantly inhibited (P < 0.05). However, no obvious change in hormone levels in the groups exposed to TBOEP and TDCIPP was observed. These findings indicate that the OPFR-induced reduction of sperm quality might be due to the effects of OPFRs on NKA enzyme instead of changes in hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Carvalho RKD, Rodrigues TC, Júnior WD, Mota GMP, Andersen ML, Mazaro E Costa R. Short- and long-term exposure to methamidophos impairs spermatogenesis in mice. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:357-364. [PMID: 32405287 PMCID: PMC7218378 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Methamidophos (MET) is a pesticide that has toxic properties, including effects on fertility. This study aimed to assess the joint action of treatment time and exposure to methamidophos on the male reproductive system. MET was orally administered to adult male Swiss mice at a dose of 0.004 mg.kg−1 for 15 and 50 consecutive days. The following parameters were evaluated: weight of reproductive organs, spermatogenesis, sperm and Sertoli cell count, daily sperm production and sperm transit time. Short-term exposure to methamidophos induced a decrease in epididymal weight. The frequency of stages V–VI of spermatogenesis increased and the frequency of stage IX decreased. In the epididymis, sperm transit time (caput/corpus) was reduced and the relative sperm number (cauda) increased. Long-term exposure induced an increase in the frequencies of stages I–IV and V-VI and decreased the stages VII-VIII and IX. The number of Sertoli cells with evident nucleoli was reduced in both exposures. These results confirm the reproductive toxicity of MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Karine de Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Reproduction, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thamyres Cunha Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Reproduction, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Walter Dias Júnior
- Laboratory of Physiology and Toxicological Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Ceres, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Monica Levy Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Mazaro E Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Reproduction, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Combined in vitro fertilization and culture (IVF/IVC) in mouse for reprotoxicity assessment of xenobiotic exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ortega-Olvera JM, Winkler R, Quintanilla-Vega B, Shibayama M, Chávez-Munguía B, Martín-Tapia D, Alarcón L, González-Mariscal L. The organophosphate pesticide methamidophos opens the blood-testis barrier and covalently binds to ZO-2 in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:257-272. [PMID: 30291936 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methamidophos (MET) is an organophosphate (OP) pesticide widely used in agriculture in developing countries. MET causes adverse effects in male reproductive function in humans and experimental animals, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We explored the effect of MET on mice testes (5 mg/kg/day/4 days), finding that this pesticide opens the blood-testis barrier and perturbs spermatogenesis, generating the appearance of immature germ cells in the epididymis. In the seminiferous tubules, MET treatment changed the level of expression or modified the stage-specific localization of tight junction (TJ) proteins ZO-1, ZO-2, occludin, and claudin-3. In contrast, claudin-11 was barely altered. MET also modified the shape of claudin-11, and ZO-2 at the cell border, from a zigzag to a more linear pattern. In addition, MET diminished the expression of ZO-2 in spermatids present in seminiferous tubules, induced the phosphorylation of ZO-2 and occludin in testes and reduced the interaction between these proteins assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. MET formed covalent bonds with ZO-2 in serine, tyrosine and lysine residues. The covalent modifications formed on ZO-2 at putative phosphorylation sites might interfere with ZO-2 interaction with regulatory molecules and other TJ proteins. MET bonds formed at ZO-2 ubiquitination sites likely interfere with ZO-2 degradation and TJ sealing, based on results obtained in cultured epithelial cells transfected with ZO-2 mutated at a MET target lysine residue. Our results shed light on MET male reproductive toxicity and are important to improve regulations regarding the use of OP pesticides and to protect the health of agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav, Irapuato 36824, Mexico; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | | | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Dolores Martín-Tapia
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Alarcón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Cinvestav, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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14
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Mohammadi-Sardoo M, Mandegary A, Nabiuni M, Nematollahi-Mahani SN, Amirheidari B. Mancozeb induces testicular dysfunction through oxidative stress and apoptosis: Protective role of N-acetylcysteine antioxidant. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:798-811. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718778397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mancozeb (MZB) is one of the fungicides used in pest control programs that might affect human health including reproductive system. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the mechanisms through which MZB induces testicular tissue damage and the probable protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a modified amino acid, with antioxidant property, against MZB toxicity in an animal model. Male albino mice ( n = 8) were exposed to different doses of MZB (250 and 500 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage without or with NAC (200 mg/kg, twice/week) for 40 days. Sub-chronic MZB dose-dependently decreased sperm motility and count. Exposure to MZB increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl, while it reduced antioxidant enzymes activities, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione content. The histopathological examination clearly showed deleterious changes in the testicular structure. At the molecular levels, the results of quantitative real time-poly chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that MZB upregulated oxidative stress markers inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and downregulated expression of the glutathione peroxidase 1 (Gpx1) gene as one of the most important antioxidant enzymes. MZB also induced apoptosis dose-dependently in the testes as determined by the terminal dUTP nick-end labeling assay and immunoblotting. NAC administration decreased the mRNA levels of both iNOS and NOX4 with a concomitant increase in Gpx1 expression. It also significantly decreased MZB-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Collectively, the present study showed MZB-induced oxidative damage in testes leading to apoptosis. It revealed that antioxidants such as NAC can mitigate oxidant injury induced by the dithiocarbamate pesticides in the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nabiuni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Bagher Amirheidari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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15
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Sabour M, Khoradmehr A, Kalantar SM, Danafar AH, Omidi M, Halvaei I, Nabi A, Ghasemi- Esmailabad S, Talebi AR. Administration of high dose of methamphetamine has detrimental effects on sperm parameters and DNA integrity in mice. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.15.3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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16
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Santiago-Moreno J, Esteso MC, Villaverde-Morcillo S, Toledano-Déaz A, Castaño C, Velázquez R, López-Sebastián A, Goya AL, Martínez JG. Recent advances in bird sperm morphometric analysis and its role in male gamete characterization and reproduction technologies. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:882-888. [PMID: 27678467 PMCID: PMC5109880 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.188660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Postcopulatory sexual selection through sperm competition may be an important evolutionary force affecting many reproductive traits, including sperm morphometrics. Environmental factors such as pollutants, pesticides, and climate change may affect different sperm traits, and thus reproduction, in sensitive bird species. Many sperm-handling processes used in assisted reproductive techniques may also affect the size of sperm cells. The accurately measured dimensions of sperm cell structures (especially the head) can thus be used as indicators of environmental influences, in improving our understanding of reproductive and evolutionary strategies, and for optimizing assisted reproductive techniques (e.g., sperm cryopreservation) for use with birds. Computer-assisted sperm morphometry analysis (CASA-Morph) provides an accurate and reliable method for assessing sperm morphometry, reducing the problem of subjectivity associated with human visual assessment. Computerized systems have been standardized for use with semen from different mammalian species. Avian spermatozoa, however, are filiform, limiting their analysis with such systems, which were developed to examine the approximately spherical heads of mammalian sperm cells. To help overcome this, the standardization of staining techniques to be used in computer-assessed light microscopical methods is a priority. The present review discusses these points and describes the sperm morphometric characteristics of several wild and domestic bird species.
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17
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He X, Gao J, Dong T, Chen M, Zhou K, Chang C, Luo J, Wang C, Wang S, Chen D, Zhou Z, Tian Y, Xia Y, Wang X. Developmental Neurotoxicity of Methamidophos in the Embryo-Larval Stages of Zebrafish. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 14:ijerph14010023. [PMID: 28036051 PMCID: PMC5295274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methamidophos is a representative organophosphate insecticide. The knowledge of its developmental neurotoxicity is limited, especially for zebrafish in the early stages of their life. Four hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to several environmentally relevant concentrations of methamidophos (0, 25, and 500 μg/L) for up to 72 hpf. Locomotor behavior was then studied in the zebrafish larvae at this timepoint. Acridine orange (AO) staining was carried out in the zebrafish larvae, and the mRNA levels of genes associated with neural development (mbp and syn2a) were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The number of escape responders for mechanical stimulation was significantly decreased in exposed groups. AO staining showed noticeable signs of apoptosis mainly in the brain. In addition, the mRNA levels of mbp and syn2a were both significantly down-regulated in exposed groups. Our study provides the first evidence that methamidophos exposure can cause developmental neurotoxicity in the early stages of zebrafish life, which may be caused by the effect of methamidophos on neurodevelopmental genes and the activation of cell apoptosis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei He
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jiawei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Tianyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Chunxin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Shoulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Daozhen Chen
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China.
| | - Zuomin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Parelho C, Bernardo F, Camarinho R, Rodrigues AS, Garcia P. Testicular damage and farming environments - An integrative ecotoxicological link. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:135-141. [PMID: 27108371 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to agrochemicals during farming activities affects the function of the reproductive system, as revealed by the increasing worldwide evidence of male infertility amongst farmers. The main objective of this study was to untangle the link between agricultural practices and male reproductive impairment due to chronic exposure to xenobiotics (such as agrochemicals) in conventional and organic farming environments. For this purpose, male wild mice (Mus musculus) populations from sites representing two distinct farming practices (conventional and organic farming systems) were used as bioindicators for observable effects of testicular damage, namely on a set of histological and cellular parameters: (i) relative volumetric density of different spermatogenic cells and interstitial space; (ii) damage in the seminiferous tubules and (iii) apoptotic cells in the germinal epithelium. Results showed that mice from the conventional farming site bioaccumulated higher Pb hepatic loads, while mice from the organic farming site tend to bioaccumulate higher Cd hepatic loads. In general, for the analyzed testicular damage related parameters, mice from the organic farming site showed a similar performance than mice from the reference site. Mice from the conventional farming site stood out not only by underperforming in most studied parameters, while displaying an association between Pb hepatic loads and the observed testicular structural and functional disruption, but also by the increased stress index (Integrated Biomarker Response value). This study highlights the potential damaging effects of conventional farming practices on testicular structure and function, under natural conditions, raising concern about ensuing fertility risks for farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Parelho
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, and Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | - Filipe Bernardo
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Camarinho
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; CVARG, Center of Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | - Armindo Santos Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; CVARG, Center of Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal; cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, and Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
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19
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Peng HF, Bao XD, Zhang Y, Huang L, Huang HQ. Identification of differentially expressed proteins of brain tissue in response to methamidophos in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:555-565. [PMID: 25827626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Methamidophos (MAP), an organophosphorus pesticide used around the world, has been associated with a wide spectrum of toxic effects on organisms in the environment. In this study, the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was subjected to 10 mg/L MAP for 72 h and 144 h, and the morphological and proteomic changes in the brain were observed, analyzed and compared with those in the non-exposed control group. Under the light microscope and transmission electron microscope, MAP had evidently induced changes in or damage to the flounder tissues. Gas chromatography analysis demonstrated that the MAP residues were significantly accumulated in the flounder brain tissues. Proteomic changes in the brain tissue were revealed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and 27 protein spots were observed to be significantly changed by MAP exposure. The results indicated that the regulated proteins were involved in immune and stress responses, protein biosynthesis and modification, signal transduction, organismal development, and 50% of them are protease. qRT-PCR was used to further detect the corresponding change of transcription. These data may be beneficial to understand the molecular mechanism of MAP toxicity in flounder, be very useful for MAP-resistance screening in flounder culture. According to our results and analyzing, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and granzyme K (GzmK) had taken important part in immune response to MAP-stress and could be biomarkers for MAP-stress in flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4003, USA
| | - He-Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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