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Huenchuguala S, Segura-Aguilar J. Targets to Search for New Pharmacological Treatment in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease According to the Single-Neuron Degeneration Model. Biomolecules 2024; 14:673. [PMID: 38927076 PMCID: PMC11201619 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest problems in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is the lack of new drugs that slow its progression. L-Dopa remains the star drug in the treatment of this disease, although it induces severe side effects. The failure of clinical studies with new drugs depends on the use of preclinical models based on neurotoxins that do not represent what happens in the disease since they induce rapid and expansive neurodegeneration. We have recently proposed a single-neuron degeneration model for idiopathic Parkinson's disease that requires years to accumulate enough lost neurons for the onset of motor symptoms. This single-neuron degeneration model is based on the excessive formation of aminochrome during neuromelanin synthesis that surpass the neuroprotective action of the enzymes DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2, which prevent the neurotoxic effects of aminochrome. Although the neurotoxic effects of aminochrome do not have an expansive effect, a stereotaxic injection of this endogenous neurotoxin cannot be used to generate a preclinical model in an animal. Therefore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the strategies for pharmacologically increasing the expression of DT diaphorase and GSTM2-2 and molecules that induce the expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2, such as pramipexole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile;
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8330111, Chile
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Chagraoui A, Anouar Y, De Deurwaerdere P, Arias HR. To what extent may aminochrome increase the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in the context of Parkinson's disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 168:106528. [PMID: 38246261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that progresses over time and is characterized by preferential reduction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the precise mechanisms leading to cell death in neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD, are not fully understood, it is widely accepted that increased oxidative stress may be a prevalent factor contributing to the deterioration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic fibers in such conditions. Aminochrome, generated from dopamine (DA) metabolism, plays an important role in multiple pathogenic mechanisms associated with PD. Its capacity to induce a gradual reduction in dopaminergic neurons is due to its endogenous neurotoxicity. The formation of aminochrome results in the production of various reactive oxygen species (ROS), including pro-inflammatory factors, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals. This, in turn, causes loss of dopaminergic neurons, reducing DA uptake, and reduced numbers and shortened dendrites. Notably, o-quinones, which are more cytotoxic, arise from the oxidation of DA and possess a higher capacity to impede cellular defense mechanisms, thereby resulting in the death of neuronal cells. Aminochrome potentially contributes to the pathophysiology of PD by forming adducts with various proteins. All of the aforementioned effects suggest that aminochrome may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of PD. Thus, aminochrome may serve as a more relevant preclinical model for PD, facilitating a better understanding of its pathophysiological processes and identification of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing or slowing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, CHU de Rouen, France; UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen Normandie University, 76000 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Youssef Anouar
- UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen Normandie University, 76000 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdere
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR, 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tahlequah, OK, USA
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Huenchuguala S, Segura-Aguilar J. Single-neuron neurodegeneration as a degenerative model for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:529-535. [PMID: 37721280 PMCID: PMC10581573 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive effect of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, although it is limited in time and has severe side effects, has encouraged the scientific community to look for new drugs that can stop the neurodegenerative process or even regenerate the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Successful preclinical studies with coenzyme Q10, mitoquinone, isradipine, nilotinib, TCH346, neurturin, zonisamide, deferiprone, prasinezumab, and cinpanemab prompted clinical trials. However, these failed and after more than 50 years levodopa continues to be the key drug in the treatment of the disease, despite its severe side effects after 4-6 years of chronic treatment. The lack of translated successful results obtained in preclinical investigations based on the use of neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body as new drugs for Parkinson's disease treatment is a big problem. In our opinion, the cause of these failures lies in the experimental animal models involving neurotoxins that do not exist in the human body, such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 6-hydroxydopamine, that induce a very fast, massive and expansive neurodegenerative process, which contrasts with the extremely slow one of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. The exceedingly slow progress of the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson's patients is due to (i) a degenerative model in which the neurotoxic effect of an endogenous neurotoxin affects a single neuron, (ii) a neurotoxic event that is not expansive and (iii) the fact that the neurotoxin that triggers the neurodegenerative process is produced inside the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. The endogenous neurotoxin that fits this degenerative model involving one single neuron at a time is aminochrome, since it (i) is generated within neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons, (ii) does not cause an expansive neurotoxic effect and (iii) triggers all the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process of the nigrostriatal neurons in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In conclusion, based on the hypothesis that the neurodegenerative process of idiopathic Parkinson's disease corresponds to a single-neuron neurodegeneration model, we must search for molecules that increase the expression of the neuroprotective enzymes DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2. It has been observed that the activation of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway is associated with the transcriptional activation of the DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Carreras, Osorno, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas (ICBM), Faculty of medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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Huenchuguala S, Segura-Aguilar J. On the Role of Iron in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3094. [PMID: 38002094 PMCID: PMC10669582 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition metal characteristics of iron allow it to play a fundamental role in several essential aspects of human life such as the transport of oxygen through hemoglobin or the transport of electrons in the mitochondrial respiratory chain coupled to the synthesis of ATP. However, an excess or deficiency of iron is related to certain pathologies. The maintenance of iron homeostasis is essential to avoid certain pathologies related to iron excess or deficiency. The existence of iron deposits in postmortem tissues of Parkinson's patients has been interpreted as evidence that iron plays a fundamental role in the degenerative process of the nigrostriatal system in this disease. The use of iron chelators has been successful in the treatment of diseases such as transfusion-dependent thalassemia and pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration. However, a clinical study with the iron chelator deferiprone in patients with Parkinson's disease has not shown positive effects but rather worsened clinical symptoms. This suggests that iron may not play a role in the degenerative process of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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A Preclinical Model for Parkinson’s Disease Based on Transcriptional Gene Activation via KEAP1/NRF2 to Develop New Antioxidant Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030673. [PMID: 36978921 PMCID: PMC10045214 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of the effect of antioxidants on idiopathic Parkinson’s disease have been unsuccessful because the preclinical models used to propose these clinical studies do not accurately represent the neurodegenerative process of the disease. Treatment with certain exogenous neurotoxins induces massive and extremely rapid degeneration; for example, MPTP causes severe Parkinsonism in just three days, while the degenerative process of idiopathic Parkinson´s disease proceeds over many years. The endogenous neurotoxin aminochrome seems to be a good alternative target since it is formed in the nigrostriatal system neurons where the degenerative process occurs. Aminochrome induces all the mechanisms reported to be involved in the degenerative processes of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. The presence of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the postmortem brain of healthy elderly people suggests that neuromelanin synthesis is a normal and harmless process despite the fact that it requires oxidation of dopamine to three ortho-quinones that are potentially toxic, especially aminochrome. The apparent contradiction that neuromelanin synthesis is harmless, despite its formation via neurotoxic ortho-quinones, can be explained by the protective roles of DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase GSTM2-2 as well as the neuroprotective role of astrocytes secreting exosomes loaded with GSTM2-2. Increasing the expression of DT-diaphorase and GSTM2-2 may be a therapeutic goal to prevent the degeneration of new neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. Several phytochemicals that induce DT-diaphorase have been discovered and, therefore, an interesting question is whether these phytochemical KEAP1/NRF2 activators can inhibit or decrease aminochrome-induced neurotoxicity.
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Aminochrome Induces Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss: A New Preclinical Model to Find Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Drugs for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:265-281. [PMID: 34988761 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have suggested aminochrome as an endogenous neurotoxin responsible for the dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neuroinflammation, an important alteration in PD pathogenesis, has been strictly induced in vitro by aminochrome. The aim of this study was to characterize the neuroinflammation induced in vivo by aminochrome. Wistar rats (male, 250-270 g) received a unilateral single dose by stereotaxic injection of saline into three sites in the striatum in the negative control group, or 32 nmol 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the positive control, or 6 nmol aminochrome. After 14 days, histological and molecular analyses were performed. We observed by immunofluorescence that aminochrome, as well as 6-OHDA, induced an increase in the number of Iba-1+ cells and in the number of activated (Iba-1+/ CD68+) microglia. An increase in the number of S100b+ cells and in the GFAP expression were also evidenced in the striatum and the SNpc of animals from aminochrome and positive control group. Dopaminergic neuronal loss was marked by reduction of TH+ cells and confirmed with reduction in the number of Nissl-stained neurons in the SNpc of rats from aminochrome and positive control groups. In addition, we observed by qPCR that aminocrhome induced an increase in the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, NLRP3, CCL5 and CCR2 mRNA in the SNpc. This work provides the first evidence of microgliosis, astrogliosis and neuroinflammation induced by aminochrome in an in vivo model. Since aminochrome is an endogenous molecule derived from dopamine oxidation present in the targeted neurons in PD, these results reinforce the potential of aminochrome as a useful preclinical model to find anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs for PD. Aminochrome induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, microglial activation, astroglial activation and neuroinflammation marked by an increase in NLRP3, IL1β, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL5 and CCR2.
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JM-20, a Benzodiazepine-Dihydropyridine Hybrid Molecule, Inhibits the Formation of Alpha-Synuclein-Aggregated Species. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2135-2147. [PMID: 35997936 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies showed that JM-20, a benzodiazepine-dihydropyridine hybrid molecule, protects against rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity. However, its protective effects against cytotoxicity induced by endogenous neurotoxins involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis have never been investigated. In this study, we evaluated the ability of JM-20 to inhibit alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation. We also evaluated the interactions of JM-20 with aSyn by molecular docking and molecular dynamics and assessed the protective effect of JM-20 against aminochrome cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that JM-20 induced the formation of heterogeneous amyloid fibrils, which were innocuous to primary cultures of mesencephalic cells. Moreover, JM-20 reduced the average size of aSyn positive inclusions in H4 cells transfected with SynT wild-type and synphilin-1-V5, but not in HEK cells transfected with synphilin-1-GFP. In silico studies showed the interaction between JM-20 and the aSyn-binding site. Additionally, we showed that JM-20 protects SH-SY5Y cells against aminochrome cytotoxicity. These results reinforce the potential of JM-20 as a neuroprotective compound for PD and suggest aSyn as a molecular target for JM-20.
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Kassay N, Toldi V, Tőzsér J, Szabó A. Cigarette smoke toxin hydroquinone and misfolding pancreatic lipase variant cooperatively promote endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269936. [PMID: 35704637 PMCID: PMC9200355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation-induced protein misfolding of pancreatic secretory enzymes and consequent endoplasmic reticulum stress can cause chronic pancreatitis. A recent study revealed that cigarette smoke also increases the risk of the disease through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here, we investigated the cumulative cellular effect of the G233E misfolding human pancreatic lipase variant and hydroquinone; a main toxic constituent of cigarette smoke, using mammalian cell lines. We found that hydroquinone reduces cell viability on a dose-dependent manner through programmed cell death, and diminishes lipase secretion without affecting its expression. Interestingly, hydroquinone decreased the viability more markedly in cells expressing the G233E lipase variant, than in cells producing wild-type lipase. The more substantial viability loss was due to increased endoplasmic reticulum stress, as demonstrated by elevated levels of X-box binding protein 1 mRNA splicing and immunoglobulin binding protein, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and C/EBP homologous protein expression. Unresolved endoplasmic reticulum stress, and especially up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein were likely responsible for the increased cell death. Our observations demonstrated that the combination of hydroquinone and misfolding pancreatic lipase variant promote increased levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death, which may predispose to chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kassay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular, Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vanda Toldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular, Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Tőzsér
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Arslanbaeva L, Tosi G, Ravazzolo M, Simonato M, Tucci FA, Pece S, Cogo P, Santoro MM. UBIAD1 and CoQ10 protect melanoma cells from lipid peroxidation-mediated cell death. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102272. [PMID: 35255427 PMCID: PMC8902599 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer, although it accounts for a minority of all skin cancers. Oxidative stress is involved in all stages of melanomagenesis and cutaneous melanoma can sustain a much higher load of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) than normal tissues. Melanoma cells exploit specific antioxidant machinery to support redox homeostasis. The enzyme UBIA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) is responsible for the biosynthesis of non-mitochondrial CoQ10 and plays an important role as antioxidant enzyme. Whether UBIAD1 is involved in melanoma progression has not been addressed, yet. Here, we provide evidence that UBIAD1 expression is associated with poor overall survival (OS) in human melanoma patients. Furthermore, UBIAD1 and CoQ10 levels are upregulated in melanoma cells with respect to melanocytes. We show that UBIAD1 and plasma membrane CoQ10 sustain melanoma cell survival and proliferation by preventing lipid peroxidation and cell death. Additionally, we show that the NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), responsible for the 2-electron reduction of CoQ10 on plasma membranes, acts downstream of UBIAD1 to support melanoma survival. By showing that the CoQ10-producing enzyme UBIAD1 counteracts oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation events in cutaneous melanoma, this work may open to new therapeutic investigations based on UBIAD1/CoQ10 loss to cure melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaisan Arslanbaeva
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Ravazzolo
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Manuela Simonato
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Cogo
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padova, Italy; Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, University Hospital S Maria della Misericordia, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy.
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Segura-Aguilar J, Mannervik B, Inzunza J, Varshney M, Nalvarte I, Muñoz P. Astrocytes protect dopaminergic neurons against aminochrome neurotoxicity. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1861-1866. [PMID: 35142659 PMCID: PMC8848618 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes protect neurons by modulating neuronal function and survival. Astrocytes support neurons in several ways. They provide energy through the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, protect neurons from excitotoxicity, and internalize neuronal lipid droplets to degrade fatty acids for neuronal metabolic and synaptic support, as well as by their high capacity for glutamate uptake and the conversion of glutamate to glutamine. A recent reported astrocyte system for protection of dopamine neurons against the neurotoxic products of dopamine, such as aminochrome and other o-quinones, were generated under neuromelanin synthesis by oxidizing dopamine catechol structure. Astrocytes secrete glutathione transferase M2-2 through exosomes that transport this enzyme into dopaminergic neurons to protect these neurons against aminochrome neurotoxicity. The role of this new astrocyte protective mechanism in Parkinson´s disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine University of Chile; Nucleo de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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Neuroprotection against Aminochrome Neurotoxicity: Glutathione Transferase M2-2 and DT-Diaphorase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020296. [PMID: 35204179 PMCID: PMC8868244 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is an important antioxidant that plays a crucial role in the cellular protection against oxidative stress and detoxification of electrophilic mutagens, and carcinogens. Glutathione transferases are enzymes catalyzing glutathione-dependent reactions that lead to inactivation and conjugation of toxic compounds, processes followed by subsequent excretion of the detoxified products. Degeneration and loss of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal neurons generally involves oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, alpha-synuclein aggregation to neurotoxic oligomers, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, it is still unclear what triggers these neurodegenerative processes. It has been reported that aminochrome may elicit all of these mechanisms and, interestingly, aminochrome is formed inside neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons during neuromelanin synthesis. Aminochrome is a neurotoxic ortho-quinone formed in neuromelanin synthesis. However, it seems paradoxical that the neurotoxin aminochrome is generated during neuromelanin synthesis, even though healthy seniors have these neurons intact when they die. The explanation of this paradox is the existence of protective tools against aminochrome neurotoxicity composed of the enzymes DT-diaphorase, expressed in these neurons, and glutathione transferase M2-2, expressed in astrocytes. Recently, it has been reported that dopaminergic neurons can be protected by glutathione transferase M2-2 from astrocytes, which secrete exosomes containing the protective enzyme.
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Cui S, Yu Y, Zhan T, Zhang C, Zhuang S. 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol and its quinone metabolite trigger aberrant transcriptional responses in C57BL/6 mice liver. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146322. [PMID: 33714818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP) is used as an antioxidant with wide commercial applications and its residues have been detected in various environmental matrices. 2,6-DTBP may enter human body via ingestion, inhalation or other exposure pathways. However, its susceptibility to biotransformation and potential of the metabolic products to trigger aberrant transcriptional responses remain unclear. Here, we investigated in vitro and in vivo biotransformation of 2,6-DTBP and characterized the RNA-Seq based transcriptional profiling of C57BL/6 mice liver after the exposure to 2,6-DTBP and its metabolites. 2,6-DTBP was metabolized into hydroxylated (2,6-DTBH) and para-quinone (2,6-DTBQ) products with residues detected in serum and liver of C57BL/6 mice. 2,6-DTBP and 2,6-DTBQ induced the aberrant transcription in C57BL/6 mice liver featured with 373-2861 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). They also up-regulated 1.09-2.92 fold mRNA expression of carcinogenesis-related genes such as Ccnd1, TGFβ1 and FOS in C57BL/6 mice liver. Our study indicated potential carcinogenic risk of 2,6-DTBP and its metabolites, beneficial to further evaluation of health risk of TBPs-related contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tingjie Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, TX 77058, United States
| | - Shulin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Valdes R, Armijo A, Muñoz P, Hultenby K, Hagg A, Inzunza J, Nalvarte I, Varshney M, Mannervik B, Segura-Aguilar J. Cellular Trafficking of Glutathione Transferase M2-2 Between U373MG and SHSY-S7 Cells is Mediated by Exosomes. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:182-190. [PMID: 33555546 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme glutathione transferase M2-2, expressed in human astrocytes, increases its expression in the presence of aminochrome and catalyzes the conjugation of aminochrome, preventing its toxic effects. Secretion of the enzyme glutathione transferase M2-2 from U373MG cells, used as a cellular model for astrocytes, has been reported, and the enzyme is taken up by neuroblastoma SYSH-S7 cells and provide protection against aminochrome. The present study provides evidence that glutathione transferase M2-2 is released in exosomes from U373MG cells, thereby providing a means for intercellular transport of the enzyme. With particular relevance to Parkinson disease and other degenerative conditions, we propose a new mechanism by which astrocytes may protect dopaminergic neurons against the endogenous neurotoxin aminochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Valdes
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Armijo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Nucleo de Química Y Bioquímica, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Andres Hagg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Hughes TB, Dang NL, Kumar A, Flynn NR, Swamidass SJ. Metabolic Forest: Predicting the Diverse Structures of Drug Metabolites. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4702-4716. [PMID: 32881497 PMCID: PMC8716321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug metabolism often severely impacts patient morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, drug metabolism experimental assays are costly, inefficient, and slow. Instead, computational modeling could rapidly flag potentially toxic molecules across thousands of candidates in the early stages of drug development. Most metabolism models focus on predicting sites of metabolism (SOMs): the specific substrate atoms targeted by metabolic enzymes. However, SOMs are merely a proxy for metabolic structures: knowledge of an SOM does not explicitly provide the actual metabolite structure. Without an explicit metabolite structure, computational systems cannot evaluate the new molecule's properties. For example, the metabolite's reactivity cannot be automatically predicted, a crucial limitation because reactive drug metabolites are a key driver of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Additionally, further metabolic events cannot be forecast, even though the metabolic path of the majority of substrates includes two or more sequential steps. To overcome the myopia of the SOM paradigm, this study constructs a well-defined system-termed the metabolic forest-for generating exact metabolite structures. We validate the metabolic forest with the substrate and product structures from a large, chemically diverse, literature-derived dataset of 20 736 records. The metabolic forest finds a pathway linking each substrate and product for 79.42% of these records. By performing a breadth-first search of depth two or three, we improve performance to 88.43 and 88.77%, respectively. The metabolic forest includes a specialized algorithm for producing accurate quinone structures, the most common type of reactive metabolite. To our knowledge, this quinone structure algorithm is the first of its kind, as the diverse mechanisms of quinone formation are difficult to systematically reproduce. We validate the metabolic forest on a previously published dataset of 576 quinone reactions, predicting their structures with a depth three performance of 91.84%. The metabolic forest accurately enumerates metabolite structures, enabling promising new directions such as joint metabolism and reactivity modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Na Le Dang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Noah R Flynn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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15
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Santos CC, Muñoz P, Almeida ÁMAN, de Lima David JP, David JM, Lima Costa S, Segura-Aguilar J, Silva VDA. The Flavonoid Agathisflavone from Poincianella pyramidalis Prevents Aminochrome Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:579-584. [PMID: 32588357 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids have been suggested to protect dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease based on studies that used exogenous neurotoxins. In this study, we tested the protective ability of agathisflavone in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to the endogenous neurotoxin aminochrome. The ability of aminochrome to induce loss of lysosome acidity is an important mechanism of its neurotoxicity. We demonstrated that the flavonoid inhibited cellular death and lysosomal dysfunction induced by aminochrome. In addition, we demonstrated that the protective effect of agathisflavone was suppressed by antagonists of estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). These results suggest lysosomal protection and estrogen signaling as mechanisms involved in agathisflavone neuroprotection in a Parkinson's disease study model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleonice Creusa Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Áurea Maria A N Almeida
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Mauricio David
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Victor Diogenes Amaral Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil.
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16
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Kohan R, Collin A, Guizzardi S, Tolosa de Talamoni N, Picotto G. Reactive oxygen species in cancer: a paradox between pro- and anti-tumour activities. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 86:1-13. [PMID: 32572519 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer constitutes a group of heterogeneous diseases that share common features. They involve the existence of altered cellular pathways which result in uncontrolled cell proliferation. Deregulation of production and/or elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to be a relevant issue in most of them. ROS have a dual role in cell metabolism: they are compromised in normal cellular homeostasis, but their overproduction has been reported to promote oxidative stress (OS), a process that may induce the damage of cell structures. ROS accumulation is implicated in the activation of signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and metabolic adaptations to tumour growth. One characteristic of cancer cells is the sensitivity to OS, which often results from the combination of high anabolic needs and hypoxic growth conditions. However, there is still no clear evidence about the levels of oxidant species that promote cellular transformation or, otherwise, if OS induction could be adequate as an antitumour therapeutic tool. There is a need for novel therapeutic strategies based on the new knowledge of cancer biology. Targeting oncogenic molecular mechanisms with non-classical agents and/or natural compounds would be beneficial as chemoprevention or new adjuvant therapies. In addition, epigenetics and environment, and particularly dietary factors may influence the development and prevention of cancer. This article will present a revision of the current research about molecular aspects proposed to be involved in the anticancer features of oxidant and antioxidant-based therapies targeting cancer cells, and their participation in the balance of oxidative species and cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kohan
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biología Celular A, Facultad de Odontología, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Collin
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Solange Guizzardi
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nori Tolosa de Talamoni
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Picotto
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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17
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Xiao FY, Jiang ZP, Yuan F, Zhou FJ, Kuang W, Zhou G, Chen XP, Liu R, Zhou HH, Zhao XL, Cao S. Down-regulating NQO1 promotes cellular proliferation in K562 cells via elevating DNA synthesis. Life Sci 2020; 248:117467. [PMID: 32105706 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NQO1 protein acts as a cellular protective system, on account of its role as a quinone reductase and redox regulator. Nonetheless, new NQO1 roles are emerging-including its regulation of the cellular proliferation of many tumor cells-and this enzyme has been found to relate to the incidence of various diseases, including chronic myeloid leukemia. However, the mechanisms through which NQO1 influences leukemia progression remain unclear. MARTIAL AND METHODS The current study looks to name NQO1 as a novel molecular target that modulates DNA synthesis and chronic myeloid leukemia growth. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the frequency of the T allele of NQO1 polymorphism in chronic myeloid leukemia patients is higher than that among healthy East Asian individuals (0.492 vs. 0.419) and much higher than the average level of the general population (0.492 vs. 0.289) (1000 Genomes). Functionally, NQO1 knockdown increases the protein expression of the TOP2A and MCM complex, and consequently promotes DNA synthesis and K562 cell growth. NQO1 knockdown also promotes tumorigenesis in a xenograft model. NQO1 overexpression, on the other hand, was found to have the opposite effects. SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that NQO1 downregulation promotes K562 cellular proliferation via the elevation of DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Yan Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ping Jiang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Fang-Jiao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wei Kuang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Gan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; Institution of drug clinical trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xie-Lan Zhao
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China.
| | - Shan Cao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China.
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18
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Iron Redox Chemistry and Implications in the Parkinson's Disease Brain. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4609702. [PMID: 31687080 PMCID: PMC6803728 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4609702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is linked with cellular inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain that are enriched in the misfolded presynaptic protein α-synuclein (αS) and death of the dopaminergic neurons. Brain iron homeostasis governs both neurotransmission and neurodegeneration; hence, the role of iron in PD progression and neuronal health is apparent. Elevated iron deposits become prevalent in the cerebral region upon aging and even more so in the PD brain. Structural as well as oxidative modifications can result from coordination of αS with redox active iron, which could have functional and/or pathological implications. In this review, we will discuss iron-mediated αS aggregation, alterations in iron metabolism, and the role of the iron-dopamine couple. Moreover, iron interactions with N-terminally acetylated αS, the physiologically relevant form of the human protein, will be addressed to shed light on the current understanding of protein dynamics and the physiological environment in the disease state. Oxidative pathways and biochemical alterations resulting from aberrant iron-induced chemistry are the principal focus of this review in order to highlight the plethora of research that has uncovered this emerging dichotomy of iron playing both functional and disruptive roles in PD pathology.
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19
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Segura-Aguilar J. The importance of choosing a preclinical model that reflects what happens in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:203-209. [PMID: 30922924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems in the translation of successful preclinical results to clinical studies and new therapies in Parkinson's disease is the use of preclinical models based on exogenous neurotoxins that do not replicate what happens in the disease. The loss of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin in Parkinson´s disease takes years, contrasting the very rapid degeneration induced by exogenous neurotoxins. We discuss the role of endogenous neurotoxins generated during dopamine oxidation and its possible use as new preclinical models for Parkinson´s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8350453, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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20
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Segura-Aguilar J. On the Role of Aminochrome in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:271. [PMID: 30983959 PMCID: PMC6449441 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Zhang S, Wang R, Wang G. Impact of Dopamine Oxidation on Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:945-953. [PMID: 30592597 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The characteristic feature of PD is the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). DAergic neurons in the SN accumulate black and insoluble membrane structures known as neuromelanin during aging. The oxidation of dopamine (DA) to form neuromelanin generates many o-quinones, including DA o-quinones, aminochrome, and 5,6-indolequinone. The focus of this review is to discuss the role of DA oxidation in association with PD. The oxidation of DA produces oxidative products, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein degradation, α-synuclein aggregation into neurotoxic oligomers, and oxidative stress, in vitro. Recent studies have demonstrated that the DA content is critical for both DJ-1 knockout and A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice to develop PD pathological features, providing evidence for DA action in PD pathogenesis in vivo. The effects of L-DOPA, as the most effective anti-PD drug, are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disorders & Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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22
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Huenchuguala S, Sjödin B, Mannervik B, Segura-Aguilar J. Novel Alpha-Synuclein Oligomers Formed with the Aminochrome-Glutathione Conjugate Are Not Neurotoxic. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:432-440. [PMID: 30343424 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aminochrome induces neurotoxic alpha-synuclein oligomer formation relevant to the etiology of Parkinson's disease. Oxidative stress produces aminochrome from dopamine, but conjugation with glutathione catalyzed by glutathione transferase M2-2 significantly decreases aminochrome-induced toxicity and alpha-synuclein oligomer formation. Notably, in the presence of the aminochrome-glutathione conjugate, previously unknown species of alpha-synuclein oligomers are formed. These aminochrome-glutathione oligomers of alpha-synuclein differ from formerly characterized oligomers and (i) have high molecular weight, and are stable and SDS-resistant, as determined by the Western blot method, (ii) show positive NBT-quinone-protein staining, which indicates the formation of alpha-synuclein adducts containing aminochrome. Furthermore, aminochrome-glutathione alpha-synuclein oligomers (iii) have distinctive shape and size, as determined by transmission electron microscopy, and (iv) are not toxic in U373MG cells. In conclusion, glutathione conjugated with aminochrome induces a new type of alpha-synuclein oligomers of a different size and shape, which have no demonstrable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027, Santiago-7, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Carreras, 753, Osorno, Chile
| | - Birgitta Sjödin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia, 1027, Santiago-7, Chile.
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23
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DT-Diaphorase Prevents Aminochrome-Induced Lysosome Dysfunction in SH-SY5Y Cells. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:255-259. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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de Araújo FM, Ferreira RS, Souza CS, Dos Santos CC, Rodrigues TLRS, E Silva JHC, Gasparotto J, Gelain DP, El-Bachá RS, D Costa MDF, Fonseca JCM, Segura-Aguilar J, Costa SL, Silva VDA. Aminochrome decreases NGF, GDNF and induces neuroinflammation in organotypic midbrain slice cultures. Neurotoxicology 2018; 66:98-106. [PMID: 29588162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that aminochrome induces glial activation related to neuroinflammation. This dopamine derived molecule induces formation and stabilization of alpha-synuclein oligomers, mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, dysfunction of proteasomal and lysosomal systems, endoplasmic reticulum stress and disruption of the microtubule network, but until now there has been no evidence of effects on production of cytokines and neurotrophic factors, that are mechanisms involved in neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study examines the potential role of aminochrome on the regulation of NGF, GDNF, TNF-α and IL-1β production and microglial activation in organotypic midbrain slice cultures from P8 - P9 Wistar rats. We demonstrated aminochrome (25 μM, for 24 h) induced reduction of GFAP expression, reduction of NGF and GDNF mRNA levels, morphological changes in Iba1+ cells, and increase of both TNF-α, IL-1β mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, aminochrome (25 μM, for 48 h) induced morphological changes in the edge of slices and reduction of TH expression. These results demonstrate neuroinflammation, as well as negative regulation of neurotrophic factors (GDNF and NGF), may be involved in aminochrome-induced neurodegeneration, and they contribute to a better understanding of PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Rafael S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cleide S Souza
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Creusa Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tácio L R S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Helena C E Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Centro de estudos em Estresse oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, PPG Bioquimica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de estudos em Estresse oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, PPG Bioquimica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ramon S El-Bachá
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima D Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Claudio M Fonseca
- Centro de estudos em Estresse oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquimica, PPG Bioquimica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvia L Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes A Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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25
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Segura-Aguilar J, Huenchuguala S. Aminochrome Induces Irreversible Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Inducing Autophagy Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:106. [PMID: 29593482 PMCID: PMC5859232 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandro Huenchuguala
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
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26
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den Braver-Sewradj SP, den Braver MW, Toorneman RM, van Leeuwen S, Zhang Y, Dekker SJ, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM, Vos JC. Reduction and Scavenging of Chemically Reactive Drug Metabolites by NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 and NRH:Quinone Oxidoreductase 2 and Variability in Hepatic Concentrations. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:116-126. [PMID: 29281794 PMCID: PMC5997408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Detoxicating
enzymes NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and
NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) catalyze the two-electron reduction
of quinone-like compounds. The protective role of the polymorphic
NQO1 and NQO2 enzymes is especially of interest in the liver as the
major site of drug bioactivation to chemically reactive drug metabolites.
In the current study, we quantified the concentrations of NQO1 and
NQO2 in 20 human liver donors and NQO1 and NQO2 activities with quinone-like
drug metabolites. Hepatic NQO1 concentrations ranged from 8 to 213
nM. Using recombinant NQO1, we showed that low nM concentrations of
NQO1 are sufficient to reduce synthetic amodiaquine and carbamazepine
quinone-like metabolites in vitro. Hepatic NQO2 concentrations
ranged from 2 to 31 μM. NQO2 catalyzed the reduction of quinone-like
metabolites derived from acetaminophen, clozapine, 4′-hydroxydiclofenac,
mefenamic acid, amodiaquine, and carbamazepine. The reduction of the
clozapine nitrenium ion supports association studies showing that
NQO2 is a genetic risk factor for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.
The 5-hydroxydiclofenac quinone imine, which was previously shown
to be reduced by NQO1, was not reduced by NQO2. Tacrine was identified
as a potent NQO2 inhibitor and was applied to further confirm the
catalytic activity of NQO2 in these assays. While the in vivo relevance of NQO2-catalyzed reduction of quinone-like metabolites
remains to be established by identification of the physiologically
relevant co-substrates, our results suggest an additional protective
role of the NQO2 protein by non-enzymatic scavenging of quinone-like
metabolites. Hepatic NQO1 activity in detoxication of quinone-like
metabolites becomes especially important when other detoxication pathways
are exhausted and NQO1 levels are induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalenie P den Braver-Sewradj
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel W den Braver
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M Toorneman
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie van Leeuwen
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan J Dekker
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P E Vermeulen
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Chris Vos
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Segura-Aguilar J. Neurotoxins as Preclinical Models for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:870-877. [PMID: 29313219 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Translational medicine is one of the major concerns in this century. While significant advances have been made with scientific knowledge, the translation of their promising results has not led to any new therapies. In Parkinson's disease, a long list of clinical studies, based on preclinical models with exogenous neurotoxins, has failed. Therefore, the aim of this opinion paper is to open discussion about preclinical models for Parkinson's disease based on neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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28
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Ding Q, Alborzi S, Bastarrachea LJ, Tikekar RV. Novel sanitization approach based on synergistic action of UV-A light and benzoic acid: Inactivation mechanism and a potential application in washing fresh produce. Food Microbiol 2017; 72:39-54. [PMID: 29407404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial activity of the simultaneous UV-A light and benzoic acid (BA) treatment against stationary phase Escherichia coli O157:H7 was investigated. While 15 mM BA or UV-A light exposure for 30 min alone caused < 1 logarithmic reduction in the bacterial population, > 5 logarithmic reductions were induced by the simultaneous application of UV-A and 15 mM BA in 30 min, demonstrating a synergistic antimicrobial effect. Due to its ability to increase cell membrane permeability, addition of EDTA (1 mM) was able to decrease the required concentration of BA in the simultaneous treatment from 15 to 8 mM. Microbial inactivation was a result of simultaneous membrane damage, intracellular acidification, and intracellular oxidative stress. The simultaneous treatment was effective in the presence of organic load of up to 500 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and was able to lower cross-contamination risk during simulated washing of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) without adversely affecting its color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ding
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Solmaz Alborzi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Luis J Bastarrachea
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, United States
| | - Rohan V Tikekar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, 112 Skinner Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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29
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The quinone-based derivative, HMNQ induces apoptotic and autophagic cell death by modulating reactive oxygen species in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99637-99648. [PMID: 29245930 PMCID: PMC5725121 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Hydroxy-2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (HMNQ), a natural compound isolated from the bark of Juglans sinensis Dode, displays cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism of the anticancer effect is unclear. In this study, we examined the cytotoxic mechanism of HMNQ at the molecular level in human cancer cells. Cells were treated with HMNQ in a dose- or time-dependent manner. HMNQ treatment inhibited cell viability, colony formation and cell migration, indicating that HMNQ induced cancer cell death. HMNQ-treated cells resulted in apoptotic cell death through PARP-1 cleavage, Bax upregulation and Bcl-2 downregulation. HMNQ was also observed to induce autophagy by upregulating Beclin-1 and LC3. Furthermore, HMNQ induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which was attenuated by the ROS scavengers, NAC and GSH. Finally, HMNQ increased expression of JNK phosphorylation and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 rescued HMNQ-induced cell death, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of HMNQ is mediated by the JNK signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings show that HMNQ exhibits anticancer activity through induction of ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in human cancer cells. These data suggest the potential value of HMNQ as a natural anticancer drug.
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30
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Ross D, Siegel D. Functions of NQO1 in Cellular Protection and CoQ 10 Metabolism and its Potential Role as a Redox Sensitive Molecular Switch. Front Physiol 2017; 8:595. [PMID: 28883796 PMCID: PMC5573868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
NQO1 is one of the two major quinone reductases in mammalian systems. It is highly inducible and plays multiple roles in cellular adaptation to stress. A prevalent polymorphic form of NQO1 results in an absence of NQO1 protein and activity so it is important to elucidate the specific cellular functions of NQO1. Established roles of NQO1 include its ability to prevent certain quinones from one electron redox cycling but its role in quinone detoxification is dependent on the redox stability of the hydroquinone generated by two-electron reduction. Other documented roles of NQO1 include its ability to function as a component of the plasma membrane redox system generating antioxidant forms of ubiquinone and vitamin E and at high levels, as a direct superoxide reductase. Emerging roles of NQO1 include its function as an efficient intracellular generator of NAD+ for enzymes including PARP and sirtuins which has gained particular attention with respect to metabolic syndrome. NQO1 interacts with a growing list of proteins, including intrinsically disordered proteins, protecting them from 20S proteasomal degradation. The interactions of NQO1 also extend to mRNA. Recent identification of NQO1 as a mRNA binding protein have been investigated in more detail using SERPIN1A1 (which encodes the serine protease inhibitor α-1-antitrypsin) as a target mRNA and indicate a role of NQO1 in control of translation of α-1-antitrypsin, an important modulator of COPD and obesity related metabolic syndrome. NQO1 undergoes structural changes and alterations in its ability to bind other proteins as a result of the cellular reduced/oxidized pyridine nucleotide ratio. This suggests NQO1 may act as a cellular redox switch potentially altering its interactions with other proteins and mRNA as a result of the prevailing redox environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, United States
| | - David Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, CO, United States
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31
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Santos CC, Araújo FM, Ferreira RS, Silva VB, Silva JH, Grangeiro MS, Soares ÉN, Pereira ÉPL, Souza CS, Costa SL, Segura-Aguilar J, Silva VDA. Aminochrome induces microglia and astrocyte activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Zucca FA, Segura-Aguilar J, Ferrari E, Muñoz P, Paris I, Sulzer D, Sarna T, Casella L, Zecca L. Interactions of iron, dopamine and neuromelanin pathways in brain aging and Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:96-119. [PMID: 26455458 PMCID: PMC4826627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are several interrelated mechanisms involving iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin in neurons. Neuromelanin accumulates during aging and is the catecholamine-derived pigment of the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and norepinephrine neurons of the locus coeruleus, the two neuronal populations most targeted in Parkinson's disease. Many cellular redox reactions rely on iron, however an altered distribution of reactive iron is cytotoxic. In fact, increased levels of iron in the brain of Parkinson's disease patients are present. Dopamine accumulation can induce neuronal death; however, excess dopamine can be removed by converting it into a stable compound like neuromelanin, and this process rescues the cell. Interestingly, the main iron compound in dopamine and norepinephrine neurons is the neuromelanin-iron complex, since neuromelanin is an effective metal chelator. Neuromelanin serves to trap iron and provide neuronal protection from oxidative stress. This equilibrium between iron, dopamine, and neuromelanin is crucial for cell homeostasis and in some cellular circumstances can be disrupted. Indeed, when neuromelanin-containing organelles accumulate high load of toxins and iron during aging a neurodegenerative process can be triggered. In addition, neuromelanin released by degenerating neurons activates microglia and the latter cause neurons death with further release of neuromelanin, then starting a self-propelling mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Considering the above issues, age-related accumulation of neuromelanin in dopamine neurons shows an interesting link between aging and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuele Ferrari
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Santo Tomás University, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Fu KZ, Li J, Vemula S, Moe B, Li XF. Effects of halobenzoquinone and haloacetic acid water disinfection byproducts on human neural stem cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:239-249. [PMID: 28774615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) are a useful tool to assess the developmental effects of various environmental contaminants; however, the application of hNSCs to evaluate water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is scarce. Comprehensive toxicological results are essential to the prioritization of DBPs for further testing and regulation. Therefore, this study examines the effects of DBPs on the proliferation and differentiation of hNSCs. Prior to DBP treatment, characteristic protein markers of hNSCs from passages 3 to 6 were carefully examined and it was determined that hNSCs passaged 3 or 4 times maintained stem cell characteristics and can be used for DBP analysis. Two regulated DBPs, monobromoacetic acid (BAA) and monochloroacetic acid (CAA), and two emerging DBPs, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ) and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), were chosen for hNSC treatment. Both 2,6-DBBQ and 2,6-DCBQ induced cell cycle arrest at S-phase at concentrations up to 1μmol/L. Comparatively, BAA and CAA at 0.5μmol/L affected neural differentiation. These results suggest DBP-dependent effects on hNSC proliferation and differentiation. The DBP-induced cell cycle arrest and inhibition of normal hNSC differentiation demonstrate the need to assess the developmental neurotoxicity of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Fu
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jinhua Li
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Sai Vemula
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Birget Moe
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada; Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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34
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Herrera A, Muñoz P, Steinbusch HWM, Segura-Aguilar J. Are Dopamine Oxidation Metabolites Involved in the Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Nigrostriatal System in Parkinson's Disease? ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:702-711. [PMID: 28233992 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1967, L-dopa was introduced as part of the pharmacological therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) and, in spite of extensive research, no additional effective drugs have been discovered to treat PD. This brings forward the question: why have no new drugs been developed? We consider that one of the problems preventing the discovery of new drugs is that we still have no information on the pathophysiology of the neurodegeneration of the neuromelanin-containing nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Currently, it is widely accepted that the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, i.e., in the substantia nigra pars compacta, involves mitochondrial dysfunction, the formation of neurotoxic oligomers of alpha-synuclein, the dysfunction of protein degradation systems, neuroinflammation, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the initial trigger of these mechanisms in the nigrostriatal system is still unknown. It has been reported that aminochrome induces the majority of these mechanisms involved in the neurodegeneration process. Aminochrome is formed within the cytoplasm of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons during the oxidation of dopamine to neuromelanin. The oxidation of dopamine to neuromelanin is a normal and harmless process, because healthy individuals have intact neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. Interestingly, aminochrome-induced neurotoxicity is prevented by two enzymes: DT-diaphorase and glutathione transferase M2-2, which explains why melanin-containing dopaminergic neurons are intact in healthy human brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Herrera
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of
Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Harry W. M. Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of
Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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35
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On the Role of DT-Diaphorase Inhibition in Aminochrome-Induced Neurotoxicity In Vivo. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:134-140. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Analytical characterization, occurrence, transformation, and removal of the emerging disinfection byproducts halobenzoquinones in water. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Bolton JL, Dunlap T. Formation and Biological Targets of Quinones: Cytotoxic versus Cytoprotective Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:13-37. [PMID: 27617882 PMCID: PMC5241708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quinones represent a class of toxicological intermediates, which can create a variety of hazardous effects in vivo including, acute cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenesis. In contrast, quinones can induce cytoprotection through the induction of detoxification enzymes, anti-inflammatory activities, and modification of redox status. The mechanisms by which quinones cause these effects can be quite complex. The various biological targets of quinones depend on their rate and site of formation and their reactivity. Quinones are formed through a variety of mechanisms from simple oxidation of catechols/hydroquinones catalyzed by a variety of oxidative enzymes and metal ions to more complex mechanisms involving initial P450-catalyzed hydroxylation reactions followed by two-electron oxidation. Quinones are Michael acceptors, and modification of cellular processes could occur through alkylation of crucial cellular proteins and/or DNA. Alternatively, quinones are highly redox active molecules which can redox cycle with their semiquinone radical anions leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ultimately the hydroxyl radical. Production of ROS can alter redox balance within cells through the formation of oxidized cellular macromolecules including lipids, proteins, and DNA. This perspective explores the varied biological targets of quinones including GSH, NADPH, protein sulfhydryls [heat shock proteins, P450s, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, (NQO1), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), IκB kinase (IKK), and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)], and DNA. The evidence strongly suggests that the numerous mechanisms of quinone modulations (i.e., alkylation versus oxidative stress) can be correlated with the known pathology/cytoprotection of the parent compound(s) that is best described by an inverse U-shaped dose-response curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Bolton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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38
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Herrera A, Muñoz P, Paris I, Díaz-Veliz G, Mora S, Inzunza J, Hultenby K, Cardenas C, Jaña F, Raisman-Vozari R, Gysling K, Abarca J, Steinbusch HWM, Segura-Aguilar J. Aminochrome induces dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction: a new animal model for Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3583-97. [PMID: 27001668 PMCID: PMC11108377 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
L-Dopa continues to be the gold drug in Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment from 1967. The failure to translate successful results from preclinical to clinical studies can be explained by the use of preclinical models which do not reflect what happens in the disease since these induce a rapid and extensive degeneration; for example, MPTP induces a severe Parkinsonism in only 3 days in humans contrasting with the slow degeneration and progression of PD. This study presents a new anatomy and develops preclinical model based on aminochrome which induces a slow and progressive dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons. The unilateral injection of aminochrome into rat striatum resulted in (1) contralateral rotation when the animals are stimulated with apomorphine; (2) absence of significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuronal elements both in substantia nigra and striatum; (3) cell shrinkage; (4) significant reduction of dopamine release; (5) significant increase in GABA release; (6) significant decrease in the number of monoaminergic presynaptic vesicles; (7) significant increase of dopamine concentration inside of monoaminergic vesicles; (8) significant increase of damaged mitochondria; (9) significant decrease of ATP level in the striatum (10) significant decrease in basal and maximal mitochondrial respiration. These results suggest that aminochrome induces dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons where the contralateral behavior can be explained by aminochrome-induced ATP decrease required both for anterograde transport of synaptic vesicles and dopamine release. Aminochrome could be implemented as a new model neurotoxin to study Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santo Tomas, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Gabriela Díaz-Veliz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Mora
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Inzunza
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Division of Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cesar Cardenas
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, , Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Jaña
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, , Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Abarca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
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Re-Cloning the N27 Dopamine Cell Line to Improve a Cell Culture Model of Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160847. [PMID: 27512998 PMCID: PMC4981411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. To understand the molecular mechanisms of the disease, an in vitro model is important. In the 1990s, we used the SV40 large T antigen to immortalize dopaminergic neurons derived from Embryonic Day 14 rat mesencephalon. We selected a clone for its high expression of dopaminergic neuron markers such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and we named it 1RB3AN27 (N27). Because the original N27 cell line has been passaged many times, the line has become a mixture of cell types with highly variable expression of TH. In the current study, we have performed multiple rounds of clonal cultures and have identified a dopaminergic cell clone expressing high levels of TH and the dopamine transporter (DAT). We have named this new clone N27-A. Nearly 100% of N27-A cells express TH, DAT and Tuj1. Western blots have confirmed that N27-A cells have three to four times the levels of TH and DAT compared to the previous mixed population in N27. Further analysis has shown that the new clone expresses the dopamine neuron transcription factors Nurr1, En1, FoxA2 and Pitx3. The N27-A cells express the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), but do not express dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DβH), the enzyme responsible for converting dopamine to norepinephrine. Functional analysis has shown that N27-A cells are more sensitive than N27 cells to neurotoxins taken up by the dopamine transporter such as 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+). The DAT inhibitor nomifensine can block MPP+ induced toxicity. The non-selective toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide were similar in both cell lines. The N27-A cells show dopamine release under basal and depolarization conditions. We conclude that the new N27-A clone of the immortalized rat dopaminergic cell line N27 should provide an improved in vitro model for Parkinson's disease research.
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Muñoz P, Segura-Aguilar J. Commentary: A Humanized Clinically Calibrated Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model for Hypokinetic Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:179. [PMID: 27378526 PMCID: PMC4913531 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
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Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Graumann R, Paris I, Segura-Aguilar J. DT-diaphorase protects astrocytes from aminochrome-induced toxicity. Neurotoxicology 2016; 55:10-12. [PMID: 27168424 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are exposed to aminochrome via the oxidation of dopamine that is taken up from the synaptic cleft after its release from dopaminergic neurons. Glutathione transferase M2-2 (GSTM2) has been shown to protect astrocytes from aminochrome-induced toxicity, but astrocytes also express DT-diaphorase, which has been shown to prevent aminochrome-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, the question is whether DT-diaphorase also protects astrocytes from aminochrome-induced toxicity. DT-diaphorase is constitutively expressed in U373MG cells, and its inhibition by dicoumarol induced a significant increase of aminochrome-induced cell death. However, the inhibition of DT-diaphorase in U373MGsiGST6 cells, which have 74% of GSTM2 gene expression silenced, resulted in a more than 2-fold increase in cell death, suggesting that DT-diaphorase plays an important role in preventing aminochrome-induced toxicity in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Huenchuguala
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Rebecca Graumann
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.
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Muñoz P, Paris I, Segura-Aguilar J. Commentary: Evaluation of Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:161. [PMID: 27147953 PMCID: PMC4835501 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Irmgard Paris
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencia Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo TomasViña del Mar, Chile
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
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Impact of Plant-Derived Flavonoids on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:41-52. [PMID: 26951456 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders have a common characteristic that is the involvement of different cell types, typically the reactivity of astrocytes and microglia, characterizing gliosis, which in turn contributes to the neuronal dysfunction and or death. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites of plant origin widely investigated at present and represent one of the most important and diversified among natural products phenolic groups. Several biological activities are attributed to this class of polyphenols, such as antitumor activity, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, among others, which give significant pharmacological importance. Our group have observed that flavonoids derived from Brazilian plants Dimorphandra mollis Bent., Croton betulaster Müll. Arg., e Poincianella pyramidalis Tul., botanical synonymous Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. also elicit a broad spectrum of responses in astrocytes and neurons in culture as activation of astrocytes and microglia, astrocyte associated protection of neuronal progenitor cells, neuronal differentiation and neuritogenesis. It was observed the flavonoids also induced neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and human pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, with the objective of seeking preclinical pharmacological evidence of these molecules, in order to assess its future use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, we have evaluated the effects of flavonoids in preclinical in vitro models of neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease and glutamate toxicity associated with ischemia. In particular, our efforts have been directed to identify mechanisms involved in the changes in viability, morphology, and glial cell function induced by flavonoids in cultures of glial cells and neuronal cells alone or in interactions and clarify the relation with their neuroprotective and morphogetic effects.
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Segura-Aguilar J. A new mechanism for protection of dopaminergic neurons mediated by astrocytes. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1225-7. [PMID: 26487845 PMCID: PMC4590230 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Xiong R, Zhou W, Siegel D, Kitson RRA, Freed CR, Moody CJ, Ross D. A Novel Hsp90 Inhibitor Activates Compensatory Heat Shock Protein Responses and Autophagy and Alleviates Mutant A53T α-Synuclein Toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:1045-54. [PMID: 26405178 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential cause of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), is protein misfolding and aggregation that in turn leads to neurotoxicity. Targeting Hsp90 is an attractive strategy to halt neurodegenerative diseases, and benzoquinone ansamycin (BQA) Hsp90 inhibitors such as geldanamycin (GA) and 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin have been shown to be beneficial in mutant A53T α-synuclein PD models. However, current BQA inhibitors result in off-target toxicities via redox cycling and/or arylation of nucleophiles at the C19 position. We developed novel 19-substituted BQA (19BQA) as a means to prevent arylation. In this study, our data demonstrated that 19-phenyl-GA, a lead 19BQA in the GA series, was redox stable and exhibited little toxicity relative to its parent quinone GA in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells as examined by oxygen consumption, trypan blue, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and apoptosis assays. Meanwhile, 19-phenyl-GA retained the ability to induce autophagy and potentially protective heat shock proteins (HSPs) such as Hsp70 and Hsp27. We found that transduction of A53T, but not wild type (WT) α-synuclein, induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. 19-Phenyl-GA decreased oligomer formation and toxicity of A53T α-synuclein in transduced cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70 ribosomal S6 kinase signaling was activated by A53T but not WT α-synuclein, and 19-phenyl-GA decreased mTOR activation that may be associated with A53T α-synuclein toxicity. In summary, our results indicate that 19BQAs such as 19-phenyl-GA may provide a means to modulate protein-handling systems including HSPs and autophagy, thereby reducing the aggregation and toxicity of proteins such as mutant A53T α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.X., D.S., D.R.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (W.Z., C.R.F.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (R.R.A.K., C.J.M.)
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.X., D.S., D.R.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (W.Z., C.R.F.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (R.R.A.K., C.J.M.)
| | - David Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.X., D.S., D.R.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (W.Z., C.R.F.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (R.R.A.K., C.J.M.)
| | - Russell R A Kitson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.X., D.S., D.R.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (W.Z., C.R.F.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (R.R.A.K., C.J.M.)
| | - Curt R Freed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.X., D.S., D.R.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (W.Z., C.R.F.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (R.R.A.K., C.J.M.)
| | - Christopher J Moody
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.X., D.S., D.R.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (W.Z., C.R.F.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (R.R.A.K., C.J.M.)
| | - David Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (R.X., D.S., D.R.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (W.Z., C.R.F.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom (R.R.A.K., C.J.M.)
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in mammalian oocytes and embryos: life in balance. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 316:227-65. [PMID: 25805126 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes and embryos are exquisitely sensitive to a wide range of insults related to physical stress, chemical exposure, and exposures to adverse maternal nutrition or health status. Although cells manifest specific responses to various stressors, many of these stressors intersect at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where disruptions in protein folding and production of reactive oxygen species initiate downstream signaling events. These signals modulate mRNA translation and gene transcription, leading to recovery, activation of autophagy, or with severe and prolonged stress, apoptosis. ER stress signaling has recently come to the fore as a major contributor to embryo demise. Accordingly, agents that modulate or inhibit ER stress signaling have yielded beneficial effects on embryo survival and long-term developmental potential. We review here the mechanisms of ER stress signaling, their connections to mammalian oocytes and embryos, and the promising indications that interventions in this pathway may provide new opportunities for improving mammalian reproduction and health.
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Segura-Aguilar J, Kostrzewa RM. Neurotoxin mechanisms and processes relevant to Parkinson's disease: an update. Neurotox Res 2015; 27:328-54. [PMID: 25631236 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism responsible for degenerative process in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown. One major advance in this field has been the discovery of several genes associated to familial PD, including alpha synuclein, parkin, LRRK2, etc., thereby providing important insight toward basic research approaches. There is an consensus in neurodegenerative research that mitochon dria dysfunction, protein degradation dysfunction, aggregation of alpha synuclein to neurotoxic oligomers, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neuroinflammation are involved in degeneration of the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons that are lost in the disease. An update of the mechanisms relating to neurotoxins that are used to produce preclinical models of Parkinson´s disease is presented. 6-Hydroxydopamine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and rotenone have been the most wisely used neurotoxins to delve into mechanisms involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin. Neurotoxins generated from dopamine oxidation during neuromelanin formation are likewise reviewed, as this pathway replicates neurotoxin-induced cellular oxidative stress, inactivation of key proteins related to mitochondria and protein degradation dysfunction, and formation of neurotoxic aggregates of alpha synuclein. This survey of neurotoxin modeling-highlighting newer technologies and implicating a variety of processes and pathways related to mechanisms attending PD-is focused on research studies from 2012 to 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, 70000, Santiago 7, Chile,
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