Caffeic acid prevents UVB radiation induced photocarcinogenesis through regulation of PTEN signaling in human dermal fibroblasts and mouse skin

Caffeic Acid: Numerous Chemoprotective Effects are Mediated via Hormesis

Caffeic acid is a common phenolic acid found in coffee and numerous fruits and vegetables. Known for its antioxidant properties, it is widely used as a dietary supplement as part of a polyphenol mixture or as an extract in the form of a capsule or powder. It is also available in liquid form as a homeopathic supplement. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis produced by honey bees. Propolis extract is used as a supplement and is available in various forms. The present paper is a comprehensive review of the biomedical literature, showing that caffeic acid effects are hormetic and occur in numerous biological models and cell types for a broad range of endpoints including many aging-related processes. Hormesis is a biphasic dose/concentration response displaying a low concentration/dose stimulation and a high concentration/dose inhibition. Complex alternative search strategies for caffeic acid were used since publications rarely used the terms hormesis or hormetic. Evaluation of the data provides the first assessment of caffeic acid-induced hormetic concentration/dose responses and their quantitative features. Their mechanistic foundations, extrapolative strengths/limitations, and their biomedical, clinical, and public health implications are discussed. Suggestions for future research are presented.

A recent update on the connection between dietary phytochemicals and skin cancer: emerging understanding of the molecular mechanism

Constant exposure to harmful substances from both inside and outside the body can mess up the body's natural ways of keeping itself in balance. This can cause severe skin damage, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. However, plant-derived compounds found in fruits and vegetables have been shown to protect against skin cancer-causing free radicals and other harmful substances. It has been determined that these dietary phytochemicals are effective in preventing skin cancer and are widely available, inexpensive, and well-tolerated. Studies have shown that these phytochemicals possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiangiogenic properties that can aid in the prevention of skin cancers. In addition, they influence crucial cellular processes such as angiogenesis and cell cycle control, which can halt the progression of skin cancer. The present paper discusses the benefits of specific dietary phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables, as well as the signaling pathways they regulate, the molecular mechanisms involved in the prevention of skin cancer, and their drawbacks.

Natural autophagy activators: A promising strategy for combating photoaging

BACKGROUND

Photodamage to the skin stands out as one of the most widespread epidermal challenges globally. Prolonged exposure to sunlight containing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) instigates stress, thereby compromising the skin's functionality and culminating in photoaging. Recent investigations have shed light on the importance of autophagy in shielding the skin from photodamage. Despite the acknowledgment of numerous phytochemicals possessing photoprotective attributes, their potential to induce autophagy remains relatively unexplored.

PURPOSE

Diminished autophagy activity in photoaged skin underscores the potential benefits of restoring autophagy through natural compounds to enhance photoprotection. Consequently, this study aims to highlight the role of natural compounds in safeguarding against photodamage and to assess their potential to induce autophagy via an in-silico approach.

METHODS

A thorough search of the literature was done using several databases, including PUBMED, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, to gather relevant studies. Several keywords such as Phytochemical, Photoprotection, mTOR, Ultraviolet Radiation, Reactive oxygen species, Photoaging, and Autophagy were utilized to ensure thorough exploration. To assess the autophagy potential of phytochemicals through virtual screening, computational methodologies such as molecular docking were employed, utilizing tools like AutoDock Vina. Receptor preparation for docking was facilitated using MGLTools.

RESULTS

The initiation of structural and functional deterioration in the skin due to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or sunlight-induced reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) involves the modulation of various pathways. Natural compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, flavones, and anthocyanins, among others, possess chromophores capable of absorbing light, thereby offering photoprotection by modulating these pathways. In our molecular docking study, these phytochemicals have shown binding affinity with mTOR, a negative regulator of autophagy, indicating their potential as autophagy modulators.

CONCLUSION

This integrated review underscores the photoprotective characteristics of natural compounds, while the in-silico analysis reveals their potential to modulate autophagy, which could significantly contribute to their anti-photoaging properties. The findings of this study hold promise for the advancement of cosmeceuticals and therapeutics containing natural compounds aimed at addressing photoaging and various skin-related diseases. By leveraging their dual benefits of photoprotection and autophagy modulation, these natural compounds offer a multifaceted approach to combatting skin aging and related conditions.

Inhibition of Cutaneous TRPV3 Channels by Natural Caffeic Acid for the Alleviation of Skin Inflammation

Natural caffeic acid (CA) and its analogues have been studied for their potential applications in the treatment of various inflammatory and infectious skin diseases. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of the CA remains largely unknown. Here, we report that CA and its two analogues, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and caffeic acid methyl caffeate (CAMC), inhibit TRPV3 currents in their concentration- and structure-dependent manners with IC50 values ranging from 102 to 410 μM. At the single-channel level, CA reduces the channel open probability and open frequency without alteration of unitary conductance. CA selectively inhibits TRPV3 relative to other subtypes of thermo-TRPs, such as TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV4, and TRPM8. Molecular docking combined with site-specific mutagenesis reveals that a residue T636 in the Pore-loop is critical for CA binding to TRPV3. Further in vivo evaluation shows that CA significantly reverses TRPV3-mediated skin inflammation induced by skin sensitizer carvacrol. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that CA exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by selectively inhibiting TRPV3 through binding to the pocket formed by the Pore-loop and the S6. CA may serve as a lead for further modification and identification of specific TRPV3 channel inhibitors.

The Effect of α-Arbutin on UVB-Induced Damage and Its Underlying Mechanism

Ultraviolet radiation can heighten tyrosinase activity, stimulate melanocyte production, impede the metabolism of numerous melanocytes, and result in the accumulation of plaques on the skin surface. α-Arbutin, a bioactive substance extracted from the arbutin plant, has been widely used for skin whitening. In this study, the whitening effect of α-arbutin by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and alleviating the photoaging effect induced by UVB are investigated. The results indicate that α-arbutin can inhibit skin inflammation, and its effectiveness is positively correlated with concentration. Moreover, α-arbutin can reduce the skin epidermal thickness, decrease the number of inflammatory cells, and down-regulate the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, which are inflammatory factors. It also promotes the expression of COL-1 collagen, thus playing an important role in anti-inflammatory action. Network pharmacology, metabolomics and transcriptomics further confirm that α-arbutin is related to the L-tyrosine metabolic pathway and may interfere with various signaling pathways related to melanin and other photoaging by regulating metabolic changes. Therefore, α-arbutin has a potential inhibitory effect on UVB-induced photoaging and possesses a whitening effect as a cosmetic compound.

Tart Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) Pit Extracts Protect Human Skin Cells against Oxidative Stress: Unlocking Sustainable Uses for Food Industry Byproducts

Industrial processing of tart cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) produces bioproducts like cherry pits (CP), which contribute to adverse environmental effects. To identify sustainable strategies to minimize the environmental impact of cherry processing, we investigated their potential value as antioxidants for prospective utilization within cosmeceutical applications. Untargeted metabolomic analyses of water and water: ethanol CP extracts using an eco-friendly technique revealed significant enrichment in coumaroyl derivatives and flavonoids with congruent metabolite representation regardless of the extraction solvent. The antioxidant activity of tart CP extracts was evaluated on human skin cells exposed to H2O2 or LPS, modeling environmentally induced oxidants. Notably, both CP extracts provide antioxidant activity by reducing H2O2 or LPS-induced ROS in human skin keratinocytes without affecting cell viability. The CP extracts increased the expression of CAT and SOD1 genes encoding antioxidant regulatory enzymes while decreasing the expression of NOS2, a pro-oxidant regulator. These findings reveal the antioxidant properties of tart CP, offering new opportunities to produce natural-based skin care products and adding economic value while providing sustainable options to reduce the environmental impact of food byproducts.

Skin cancer: understanding the journey of transformation from conventional to advanced treatment approaches

Skin cancer is a global threat to the healthcare system and is estimated to incline tremendously in the next 20 years, if not diagnosed at an early stage. Even though it is curable at an early stage, novel drug identification, clinical success, and drug resistance is another major challenge. To bridge the gap and bring effective treatment, it is important to understand the etiology of skin carcinoma, the mechanism of cell proliferation, factors affecting cell growth, and the mechanism of drug resistance. The current article focusses on understanding the structural diversity of skin cancers, treatments available till date including phytocompounds, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, surgery, combination therapy, molecular targets associated with cancer growth and metastasis, and special emphasis on nanotechnology-based approaches for downregulating the deleterious disease. A detailed analysis with respect to types of nanoparticles and their scope in overcoming multidrug resistance as well as associated clinical trials has been discussed.

Heat-Killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 Improved UVB-Induced Photoaging Via Antiwrinkle and Antimelanogenesis Impacts

Exposure of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the main factor from the environment to cause skin photoaging. Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469, is a probiotic strain with a good track record for enhancing human health. The present study conducted the impacts of heat-killed L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469 (RL) on photoaging in vitro using mouse skin fibroblast (MSF) cells and human epidermal melanocytes (HEM) exposed to UVB. The results showed that (1) RL-protected UVB-induced cytotoxicity relating to absorb UVB and reduce DNA damage. (2) RL exerted the antiwrinkle impact involved in two aspects. Firstly, RL downregulated MMP-1, 2, 3 expressions associating with MAPK signaling, resulting in the increased the protein expression of COL1A1, further booting type I collagen abundant thereby promoting the antiwrinkle impact in MSF cells. Secondly, RL reduced ROS content, further decreasing oxidative damage relating to Nrf2/Sirt3/SOD2 signaling, thereby promoting the antiwrinkle impact in MSF cells. (3) RL suppressed tyrosinase and TYRP-2 activity and/or levels associating with PKA/CREB/MITF signaling, thereby promoting antimelanogenesis impact in HEM cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that RL could reduce photoaging caused by UVB via antiwrinkle and antimelanogenesis properties and may be a potential antiphotoaging beneficial component, which is applied in the cosmetic industry.

Spice-Derived Phenolic Compounds: Potential for Skin Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Skin cancer is a condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells, primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Different types of skin cancer include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Despite the advancements in targeted therapies, there is still a need for a safer, highly efficient approach to preventing and treating cutaneous malignancies. Spices have a rich history dating back thousands of years and are renowned for their ability to enhance the flavor, taste, and color of food. Derived from various plant parts like seeds, fruits, bark, roots, or flowers, spices are important culinary ingredients. However, their value extends beyond the culinary realm. Some spices contain bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, which are known for their significant biological effects. These compounds have attracted attention in scientific research due to their potential health benefits, including their possible role in disease prevention and treatment, such as cancer. This review focuses on examining the potential of spice-derived phenolic compounds as preventive or therapeutic agents for managing skin cancers. By compiling and analyzing the available knowledge, this review aims to provide insights that can guide future research in identifying new anticancer phytochemicals and uncovering additional mechanisms for combating skin cancer.

Caffeic Acid and Diseases-Mechanisms of Action

Caffeic acid belongs to the polyphenol compounds we consume daily, often in the form of coffee. Even though it is less explored than caffeic acid phenethyl ester, it still has many positive effects on human health. Caffeic acid can affect cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, or bacterial and viral infections. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of how caffeic acid achieves its effects.

The Role of Probiotics in Skin Photoaging and Related Mechanisms: A Review

Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the primary pathogenetic factor in skin photoaging. It can disrupt cellular homeostasis by damaging DNA, inducing an inflammatory cascade, immunosuppression, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, resulting in a variety of dermatologic conditions. The skin microbiome plays an important role in the homeostasis and maintenance of healthy skin. Emerging evidence has indicated that highly diverse gut microbiome may also have an impact on the skin health, referred to as the gut-skin axis (GSA). Oral and topical probiotics through modulating the skin microbiome and gut-skin microbial interactions could serve as potential management to prevent and treat the skin photoaging by multiple pathways including reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting ECM remodeling, inhibiting the inflammatory cascade reaction, and maintaining immune homeostasis. In this review, the effects of oral and topical probiotics in skin photoaging and related mechanisms are both described systematically and comprehensively.

Antioxidant enzymes immobilized on gold and silver nanoparticles enhance DNA repairing systems of rat skin after exposure to ultraviolet radiation

The aim of the study was to investigate in vivo whether the application of immobilized superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) could enhance DNA repairing systems and reduce level of CPD (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers) and 6-4PP ((6-4) pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts), and whether the immobilization on gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles affects the outcome. The study presents secondary analysis of our previous research. Three-day application of SOD and CAT in all forms of solution decreased the levels of CPD and 6-4PP boosted by UV irradiation. The mRNA expression level of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system genes (XPA, XPC, ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC3, LIG1) increased after application of immobilized and free enzymes. Increased by UV irradiation, p53 mRNA expression level normalized with the enzyme application. In conclusion, application of free and immobilized antioxidant enzymes accelerates removal of harmful effects of UV radiation in the rat skin by increasing expression level of NER genes.

Photoprotective effects of sweet potato leaf polyphenols and caffeic acid against UV-induced skin-damage in BALB/C nude mice

This study aimed at clarifying the mechanism by which sweet potato leaf polyphenols (SPLPs) ameliorate ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage, using the BALB/c hairless female mouse model. The moisture and hydroxyproline (HYP) contents of the model mouse skin and the thickness of the epidermis and dermis were determined by staining and histological examination. Anti-oxidative enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and protein carbonyl content in skin tissue and serum were investigated. Expression of inflammatory markers and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways were evaluated. Topical caffeic acid at 30 mg kg^-1 most strongly inhibited the decrease in skin moisture, HYP content, and the thickening of the epidermis. Topical SPLP at 100 mg kg^-1 most significantly inhibited the dermal thickening, increased the activities of the superoxide dismutase, catalase as well as glutathione peroxidase, and decreased the content of serum MDA and protein carbonyls markedly. Furthermore, the topical SPLP suppressed the UV-induced rise in the inflammatory markers MMP-1, TNF-α, and NF-κB, and alleviated phosphorylation levels of the stress-signaling proteins JNK and p38. Thus, topical SPLP provided the best overall protection for mouse skin from UV-induced damage.

Geraniol enhances peroxiredoxin-1, and prevents isoproterenol-induced oxidative stress and inflammation associated with myocardial infarction in experimental animal models

This study has explored the fact that geraniol prevents isoproterenol (ISO)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated myocardial infarction (MI) through enhanced expression of peroxiredoxin-1 (Prdx-1) in experimental animal models. The experimental strategies of MI were stimulated through the subcutaneous direction of ISO (85 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. ISO-directed models showed elevated heart rate levels and cardiac markers (serum creatine kinase [CK], serum CK-myocardial band, serum C-reactive proteins, and plasma homocysteine); increased cardiac-troponins-T, and troponin-I levels in both serum and myocardium. Moreover, we perceived that a higher level of lipid peroxidation molecules (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides) reduced the antioxidant enzyme levels in plasma and heart tissue of ISO-directed rats. However, geraniol treatment prevents ISO-directed enhancement of the heart rate, cardiac and lipid peroxidative genes; reverted the blood pressure, and antioxidant status in ISO-directed rats. Furthermore, gene expression results revealed that geraniol treatment inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins, inflammatory responder (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, nuclear factor-κB), and cardiac fibrotic proteins (matrix metalloproteinase-2[MMP-2], MMP-9) in ISO directed rats. Prdx-1 is an antioxidant response element, and it can regulate all the antioxidant proteins and it scavenges harmful radicals. Therefore, enhanced Prdx-1 expression is considered to have a pivotal role in preventing cardiac infarction. In this study, an elevated expression of Prdx1 was noticed in geraniol treated with ISO-directed rats. Hence, we concluded that geraniol is considered a potential phytodrug, and it prevents ISO-directed MAPKs, inflammation, and cardiac markers by enhancing the expression of Prdx1.

Cathelicidin-NV from Nanorana ventripunctata effectively protects HaCaT cells, ameliorating ultraviolet B-induced skin photoaging

Cathelicidins are diverse effector molecules in the vertebrate immune system and are related to immune regulation, inflammatory response, wound healing, and blood vessel formation. However, little is known about their free radical scavenging ability, especially in vivo. In this study, a cathelicidin molecule (cathelicidin-NV, ARGKKECKDDRCRLLMKRGSFSYV) previously identified from the spot-bellied plateau frog (Nanorana ventripunctata) (Anura, Dicroglossidae, Dicroglossinae) by us was shown to alleviate ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin photoaging in mice. Cathelicidin-NV effectively suppressed cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis and reduced the protein expression levels of JNK, c-Jun, and MMP-1, which are involved in the regulation of collagen degradation in HaCaT cells induced by UVB irradiation. Furthermore, cathelicidin-NV also scavenged UVB-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, cathelicidin-NV directly scavenged excessive intracellular ROS to protect HaCaT cells, and subsequently alleviated UVB-induced skin photoaging. This study extends reports on the antioxidant function of the cathelicidin family. In addition, the properties of cathelicidin-NV make it an excellent candidate for the prevention and treatment of UV-induced skin photoaging.

Zinc-metal–organic frameworks with tunable UV diffuse-reflectance as sunscreens

Background

UV exposure continues to induce many health issues, though commercial sunscreens are available. Novel UV filters with high safety and efficacy are urgently needed. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) could be a suitable platform for UV filter development, due to their tunable optical, electrical, and photoelectric properties by precise controlled synthesis.

Results

Herein, four zinc-based MOFs with various bandgap energies were chose to investigate their optical behaviors and evaluate their possibility as sunscreens. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was found to possess the highest and widest UV reflectance, thereby protecting against sunburn and DNA damage on mouse skin and even achieving a comparable or higher anti-UV efficacy relative to the commercially available UV filters, TiO2 or ZnO, on pig skin, a model that correlates well with human skin. Also, ZIF-8 exerted appealing characteristics for topical skin use with low radical production, low skin penetration, low toxicity, high transparency, and high stability.

Conclusion

These results confirmed ZIF-8 could potentially be a safe and effective sunscreen surrogate for human, and MOFs could be a novel source to develop more effective and safe UV filters.

Graphical Abstract

The effects of UVB irradiance on aberrant epidermal proliferation: Novel insights on how to improve currently available sunscreens

AIMS

Sunscreen use, which prolonged the time required to develop sunburn by reducing the irradiance (mW/cm²) of the UVB radiation, is thought to protect the skin from developing cancers. Recently, in addition to fluence (mJ/cm²), irradiance of the UVB radiation was demonstrated to play an important role leading to photocarcinogenesis of the skin. After equivalent fluence of UVB exposure, enhanced aberrant keratinocyte proliferation contributes significantly to the photocarcinogenic capacity of low irradiance (LI) UVB as compared to its high irradiance (HI) UVB counterpart. However, the mechanism involved remains unclear.

MAIN METHODS

Relevant cell and animal models were employed to investigate the effects of equivalent UVB fluence administered at HI or LI on keratinocyte proliferation. Additionally, the mechanisms involved were also explored.

KEY FINDINGS

We found that at equivalent fluence, LIUVB induces significantly higher reactive oxidative species (ROS) production, cell proliferation, as well as phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) expression in both cell and animal models as compare to its HIUVB counterpart. Pretreating cultured keratinocytes with antioxidant or AKT inhibitor significantly reduced the UVB-induced ROS, cell proliferation, and pAKT expression. Additionally, these pretreatments abrogate the difference between the LI and HIUVB treated keratinocytes. Similar findings were noted using animal model treated with AKT inhibitor.

SIGNIFICANCE

In summary, at equivalent fluence, LIUVB induces significantly more aberrant epidermal proliferation via enhanced ROS and pAKT signaling. Reducing UVB-induced AKT phosphorylation presents a novel strategy to improve the protective capacity of the currently available sunscreens.

Purpurin, a anthraquinone induces ROS-mediated A549 lung cancer cell apoptosis via inhibition of PI3K/AKT and proliferation

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we sought to evaluate purpurin, a natural biomedicine and a potential inhibitor in decreasing the growth rate of lung cancer cells by modulating the role of PI3K/AKT signalling-associated proliferation and apoptosis.

METHODS

A549 cells were treated with purpurin (30 μM) for 24 and 48 h incubation, respectively, and it has been analysed for cytotoxicity, ROS-mediated apoptotic staining. Moreover, purpurin-mediated lipid peroxidation and GSH were measured by biochemical estimation. Furthermore, PI3K/AKT signalling-mediated cell proliferation and apoptotic gene expression done were by western blot.

KEY FINDINGS

In this study, we observed that purpurin could effectively kill A549 cancer cell lines and leads to cell death, thus conforming increased cytotoxicity, production of ROS-mediated enhancement of lipid peroxidation, nuclear fragmentation and apoptosis. Moreover, the GSH content of A549 cell lines was also diminished after treatment with purpurin. This study demonstrates that purpurin inhibits the phosphorylated PI3K/AKT molecules mediated cyclin-D1 and PCNA, thereby inducing apoptosis by observing increased proapoptotic mediators Bax, cleaved PARP, cytochrome-c, caspase-9 and caspase-3; and decreased Bcl-2 expression in the lung cancer cell lines.

CONCLUSION

This result concluded that purpurin eliminates the A549 lung cancer cells by blocking the PI3K/AKT pathway thereby inducing apoptosis.

Ultraviolet Radiation and Chronic Inflammation-Molecules and Mechanisms Involved in Skin Carcinogenesis: A Narrative Review

The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. Both experimental and epidemiological evidence indicate that chronic inflammation is one of the hallmarks of microenvironmental-agent-mediated skin cancers and contributes to its development. Maintaining an inflammatory microenvironment is a condition leading to tumor formation. Multiple studies focus on the molecular pathways activating tumorigenesis by inflammation and indicate several biomarkers and factors that can improve diagnostic and prognostic processes in oncology and dermatology. Reactive oxygen species produced by ultraviolet radiation, oxidizers, or metabolic processes can damage cells and initiate pro-inflammatory cascades. Considering the potential role of inflammation in cancer development and metastasis, the identification of early mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis is crucial for clinical practice and scientific research. Moreover, it could lead to the progress of advanced skin cancer therapies. We focus on a comprehensive analysis of available evidence and on understanding how chronic inflammation and ultraviolet radiation can result in skin carcinogenesis. We present the inflammatory environment as complex molecular networks triggering tumorigenesis and constituting therapeutic targets.

Punicalagin induces ROS-mediated apoptotic cell death through inhibiting STAT3 translocation in lung cancer A549 cells

Lung cancer is a noxious disease with substandard overall survival. Despite this, there are several treatment strategies for lung cancer include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery; however, the overall survival remains poor. Punicalagin has been documented as a potential phytomedicine to selectively inhibit the progression and expansion of numerous cancers. In the present study, we evaluated the antiproliferative ability of punicalagin against lung cancer A549 cells by inducing apoptosis by inhibiting STAT-3 activation. Punicalagin induces toxic effects of A549 cells in a dose-associated manner after 24 h treatment. And we also observed that punicalagin (10, 20, and 30 μM) induced reactive oxygen species generation, alters the mitochondrion membrane potential and apoptotic morphological changes in A549 cells. The STAT-3 overexpression regulates apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Here, the punicalagin inhibited STAT-3 translocation and thereby induces apoptosis by inhibiting expression Bcl-2 and enhanced expression of Bax, cytochrome-c, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in A549 cells. Hence, we stated that the punicalagin is a possible therapy for non-small cell lung, malignancies. Altogether, the punicalagin is a promising phytomedicine in malignancy treatment and further endeavors are needed to unveil the complete potential.

Gender differences in UV-induced skin inflammation, skin carcinogenesis and systemic damage

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced chronic inflammation contributes to all stages of skin tumor development. In addition, gender plays an important role in inflammatory diseases or cancer. In this study, histopathology changes, hematology, oxidative stress and inflammatory response were used to evaluate sex differences in UV-induced chronic inflammation-associated cancer development. The results showed that the male and female mice had photoaging damage at the 9th week. However, skin tumors only appeared in male mice at 31st week. Furthermore, UV increased ROS production, p65, p-p65, IL-6 and TNF-α protein expressions in skin, and these factors elevated more in male mouse model. Hematology results showed that the parameters of blood systemic inflammation were changed in different degrees in model groups, while the pathological results showed inflammatory cell infiltration in the internal organs of both model groups in varying degrees. These results indicate that there are gender differences in UV-induced skin inflammation, carcinogenesis and systemic damage. Moreover, male mice are more sensitive to UV irradiation, which may be responsible to greater oxidative stress and inflammatory damage.

Vicenin-2 inhibits the Helicobacterium pylori infection associated gastric carcinogenic events through modulation of PI3K/AKT and Nrf2 signaling in GES-1 cells

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a microbial carcinogen of Gram-negative bacteria, has been recognized to be the highest risk factor for the growth of human gastric cancer (GC). Therefore, the inhibition of the growth rate of H. pylori has been considered an effective vital strategy to prevent GC development. This study highlights the inhibitory effect of vicenin-2 against H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogen signaling in human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). In vitro cytotoxicity studies reported that 40 µM of vicenin-2  remarkably protects the gastric cells and this concentration shows 85% cell viability also does not produce toxicity. In addition, vicenin-2 prevents H. pylori-infected increased depletion of antioxidants mediated by reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, malondialdehyde, and nuclear fragmentation. Here, we noticed that vicenin-2 remarkably suppressed the expression range of the phosphorylated form of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, phosphorylated p38 kinases, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2 in GES-1 infected with H. pylori. Moreover, we observed that vicenin-2 enhanced the antioxidants protein nuclear factor erythroid factor-2 and phosphatase and tensin homolog expression in H. pylori-infected cells. Thus, vicenin-2 prevents the H. pylori-associated infection, and its resistance might be a potential strategy in preventing GC induced by H. pylori.

Opuntiol Prevents Photoaging of Mouse Skin via Blocking Inflammatory Responses and Collagen Degradation

In the present study, we investigated the potential of opuntiol, isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica, against UVA radiation-mediated inflammation and skin photoaging in experimental animals. The skin-shaved experimental mouse was subjected to UVA exposure at the dosage of 10 J/cm2 per day for ten consecutive days (cumulative UVA dose: 100 J/cm2). Opuntiol (50 mg/kg b.wt.) was topically applied one hour before each UVA exposure. UVA (100 J/cm2) exposure induces epidermal hyperplasia and collagen disarrangement which leads to the photoaging-associated molecular changes in the mouse skin. Opuntiol pretreatment prevented UVA-linked clinical macroscopic skin lesions and histological changes in the mouse skin. Further, opuntiol prevents UVA-linked dermal collagen fiber loss in the mouse skin. Short-term UVA radiation (100 J/cm2) activates MAPKs through AP-1 and NF-κB p65 transcriptional pathways and subsequently induces the expression of inflammatory proteins and matrix-degrading proteinases in the mouse skin. Interestingly, opuntiol pretreatment inhibited UVA-induced activation of iNOS, VEGF, TNF-α, and COX-2 proteins and consequent activation of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-12 in the mouse skin. Moreover, opuntiol was found to prevent collagen I and III breakdown in UVA radiation-exposed mouse skin. Thus, opuntiol protects mouse skin from UVA radiation-associated photoaging responses through inhibiting inflammatory responses, MAPK activation, and degradation of matrix collagen molecules.

Regenerative Wound Dressings for Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is considered the most prevalent cancer type globally, with a continuously increasing prevalence and mortality growth rate. Additionally, the high risk of recurrence makes skin cancer treatment among the most expensive of all cancers, with average costs estimated to double within 5 years. Although tumor excision is the most effective approach among the available strategies, surgical interventions could be disfiguring, requiring additional skin grafts for covering the defects. In this context, post-surgery management should involve the application of wound dressings for promoting skin regeneration and preventing tumor recurrence and microbial infections, which still represents a considerable clinical challenge. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an up-to-date overview regarding the current status of regenerative wound dressings for skin cancer therapy. Specifically, the recent discoveries in natural biocompounds as anti-cancer agents for skin cancer treatment and the most intensively studied biomaterials for bioactive wound dressing development will be described.

Emerging Strategies to Protect the Skin from Ultraviolet Rays Using Plant-Derived Materials

Sunlight contains a significant amount of ultraviolet (UV) ray, which leads to various effects on homeostasis in the body. Defense strategies to protect from UV rays have been extensively studied, as sunburn, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis are caused by excessive UV exposure. The primary lines of defense against UV damage are melanin and trans-urocanic acid, which are distributed in the stratum corneum. UV rays that pass beyond these lines of defense can lead to oxidative damage. However, cells detect changes due to UV rays as early as possible and initiate cell signaling processes to prevent the occurrence of damage and repair the already occurred damage. Cosmetic and dermatology experts recommend using a sunscreen product to prevent UV-induced damage. A variety of strategies using antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents have also been developed to complement the skin's defenses against UV rays. Researchers have examined the use of plant-derived materials to alleviate the occurrence of skin aging, diseases, and cancer caused by UV rays. Furthermore, studies are also underway to determine how to promote melanin production to protect from UV-induced skin damage. This review provides discussion of the damage that occurs in the skin due to UV light and describes potential defense strategies using plant-derived materials. This review aims to assist researchers in understanding the current research in this area and to potentially plan future studies.

Genome-Protecting Compounds as Potential Geroprotectors

Throughout life, organisms are exposed to various exogenous and endogenous factors that cause DNA damages and somatic mutations provoking genomic instability. At a young age, compensatory mechanisms of genome protection are activated to prevent phenotypic and functional changes. However, the increasing stress and age-related deterioration in the functioning of these mechanisms result in damage accumulation, overcoming the functional threshold. This leads to aging and the development of age-related diseases. There are several ways to counteract these changes: 1) prevention of DNA damage through stimulation of antioxidant and detoxification systems, as well as transition metal chelation; 2) regulation of DNA methylation, chromatin structure, non-coding RNA activity and prevention of nuclear architecture alterations; 3) improving DNA damage response and repair; 4) selective removal of damaged non-functional and senescent cells. In the article, we have reviewed data about the effects of various trace elements, vitamins, polyphenols, terpenes, and other phytochemicals, as well as a number of synthetic pharmacological substances in these ways. Most of the compounds demonstrate the geroprotective potential and increase the lifespan in model organisms. However, their genome-protecting effects are non-selective and often are conditioned by hormesis. Consequently, the development of selective drugs targeting genome protection is an advanced direction.

p-Coumaric acid attenuates alcohol exposed hepatic injury through MAPKs, apoptosis and Nrf2 signaling in experimental models

Overconsumption of alcohol could lead to severe liver injury that connects with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory response. Previously, we proved that p-coumaric acid prevents ethanol induced reproductive toxicity; however, p-coumaric acid (PCA) on ethanol mediated hepatotoxicity has not been examined yet. In our work, we sought to study the potential of PCA in contradiction of ethanol induced hepatoxicity which linking with MAPKs, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and Nrf2 signaling. Foremost, we found that PCA could protect ethanol induced both L-02 and HepG2 hepatic cells by inhibiting cytotoxicity, ROS production, mitochondrial depolarization, and nuclear fragmentation. Also, in vivo experiments showed that the ethanol increasing the lipid markers (TBARS, CD) and depletes the antioxidants thereby increased phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38 in rat liver tissues. Interestingly, PCA treatments inhibit ethanol exposed lipid markers and depletion of antioxidants, which directs the inhibition of MAPKs activation in rat liver tissues. We also noticed that the PCA protected ethanol induced apoptosis and liver markers by inhibiting the expression of Bax, caspases; AST, ALT, ALS, and LDH in liver tissue. Overall, the ameliorative consequence of PCA on ethanol induced oxidative stress and apoptosis was achieved by suppressing the expression of CYP2E1 and overexpressing Nrf2 and its target protein HO-1 in rat liver tissue. As a result, PCA was marked to be an effective antioxidant with notable hepatoprotection by inhibiting MAPKs and apoptosis signaling via enhancing Nrf2 signaling.

Anticancer activity of green synthesised gold nanoparticles from Marsdenia tenacissima inhibits A549 cell proliferation through the apoptotic pathway

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the most excellent anticancer theranostic nanoparticles were synthesized through efficient, simple, and green synthesis method using Marsdenia tenacissima plant extracts and they are widely characterized by several techniques including ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. From the AuNPs synthesized by M. tenacissima extracts, it was discovered that particle size around 50 nm, which is admirable nano dimension, was achieved by plant-mediated synthesis. After characterization of these nanoparticles, they performed as in vitro anticancer activity against lung cancer cell lines (A549). MTT assay revealed that AuNPs produce toxicity based on the dose-dependent A549 cells growth inhibition. AuNPs treatment activates caspase expression and down-regulates the anti-apoptotic protein expression in A549 cells. Our results point out that the AuNPs from M. tenacissima extract are apposite stabilizing agents, which serve as an effective anticancer agent against lung cancer cell lines (A549).

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from leaf extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its anticancer potential in human prostate cancer LNCaP cell lines

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the medicinal plants has been considered as a remarkable approach of several therapeutic innovations and successful drug delivery. Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized with Salvia miltiorrhiza, Chinese medicinal herb and assessed for its anticarcinogenic property. Synthesis of AgNPs was characterized by several studies such as UV-absorbance and it shows peak values in the range of 425-445 nm. The sizes of the nanoparticles are confirmed by dynamic light scattering analysis and it shows 100 nm. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) was to confirm the shape and Ag particles are present in the synthesized materials. FTIR analysis to find out the active biomolecules located in the surface of the synthesized particles. This AgNPs from S. miltiorrhiza inhibits the growth of Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia. Furthermore, the anticancer potential of AgNPs is examined in prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP) cell lines. In this study, we found the AgNPs effectively induces cytotoxicity, ROS and apoptosis by modulation of intrinsic apoptoic Bcl2, Bclxl, Bax and Caspase 3 protein expressions in LNCap cell lines. Based on the study, synthesis of AgNPs from S. miltiorrhiza shows eco-friendly and it exhibits antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic effects.

Phenylpropanoids and its derivatives: biological activities and its role in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries

Phenylpropanoids and their derivatives are plant secondary metabolites widely present in fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, beverages, spices and herbs. They are known to have multifaceted effects which include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer activities and as well as exhibits renoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects. Owing to their antioxidant, antimicrobial and photoprotective properties, these compounds have wide application in the food (preservation, packaging films and edible coating), pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries such as textile (colorant), biofuel (antioxidant additive) and sensors (sensing biologically relevant molecules). Phenylpropanoids are present in commercially available dietary supplements and skin care products. In this review, we have presented the current knowledge on the biosynthesis, occurrence, biological activities of phenylpropanoids and their derivatives, along with the mechanism of action and their potential applications in various industries.

Horse Oil Mitigates Oxidative Damage to Human HaCaT Keratinocytes Caused by Ultraviolet B Irradiation

Horse oil products have been used in skin care for a long time in traditional medicine, but the biological effects of horse oil on the skin remain unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of horse oil on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced oxidative stress in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Horse oil significantly reduced UVB-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species and intracellular oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Horse oil absorbed light in the UVB range of the electromagnetic spectrum and suppressed the generation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, a photoproduct of UVB irradiation. Western blotting showed that horse oil increased the UVB-induced Bcl-2/Bax ratio, inhibited mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase expression, and altered mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling-related proteins. These effects were conferred by increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and decreased phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2. Additionally, horse oil reduced UVB-induced binding of activator protein 1 to the matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter site. These results indicate that horse oil protects human HaCaT keratinocytes from UVB-induced oxidative stress by absorbing UVB radiation and removing reactive oxygen species, thereby protecting cells from structural damage and preventing cell death and aging. In conclusion, horse oil is a potential skin protectant against skin damage involving oxidative stress.

Naringin prevents ultraviolet-B radiation-induced oxidative damage and inflammation through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH-3T3) cells

The present study, we investigate the preventive role of naringin, a dietary flavonoid, against ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation (280-320 nm) induced oxidative damage and inflammatory responses in mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines (NIH-3T3). In this study, 20 mJ/cm 2 of UVB radiation induces cell cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA damage, and antioxidants depletion in NIH-3T3 cells. Treatment with naringin (60 µM) prior UVB exposure prevented the cell cytotoxicity, ROS generation, DNA damage, and antioxidants depletion in NIH-3T3 cells. Furthermore, naringin prevents UVB-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase families and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated activation of inflammatory factors, that is TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and COX-2 in NIH-3T3 cells. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is an anti-inflammatory agent and it suppressed the UVB-mediated oxidative and inflammatory responses. In this study, naringin activates PPARγ and prevents inflammatory biomarkers in NIH-3T3 cells. Thus, naringin prevents UVB-mediated inflammation and oxidative damage in NIH-3T3 cells probably over controlling NF-κB expression and activation of PPARγ.