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Ricciardi M, Pironti C, Comite V, Bergomi A, Fermo P, Bontempo L, Camin F, Proto A, Motta O. A multi-analytical approach for the identification of pollutant sources on black crust samples: Stable isotope ratio of carbon, sulphur, and oxygen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175557. [PMID: 39153633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
This study is focused on the identification of pollutant sources on black crust (BC) samples from the Monumental Cemetery of Milan (Italy), through a multi-analytical approach based on the determination of stable isotope ratios of carbon, sulphur, and oxygen. Six black crust samples, mainly developed on marble sculptures over a time span of 100-150 years, were analysed. For the first time, δ13C was measured for BC samples: δ13C values of the pulverized samples (from -1.2 to +1.3 ‰) are very close to the values obtained from the carbonate matrix, whereas after the removal of the matrix through acidification, δ13C values of BC samples from Milan range from -27.2 to -22.1 ‰, with no significant variation between samples with different ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon. In sum, the δ13C values obtained for all BC samples fall within the range of anthropogenic emissions such as vehicle traffic, coal combustion and industrial emissions. δ34S and δ18O values of sulphate from BC samples range from -6.3 to +7.0 ‰ and from +7.6 to +10.5 ‰, respectively. Coupling the analysis of the oxygen isotope ratio with that of sulphur enables a more precise identification of the origin of sulphates: the observed isotopic composition falls in the range typical for anthropogenic emission of sulphur dioxide. Overall, in this study, C, S and O isotopes were combined for the first time to assess pollutant sources on black crust samples: this multi-stable isotope approach allowed to show that the BC formation on monuments from the Monumental Cemetery of Milan mostly results from anthropogenic emissions from fossil fuels combustion by road vehicles and factories, as well as domestic heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricciardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 21, Naples 80126, Italy
| | - Valeria Comite
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bergomi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Fermo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy; Centre Agriculture Food Environment C3A, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 50121 Firenze, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
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Ricciardi M, Pironti C, Motta O, Fiorillo R, Camin F, Faggiano A, Proto A. Investigations on historical monuments' deterioration through chemical and isotopic analyses: an Italian case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29409-29418. [PMID: 34189694 PMCID: PMC9001298 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we analysed the efflorescences present in the frescos of a monumental complex named S. Pietro a Corte situated in the historic centre of Salerno (Campania, Italy). The groundwater of the historic centre is fed by two important streams (the Rafastia and the Fusandola) that can be the sources of water penetration. The aims of this work are to (i) identify the stream that reaches the ancient frigidarium of S. Pietro a Corte and (ii) characterize the efflorescences on damaged frescos in terms of chemical nature and sources. In order to accomplish the first aim, the water of the Rafastia river (7 samples) and the water of the Fusandola river (7 samples) were analysed and compared with the water of a well of the Church (7 samples). The ionic chromatography measurements on the water samples allowed us to identify the Rafastia as the river that feeds the ancient frigidarium of S. Pietro a Corte. To investigate the nature and the origin of the efflorescences (our second aim), anionic chromatography analyses, X-ray diffraction measurements, and the isotopic determination of nitrogen were performed on the efflorescences (9 samples) and the salts recovered from the well (6 samples). Results of these analyses show that efflorescences are mainly made of potassium nitrate with a δ15N value of + 9.3 ± 0.2‰. Consequently, a plausible explanation for their formation could be the permeation of sewage water on the walls of the monumental complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
| | - Rosa Fiorillo
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Antonio Faggiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Motta O, Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Rostagno C, Bolzacchini E, Ferrero L, Cucciniello R, Proto A. Leonardo da Vinci's "Last Supper": a case study to evaluate the influence of visitors on the Museum preservation systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29391-29398. [PMID: 33813696 PMCID: PMC9001225 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The most important parameter to obtain an appropriate preservation condition of museum environments concerns the indoor air quality. The exposure of artwork and materials to gaseous and particulate pollutants introduced by visitors and either indoor or outdoor sources contributes to their decay. In this work, we evaluated the possible monitoring of the visitors' influence using the stable carbon isotopic ratio of CO2 and the concentration of NH3 as a real-time tool. The study was done in the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan, Italy) which houses one of the most important paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, the Last Supper, and had more than 400,000 visitors in 2019. The results confirmed a good correlation between the presence of tourists inside the museum and the variation of δ13C value during the visits and the closure of the museum. The variation of indoor atmospheric δ13C was influenced by the presence of visitors in the Refectory and delineates the way done from the entrance to the exit. In the same way, the concentration of NH3 was influenced by the presence of visitors and confirmed the role of this one on preservation methodology for indoor air quality in the museum. This new methodology can be used as a supplemental and non-invasive tool to help in calibrating microclimatic conditions through the ventilation rate and air filtration systems in the museum and to manage the number of visitors per turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Chiara Rostagno
- Ricerca e Progetti Educativi Estero, Direzione Museale Regionale della Lombardia, Palazzo Arese Litta, Corso Magenta, 24 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Ezio Bolzacchini
- GEMMA Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrero
- GEMMA Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cucciniello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Proto A, Cucciniello R, Fiorentino A, Fiorillo R, Motta O. New analytical approach to monitoring air quality in historical monuments through the isotopic ratio of CO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29385-29390. [PMID: 33389576 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated indoor air quality to highlight the effects of environmental pollution in the field of cultural heritage. In particular, two important archeological places in the old part of the city of Salerno, Italy, were analyzed: Fruscione Palace and S. Pietro a Corte. The work focused on the influence of tourists on environmental pollution correlated to indoor air quality during some social and cultural events. Moreover, we focused on the possible use of the carbon isotopic composition of CO2 as a tool for environmental studies in the field of cultural heritage. The results showed a good relationship between the isotopic composition of CO2 and the variation of pollutants concentration in the air, demonstrating that it is a valid tool and non-invasive marker to monitor environmental pollution of museums and cultural heritage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cucciniello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonino Fiorentino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Rosa Fiorillo
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy.
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Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Camin F, Bontempo L, Proto A. Application of 13C Quantitative NMR Spectroscopy to Isotopic Analyses for Vanillin Authentication Source. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112635. [PMID: 34828916 PMCID: PMC8625575 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon stable isotope ratio (δ13C) is a valuable chemical parameter in the investigation of the geographic origin, quality, and authenticity of foods. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the feasibility of 13C-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy to determine the carbon stable isotope ratio, at natural abundance, of small organic molecules, such as vanillin, without the use of IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry). The determination of vanillin origin is an active task of research, and differentiating between its natural and artificial forms is important to guarantee the quality of food products. To reach our goal, nine vanillin samples were analyzed using both 13C quantitative NMR spectroscopy (under optimized experimental conditions) and IRMS, and the obtained δ13C values were compared using statistical analysis (linear regression, Bland–Altman plot, and ANOVA (analysis of variance)). The results of our study show that 13C-NMR spectroscopy can be used as a valuable alternative methodology to determine the bulk carbon isotope ratio and to identify the origin of vanillin. This makes it attractive for the analysis in the same experiment of site-specific and total isotope effects for testing authenticity, quality, and typicality of food samples. Moreover, the improvement of NMR spectroscopy makes it possible to avoid the influence of additives on carbon stable isotope ratio analysis and to clearly identify fraud and falsification in commercial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-089963083
| | - Federica Camin
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.)
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment C3A, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
- International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA, International Centre, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Center, Food Quality and Nutrition Department, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy; (F.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
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Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Miele Y, Proto A, Montano L. Microplastics in the Environment: Intake through the Food Web, Human Exposure and Toxicological Effects. TOXICS 2021; 9:224. [PMID: 34564375 PMCID: PMC8473407 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, studies on microplastics (MPs) have increased rapidly due to the growing awareness of the potential health risks related to their occurrence. The first part of this review is devoted to MP occurrence, distribution, and quantification. MPs can be transferred from the environment to humans mainly through inhalation, secondly from ingestion, and, to a lesser extent, through dermal contact. As regards food web contamination, we discuss the microplastic presence not only in the most investigated sources, such as seafood, drinking water, and salts, but also in other foods such as honey, sugar, milk, fruit, and meat (chickens, cows, and pigs). All literature data suggest not-negligible human exposure to MPs through the above-mentioned routes. Consequently, several research efforts have been devoted to assessing potential human health risks. Initially, toxicological studies were conducted with aquatic organisms and then with experimental mammal animal models and human cell cultures. In the latter case, toxicological effects were observed at high concentrations of MPs (polystyrene is the most common MP benchmark) for a short time. Further studies must be performed to assess the real consequences of MP contamination at low concentrations and prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Ylenia Miele
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (Y.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (Y.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in UroAndrology, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, Coordination Unit of the Network for Environmental and Reproductive Health (Eco-FoodFertility Project), “S. Francesco di Assisi Hospital”, 84020 Oliveto Citra, Italy
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment: Occurrence, Persistence, Analysis, and Human Exposure. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13070973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) have recently been considered as emerging contaminants in the water environment. In the last number of years, the number of studies on MP has grown quickly due to the increasing consciousness of the potential risks for human health related to MP exposure. The present review article discusses scientific literature regarding MP occurrence and accumulation on the aquatic compartment (river, lake, wastewater, seafood), the analytical methods used to assess their concentration, their fate and transport to humans, and delineates the urgent areas for future research. To better analogize literature data regarding MP occurrence in the aquatic compartment we subdivided papers based on sampling, analytical methods, and concentration units with the aim to help the reader identify the similarities and differences of the considered research papers, thus making the comparison of literature data easier and the individuation of the most relevant articles for the reader’s interests faster. Furthermore, we argued about several ways for MP transport to humans, highlighting some gaps in analytical methods based on the reviewed publications. We suggest improving studies on developing standardized protocols to collect, process, and analyze samples.
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Characterization and authentication of commercial cleaning products formulated with biobased surfactants by stable carbon isotope ratio. Talanta 2020; 219:121256. [PMID: 32887147 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the application of stable carbon isotope analysis to determine the origin of commercial surfactants and cleaning products, especially used in quality process by chemical companies. The δ13C value was applied to commercial surfactants, such as ethoxylate alcohol, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl polyglucoside with different origin, that are the most common raw materials used in cleaning products. In this study, the isotopic analysis was performed on mixtures of commercial surfactants to simulate the commercial detergent formulations (handwashing, multisurface cleaner and degreaser) and then on bulk professional cleaning products to match relationship between isotope carbon composition and concentration of surfactants in real samples. This study demonstrated that δ13C was correlated to the origin of surfactants. In particular we analyzed five samples of biobased surfactants, with δ13C value from -22,6‰ to -28,0‰, and six samples from carbon fossil raw material, with δ13C value from -28,5‰ to -32,0‰, which were the most common raw material used in commercial cleaning products. Isotope carbon composition was also applied on mixtures of biobased and fossil surfactants to simulate and perform the method for stable carbon isotope analysis of commercial cleaning products. Furthemore the results assessed the relationship between stable carbon isotope ratio values and surfactant concentration in mixtures: for example in 50% mixtures of biobased (δ13C -22,6‰) and synthetic surfactant (δ13C -32,5‰), we found a δ13C value -28,00‰. The main advantage in using δ13C analysis is related to cheapness and easy-to-operate method in comparison to radiocarbon methodology.
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Pironti C, Cucciniello R, Camin F, Tonon A, Motta O, Proto A. Determination of the 13C/12C Carbon Isotope Ratio in Carbonates and Bicarbonates by 13C NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11413-11418. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Pironti
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Raffaele Cucciniello
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Federica Camin
- Department
of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’ Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Agostino Tonon
- Department
of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’ Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department
of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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