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Korkmaz N, Uğurer O, Örün İ. Toxic effects of the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin on the hematological parameters and antioxidant enzyme systems of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023:10.1007/s10646-023-02675-2. [PMID: 37300635 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated changes in hematological and antioxidant parameters of carp exposed to two different doses of synthetic pyrethroid permethrin (control, vehicle, 10 ppm, and 20 ppm) for two different periods (4 days and 21 days). Hematological analyses were then performed on a veterinary Ms4 (Melet Schloesing, France) blood counter using commercially available kits (Cat. No. WD1153). Buege and Aust for MDA, Luck for CAT, McCord and Frivovich for SOD, Lawrence and Burk methods for GSH-Px were used to determine antioxidant parameters. Decreases in RBC count, Hb amount, Hct value, granulocyte ratios, and increases in total WBC and lymphocyte ratios were statistically significant in both dose groups treated with permethrin compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in monocyte ratios (p > 0.05). Overall, permethrin exposure caused an increase in MDA levels in the liver and gill tissues of carp in both dose and duration groups compared to the control group. Also, no statistically significant difference between the two dose groups in the liver tissue was observed in terms of duration (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, the increase in MDA levels in PERM10 and PERM20 dose groups in the gill tissues over 21 days was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, permethrin exposure increased CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px enzyme activities in the gill tissue, while impacting in the opposite direction the liver tissue. Finally, regarding MDA, CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px levels, the control, and control acetone dose groups of all experimental groups were observed to be similar (p > 0.05). As a result, permethrin produced a toxic effect on Cyprinus carpio, triggering changes in blood parameters and inducing the antioxidant enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuh Korkmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Turkey.
| | - Orhan Uğurer
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Örün
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
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Petricca S, Carnicelli V, Luzi C, Cinque B, Celenza G, Iorio R. Oxidative Stress, Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Effects of Azoles Combinatorial Mixtures in Sertoli TM4 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1142. [PMID: 37371872 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Triazole and imidazole fungicides are an emerging class of contaminants with an increasing and ubiquitous presence in the environment. In mammals, their reproductive toxicity has been reported. Concerning male reproduction, a combinatorial activity of tebuconazole (TEB; triazole fungicide) and econazole (ECO; imidazole compound) in inducing mitochondrial impairment, energy depletion, cell cycle arrest, and the sequential activation of autophagy and apoptosis in Sertoli TM4 cells (SCs) has recently been demonstrated. Given the strict relationship between mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the causative role of oxidative stress (OS) in male reproductive dysfunction, the individual and combined potential of TEB and ECO in inducing redox status alterations and OS was investigated. Furthermore, considering the impact of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in modulating male fertility, protein expression levels were assessed. In the present study, we demonstrate that azoles-induced cytotoxicity is associated with a significant increase in ROS production, a drastic reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-S-transferase activity levels, and a marked increase in the levels of oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. Exposure to azoles also induced COX-2 expression and increased TNF-α production. Furthermore, pre-treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) mitigates ROS accumulation, attenuates COX-2 expression and TNF-α production, and rescues SCs from azole-induced apoptosis, suggesting a ROS-dependent molecular mechanism underlying the azole-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Petricca
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Veronica Carnicelli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carla Luzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celenza
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Iorio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Maddalon A, Masi M, Iulini M, Linciano P, Galbiati V, Marinovich M, Racchi M, Buoso E, Corsini E. Effects of endocrine active contaminating pesticides on RACK1 expression and immunological consequences in THP-1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103971. [PMID: 36084878 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that RACK1, which expression is under steroid hormone control, plays an important role in the activation of immune cells and its expression can be useful to evaluate the immunotoxic profile of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Hence, we investigated the effects of three contaminating and persistent pesticides: the fungicide vinclozolin (VIN), the herbicide atrazine (ATR) and the insecticide cypermethrin (CYP) on RACK1 expression and on innate immune response. VIN resulted in modest alteration of RACK1 while ATR and CYP reduced in a dose dependent manner RACK1 expression, ultimately leading to the decrease in lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-8 and TNF-α release and CD86 and CD54 surface marker expression. Moreover, our data indicate that, after exposure to EDCs, alterations of RACK1 expression can also occur with mechanisms not directly mediated by an interaction with a nuclear or membrane steroid receptors. Therefore, RACK1 could represent a useful EDCs screening tool to evaluate their immunotoxic potential and to dissect their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Maddalon
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mirco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Ma M, Zhao W, Tan T, Hitabatuma A, Wang P, Wang R, Su X. Study of eighteen typical bisphenol analogues as agonist or antagonist for androgen and glucocorticoid at sub-micromolar concentrations in vitro. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153439. [PMID: 35093365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A and its substitutions are commonly used to manufacture epoxy resins, plastic materials and different kinds of daily necessities. In this process, a large number of bisphenol analogues (BPs) are continuously released directly/indirectly into the environment. Through the chain of environment-feed-farmed-animals-livestock and poultry products, BPs present the low concentration but chronic exposure for surroundings and environment. In addition, BPs have been revealed by extensive studies as emerging endocrine disruptors, whose effects on androgens/glucocorticoids have rarely been mentioned in previous reports. The (anta-) agonist/antagonist properties of 18 classic BPs were investigated in vitro: We assessed the cytotoxicity and examined the luciferase induction values of BPs in MDA-kb2 cells, incubated single or co-incubated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dexamethasone, flutamide and RU486 for 24 h. From the concentration of 10-10 to 10-5 M, BPs had negligible cytotoxicity for MDA-kb2 cells, except for 4,4'-(9-Fluorenylidene)diphenol with the IC50 1.32 μM. All 18 BPs had the response to androgen/glucocorticoid receptors (AR/GR). BPs at nanomolar and trace concentrations are agonists, while BPs at micromolar and higher concentrations are antagonists. Molecular docking showed that BPs interact with AR/GR through hydrophobic bonds, hydrogen bonds, T-type π-stacking and water-bridge. These experimental data demonstrate the universality of the endocrine-disrupting effects of BPs and suggest the urgency of paying attention to the usages of BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Aloys Hitabatuma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Petricca S, Celenza G, Luzi C, Cinque B, Lizzi AR, Franceschini N, Festuccia C, Iorio R. Synergistic Activity of Ketoconazole and Miconazole with Prochloraz in Inducing Oxidative Stress, GSH Depletion, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Apoptosis in Mouse Sertoli TM4 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105429. [PMID: 35628239 PMCID: PMC9140920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triazole and imidazole fungicides represent an emerging class of pollutants with endocrine-disrupting properties. Concerning mammalian reproduction, a possible causative role of antifungal compounds in inducing toxicity has been reported, although currently, there is little evidence about potential cooperative toxic effects. Toxicant-induced oxidative stress (OS) may be an important mechanism potentially involved in male reproductive dysfunction. Thus, to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of azoles on male reproduction, the individual and combined potential of fluconazole (FCZ), prochloraz (PCZ), miconazole (MCZ), and ketoconazole (KCZ) in triggering in vitro toxicity, redox status alterations, and OS in mouse TM4 Sertoli cells (SCs) was investigated. In the present study, we demonstrate that KCZ and MCZ, alone or in synergistic combination with PCZ, strongly impair SC functions, and this event is, at least in part, ascribed to OS. In particular, azoles-induced cytotoxicity is associated with growth inhibitory effects, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, imbalance of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) specific activity, glutathione (GSH) depletion, and apoptosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibits ROS accumulation and rescues SCs from azole-induced apoptosis. PCZ alone exhibits only cytostatic and pro-oxidant properties, while FCZ, either individually or in combination, shows no cytotoxic effects up to 320 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Petricca
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (A.R.L.); (N.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Celenza
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (A.R.L.); (N.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Carla Luzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (A.R.L.); (N.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Anna Rita Lizzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (A.R.L.); (N.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Nicola Franceschini
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (A.R.L.); (N.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (A.R.L.); (N.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Roberto Iorio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (S.P.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (A.R.L.); (N.F.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-086-243-3443
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Houtman CJ, Ten Broek R, van Oorschot Y, Kloes D, van der Oost R, Rosielle M, Lamoree MH. High resolution effect-directed analysis of steroid hormone (ant)agonists in surface and wastewater quality monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103460. [PMID: 32738293 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of chemical water quality is extremely challenging due to the large variety of compounds and the presence of biologically active compounds with unknown chemical identity. Previously, we developed a high resolution Effect-Directed Analysis (EDA) platform that combines liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry and parallel bioassay detection. In this study, the platform is combined with CALUX bioassays for (anti)androgenic, estrogenic and glucocorticoid activities, and the performance of the platform is evaluated. It appeared to render very repeatable results, with high recoveries of spiked compounds and high consistency between the mass spectrometric and bioassay results. Application of the platform to wastewater treatment plant effluent and surface water samples led to the identification of several compounds contributing to the measured activities. Eventually, a workflow is proposed for the application of the platform in a routine monitoring context. The workflow divides the platform into four phases, of which one to all can be performed depending on the research question and the results obtained. This allows one to make a balance between the effort put into the platform and the certainty and depth by which active compounds will be identified. The EDA platform is a valuable tool to identify unknown bioactive compounds, both in an academic setting as in the context of legislative, governmental or routine monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine J Houtman
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, the Netherlands.
| | - R Ten Broek
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Y van Oorschot
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - D Kloes
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - R van der Oost
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Rosielle
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - M H Lamoree
- Department Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ren XM, Kuo Y, Blumberg B. Agrochemicals and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110926. [PMID: 32619583 PMCID: PMC7484009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a very large concern worldwide, reaching pandemic proportions over the past several decades. Lifestyle factors, such as excess caloric intake and decreased physical activity, together with genetic predispositions, are well-known factors related to obesity. There is accumulating evidence suggesting that exposure to some environmental chemicals during critical windows of development may contribute to the rapid increase in the incidence of obesity. Agrochemicals are a class of chemicals extensively used in agriculture, which have been widely detected in human. There is now considerable evidence linking human exposure to agrochemicals with obesity. This review summarizes human epidemiological evidence and experimental animal studies supporting the association between agrochemical exposure and obesity and outlines possible mechanistic underpinnings for this link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Ren
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2300, USA
| | - Yun Kuo
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2300, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2300, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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8
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Houndji MAB, Imorou Toko I, Guedegba L, Yacouto E, Agbohessi PT, Mandiki SNM, Scippo ML, Kestemont P. Joint toxicity of two phytosanitary molecules, lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid, on African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus) juveniles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2020; 55:669-676. [PMID: 32396780 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1763712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the acute toxicity of acetamiprid (neonicotinoid) and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid), individually and mixtures (Act-LCh mixture and Acer 35 EC®, 15 g/L of acetamiprid and 20 g/L of lambda-cyhalothrin) in African catfish juveniles (3.35 ± 0.75 g). The tests were conducted in the laboratory under semi-static conditions according to OECD Guideline 203. Mixture toxicity effects as a function of lethal concentrations were assessed using the additive index (AI) method. Acetamiprid with 96 h-LC50 = 265.7 ppm can be considered to be nontoxic for this species. However, lambda-cyhalothrin was highly toxic to C. gariepinus with 96 h-LC50 = 0.00083 ppm. Acer 35 EC® was less toxic (96 h-LC50 = 0.21 ppm) than the Act-LCh mixture (96 h-LC50 = 0.043 ppm). Marked changes indicating nervous system damage were also recorded. An antagonistic effect was shown for lethal concentrations leading to 5 to 15% mortality in 96 hours (96 h-LC5-15) while an additive effect was obtained for the 96 h-LC20-50. The results indicate that ecological risk assessment of these molecules in aquatic environments should consider their contamination levels. Moreover, particular attention to behavior changes related to their neurotoxicity is recommended for additional monitoring of the negative effects of these insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahugnon A B Houndji
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Imorou Toko
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Léa Guedegba
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Edith Yacouto
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Prudencio T Agbohessi
- Research Laboratory in Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecotoxicology (LaRAEAq), Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Science, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth & Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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Petricca S, Flati V, Celenza G, Di Gregorio J, Lizzi AR, Luzi C, Cristiano L, Cinque B, Rossi G, Festuccia C, Iorio R. Tebuconazole and Econazole Act Synergistically in Mediating Mitochondrial Stress, Energy Imbalance, and Sequential Activation of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Mouse Sertoli TM4 Cells: Possible Role of AMPK/ULK1 Axis. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:209-223. [PMID: 30698772 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tebuconazole and Econazole are triazole and imidazole fungicides currently used worldwide. Although their reproductive toxicity in mammals has been described, their effect on male reproductive systems has been poorly investigated. As humans may be exposed to different azole compounds simultaneously, the combinational in vitro toxicity of Tebuconazole and Econazole (MIX) in mouse Sertoli TM4 cells was investigated. This study demonstrates that Tebuconazole (40 µM) and Econazole (20 µM) act synergistically in mediating decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and changes in mitochondrial morphology. These events were associated with ATP depletion, cell cycle arrest, and sequential activation of autophagy and apoptosis. Remarkable differences on other parameters such as AMP/ATP ratio and adenylate energy charge were observed. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 leads to enhanced MIX-induced apoptosis suggesting an adaptive cytoprotective function for MIX-modulated autophagy. Finally, a possible role of AMPK/ULK1 axis in mediating adaptive signalling cascades in response to energy stress was hypothesized. Consistently, ULK1 Ser 555 phosphorylation occurred in response to AMPK (Thr 172) activation. In conclusion, Tebuconazole and Econazole combination, at concentrations relevant for dermal and clinical exposure, induces a severe mitochondrial stress in SCs. Consequently, a prolonged exposure may affect the ability of the cells to re-establish homeostasis and trigger apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Petricca
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Flati
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Celenza
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jacopo Di Gregorio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Lizzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carla Luzi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Loredana Cristiano
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianna Rossi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Iorio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Abd-Elhaleem ZA. Pesticide residues in tomato and tomato products marketed in Majmaah province, KSA, and their impact on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8526-8534. [PMID: 31907808 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over 22 samples of tomato, tomato paste, and ketchup collected from local markets, located in Majmaah Province, Saudi Arabia, were tested for the presence of 412 pesticide residues using the modified QuEChERS method, followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. About eight pesticide residues were detected in 36% of analyzed samples. The amount and frequency of detected pesticide residues were higher in tomato samples. All detected residues were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs). Multiple residues were detected in 27% of analyzed samples. Of the pesticides, cypermethrin was the most detected one followed by carbendazim. The average daily intake and health risk indices for Majmaah region population were estimated. The results showed that consumption of tomato and its products do not represent a risk to human health in this region. However, the presence of multiple residues in some samples necessitates regular monitoring of pesticide residues in tomato crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab A Abd-Elhaleem
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Paijens C, Bressy A, Frère B, Moilleron R. Biocide emissions from building materials during wet weather: identification of substances, mechanism of release and transfer to the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3768-3791. [PMID: 31656996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are added to or applied on building materials to prevent microorganisms from growing on their surface or to treat them. They are leached into building runoff and contribute to diffuse contamination of receiving waters. This review aimed at summarizing the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of biocides from buildings on the aquatic environment. The objectives were (i) to assess the key parameters influencing the leaching of biocides and to quantify their emission from buildings, (ii) to determine the different pathways from urban sources into receiving waters and (iii) to assess the associated environmental risk. Based on consumption data and leaching studies, a list of substances to monitor in receiving water was established. Literature review of their concentrations in the urban water cycle showed evidences of contamination and risk for aquatic life, which should put them into consideration for inclusion to European or international monitoring programs. However, some biocide concentration data in urban and receiving waters is still missing to fully assess their environmental risk, especially for isothiazolinones, iodopropynyl carbamate, zinc pyrithione and quaternary ammonium compounds, and little is known about their transformation products. Although some models supported by actual data were developed to extrapolate emissions on larger scales (watershed or city scales), they are not sufficient to prioritize the pathways of biocides from urban sources into receiving waters during both dry and wet weathers. Our review highlights the need to reduce emissions and limit their transfer into rivers and reports several solutions to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Paijens
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Bressy
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Université Paris-Est Créteil, AgroParisTech, 6 et 8 avenue Blaise Pascal - Cité Descartes, 77455, Champs-sur-Marne Cedex 2, France.
| | - Bertrand Frère
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu, UMR-MA-102, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, AgroParisTech, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
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12
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Willi RA, Castiglioni S, Salgueiro-González N, Furia N, Mastroianni S, Faltermann S, Fent K. Physiological and Transcriptional Effects of Mixtures of Environmental Estrogens, Androgens, Progestins, and Glucocorticoids in Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1092-1101. [PMID: 31829580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fishes are exposed to mixtures of different classes of steroids, but ecotoxicological implications are not sufficiently known. Here, we systematically analyze effects of different combinations of steroid mixtures in zebrafish embryos to assess their joint activities on physiology and transcriptional alterations of steroid-specific target genes at 96 and 120 h post fertilization. In binary mixtures of clobetasol propionate (CLO) with estradiol (E2) or androstenedione (A4), each steroid exhibited its own expression profile. This was also the case in mixtures of 5-, 8-, and 13-different classes of steroids in exposure concentrations of 10-10,000 ng/L. The transcriptional expression of most genes in different mixtures was steroid-specific except for genes encoding aromatase (cyp19b), sulfotransferase (sult2st3), and cyp2k22 that were induced by androgens, progestins, and glucocorticoids. Marked alterations occurred for sult2st3 in binary mixtures of CLO + E2 and CLO + A4. Glucocorticoids increased the heart rate and muscle contractions. In mixtures containing estrogens, induction of the cyp19b transcript occurred at 10 ng/L and protc from the anticoagulation system at 100 ng/L. Our study demonstrates that steroids can act independently in mixtures; the sum of individual steroid profiles is expressed. However, some genes, including cyp19b, sult2st3, and cyp2k22, are regulated by several steroids. This joint effect on different pathways may be of concern for fish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Alois Willi
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS , Via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS , Via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Nathan Furia
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
| | - Sarah Mastroianni
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
| | - Susanne Faltermann
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Hofackerstrasse 30 , CH-4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics , CH-8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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13
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Iglesias-González A, Hardy EM, Appenzeller BMR. Cumulative exposure to organic pollutants of French children assessed by hair analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105332. [PMID: 31785528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Children represent one of the most vulnerable parts of the population regarding the effects of pollutants exposure on health. In this study, hair samples were collected between October 2013 and August 2015 from 142 French children originating from different geographical areas (urban and rural) and analysed with a GC/MS-MS method, allowing for the detection of 55 biomarkers for pesticides and metabolites both persistent and non-persistent from different families, including: organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, azoles, dinitroanilines, oxadiazines, phenylpyrazoles and carboxamidas; 4 polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and 5 polybromodiphenylethers (PBDEs). The number of compounds detected in each sample ranged from 9 up to 37 (21 on average), which clearly highlighted the cumulative exposure of the children. The results also showed a wide range of concentration of the pollutants in hair (often more than 100 times higher in the most exposed child compared to the less exposed), suggesting significant disparities in the exposure level, even in children living in the same area. In addition to the detection of currently used chemicals, the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in children also suggests that the French population is still exposed to POPs nowadays. PCP, DEP, PNP, 3Me4NP, trans-Cl2CA, 3PBA, fipronil and fipronil sulfone, presented statistically significant higher concentration in the hair of boys compared to girls. PCP, PNP and 3Me4NP presented statistically significant higher concentration in younger children. Finally, this study also suggests that local environmental contamination would not be the main source of exposure, and that individual specificities (habits, diet…) would be the main contributors to the exposure to the pollutants analysed here. The present study strongly supports the relevance of hair for the biomonitoring of exposure and provides the first values of organic pollutant concentration in the hair of French children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Iglesias-González
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1-A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, 2, avenue de l'Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Emily M Hardy
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1-A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Brice M R Appenzeller
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1-A-B rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
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14
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Ma M, Chen C, Yang G, Wang Y, Wang T, Li Y, Qian Y. Combined anti-androgenic effects of mixtures of agricultural pesticides using in vitro and in silico methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109652. [PMID: 31605955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humans and wildlife are continuously and simultaneously exposed to various pesticides that have been identified as endocrine disruptors which interfere with regulations of sexual differentiation and fertility. Low-dose effects of combined exposure from mixtures of pesticides have been extensively reported and need to be addressed in the context of human health risk assessment. The objective of the study is to assess the individual and combined anti-androgenic effects of twelve widely used pesticides in MDA-kb2 cells. The order of potency for seven pesticides with moderate anti-androgenic activities was in the order: fenitrothion > dimethomorph > difenoconazole > bromopropylate > prochloraz > imazalil > endosulfan, which was induced by the androgen receptor (AR) antagonism rather than cytotoxicity (with the exception of endosulfan which exhibited the highest cytotoxicity). The other five pesticides exhibited lower anti-androgenic activities. At 10% of AR antagonistic effect, three mixtures comprised of the seven pesticides (Mix-EC10, Mix-EC20, and Mix-EC25) at equi-effect concentrations showed summed concentrations of 6.75E-11, 17.63 and 25.21 μM, respectively. The combined effects were essentially close to the predicted of concentration addition (CA) at realistically low concentrations. In addition, molecular docking simulation indicated that hydrophobic interaction and polar functional groups of the pesticides contributed to the binding energy, which might be responsible for the AR antagonism. Our findings provide a basis for defining similarly acting antagonists in the context of cumulative risk assessment for pesticides in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guiling Yang
- Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Tiancai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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15
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Klara K, Brianna G, Fisher S, Kubátová A. Optimization of Electrospray Ionization for Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Preservatives in Wood Leachate Matrix. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Willi RA, Salgueiro-González N, Carcaiso G, Fent K. Glucocorticoid mixtures of fluticasone propionate, triamcinolone acetonide and clobetasol propionate induce additive effects in zebrafish embryos. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 374:101-109. [PMID: 30981015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many synthetic glucocorticoids from medical applications occur in the aquatic environment. Whether they pose a risk for fish health is poorly known. Here we investigate effects of glucocorticoids fluticasone propionate (FLU) and triamcinolone acetonide (TRI) as single steroids and as ternary mixtures with clobetasol propionate (CLO) in zebrafish embryos. Exposure to FLU and TRI in a range of concentrations between 0.099 and 120.08 μg/L led to concentration-related decrease in muscle contractions and increase in heart rate at 0.98 and 1.05 μg/L, respectively, and higher. Genes encoding for proteins related to glucose metabolism (g6pca, pepck1), immune system regulation (fkbp5, irg1l, socs3, gilz) and matrix metalloproteinases mmp-9 and mmp-13 showed expressional alterations, as well as genes encoding for the progestin receptor (pgr) and corticosteroid dehydrogenase (hsd11b2). FLU accelerated hatching and led to embryotoxicity (immobilization and edema). Ternary mixtures (FLU + TRI + CLO) induced the same physiological and toxicological effects at concentrations of individual glucocorticoids of 11.1-16.37 μg/L and higher. Heart rate was increased in the mixture at concentrations as low as 0.0885-0.11 μg/L of each steroid. Glucocorticoids in mixtures showed additive activity; the fold-changes of transcripts of 19 target genes were additive. Together, our data show that glucocorticoids act additively and their joint activity may be of concern for developing fish in contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Alois Willi
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Carcaiso
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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Brun NR, Fields PD, Horsfield S, Mirbahai L, Ebert D, Colbourne JK, Fent K. Mixtures of Aluminum and Indium Induce More than Additive Phenotypic and Toxicogenomic Responses in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1639-1649. [PMID: 30608651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic systems are contaminated by many metals but their effects as mixtures on organisms are not well understood. Here, we assessed effects of aluminum with fairly well-known modes of actions and indium, an understudied emerging contaminant from electronics, followed by studying equi-effective mixtures thereof. We report acute and adverse phenotypic effects in Daphnia magna adults and global transcriptomic effects employing RNA sequencing in neonates. The mixture induced more than additive activity in mortality and in physiological effects, including growth and reproduction. Similarly, transcriptomic effects were more than additive, as indicated by a markedly higher number of 463 differentially expressed transcripts in the mixture and by distinct classes of genes assigned to several biological functions, including metabolic processes, suggesting depleted energy reserves, which may be responsible for the observed impaired reproduction and growth. A gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of a priori known response pathways for aluminum confirmed activation of distinct molecular pathways by indium. Our study is highlighting more than additive effects at the transcriptional and physiological level and is providing a state-of-the art approach to mixture analysis, which is important for risk assessment of these metals and metal mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja R Brun
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Langackerstrasse 30 , 4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , Universitätsstrasse 16 , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Peter D Fields
- Zoological Institute , University of Basel , Vesalgasse 1 , 4051 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Samuel Horsfield
- School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Leda Mirbahai
- School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Zoological Institute , University of Basel , Vesalgasse 1 , 4051 Basel , Switzerland
| | - John K Colbourne
- School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Karl Fent
- School of Life Sciences , University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland , Langackerstrasse 30 , 4132 Muttenz , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , Universitätsstrasse 16 , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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18
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Rahmani A, Asadi A, Fatehizadeh A, Rahmani AR, Zare MR. Interactions of Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Hg in their effects on activated sludge bacteria by using two analytical methods. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:124. [PMID: 30710209 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since trace metals rarely appear singly in industrial effluents, it is a major challenge to address combined effects of such toxicants on biological units of wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study was interaction assessment of Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Hg in their effects on activated sludge bacteria using analytical methods. Two mathematical models were used to determine the effect of binary mixtures of Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni on activated sludge bacteria using a dehydrogenase enzyme assay. Calculated EC50 values were compared to experimentally observed values of mixtures. Interactive effects were counted to be antagonistic for Hg and Cd, Cd and Pb, Cd and Ni, and Cr and Pb, synergistic for Cd and Cr and Hg and Cr, and additive for other binary mixtures. Maximum toxicity was related to Hg and Cr, Cd and Cr, and Hg and Cd. Physicochemical monitoring of single metals may underestimate hazards arising from these pollutants in environmental samples. Therefore, any possible interaction between metals in such environments should be considered when establishing environmental safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Rahmani
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Anvar Asadi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Fatehizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdol Rasool Rahmani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zare
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
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19
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Christen V, Kunz PY, Fent K. Endocrine disruption and chronic effects of plant protection products in bees: Can we better protect our pollinators? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1588-1601. [PMID: 30296754 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to plant protection products (PPPs) is one of the causes for the population decline of pollinators. In addition to direct exposure, pollinators are exposed to PPPs by pollen, nectar and honey that often contain residues of multiple PPPs. While in legislation PPPs are regarded mainly for their acute toxicity in bees, other effects such as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, behavioural changes, stress responses and chronic effects that may harm different physiologically and ecologically relevant traits are much less or not regarded. Despite the fact that endocrine disruption by PPPs is among key effects weakening survival and thriving of populations, pollinators have been poorly investigated in this regard. Here we summarize known endocrine disruptive effects of PPPs in bees and compare them to other chronic effects. Endocrine disruption in honey bees comprise negative effects on reproductive success of queens and drones and behavioural transition of nurse bees to foragers. Among identified PPPs are insecticides, including neonicotinoids, fipronil, chlorantraniliprole and azadirachtin. So far, there exists no OECD guideline to investigate possible endocrine effects of PPPs. Admittedly, investigation of effects on reproduction success of queens and drones is rarely possible under laboratory conditions. But the behavioural transition of nurse bees to foragers could be a possible endpoint to analyse endocrine effects of PPPs under laboratory conditions. We identified some genes, including vitellogenin, which regulate this transition and which may be used as biomarkers for endocrine disruptive PPPs. We plea for a better implementation of the adverse outcome pathway concept into bee's research and propose a procedure for extending and complementing current assessments, including OECD guidelines, with additional physiological and molecular endpoints. Consequently, assessing potential endocrine disruption in pollinators should receive much more relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Christen
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Petra Y Kunz
- Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Section Biocides and Plant Protection Products, CH-3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132, Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental System Sciences, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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20
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Wang F, Gao J, Chen L, Zhou Z, Liu D, Wang P. Enantioselective bioaccumulation and metabolism of lactofen in zebrafish Danio rerio and combined effects with its metabolites. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:443-452. [PMID: 30245221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residue in agricultural land might led to contamination of fresh waters, creating potential risks to organisms. The environmental behavior of herbicide lactofen may be enantioselective and the metabolites may have high toxic effects in individual or in combination. In this work, the enantioselective bioaccumulation, metabolism and toxic effects of lactofen and three metabolites (desethyl lactofen, acifluorfene, and amino acifluorfene) in zebrafish were investigated. The antioxidase activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase), lipid peroxidation content were measured after exposure, and genetic toxicity was evaluated by a micronucleus test. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) method was used to determine the effects of the lactofen and its metabolites as well as their combinations. The metabolites were found to have higher toxic effects, and enantioselective toxic effects of lactofen and desethyl lactofen were observed, with the S-enantiomer more toxic. Based on IBR values, synergistic effects existed in combination of lactofen and desethyl lactofen, while antagonistic effects of lactofen with acifluorfene or amino acifluorfene were observed. Zebrafish were exposed to 0.5 mg L-1 lactofen and the bioaccumulation were measured during a 15 d period followed by a 7 d elimination. The half-lives of the metabolites varied between 0.66 and 5.21 d, with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) in the range of 39-120. The metabolic pathways of R- and S-lactofen were found to be significantly different. The results supported our hypothesis. Therefore, the assessment of enantiomers and metabolites in individual or in combination should be taken into consideration in evaluating chiral pesticide risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jing Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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21
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Houtman CJ, Ten Broek R, Brouwer A. Steroid hormonal bioactivities, culprit natural and synthetic hormones and other emerging contaminants in waste water measured using bioassays and UPLC-tQ-MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1492-1501. [PMID: 29554767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emission of compounds with biological activities from waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluents into surface waters is a topic of concern for ecology and drinking water quality. We investigated the occurrence of hormone-like activities in waste water sample extracts from four Dutch WWTPs and pursued to identify compounds responsible for them. To this aim, in vitro reporter gene bioassays for androgenic, anti-androgenic, estrogenic, glucocorticoid and progestogenic activity and a UPLC-tQ-MS target analysis method for 25 steroid hormones used in high volumes in pharmacy were applied. Principal component analysis of the data was performed to further characterize the detected activities and compounds. All five types of activities tested were observed in the WWTP samples. Androgenic and estrogenic activities were almost completely removed during WW treatment, anti-androgenic activity was only found in treated WW. Glucocorticoid and progestogenic activities persisted throughout the treatment. The androgenic activity in both influent could predominantly be attributed to the presence of androstenedione and testosterone. Anti-androgenic activity was explained by the presence of cyproterone acetate. The glucocorticoid activity in influent was fully explained by prednicarbate, triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone and amcinonide. In effluent however, detected hormones could only explain 10-32% of the activity, indicating the presence of unknown glucocorticoids or their metabolites in effluent. Progesterone and levonorgestrel could explain the observed progestogenic activity. The principle component analysis confirmed the way in which hormones fit in the spectrum of other emerging contaminants concerning occurrence and fate in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine J Houtman
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Ten Broek
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems B.V, Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Melvin SD, Leusch FDL, Carroll AR. Metabolite profiles of striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) larvae exposed to the anti-androgenic fungicides vinclozolin and propiconazole are consistent with altered steroidogenesis and oxidative stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:232-239. [PMID: 29660695 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians use wetlands in urban and agricultural landscapes for breeding, growth and development. Fungicides and other pesticides used in these areas have therefore been identified as potential threats that could contribute towards amphibian population declines. However, relatively little is known about how such chemicals influence sensitive early life-stages or how short episodic exposures influence sub-lethal physiological and metabolic pathways. The present study applied untargeted metabolomics to evaluate effects in early post-hatch amphibian larvae exposed to the anti-androgenic fungicides vinclozolin and propiconazole. Recently hatched (Gosner developmental stage 25) striped marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) larvae were exposed for 96 h to vinclozolin at 17.5, 174.8 and 1748.6 nM and propiconazole at 5.8, 58.4 and 584.4 nM. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was performed on polar metabolites obtained from whole-body extracts. Both fungicides altered metabolite profiles compared to control animals at all concentrations tested, and there were notable differences between the two chemicals. Overall responses were consistent with altered steroidogenesis and/or cholesterol metabolism, with inconsistent responses between the two fungicides likely reflecting minor differences in the mechanisms of action of these chemicals. Broad down-regulation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was also observed and is indicative of oxidative stress. Interestingly, formic acid was significantly increased in larvae exposed to vinclozolin but not propiconazole, suggesting this metabolite may serve as a useful biomarker of exposure to androgen-receptor binding anti-androgenic contaminants. This study demonstrates the power of untargeted metabolomics for distinguishing between similarly acting, but distinct, pollutants and for unraveling non-endocrine responses resulting from exposure to known endocrine active contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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Gamet-Payrastre L, Lukowicz C. Les effets des mélanges de pesticides. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIETETIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Hernández AF, Gil F, Lacasaña M. Toxicological interactions of pesticide mixtures: an update. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3211-3223. [PMID: 28845507 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides can interact with each other in various ways according to the compound itself and its chemical family, the dose and the targeted organs, leading to various effects. The term interaction means situations where some or all individual components of a mixture influence each other's toxicity and the joint effects may deviate from the additive predictions. The various mixture effects can be greatly determined by toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic factors involving metabolic pathways and cellular or molecular targets of individual pesticides, respectively. However, the complexity of toxicological interactions can lead to unpredictable effects of pesticide mixtures. Interactions on metabolic processes affecting the biotransformation of pesticides seem to be by far the most common mechanism of synergism. Moreover, the identification of pesticides responsible for synergistic interactions is an important issue for cumulative risk assessment. Cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides (organophosphates and N-methylcarbamates), triazole fungicides, triazine herbicides, and pyrethroid insecticides are overrepresented in the synergistic mixtures identified so far. Since the limited available empirical evidence suggests that synergisms at dietary exposure levels are rather rare, and experimentally occurred at unrealistic high concentrations, synergism cannot be predicted quantitatively on the basis of the toxicity of mixture components. The prediction of biological responses elicited by interaction of pesticides with each other (or with other chemicals) will benefit from using a systems toxicology approach. The identification of core features of pesticide mixtures at molecular level, such as gene expression profiles, could be helpful to assess or predict the occurrence of interactive effects giving rise to unpredicted responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gil
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalulsian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain.,CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain.,ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
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25
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Goodyer CG, Poon S, Aleksa K, Hou L, Atehortua V, Carnevale A, Koren G, Jednak R, Emil S, Bagli D, Dave S, Hales BF, Chevrier J. A Case-Control Study of Maternal Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Exposure and Cryptorchidism in Canadian Populations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:057004. [PMID: 28557710 PMCID: PMC5726354 DOI: 10.1289/ehp522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants found in North American household products during the past four decades. These chemicals leach out in dust as products age, exposing individuals daily through inhalation and ingestion. Animal studies suggest that PBDEs disrupt sex hormones and adversely affect development of the reproductive system. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we examined whether there is a link between maternal hair PBDE concentrations and the risk of cryptorchidism (undescended testes) in male infants; testis descent is known to be dependent on androgens. METHODS Full-term male infants were recruited through clinics in Montreal, Toronto, and London, Canada. Boys with cryptorchidism at 3-18 months of age (n=137) were identified by pediatric urologists and surgeons; similar-aged controls (n=158) had no genitourinary abnormalities as assessed by pediatricians. Eight BDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183, -209) were measured by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) in maternal hair samples collected at the time of recruitment. RESULTS The ∑PBDE geometric mean for maternal hair was 45.35 pg/mg for controls and 50.27 pg/mg for cases; the concentrations of three BDEs (BDE-99, -100, and -154) were significantly higher in cases than controls in unadjusted models. In adjusted models, every 10-fold increase in the concentration of maternal hair BDE-99 [OR=2.53 (95% CI: 1.29, 4.95) or BDE-100 [OR=2.45 (95% CI: 1.31, 4.56)] was associated with more than a doubling in the risk of cryptorchidism. BDE-154 [OR=1.88 (95% CI: 1.08, 3.28) was also significant. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that maternal exposure to BDE-99, -100, and -154 may be associated with abnormal migration of testes in the male fetus. This may be due to the anti-androgenic properties of the PBDEs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia G Goodyer
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shirley Poon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katarina Aleksa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Leslie Dan School of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Veronica Atehortua
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda Carnevale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Roman Jednak
- Department of Pediatric Urology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sherif Emil
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Darius Bagli
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumit Dave
- Division of Pediatric Urology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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26
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Liang YQ, Huang GY, Zhao JL, Shi WJ, Hu LX, Tian F, Liu SS, Jiang YX, Ying GG. Transcriptional alterations induced by binary mixtures of ethinylestradiol and norgestrel during the early development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 195:60-67. [PMID: 28219785 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic estrogens and progestins are commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. After use, they reach aquatic environments via discharge of wastewaters from human and animals, thus posing potential risks to organisms. So far, very little is known about their combined effects in aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of binary mixtures of ethinylestradiol (EE2) and norgestrel (NGT) on embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) by measuring transcriptional alterations. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to EE2 and NGT alone or in combination at concentrations between 36 and 5513ngL-1 for 96h post-fertilization (hpf). The results showed that most of gene transcriptions of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (e.g., Pgr, Mprα, Esr1, Esr2a, Vtg1, Ar, Cyp11b, Star, Gnrh3 and Fshb) and circadian rhythm signaling (e.g., Cry1a, Cry2a, Cry2b, Per3, Arntl1b, Arntl2, Clock1a, Cry3 and Cry4) displayed most pronounced alterations in the mixtures as compared to single EE2 and NGT exposures. This finding suggests exposure to the binary mixtures of EE2 and NGT produced significantly enhanced effects in fish as compared to single chemical exposures, and their coexistence could have significant environmental implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Guo-Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Fei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre of PRD Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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27
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Lv X, Pan L, Wang J, Lu L, Yan W, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Guo M, Zhuang S. Effects of triazole fungicides on androgenic disruption and CYP3A4 enzyme activity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:504-512. [PMID: 28012672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Triazole fungicides are widely used as broad-spectrum fungicides, non-steroidal antiestrogens and for various industrial applications. Their residues have been frequently detected in multiple environmental and human matrices. The increasingly reported toxicity incidents have led triazole fungicides as emerging contaminants of environmental and public health concern. However, whether triazole fungicides behave as endocrine disruptors by directly mimicking environmental androgens/antiandrogens or exerting potential androgenic disruption indirectly through the inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme activity is yet an unresolved question. We herein evaluated five commonly used triazole fungicides including bitertanol, hexaconazole, penconazole, tebuconazole and uniconazole for the androgenic and anti-androgenic activity using two-hybrid recombinant human androgen receptor (AR) yeast bioassay and comparatively evaluated their effects on enzymatic activity of CYP3A4 by P450-Glo™ CYP3A4 bioassay. All five fungicides showed moderate anti-androgenic activity toward human AR with the IC50 ranging from 9.34 μM to 79.85 μM. The anti-androgenic activity remained no significant change after the metabolism mediated by human liver microsomes. These fungicides significantly inhibited the activity of CYP3A4 at the environmental relevant concentrations and the potency ranks as tebuconazole > uniconazole > hexaconazole > penconazole > bitertanol with the corresponding IC50 of 0.81 μM, 0.93 μM, 1.27 μM, 2.22 μM, and 2.74 μM, respectively. We found that their anti-androgenic activity and the inhibition potency toward CYP3A4 inhibition was significantly correlated (R2 between 0.83 and 0.97, p < 0.001). Our results indicated that the risk assessment of triazole pesticides and structurally similar chemicals should fully consider potential androgenic disrupting effects and the influences on the activity of CYP450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Lv
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Liumeng Pan
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liping Lu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Weilin Yan
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yanye Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiwen Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming Guo
- School of Science, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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Christen V, Bachofer S, Fent K. Binary mixtures of neonicotinoids show different transcriptional changes than single neonicotinoids in honeybees (Apis mellifera). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1264-1270. [PMID: 27839993 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the many factors responsible for the decline of bee populations are plant protection products such as neonicotinoids. In general, bees are exposed to not only one but mixtures of such chemicals. At environmental realistic concentrations neonicotinoids may display negative effects on the immune system, foraging activity, learning and memory formation of bees. Neonicotinoids induce alterations of gene transcripts such as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits, vitellogenin, genes of the immune system and genes linked to memory formation. While previous studies focused on individual compounds, the effect of neonicotinoid mixtures in bees is poorly known. Here we investigated the effects of neonicotinoids acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam as single compounds, and binary mixtures thereof in honeybees. We determined transcriptional changes of nAChR subunits and vitellogenin in the brain of experimentally exposed honeybees after exposure up to 72 h. Exposure concentrations were selected on the basis of lowest effect concentrations of the single compounds. Transcriptional induction of nAChRs and vitellogenin was strongest for thiamethoxam, and weakest for acetamiprid. To a large extent, binary mixtures did not show additive transcriptional inductions but they were less than additive. Our data suggest that the joint transcriptional activity of neonicotinoids cannot be explained by concentration addition. The in vivo effects are not only governed by agonistic interaction with nAChRs alone, but are more complex as a result of interactions with other pathways as well. Further studies are needed to investigate the physiological joint effects of mixtures of neonicotinoids and other plant protection products on bees to better understand their joint effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Christen
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bachofer
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; University Basel, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Molecular and System Toxicology, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental System Sciences, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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29
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Elskus AA, Smalling KL, Hladik ML, Kuivila KM. Effects of two fungicide formulations on microbial and macroinvertebrate leaf decomposition under laboratory conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2834-2844. [PMID: 27110671 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic fungi contribute significantly to the decomposition of leaves in streams, a key ecosystem service. Little is known, however, about the effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and macroinvertebrates involved with leaf decomposition. Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves were conditioned in a stream to acquire microbes (bacteria and fungi) or leached in tap water (unconditioned) to simulate potential reduction of microbial biomass by fungicides. Conditioned leaves were exposed to fungicide formulations QUILT (azoxystrobin + propiconazole) or PRISTINE (boscalid + pyraclostrobin) in the presence and absence of the leaf shredder, Hyalella azteca (amphipods; 7-d old at start of exposures) for 14 d at 23 °C. The QUILT formulations (∼0.3 μg/L, 1.8 μg/L, and 8 μg/L) tended to increase leaf decomposition by amphipods (not significant) without a concomitant increase in amphipod biomass, indicating potential increased consumption of leaves with reduced nutritional value. The PRISTINE formulation (∼33 μg/L) significantly reduced amphipod growth and biomass (p < 0.05), effects similar to those observed with unconditioned controls. The significant suppressive effects of PRISTINE on amphipod growth and the trend toward increased leaf decomposition with increasing QUILT concentration indicate the potential for altered leaf decay in streams exposed to fungicides. Further work is needed to evaluate fungicide effects on leaf decomposition under conditions relevant to stream ecosystems, including temperature shifts and pulsed exposures to pesticide mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2834-2844. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria A Elskus
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Maine Field Office, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, California
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30
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Wang X, Martínez MA, Dai M, Chen D, Ares I, Romero A, Castellano V, Martínez M, Rodríguez JL, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Yuan Z. Permethrin-induced oxidative stress and toxicity and metabolism. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:86-104. [PMID: 27183507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Permethrin (PER), the most frequently used synthetic Type I pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used in the world because of its high activity as an insecticide and its low mammalian toxicity. It was originally believed that PER exhibited low toxicity on untargeted animals. However, as its use became more extensive worldwide, increasing evidence suggested that PER might have a variety of toxic effects on animals and humans alike, such as neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, reproductive, genotoxic, and haematotoxic effects, digestive system toxicity, and cytotoxicity. A growing number of studies indicate that oxidative stress played critical roles in the various toxicities associated with PER. To date, almost no review has addressed the toxicity of PER correlated with oxidative stress. The focus of this article is primarily to summarise advances in the research associated with oxidative stress as a potential mechanism for PER-induced toxicity as well as its metabolism. This review summarises the research conducted over the past decade into the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative stress as a consequence of PER treatments, and ultimately their correlation with the toxicity and the metabolism of PER. The metabolism of PER involves various CYP450 enzymes, alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenases for oxidation and the carboxylesterases for hydrolysis, through which oxidative stress might occur, and such metabolic factors are also reviewed. The protection of a variety of antioxidants against PER-induced toxicity is also discussed, in order to further understand the role of oxidative stress in PER-induced toxicity. This review will throw new light on the critical roles of oxidative stress in PER-induced toxicity, as well as on the blind spots that still exist in the understanding of PER metabolism, the cellular effects in terms of apoptosis and cell signaling pathways, and finally strategies to help to protect against its oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Menghong Dai
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Castellano
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodríguez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Saillenfait AM, Ndiaye D, Sabaté JP. The estrogenic and androgenic potential of pyrethroids in vitro. Review. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:321-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Effects of pesticide mixtures in human and animal models: An update of the recent literature. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 254:231-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The ability of the YAS and AR CALUX assays to detect the additive effects of anti-androgenic fungicide mixtures. Toxicol Lett 2016; 241:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zhao Y, Castiglioni S, Fent K. Synthetic progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate and dydrogesterone and their binary mixtures adversely affect reproduction and lead to histological and transcriptional alterations in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4636-4645. [PMID: 25742325 DOI: 10.1021/es505575v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and dydrogesterone (DDG) are synthetic progestins widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Although aquatic organisms are exposed to them through wastewater and animal farm runoff, very little is known about their effects in the environment. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of the responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to MPA, DDG, and their binary mixtures at measured concentrations between 4.5 and 1663 ng/L. DDG and both mixtures impaired reproductive capacities (egg production) of breeding pairs and led to histological alterations of ovaries and testes and increased gonadosomatic index. Transcriptional analysis of up to 28 genes belonging to different pathways demonstrated alterations in steroid hormone receptors, steroidogenesis enzymes, and specifically, the circadian rhythm genes, in different organs of adult zebrafish and eleuthero-embryos. Alterations occurred even at environmentally relevant concentrations of 4.5-4.8 ng/L MPA, DDG and the mixture in eleuthero-embryos and at 43-89 ng/L in adult zebrafish. Additionally, the mixtures displayed additive effects in most but not all parameters in adults and eleuthero-embryos, suggesting concentration addition. Our data suggest that MPA and DDG and their mixtures induce multiple transcriptional responses at environmentally relevant concentrations and adverse effects on reproduction and gonad histology at higher levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- †University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- ‡IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, I-20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Karl Fent
- †University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
- §Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Department of Environmental System Sciences, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Grimaldi M, Boulahtouf A, Delfosse V, Thouennon E, Bourguet W, Balaguer P. Reporter Cell Lines for the Characterization of the Interactions between Human Nuclear Receptors and Endocrine Disruptors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:62. [PMID: 26029163 PMCID: PMC4426785 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances interfering with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action, and consequently causing disturbances in the endocrine system. Various pathways are activated by EDCs, including interactions with nuclear receptors (NRs), which are primary targets of numerous environmental contaminants. The main NRs targeted by environmental contaminants are the estrogen (ER α, β) and the androgen (AR) receptors. ERs and AR have pleiotropic regulatory roles in a diverse range of tissues, notably in the mammary gland, the uterus, and the prostate. Thus, dysfunctional ERs and AR signaling due to inappropriate exposure to environmental pollutants may lead to hormonal cancers and infertility. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is also recognized by many environmental molecules. PXR has a protective role of the body through its ability to regulate proteins involved in the metabolism, the conjugation, and the transport of many exogenous and endogenous compounds. However, the permanent activation of this receptor by xenobiotics may lead to premature drug metabolism, the formation, and accumulation of toxic metabolites and defects in hormones homeostasis. The activity of other NRs can also be affected by environmental molecules. Compounds capable of inhibiting or activating the estrogen related (ERRγ), the thyroid hormone (TRα, β), the retinoid X receptors (RXRα, β, γ), and peroxisome proliferator-activated (PPAR α, γ) receptors have been identified and are highly suspected to promote developmental, reproductive, neurological, or metabolic diseases in humans and wildlife. In this review, we provide an overview of reporter cell lines established to characterize the human NR activities of a large panel of EDCs including natural as well as industrial compounds such as pesticides, plasticizers, surfactants, flame retardants, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Grimaldi
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- U1194, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelhay Boulahtouf
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- U1194, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vanessa Delfosse
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- U1054, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Montpellier, France
| | - Erwan Thouennon
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- U1194, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - William Bourguet
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- U1054, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS UMR5048, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- U1194, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Patrick Balaguer, U1194, IRCM, INSERM, ICM, Parc Euromédecine, 208 rue des Apothicaires, Montpellier 34090, France,
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