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Fontanals N, Marcé RM, Montes R, Rodil R, González-Mariño I, Valcárcel Y, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Borrull F, Quintana JB, Pocurull E. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess pharmaceutical consumption. Spanish perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176108. [PMID: 39265683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a well-established approach that can provide objective and real-time data on the consumption of substances such as pharmaceuticals. However, most of the studies reported so far compares consumption data obtained using WBE with those derived from prescription data from public health systems, which is often incomplete and might represent a source of uncertainty. This study aims to compare the measured pharmaceutical consumption back calculated with the WBE approach with consumption derived from dispensed pharmaceuticals in two regions of Spain, managed by two different Health Systems. To do so, a group of 17 pharmaceuticals, including the most representative ones of every therapeutic family, were monitored in influent wastewater (IWW) samples collected over a week campaign in spring 2022 at four different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Spain: two WWTPs in Madrid city (center of Spain) and two WWTPs in Catalonia (Northeast of Spain). Population-normalized daily loads (PNDL) revealed that the patterns of pharmaceutical occurrence in the different WWTPs are very similar, being acetaminophen, 4-acetamidoantipyrine and valsartan the pharmaceuticals with the highest PNDL values: 17162 ± 1457 mg day-1 1000 inh-1 for acetaminophen, 2365 ± 696 and 2429 ± 263 mg day-1 1000 inh-1 for 4-acetamidoantipyrine, 2006 ± 541 and 2041 ± 352 mg day-1 1000 inh-1 for valsartan. Pharmaceutical PNLDs were then transformed into measured pharmaceutical consumption (MC) and compared with dispensed consumption (DC) data obtained from the pharmacies in the catchment area where the WWTPs are located. A ratio MC/DC within 0.8 to 1.2 was obtained for 11 out of the 17 studied pharmaceuticals. Highlighting a match in all the cardiovascular system pharmaceuticals, with the exception of losartan (1.29-1.39 ratio) and valsartan (1.35-1.43) in all WWTPs. In summary, the degree of correlation between MC/DC is higher than those previously reported comparing with the prescribed pharmaceutical consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Fontanals
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Grupo de Evaluación de Riesgos en Salud y Medioambiente, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Girona, Spain; University of Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Aquatic One Health Research Center (ARCUS) & Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Tarragona, Spain
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2
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Mosharaf MK, Gomes RL, Cook S, Alam MS, Rasmusssen A. Wastewater reuse and pharmaceutical pollution in agriculture: Uptake, transport, accumulation and metabolism of pharmaceutical pollutants within plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143055. [PMID: 39127189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical pollutants in water sources has become a growing concern due to its potential impacts on human health and other organisms. The physicochemical properties of pharmaceuticals based on their intended therapeutical application, which include antibiotics, hormones, analgesics, and antidepressants, is quite diverse. Their presence in wastewater, sewerage water, surface water, ground water and even in drinking water is reported by many researchers throughout the world. Human exposure to these pollutants through drinking water or consumption of aquatic and terrestrial organisms has raised concerns about potential adverse effects, such as endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, and developmental abnormalities. Once in the environment, they can persist, undergo transformation, or degrade, leading to a complex mixture of contaminants. Application of treated wastewater, compost, manures or biosolids in agricultural fields introduce pharmaceutical pollutants in the environment. As pharmaceuticals are diverse in nature, significant differences are observed during their uptake and accumulation in plants. While there have been extensive studies on aquatic ecosystems, the effect on agricultural land is more disparate. As of now, there are few reports available on the potential of plant uptake and transportation of pharmaceuticals within and between plant organs. This review summarizes the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic water bodies at a range of concentrations and their uptake, accumulation, and transport within plant tissues. Research gaps on pharmaceutical pollutants' specific effect on plant growth and future research scopes are highlighted. The factors affecting uptake of pharmaceuticals including hydrophobicity, ionization, physicochemical properties (pKa, logKow, pH, Henry's law constant) are discussed. Finally, metabolism of pharmaceuticals within plant cells through metabolism phase enzymes and plant responses to pharmaceuticals are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khaled Mosharaf
- Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Rachel L Gomes
- Food Water Waste Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cook
- Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed S Alam
- Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Rasmusssen
- Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Cruz Muñoz E, Termopoli V, Orlandi M, Gosetti F. Non-targeted identification of tianeptine photodegradation products in water samples by UHPLC-QTOF MS/MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142534. [PMID: 38849097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aims the characterization of several tianeptine transformation products in ultrapure water by simulated sunlight irradiation. Tianeptine was completely degraded after 106 h of exposition following pseudo-first-order kinetics (half-life time = 12.0 ± 2.4 h). Furthermore, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry method was developed and fully validated taking into account different method performance parameters for the quantification of tianeptine in river water up to a concentration of 400 pg L-1. Following a non-targeted approach based on mass data-independent acquisition, eight different transformation products not previously reported in the literature were identified and accordingly elucidated, proposing a photodegradation mechanism based on the accurate tandem mass spectrometry information acquired. Irradiation experiments were replicated for a tianeptine solution prepared in a blank river water sample, resulting in the formation of the same transformation products and similar degradation kinetics. In addition, a toxicity assessment of the photoproducts was performed by in silico method, being generally all TPs of comparable toxicity to the precursor except for TP1, and showing a similar persistence in the environment except for TP2 and TP6, while TP4 was the only TP predicted as mutagenic. The developed method was applied for the analysis of four river water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmanuel Cruz Muñoz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Orlandi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy; POLARIS Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - DISAT, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy; POLARIS Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Zhang H, Wang Z, Wu A, Luo Y, Zhou Q. For the occurrence of PPCPs from source to tap: A novel approach modified in terms of sample preservation and SPE cartridge to monitor PPCPs in our water supply. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1308:342662. [PMID: 38740449 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing infusion of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) into ecosystems sustains a perpetual life cycle and leads to multi-generational exposures. Limited understanding of their environmental impact and their intrinsic ability to induce physiological effect in humans, even at low doses, pose great risks to human health. Few scholarly works have conducted systematic research into the occurrence of PPCPs within potable water systems. Concurrently, the associated monitoring techniques have not been comprehensively examined with regards to the specific nature of drinking water, namely whether the significant presence of disinfectants may influence the detection of PPCPs. RESULTS A modified approach in terms of detailed investigation of sample preservation and optimization of an in-lab fabricated solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge filled with DVB-VP and PS-DVB sorbent was proposed. Favorable methodological parameters were achieved, with correlation coefficients spanning from 0.9866 to 0.9998. The LODs of the PPCPs fluctuated from 0.001 to 2 μg L-1, while the LOQs varied from 0.002 to 5 μg L-1. The analysis of spiked samples disclosed a methodological precision of 2.31-9.86 % and a recovery of 52.4-119 %. We utilized the established method for analyzing 14 water samples of three categories (source water, finished water and tap water) from five centralized water supply plants. A total of 24 categories encompassing 72 PPCPs were detected, with the concentrations of PPCPs manifested a marked decrease from source water to finished water and finally to tap water. SIGNIFICANCE Our research meticulously examined the enhancement and purification effects of widely used commercial SPE cartridges and suggested the use of in-lab fabricated SPE cartridges packed with DVB-VP and PS-DVB adsorbents. We also conducted a systematic evaluation of the need to incorporate ascorbic acid and sodium thiosulfate as preservatives for PPCP measurement, in consideration of the unique characteristics of drinking water matrices, specifically, the significant concentration levels of disinfectants. Furthermore, the proposed method was effectively employed to study the presence of PPCPs in source water, finished water, and tap water collected from centralized water supply plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qianzhan Yang
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation, Chongqing Branch, China
| | - Huadong Zhang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenghong Wang
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Ailin Wu
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Raykol Group Corp. Ltd., Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qianru Zhou
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China; College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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5
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Zhao Z, Zheng Q, Tscharke BJ, Ahmed F, O'Brien JW, Gao J, Covaci A, Thai PK. Refining the correction factor for a better monitoring of antidepressant use by wastewater-based epidemiology: A case study of amitriptyline. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172057. [PMID: 38552972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is proposed as a cost-effective approach to objectively monitor the antidepressant use but it requires more accurate correction factors (CF) than what had been used in previous studies. Amitriptyline is a popular prescription medicine for treating depression and nerve pain, which could be prone to misuse and need monitoring. The CF of amitriptyline employed in previous WBE studies varied from 10 to 100, leading to substantial disparities between WBE estimates and expected mass of antidepressants in wastewater. Hence, this study aimed to take amitriptyline as a case study and refine the CF by correlating mass loads measured in wastewater from 12.2 million inhabitants collected during the 2016 Census with corresponding annual sales data. The triangulation of WBE data and sales data resulted in a newly-derived CF of 7, which is significantly different from the CF values used in previous studies. The newly derived CF was applied to a secondary, multi-year (2017 to 2020) WBE dataset for validation against sales data in the same period, demonstrating the estimated amitriptyline use (380 ± 320 mg/day/1000 inhabitants) is consistent with sales data (450 ± 190 mg/day/1000 inhabitants). When we applied the new CF to previous studies, the wastewater consumption loads matched better to prescription data than previous WBE estimations. The refined CF of amitriptyline can be used in future WBE studies to improve the accuracy of the consumption estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Zhao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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6
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Ceolotto N, Dollamore P, Hold A, Balne B, Jagadeesan KK, Standerwick R, Robertson M, Barden R, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. A new Wastewater-Based Epidemiology workflow to estimate community wide non-communicable disease prevalence using pharmaceutical proxy data. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132645. [PMID: 37793253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript introduces a new wastewater-based epidemiology workflow for estimation of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) prevalence by using wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and pharmaceuticals/their metabolites as proxies for NCDs prevalence. 83 targets were selected (54 parent pharmaceuticals and 29 metabolites). Three critical aspects were tested: (i) Solid-Phase Extraction - Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) method performance, (ii) biomarker stability under variable storage conditions (during sampling and long-term storage) and (iii) accounting for human metabolism in WBE back-calculations. High stability of most analytes was observed under tested storage conditions. A few exceptions include diazepam, dihydroketoprofen and 5-hydroxy-lansoprazole. Analyte recoveries varied between 75% and 125% for most analytes. MDLs ranged from 0.2 ng L-1 to 5.6 ng L-1, while MQLs from 0.2 ng L-1 to 16.8 ng L-1. The overall average method accuracy and precision were: 99.5% and 4.0% respectively. A fully validated method was tested using community wastewater in the Southwest of England to estimate pharmaceutical usage, test metabolism correction factors established and compare results with prescription data. The new WBE method for NCD approximation allowed for the estimation of the daily usage/intake of 69 NCD targets with a standardized approach and a consistent reporting format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ceolotto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Institute for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Angus Hold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Bethany Balne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Richard Standerwick
- Wessex Water Service Ltd., Claverton Down, BA2 7WW, Bath, UK; Environment Agency, Bristol, UK
| | - Megan Robertson
- Wessex Water Service Ltd., Claverton Down, BA2 7WW, Bath, UK
| | - Ruth Barden
- Wessex Water Service Ltd., Claverton Down, BA2 7WW, Bath, UK
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Institute for Sustainability, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water and Innovation Research Centre, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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7
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Laimou-Geraniou M, Quireyns M, Boogaerts T, Van Wichelen N, Heath D, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A, Heath E. Retrospective spatiotemporal study of antidepressants in Slovenian wastewaters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166586. [PMID: 37640073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study utilizes wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to evaluate spatiotemporal changes in the consumption of antidepressants before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia. Composite 24-h influent wastewater samples (n = 210) were collected from six wastewater treatment plants between summer 2019 and spring 2021. The samples were extracted using 96-well solid-phase extraction and analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The measured concentrations of target antidepressant biomarkers were then converted to population-normalised mass loads (PNMLs), taking into account flow rate and catchment population. Ten biomarkers, including amitriptyline, bupropion, bupropion-OH, citalopram, norcitalopram, normirtazapine, venlafaxine, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, trazodone, and moclobemide, were above the lower limit of quantification and were included in the spatiotemporal temporal assessment. The highest PNMLs were detected for O-desmethylvenlafaxine (mean ± SD: 82.1 ± 21.2 mg/day/1000 inhabitants) and venlafaxine (38.0 ± 10.6 mg/day/1000 inhabitants), followed by citalopram (27.0 ± 10.7 mg/day/1000 inhabitants). In addition, the mean metabolite/parent compound ratios were comparable with other WBE studies indicating consumption rather than direct disposal. Overall, the results indicated significant spatiotemporal variations depending on the location, and the PNMLs of most biomarkers increased during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (spring of 2020). However, no clear spatial patterns were revealed related to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laimou-Geraniou
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maarten Quireyns
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Natan Van Wichelen
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - David Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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8
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Zhong J, Liu X, Chen L, Li K, Hu Q, Wu K, Zhou J, Shi Y, Fan H. Simultaneous separation and determination of several chiral antidepressants and their enantiomers in wastewater by online heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115302. [PMID: 37506440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for simultaneous separation and detection of the racemates and the enantiomers of common chiral antidepressants in wastewater matrix was developed by online heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) coupled to solid-phase extraction (SPE). Screening of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and chromatographic conditions was investigated for complete enantioseparation to be compatible with RP-HPLC in 1st D-LC. Using methanol-0.1 % (v/v) ammonia solution as mobile phase, a 2D-LC system was configured by reversed mode with a combination of C18 column and the serially CPS columns as 2D-LC stationary phases respectively. The target analytes could achieve satisfactory transformation between 2D-LCs with transfer rate of 90.57-98.58 %. By means of freeze-drying and SPE, three antidepressants in wastewater were greatly preconcentrated under the optimized conditions, improving the method performance. The racemates and the enantiomers of mirtazapine, bupropion and fluoxetine exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.10-30.00 ng/mL (R2≥0.9986), and LODs and LOQs ranged in 0.0183-0.0549 ng/mL and 0.0661-0.1831 ng/mL, respectively. By this way, the method was successfully applied to simultaneous determination of the racemates and the enantiomers of mirtazapine, bupropion and fluoxetine in wastewater samples. Among them, three samples contained bupropion at level of 0.401-0.822 ng/mL, and mirtazapine at level of 0.328 and fluoxetine at level of 0.381 ng/mL were detected respectively in the other two samples. The enantiomers were at level of 0.140-0.189 ng/mL for mirtazapine, 0.182-0.419 ng/mL for bupropion and 0.179-0.204 ng/mL for fluoxetine, respectively. The proposed method providing an efficient approach to monitoring chiral drugs and their enantiomers in wastewater, facilitating to pollution assessment of chiral drugs in the environment and regional survey of illicit abuse in drug control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Linzhou Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Kan Li
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Qingkun Hu
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Jidan Zhou
- Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Yuesen Shi
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Guangzhou 510230, China.
| | - Huajun Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Nano Diagnosis for Health Biotech (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510535, China.
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9
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Tisler S, Savvidou P, Jørgensen MB, Castro M, Christensen JH. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveals Persistent Mobile Organic Compounds with Unknown Toxicity in Wastewater Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37307429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Broad screening approaches for monitoring wastewater are normally based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This method is not sufficient for the very polar micropollutants, neglected in the past due to a lack of suitable analytical methods. In this study, we used supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) to detect very polar and yet-undetected micropollutants in wastewater effluents. We tentatively identified 85 compounds, whereas 18 have only rarely been detected and 11 have not previously been detected in wastewater effluents such as 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, a likely transformation product (TP) of steroids, and 1H-indole-3-carboxamide, a likely TP from new synthetic cannabinoids. Suspect screening of 25 effluent wastewater samples from 8 wastewater treatment plants revealed several distinct potential pollution sources such as a pharmaceutical company and a golf court. The analysis of the same samples with LC-HRMS showed clearly how SFC increases the ionization efficiency for low-molecular-weight micropollutants (m/z < 300 Da) by a factor 2 to 87 times, which significantly improved the mass spectra for identifying very polar compounds. In order to assess which micropollutants might be of environmental concern, literature and toxicological databases were screened. There was a lack of available hazard and bio-activity data for regulatory-relevant in vitro and in vivo assays for >50% of the micropollutants. Especially, 70% of the data were lacking for the whole organism (in vivo) tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Tisler
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pinelopi Savvidou
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Mafalda Castro
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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10
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Boogaerts T, Quireyns M, De Loof H, Bertels X, Van Wichelen N, Pussig B, Saevels J, Lahousse L, Bonmariage P, Hamelinck W, Aertgeerts B, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Do the lockdown-imposed changes in a wastewater treatment plant catchment's socio-demographics impact longitudinal temporal trends in psychoactive pharmaceutical use? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162342. [PMID: 36842581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) includes the analysis of human metabolic biomarkers of xenobiotics in influent wastewater. WBE complements existing drug utilization approaches and provides objective, spatio-temporal information on the consumption of pharmaceuticals in the general population. This approach was applied to 24-h composite influent wastewater samples from Leuven, Belgium. Daily samples were analysed from September 2019 to December 2019 (n = 76), and on three days of the week (Monday, Wednesday, Saturday) from January 2020 to April 2022 (n = 367). Sample analysis consisted of 96-well solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Measured concentrations of 21 biomarkers for antidepressant and opioid use were converted to population-normalized mass loads (PNML) by considering the flow rate and catchment population. To capture population movements, mobile phone data was used. Amitriptyline, hydroxy-bupropion, norcitalopram, citalopram, normirtazapine, trazodone, O-desmethylvenlafaxine, codeine, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), methadone, morphine, O-desmethyltramadol, and tramadol were included in the temporal assessment since concentrations were above the lower limit of quantification. The PNML of most biomarkers increased (with 3-119 %) throughout the sampling period. The population disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a major change in the socio-demographics of the catchment area, resulting in temporal differences in the PNML of the different biomarkers. As such, higher PNML were observed during the different lockdown phases, which were characterized by the outflow of university students and a decreasing commuting in and out the catchment area. The effects of the fluctuating socio-demographics of the catchment population were further evidenced by the different week-weekend pattern of PNMLs over the course of the sampling campaign. Mean parent/metabolite ratios (i.e., citalopram/norcitalopram, tramadol/O-desmethyltramadol, venlafaxine/O-desmethylvenlafaxine, and methadone/EDDP) remained relatively stable throughout the entire sampling campaign (RSD% below 25 % for all ratios, except for methadone/EDDP) and therefore were not affected by this population change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Maarten Quireyns
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans De Loof
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Xander Bertels
- Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natan Van Wichelen
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bram Pussig
- Academic Center for General Practice, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Saevels
- Association of Pharmacists in Belgium (APB), Rue Stevin 137, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lies Lahousse
- Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pauline Bonmariage
- Association of Pharmacists in Belgium (APB), Rue Stevin 137, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wouter Hamelinck
- Association of Pharmacists in Belgium (APB), Rue Stevin 137, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bert Aertgeerts
- Academic Center for General Practice, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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11
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Holton E, Louw C, Archer E, Louw T, Wolfaardt G, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Quantifying community-wide antibiotic usage via urban water fingerprinting: Focus on contrasting resource settings in South Africa. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120110. [PMID: 37247434 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase in antimicrobial agents (AAs) usage, globally - however the relative consumption is unevenly distributed between nations. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can harbour inherent antimicrobial resistance (AMR); therefore, it is important to understand and monitor community-wide prescribing and consumption behaviours throughout different communities around the world. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) is a novel tool enabling low cost and large scale studies focussed on AA usage patterns. The back-calculation of community antimicrobial intake was performed from quantities measured in municipal wastewater and informal settlement discharge in the city of Stellenbosch, utilising WBE. Seventeen antimicrobials, and their human metabolites, were evaluated, in concordance with prescription records corresponding to the catchment region. The proportional excretion, biological/chemical stability, and method recovery of each analyte were all crucial factors in the efficacy of the calculation. Mass per day measurements were normalised to the catchment area via population estimates. Municipal wastewater treatment plant population estimates were used to normalise the wastewater samples and prescription data (mg/day/1000 inhabitants). Population estimates for the informal settlements were less accurate due to a lack of reliable sources that were relevant to the sampling time period. Both mass loads and normalised loads suggested higher than average usage throughout the settlements, relative to municipal wastewater. This was seen most prominently in emtricitabine and lamivudine; but also, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, sulfadiazine, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and doxycycline. Urban water fingerprinting (UWF) data triangulation with prescription datasets showed good correlations for several antimicrobial agents (AAs) (e.g., clindamycin, clarithromycin, ofloxacin, and doxycycline). It also revealed discrepancies in usage for some compounds (e.g., tetracycline and sulfapyridine). This might be linked with a lack of pharma compliance in prescription datasets; erroneous association of prescription boundaries with the sewerage catchment; and/or uncertainties within the sewerage catchment (e.g., population estimations). The UWF tool provided a comprehensive overview of multiclass AAs usage, both prescription and over-the counter. For example, tetracycline was not reported in available prescription statistics, but was detected at an average of 18.4 mg/day/1000inh; and no antiviral prescriptions were obtained, but emtricitabine and lamivudine were quantified at 2415.4 and 144.4 mg/day/1000inh, respectively. A lack of clarity regarding prescriptions and a lack of inclusion of several critical (often over-the-counter) medications in public health databases makes WBE a useful and comprehensive epidemiology tool for tracking pharma usage within a catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Holton
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Louw
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Edward Archer
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tobias Louw
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gideon Wolfaardt
- Stellenbosch University, Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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12
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Christodoulou MC, Constantinou MS, Louppis AP, Christou A, Stavrou IJ, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Determination of cannabinoids in human cerumen samples by use of UPLC-MS/MS as a potential biomarker for drug use. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 231:115412. [PMID: 37087774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative analytical procedure was developed and validated by the use of Ultra- Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabinol (CBN), Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Cannabichromene (CBC), Cannabigerol (CBG) and 11-Nor- 9- Carboxy- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in an unconventional biological matrix, cerumen. All the investigated calibration curves were characterized by high correlation values (R2 ≥ 0.9965). The LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.004 to 0.009 μg g-1 and 0.012-0.029 μg g-1, respectively. Intra-assay and inter-assay precision were found to be 0.6-2.5%, and 0.8-2.2%, respectively. All recovery values of cannabinoids, with the use of the optimum cotton swab, at low (0.008 μg g-1 of cerumen), medium (0.037 μg g-1of cerumen) and high (0.16 μg g-1 of cerumen) control levels, were estimated to be above 86%. The method developed here permitted the analysis of real cerumen samples obtained from fourteen cannabis users. In twelve out of fourteen cases, Δ9-THC was found to be positive, while in six cases, three major cannabinoids, CBN, CBG and Δ9-THC were quantified at concentrations 0.02-0.21 μg g-1, 0.01-0.24 μg g-1 and 0.01-4.86 μg g-1, respectively. Subject #8 has the highest amount of the detected substances in both left and right ear, with Δ9-THC at a concentration of 1.85 and 4.86 μg g-1, CBG 0.06 and 0.24 μg g-1, CBN 0.10 and 0.21 μg g-1, respectively. In addition, a detection window for the substances Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabinol and Cannabigerol, in cerumen, was defined with success. In this case, Δ9-THC reached a maximum detection frame of up to fifteen days after smoking 0.5 g of marijuana cigarette. ANOVA-one-way analysis also indicated that the average earwax production of non-cannabis users differs significantly from the one of cannabis users (p = 0.048, <0.05). On the other hand, no significant difference was noticed between male and female users as the p value exceeded 0.05. In addition, no significant effect was observed on earwax production in regard to age, frequency and the last time of use (p > 0.05). These last three factors proved to have a significant impact on cannabinoids concentrations, since p values were less than 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M S Constantinou
- Analytical Department, MC Analysis Centre LTD, 2563 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A P Louppis
- Analytical Department, MC Analysis Centre LTD, 2563 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Christou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I J Stavrou
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
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13
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Hernández Martínez SA, Melchor-Martínez EM, González-González RB, Sosa-Hernández JE, Araújo RG, Rodríguez-Hernández JA, Barceló D, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Environmental concerns and bioaccumulation of psychiatric drugs in water bodies - Conventional versus biocatalytic systems of mitigation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115892. [PMID: 37084948 PMCID: PMC10114359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought increments in market sales and prescription of medicines commonly used to treat mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, stress, and related problems. The increasing use of these drugs, named psychiatric drugs, has led to their persistence in aquatic systems (bioaccumulation), since they are recalcitrant to conventional physical and chemical treatments typically used in wastewater treatment plants. An emerging environmental concern caused by the bioaccumulation of psychiatric drugs has been attributed to the potential ecological and toxicological risk that these medicines might have over human health, animals, and plants. Thus, by the application of biocatalysis-assisted techniques, it is possible to efficiently remove psychiatric drugs from water. Biocatalysis, is a widely employed and highly efficient process implemented in the biotransformation of a wide range of contaminants, since it has important differences in terms of catalytic behavior, compared to common treatment techniques, including photodegradation, Fenton, and thermal treatments, among others. Moreover, it is noticed the importance to monitor transformation products of degradation and biodegradation, since according to the applied removal technique, different toxic transformation products have been reported to appear after the application of physical and chemical procedures. In addition, this work deals with the discussion of differences existing between high- and low-income countries, according to their environmental regulations regarding waste management policies, especially waste of the drug industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elda M Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Reyna Berenice González-González
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Rafael G Araújo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | | | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Parc Cientific i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O, Girona, Spain
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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14
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Boogaerts T, Quireyns M, Maes F, Laimou-Geraniou M, Van Wichelen N, Heath E, Pussig B, Aertgeerts B, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Optimization, validation and application of a high-throughput 96-well elution protocol for the quantification of psychoactive substances in influent wastewater. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:240-246. [PMID: 36260405 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is based on the analysis of human metabolic excretion products (biomarkers) of xenobiotics in wastewater, to gain information about various lifestyles and health aspects of a population in an evidence-based manner. Due to the complex wastewater matrix and trace level occurrence of human biomarkers in the sewage network, it is crucial to have sensitive analytical procedures available. Additionally, to improve the value of WBE as a complementary epidemiological source, there is increasing pressure on the analysis of more compounds, more locations and more samples. A high-throughput method based on 96-well Oasis MCX solid-phase extraction (SPE), requiring less influent wastewater (2 mL), was developed in accordance with the European Medicines Agency guidelines. Validation was successful for 28 parent drugs and metabolites of antidepressants, opioids and drugs of abuse. The selection of biomarkers and quantification limit was chosen to be relevant for WBE and was predominantly 10 ng/L or below. The final method was successfully applied to 24-h composite samples of October 2019 (n = 27), obtained from an urban wastewater treatment plant in Leuven (Belgium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Florence Maes
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria Laimou-Geraniou
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bram Pussig
- Academic Centre for General Practice, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Aertgeerts
- Academic Centre for General Practice, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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15
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Fu B, Luo J, Xu R, Fang F, Feng Q, Zhang T, Yang E, Cao J. Co-impacts of the microplastic polyamide and sertraline on the denitrification function and microbial community structure in SBRs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156928. [PMID: 35753462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The co-impacts of microplastics (MPs) and organic pollutants on activated sludge have attracted extensive attention. In this study, microplastic polyamide (PA) and sertraline (SER) were respectively or simultaneously added to sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), and the impacts of these pollutants on activated sludge were investigated. The results showed that NH4+-N and TN removal efficiencies significantly decreased with the simultaneous adding of the two pollutants. The coexistence of PA and SER could observably decrease the settling ability of activated sludge, and more proteins and polysaccharides were generated to reduce the combined toxicity. The microbial diversity, especially the denitrification microorganism, was restrained and the metabolic function and the key enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism pathways were observably decreased, due to the combined toxicity of this two pollutants. Furthermore, the effective SER interception by PA in SBR could induce the SER enrichment in activated sludge and enhance the biotoxicity toward sludge microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boming Fu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Runze Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Guohe Environmental Research Institute (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211599, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Guohe Environmental Research Institute (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211599, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - E Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Guohe Environmental Research Institute (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211599, China.
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16
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Jiménez-Rodríguez MG, Silva-Lance F, Parra-Arroyo L, Medina-Salazar DA, Martínez-Ruiz M, Melchor-Martínez EM, Martínez-Prado MA, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R, Barceló D, Sosa-Hernández JE. Biosensors for the detection of disease outbreaks through wastewater-based epidemiology. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 155:116585. [PMID: 35281332 PMCID: PMC8898787 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) is a novel community-wide monitoring tool that provides comprehensive real-time data of the public and environmental health status and can contribute to public health interventions, including those related to infectious disease outbreaks (e.g., the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic). Nonetheless, municipalities without centralized laboratories are likely still not able to process WBE samples. Biosensors are a potentially cost-effective solution to monitor the development of diseases through WBE to prevent local outbreaks. This review discusses the economic and technical feasibility of eighteen recently developed biosensors for the detection and monitoring of infectious disease agents in wastewater, prospecting the prevention of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Silva-Lance
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Lizeth Parra-Arroyo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - D Alejandra Medina-Salazar
- Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (TecNM-ITD), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote. Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Dgo, 34080, Mexico
| | - Manuel Martínez-Ruiz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | | | - María Adriana Martínez-Prado
- Tecnológico Nacional de México-Instituto Tecnológico de Durango (TecNM-ITD), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Blvd. Felipe Pescador 1830 Ote. Col. Nueva Vizcaya, Durango, Dgo, 34080, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | | | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, C/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, 17003, Girona, Spain
- College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
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17
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Yavuz-Guzel E, Atasoy A, Gören İE, Daglioglu N. Impact of COVID- 19 pandemic on antidepressants consumptions by wastewater analysis in Turkey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155916. [PMID: 35568186 PMCID: PMC9095074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major challenge worldwide, forcing countries to take restrictive measures beyond conventional methods in their fight against the spread of the disease. Followingly, many studies have been conducted on the effects of these measures on mental health. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was used in this study to monitor and estimate changes in antidepressant use under normal conditions (2019) and COVID-19 pandemic conditions (2020). Likewise, this study utilized wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to monitor and assess changing trends from the pre-pandemic period (2019) to COVID-19 pandemic conditions in antidepressant use (2020). Wastewater samples were collected from 11 cities in Turkey throughout six sampling periods covering the pre-pandemic and during-pandemic periods (June 2019-December 2020). Then, samples were analyzed via LC-MS/MS method. As a result, we observed that venlafaxine was the drug with the highest concentration (mean ± SD: 103.6 ± 112.1 mg/1000p/day). Moreover, city number 6 presented the highest venlafaxine use and the most dramatic increase during the pandemic period. Finally, this study revealed the potential of WBE to estimate the changing trends in mental health during the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evsen Yavuz-Guzel
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Basic Sciences, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
| | - Aslı Atasoy
- Cukurova University, Institute of Addiction and Forensic Sciences, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
| | - İsmail Ethem Gören
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
| | - Nebile Daglioglu
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
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18
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Boogaerts T, Quireyns M, De Prins M, Pussig B, De Loof H, Matheï C, Aertgeerts B, Van Coppenolle V, Fransen E, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Temporal monitoring of stimulants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium through the analysis of influent wastewater. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 104:103679. [PMID: 35427945 PMCID: PMC8977453 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a complementary epidemiological data source to monitor stimulant consumption. The aims were to: (i) study intra- and inter-year temporal changes in stimulant use in Belgium during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic; and (ii) evaluate the effect of COVID-19 restrictive measures on stimulant consumption. METHODS The study population corresponded to the catchments of four wastewater treatment plants corresponding with four Belgian cities (i.e., Antwerp-Zuid, Boom, Brussels, Leuven). Daily 24-h composite influent wastewater samples collected over one week in September 2019 and March through June 2020 during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed for biomarkers of amphetamine, cocaine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Measured concentrations were converted to population-normalized mass loads by considering the daily flow rate and the catchment population size. Mobile network data was used to accurately capture population movements in the different catchment areas. Temporal changes were assessed with multiple linear regression models, and the effect of the COVID-19 interventions on stimulant consumption were investigated. RESULTS An increase in amphetamine use was observed in three cities during governmental restrictions, with highest consumption predominantly during lockdown. Similarly, cocaine consumption was higher after the pandemic started, with highest consumption noted during the lockdown period in Boom and Leuven. Consumption of MDMA was similar in Antwerp-Zuid, Brussels and Leuven throughout the entire sampled period. In Boom, the highest consumption was observed during the full lockdown period. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows the potential of WBE to assess the impact of stringent lockdown measures on stimulant use in Belgium. This paper shows that strong restrictive measures did not have a profound effect on stimulant consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Maarten Quireyns
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Prins
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bram Pussig
- Academisch Centrum voor Huisartsengeneeskunde, Department of Public Health and primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans De Loof
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Catharina Matheï
- Academisch Centrum voor Huisartsengeneeskunde, Department of Public Health and primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Aertgeerts
- Academisch Centrum voor Huisartsengeneeskunde, Department of Public Health and primary Care, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Core facility, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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19
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Duan L, Zhang Y, Wang B, Yu G, Gao J, Cagnetta G, Huang C, Zhai N. Wastewater surveillance for 168 pharmaceuticals and metabolites in a WWTP: Occurrence, temporal variations and feasibility of metabolic biomarkers for intake estimation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 216:118321. [PMID: 35339048 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is amply used for mining information about public health such as the estimation of consumption/intake of certain substances. Yet, proper biomarker selection is critical to obtain reliable data. This study measured a broad range of pharmaceuticals and metabolites in a wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China, and evaluated their suitability as consumption estimation biomarkers. Wastewater sampling was conducted during a normal week and two holiday weeks to assess the impact of the holiday on population normalized daily mass loads (PNDLs). One hundred and forty-nine out of 168 pharmaceuticals were detected, with 94 analytes being quantified in all sampling events. Moreover, digestive drug cimetidine (<MDL∼672 ng L - 1) and anabolic steroid trenbolone (<MDL∼53 ng L - 1) were only detected during holiday weeks. PNDLs of some substances showed disparities between weekdays and weekends during the normal week. This study proposed a framework to diagnose whether a parent compound or its metabolite is suitable for intake/prevalence rate estimation. Our results support that not all the metabolites can be employed as biomarkers for back-calculation when the in-sewer stability of these compounds is unclear, such as metoprolol acid and O-desmethyl venlafaxine. Public healthcare data for drug utilization were applied to validate the prevalence of average substance use in this study. As a popular anti-epileptic ranging from hundreds to thousands of ng L - 1 in this study, the parent compound levetiracetam is more appropriate to be used in WBE under our framework, referring to public healthcare data. This WBE study illustrates the changes in pharmaceutical use and population lifestyle that stem from holidays and commutes. In addition, it can provide data support for the selection of more suitable biomarkers in WBE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Duan
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
| | - Gang Yu
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Giovanni Cagnetta
- Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nannan Zhai
- Shanghai Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd Beijing Branch Company, Beijing 100015, China
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20
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Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system based on ionic liquid + organic solvents + water at 298 K and atmospheric pressure applied in antidepressant partitioning. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Boogaerts T, Ahmed F, Choi PM, Tscharke B, O'Brien J, De Loof H, Gao J, Thai P, Thomas K, Mueller JF, Hall W, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Current and future perspectives for wastewater-based epidemiology as a monitoring tool for pharmaceutical use. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:148047. [PMID: 34323839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The medical and societal consequences of the misuse of pharmaceuticals clearly justify the need for comprehensive drug utilization research (DUR). Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) employs the analysis of human metabolic excretion products in wastewater to monitor consumption patterns of xenobiotics at the population level. Recently, WBE has demonstrated its potential to evaluate lifestyle factors such as illicit drug, alcohol and tobacco consumption at the population level, in near real-time and with high spatial and temporal resolution. Up until now there have been fewer WBE studies investigating health biomarkers such as pharmaceuticals. WBE publications monitoring the consumption of pharmaceuticals were systematically reviewed from three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar). 64 publications that reported population-normalised mass loads or defined daily doses of pharmaceuticals were selected. We document that WBE could be employed as a complementary information source for DUR. Interest in using WBE approaches for monitoring pharmaceutical use is growing but more foundation research (e.g. compound-specific uncertainties) is required to link WBE data to routine pharmacoepidemiologic information sources and workflows. WBE offers the possibility of i) estimating consumption of pharmaceuticals through the analysis of human metabolic excretion products in wastewater; ii) monitoring spatial and temporal consumption patterns of pharmaceuticals continuously and in near real-time; and iii) triangulating data with other DUR information sources to assess the impacts of strategies or interventions to reduce inappropriate use of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phil M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Water Unit, Health Protection Branch, Prevention Division, Queensland Health, GPO Box 48, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Benjamin Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Hans De Loof
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Phong Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse, University of Queensland, 17 Upland Road, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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22
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Boogaerts T, Quireyns M, Covaci A, De Loof H, van Nuijs AL. Analytical method for the simultaneous determination of a broad range of opioids in influent wastewater: Optimization, validation and applicability to monitor consumption patterns. Talanta 2021; 232:122443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Melchor-Martínez EM, Jiménez-Rodríguez MG, Martínez-Ruiz M, Peña-Benavides SA, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R, Sosa-Hernández JE. Antidepressants surveillance in wastewater: Overview extraction and detection. CASE STUDIES IN CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 3:100074. [PMID: 38620655 PMCID: PMC7969484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been one of the biggest challenges worldwide. The psychological disorders associated with the pandemic causing depression, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety reduce emotional stability. Different antidepressant drugs with several mechanisms of action are used with a prescription. The excretion of the compounds and their metabolites reach municipal wastewaters and enter sewage treatment plants with a low rate of remotion of pharmaceutical compounds and the releasing on the environment. Several effects on aquatic species exposed to antidepressants have been reported as the impact in gene transcription, reproduction cycles, predator defense, and motility. The aim of this work is to resume the common antidepressants detected in wastewater around the world and show the increment of its use during SARS-CoV-2 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda M Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Mildred G Jiménez-Rodríguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Manuel Martínez-Ruiz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Samantha Ayde Peña-Benavides
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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24
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Black GP, He G, Denison MS, Young TM. Using Estrogenic Activity and Nontargeted Chemical Analysis to Identify Contaminants in Sewage Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6729-6739. [PMID: 33909413 PMCID: PMC8378343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diverse organic compounds, many derived from consumer products, are found in sewage sludge worldwide. Understanding which of these poses the most significant environmental threat following land application can be investigated through a variety of predictive and cell-based toxicological techniques. Nontargeted analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry with predictive estrogenic activity modeling was performed on sewage sludge samples from 12 wastewater treatment plants in California. Diisobutyl phthalate and dextrorphan were predicted to exhibit estrogenic activity and identified in >75% of sludge samples, signifying their universal presence and persistence. Additionally, the application of an estrogen-responsive cell bioassay revealed reductions in agonistic activity during mesophilic and thermophilic treatment but significant increases in antagonism during thermophilic treatment, which warrants further research. Ten nontarget features were identified (metoprolol, fenofibric acid, erythrohydrobupropion, oleic acid, mestranol, 4'-chlorobiphenyl-2,3-diol, medrysone, scillarenin, sudan I, and N,O-didesmethyltramadol) in treatment set samples and are considered to have influenced the in vitro estrogenic activity observed. The combination of predictive and in vitro estrogenicity with nontargeted analysis has led to confirmation of 12 estrogen-active contaminants in California sewage sludge and has highlighted the importance of evaluating both agonistic and antagonistic responses when evaluating the bioactivity of complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle P. Black
- Agricultural & Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
| | - Guochun He
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis
| | | | - Thomas M. Young
- Agricultural & Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
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25
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Proctor K, Petrie B, Lopardo L, Muñoz DC, Rice J, Barden R, Arnot T, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Micropollutant fluxes in urban environment - A catchment perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123745. [PMID: 33113728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study provided a holistic understanding of the sources, fate and behaviour of 142 compounds of emerging concern (CECs) throughout a river catchment impacted by 5 major urban areas. Of the incoming 169.3 kg d-1 of CECs entering the WwTWs, 167.9 kg d-1 were present in the liquid phase of influent and 1.4 kg d-1 were present in the solid phase (solid particulate matter, SPM). Analysis of SPM was important to determine accurate loads of incoming antidepressants and antifungal compounds, which are primarily found in the solid phase. Furthermore, these classes and the plasticiser, bisphenol A (BPA) were the highest contributors to CEC load in digested solids. Population normalised loads showed little variation across the catchment at 154 ± 12 mg d-1 inhabitant-1 indicating that population size is the main driver of CECs in the studied catchment. Across the catchment 154.6 kg d-1 were removed from the liquid phase during treatment processes. CECs discharged into surface waters from individual WwTWs contributed between 0.19 kg d-1 at WwTW A to 7.3 kg d-1 at WwTW E, which correlated strongly with the respective contributing populations. Spatial and temporal variations of individual CECs and their respective classes were found in WwTW influent (both solid (influentSPM) and liquid phases (influentAQ)) throughout the catchment, showing that different urban areas impact the catchment in different ways, with key variables being lifestyle, use of over-the-counter pharmaceuticals and industrial activity. Understanding of both spatial and temporal variation of CECs at the catchment level helped to identify possible instances of direct disposal, as in the case of carbamazepine. Analysis of surface waters throughout the catchment showed increasing mass loads of CECs from upstream of WwTW A to downstream at WwTW D, showing clear individual contributions from WwTWs. Many CECs were ubiquitous throughout the river water in the catchment. Daily loads ranged from 0.005 g d-1 (ketamine, WwTW A) up to 1890.3 g d-1 (metformin, WwTW C) for the 84/138 CECs that were detected downstream of the WwTWs. For metformin this represents the equivalent of ∼1,890 tablets (1,000 mg per tablet) dissolved in the river water downstream of WwTW C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Proctor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Bruce Petrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7JG, UK
| | - Luigi Lopardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dolores Camacho Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jack Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Tom Arnot
- Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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26
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Wang S, Green HC, Wilder ML, Du Q, Kmush BL, Collins MB, Larsen DA, Zeng T. High-throughput wastewater analysis for substance use assessment in central New York during the COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2147-2161. [PMID: 33104143 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater entering sewer networks represents a unique source of pooled epidemiological information. In this study, we coupled online solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to achieve high-throughput analysis of health and lifestyle-related substances in untreated municipal wastewater during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Twenty-six substances were identified and quantified in influent samples collected from six wastewater treatment plants during the COVID-19 pandemic in central New York. Over a 12 week sampling period, the mean summed consumption rate of six major substance groups (i.e., antidepressants, antiepileptics, antihistamines, antihypertensives, synthetic opioids, and central nervous system stimulants) correlated with disparities in household income, marital status, and age of the contributing populations as well as the detection frequency of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater and the COVID-19 test positivity in the studied sewersheds. Nontarget screening revealed the covariation of piperine, a nontarget substance, with SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater collected from one of the sewersheds. Overall, this proof-of-the-concept study demonstrated the utility of high-throughput wastewater analysis for assessing the population-level substance use patterns during a public health crisis such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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27
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Pandopulos AJ, Bade R, O'Brien JW, Tscharke BJ, Mueller JF, Thomas K, White JM, Gerber C. Towards an efficient method for the extraction and analysis of cannabinoids in wastewater. Talanta 2020; 217:121034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Cao J, Fu B, Zhang T, Wu Y, Zhou Z, Zhao J, Yang E, Qian T, Luo J. Fate of typical endocrine active compounds in full-scale wastewater treatment plants: Distribution, removal efficiency and potential risks. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 310:123436. [PMID: 32353771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the distribution, removal efficiency, and potential risks of 9 typical endocrine active compounds (EACs) in two full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated. The EAC concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 7394.2 ng/L in influents. The source of influents was a critical factor in determining the EAC levels. EACs were primarily removed in the secondary biological processing units, with removal efficiencies fluctuating from 13.7% to 98%. The biological treatment processes and operating parameters (i.e., HRT and SRT) influenced the EAC removal efficiency. Bisphenol A (BPA) and estriol were mainly removed by biodegradation, while antidepressants were primarily eliminated by sludge adsorption according to the distribution patterns and mass flow of EACs in WWTPs. Novosphingobium, Saprospiraceae, etc. were the core functional bacteria for EAC biodegradation. In addition, sertraline in effluents and dewatered sludge may pose medium environmental risks, while the other EACs pose low environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Guohe Environmental Research Institute (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211599, China
| | - Boming Fu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - E Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Tangjian Qian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Guohe Environmental Research Institute (Nanjing) Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211599, China.
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29
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Choi PM, Li J, Gao J, O'Brien JW, Thomas KV, Thai PK, Jiang G, Mueller JF. Considerations for assessing stability of wastewater-based epidemiology biomarkers using biofilm-free and sewer reactor tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136228. [PMID: 31887516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology is an increasingly popular method for analysing drugs or metabolites excreted by populations. The in-sewer transformation of biomarkers is important but often receives little consideration in published studies. Many studies publish stability under biofilm-free conditions only, which do not represent actual sewer conditions. This study aims to fill a gap in the field by comparing the wastewater stability of 33 licit drug and pharmaceutical biomarkers in biofilm-free (BFF) conditions to stability in sewer biofilm reactors. All but one biomarker was stable under BFF conditions, whereas most transformed in sewer biofilm reactors. Sewer reactor results tended to overestimate the degradation in pilot and actual sewers, whereas BFF stability had no clear relationship to stability in pilot and actual sewers. Our results provide additional basis for more informed interpretation of biofilm-free and sewer reactor stability results for past and future WBE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Min Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jianfa Gao
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake William O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin Victor Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Phong Khanh Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jochen Friedrich Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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