1
|
Tian L, Qi L, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Liu W. Boosting the LAC-like activity of tetrapeptide capped copper nanoparticle-based nanozymes for colorimetric determination of adrenaline. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1383-1389. [PMID: 38348955 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic activity is important for a variety of technological applications, but the limited stability and complex structures of enzymes often limit their use. Therefore, designing powerful nanomaterial catalysts that are more stable and have higher catalytic activity than natural catalysts has been the pursuit of biotechnology. Here, inspired by electron transfer and the active site of laccase (LAC), four types of copper particles with LAC-like activity were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method. Copper particles coated with the L-phenylalanine (F)-L-phenylalanine (F)-L-cysteine (C)-L-histidine (H) tetrapeptide exhibited higher LAC-like activity compared to those coated with a CH dipeptide, C, and H. This enhancement could be attributed to the higher structural homology and amino acid composition similarity with the natural LAC active center. The FFCH@CuNP nanozyme was employed for adrenaline detection, and it demonstrated outstanding activity, stability, and recyclability. Additionally, a method for the quantitative detection of adrenaline was established using a smartphone based on the FFCH@CuNP nanozymes. And the FFCH@CuNPs exhibited excellent sensitivity and specificity to adrenaline in a saliva-based test. Therefore, this work provides a reasonable pathway for the design of catalysts for future biotechnological and industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P. R. China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P. R. China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trubitsina LI, Trubitsin IV, Lisov AV, Gabdulkhakov AG, Zavarzina AG, Belova OV, Larionova AP, Tishchenko SV, Leontievsky AA. A Novel Two-Domain Laccase with Middle Redox Potential: Physicochemical and Structural Properties. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1658-1667. [PMID: 38105031 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The gene for a previously unexplored two-domain laccase was identified in the genome of actinobacterium Streptomyces carpinensis VKM Ac-1300. The two-domain laccase, named ScaSL, was produced in a heterologous expression system (Escherichia coli strain M15 [pREP4]). The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography. ScaSL laccase, like most two-domain laccases, exhibited activity in the homotrimer form. However, unlike the most two-domain laccases, it was also active in multimeric forms. The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 80°C and was thermally stable. Half-inactivation time of ScaSL at 80°C was 40 min. The laccase was able to oxidize a non-phenolic organic compound ABTS at a maximum rate at pH 4.7, and to oxidized a phenolic compound 2,6-dimethoxyphenol at a maximum rate at pH 7.5. The laccase stability was observed in the pH range 9-11. At pH 7.5, laccase was slightly inhibited by sodium azide, sodium fluoride, and sodium chloride; at pH 4.5, the laccase was completely inhibited by 100 mM sodium azide. The determined Km and kcat of the enzyme for ABTS were 0.1 mM and 20 s-1, respectively. The Km and kcat for 2,6-dimethoxyphenol were 0.84 mM and 0.36 s-1, respectively. ScaSL catalyzed polymerization of humic acids and lignin. Redox potential of the laccase was 0.472 ± 0.007 V. Thus, the ScaSL laccase is the first characterized two-domain laccase with a middle redox potential. Crystal structure of ScaSL was determined with 2.35 Å resolution. Comparative analysis of the structures of ScaSL and other two-domain laccases suggested that the middle potential of ScaSL may be associated with conformational differences in the position of the side groups of amino acids at position 230 (in ScaSL numbering), which belong to the second coordination sphere of the copper atom of the T1 center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liubov I Trubitsina
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Ivan V Trubitsin
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexander V Lisov
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Azat G Gabdulkhakov
- Institute of Protein Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anna G Zavarzina
- Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Oxana V Belova
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Anna P Larionova
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Tishchenko
- Institute of Protein Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexey A Leontievsky
- Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu YJ, Bian Y, Zhang Y, Zhang YX, Ren A, Lin SH, Feng XS, Zhang XY. Diuretics in Different Samples: Update on the Pretreatment and Analysis Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-33. [PMID: 37130012 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2202260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diuretics are drugs that promote the excretion of water and electrolytes in the body and produce diuretic effects. Clinically, they are often used in the treatment of edema caused by various reasons and hypertension. In sports, diuretics are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Therefore, in order to monitor blood drug concentration, identify drug quality and maintain the fairness of sports competition, accurate, rapid, highly selective and sensitive detection methods are essential. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the pretreatment and detection of diuretics in various samples since 2015. Commonly used techniques to extract diuretics include liquid-liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, among others. Determination methods include methods based on liquid chromatography, fluorescent spectroscopy, electrochemical sensor method, capillary electrophoresis and so on. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatment and analytical techniques are elaborated. In addition, future development prospects of these techniques are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ai Ren
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu-Han Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma Z, Meliana C, Munawaroh HSH, Karaman C, Karimi-Maleh H, Low SS, Show PL. Recent advances in the analytical strategies of microbial biosensor for detection of pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135515. [PMID: 35772520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biosensor which integrates different types of microorganisms, such as bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and virus have become suitable technologies to address limitations of conventional analytical methods. The main applications of biosensors include the detection of environmental pollutants, pathogenic bacteria and compounds related to illness, and food quality. Each type of microorganisms possesses advantages and disadvantages with different mechanisms to detect the analytes of interest. Furthermore, there is an increasing trend in genetic modifications for the development of microbial biosensors due to potential for high-throughput analysis and portability. Many review articles have discussed the applications of microbial biosensor, but many of them focusing only about bacterial-based biosensor although other microbes also possess many advantages. Additionally, reviews on the applications of all microbes as biosensor especially viral and microbial fuel cell biosensors are also still limited. Therefore, this review summarizes all the current applications of bacterial-, microalgal-, fungal-, viral-based biosensor in regard to environmental, food, and medical-related applications. The underlying mechanism of each microbes to detect the analytes are also discussed. Additionally, microbial fuel cell biosensors which have great potential in the future are also discussed. Although many advantageous microbial-based biosensors have been discovered, other areas such as forensic detection, early detection of bacteria or virus species that can lead to pandemics, and others still need further investigation. With that said, microbial-based biosensors have promising potential for vast applications where the biosensing performance of various microorganisms are presented in this review along with future perspectives to resolve problems related on microbial biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengling Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Catarina Meliana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, Indonesia International Institute of Life Sciences, Jakarta, 13210, Indonesia
| | - Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi 229, Bandung, 40154, Indonesia
| | - Ceren Karaman
- Akdeniz University, Department of Electricity and Energy, Antalya, 07070, Turkey
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.O. Box 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran
| | - Sze Shin Low
- Research Centre of Life Science and Healthcare, China Beacons Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bounegru AV, Apetrei C. Studies on the Detection of Oleuropein from Extra Virgin Olive Oils Using Enzymatic Biosensors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012569. [PMID: 36293426 PMCID: PMC9604468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleuropein (OLEU) is an important indicator of the quality and authenticity of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO). Electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of oleuropein can be used to test the adulteration of extra virgin olive oils. The present study aimed at the qualitative and quantitative determination of oleuropein in commercial EVOO samples by applying electrochemical techniques, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The sensing devices used were two newly constructed enzyme biosensors, supported on single-layer carbon-nanotube-modified carbon screen-printed electrode (SPE/SWCNT) on whose surface tyrosinase (SPE/SWCNT/Tyr) and laccase (SPE/SWCNT/Lac) were immobilized, respectively. The active surfaces of the two biosensors were analyzed and characterized by different methods, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the results confirmed the efficient immobilization of the enzymes. SPE/SWCNT/Tyr was characterized by a low detection limit (LOD = 9.53 × 10−8 M) and a very good sensitivity (0.0718 μA·μM−1·cm−2) over a wide linearity range from 0.49 to 11.22 μM. The process occurring at the biosensor surface corresponds to kinetics (h = 0.90), and tyrosinase showed a high affinity towards OLEU. The tyrosinase-based biosensor was shown to have superior sensitive properties to the laccase-based one. Quantitative determination of OLEU in EVOOs was performed using SPE/SWCNT/Tyr and the results confirmed the presence of the compound in close amounts in the EVOOs analysed, proving that they have very good sensory properties.
Collapse
|
6
|
Olejnik A, Ficek M, Szkodo M, Stanisławska A, Karczewski J, Ryl J, Dołęga A, Siuzdak K, Bogdanowicz R. Tailoring Diffusional Fields in Zwitterion/Dopamine Copolymer Electropolymerized at Carbon Nanowalls for Sensitive Recognition of Neurotransmitters. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13183-13198. [PMID: 35868019 PMCID: PMC9413423 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of neurotransmitter sensing in the diagnosis and treatment of many psychological illnesses and neurodegenerative diseases is non-negotiable. For electrochemical sensors to become widespread and accurate, a long journey must be undertaken for each device, from understanding the materials at the molecular level to real applications in biological fluids. We report a modification of diamondized boron-doped carbon nanowalls (BCNWs) with an electropolymerized polydopamine/polyzwitterion (PDA|PZ) coating revealing tunable mechanical and electrochemical properties. Zwitterions are codeposited with PDA and noncovalently incorporated into a structure. This approach causes a specific separation of the diffusion fields generated by each nanowall during electrochemical reactions, thus increasing the contribution of the steady-state currents in the amperometric response. This phenomenon has a profound effect on the sensing properties, leading to a 4-fold enhancement of the sensitivity (3.1 to 14.3 μA cm-2 μM-1) and a 5-fold decrease of the limit of detection (505 to 89 nM) in comparison to the pristine BCNWs. Moreover, as a result of the antifouling capabilities of the incorporated zwitterions, this enhancement is preserved in bovine serum albumin (BSA) with a high protein concentration. The presence of zwitterion facilitates the transport of dopamine in the direction of the electrode by intermolecular interactions such as cation-π and hydrogen bonds. On the other hand, polydopamine units attached to the surface form molecular pockets driven by hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions. As a result, the intermediate state of dopamine-analyte oxidation is stabilized, leading to the enhancement of the sensing properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Olejnik
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Centre
for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow
Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ficek
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Szkodo
- Institute
of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alicja Stanisławska
- Institute
of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Karczewski
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering and Advanced Materials
Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering and Advanced Materials
Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Dołęga
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siuzdak
- Centre
for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow
Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Decarli NO, Zapp E, de Souza BS, Santana ER, Winiarski JP, Vieira IC. Biosensor based on laccase-halloysite nanotube and imidazolium zwitterionic surfactant for dopamine determination. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
8
|
Ibrahim H, Temerk Y. Surface decoration of functionalized carbon black nanoparticles with nanosized gold particles for electrochemical sensing of diuretic spironolactone in patient plasma. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Villalba-Rodríguez AM, Parra-Arroyo L, González-González RB, Parra-Saldívar R, Bilal M, Iqbal HM. Laccase-assisted biosensing constructs – Robust modalities to detect and remove environmental contaminants. CASE STUDIES IN CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
10
|
Mattos GJ, Schirmann JG, Salamanca-Neto CAR, Dekker RFH, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Sartori ER. Electrochemical Characterization of the Laccase-Catalyzed Oxidation of 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol: an Insight into the Direct Electron Transfer by Enzyme and Enzyme-Mediator System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4348-4361. [PMID: 35146637 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation process of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) by laccase from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 and the corresponding enzyme-mediator systems was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The enzyme was classified as a high oxidation potential laccase (> 0.70) V vs. NHE) based on its Redox potential at different pHs. The cyclic voltammograms for 2,6-DMP (- 58.7 mV pH-1) showed that its oxidation potential decreased more significantly compared to the enzyme (- 50.2 mV pH-1) by varying the pH. The 2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) mediators were effectively oxidized by laccase from B. rhodina MAMB-05. The influence of laccase on the comproportionation of ABTS and the ionic step of the oxidation of TEMPO was also studied using CV. A higher potential difference was observed between laccase and the substrate, and correlated with higher enzyme activity. For the laccase-mediator systems, there was no clear correlation of potential difference between laccase and mediators with enzyme activity towards 2,6-DMP. This observation suggests that there are other limiting parameters for enzyme activity despite Redox potential difference, especially during ionic steps of the mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Mattos
- Centro de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, Cx.P. 10.011, CEP: 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Jéseka G Schirmann
- Centro de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, Cx.P. 10.011, CEP: 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos A R Salamanca-Neto
- Centro de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, Cx.P. 10.011, CEP: 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Beta-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos EIRELI, Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Lote 24A, Bloco Zircônia, Câmpus Londrina, Avenida João Miguel Caram 731, CEP, Londrina, Paraná, 86036-700, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Beta-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos EIRELI, Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Lote 24A, Bloco Zircônia, Câmpus Londrina, Avenida João Miguel Caram 731, CEP, Londrina, Paraná, 86036-700, Brazil
| | - Elen R Sartori
- Centro de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, Cx.P. 10.011, CEP: 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Recent Advances in the Development of Laccase-Based Biosensors via Nano-Immobilization Techniques. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring phenolic compounds is critical in the environmental, food, and medical sectors. Among many recent advanced detection platforms, laccase-based biosensing platforms gave very rapid, effective, online, and in situ sensing of phenolic compounds. In laccase-based biosensors, laccase immobilization techniques have a vital role. However, a detailing of the advancements in laccase immobilization techniques employed in laccase-based biosensors is lacking in the literature. Thus, in this review, we assessed how the nano-immobilization techniques shaped the laccase biosensing platforms. We discussed novel developments in laccase immobilization techniques such as entrapment, adsorption, cross-linking, and covalent over new nanocomposites in laccase biosensors. We made a comprehensive assessment based on the current literature for future perspectives of nano-immobilized laccase biosensors. We found the important key areas toward which future laccase biosensor research seems to be heading. These include 1. A focus on the development of multi-layer laccase over electrode surface, 2. The need to utilize more covalent immobilization routes, as they change the laccase specificity toward phenolic compounds, 3. The advancement in polymeric matrices with electroconductive properties, and 4. novel entrapment techniques like biomineralization using laccase molecules. Thus, in this review, we provided a detailed account of immobilization in laccase biosensors and their feasibility in the future for the development of highly specific laccase biosensors in industrial, medicinal, food, and environmental applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) and Enzymes: From Nanozymes to CNM-Enzyme Conjugates and Biodegradation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031037. [PMID: 35160982 PMCID: PMC8838330 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and enzymes differ significantly in terms of their physico-chemical properties—their handling and characterization require very different specialized skills. Therefore, their combination is not trivial. Numerous studies exist at the interface between these two components—especially in the area of sensing—but also involving biofuel cells, biocatalysis, and even biomedical applications including innovative therapeutic approaches and theranostics. Finally, enzymes that are capable of biodegrading CNMs have been identified, and they may play an important role in controlling the environmental fate of these structures after their use. CNMs’ widespread use has created more and more opportunities for their entry into the environment, and thus it becomes increasingly important to understand how to biodegrade them. In this concise review, we will cover the progress made in the last five years on this exciting topic, focusing on the applications, and concluding with future perspectives on research combining carbon nanomaterials and enzymes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lei L, Yang X, Song Y, Huang H, Li Y. Current research progress on laccase-like nanomaterials. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The first systematic review of the progress of research on the types and applications of laccase-like activity of nanomaterials is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Lei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Water Resources and Aquatic Environment of Jilin Province, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alvarado-Ramírez L, Rostro-Alanis M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez J, Sosa-Hernández JE, Melchor-Martínez EM, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldívar R. Enzyme (Single and Multiple) and Nanozyme Biosensors: Recent Developments and Their Novel Applications in the Water-Food-Health Nexus. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:410. [PMID: 34821626 PMCID: PMC8615953 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of sensors in critical areas for human development such as water, food, and health has increased in recent decades. When the sensor uses biological recognition, it is known as a biosensor. Nowadays, the development of biosensors has been increased due to the need for reliable, fast, and sensitive techniques for the detection of multiple analytes. In recent years, with the advancement in nanotechnology within biocatalysis, enzyme-based biosensors have been emerging as reliable, sensitive, and selectively tools. A wide variety of enzyme biosensors has been developed by detecting multiple analytes. In this way, together with technological advances in areas such as biotechnology and materials sciences, different modalities of biosensors have been developed, such as bi-enzymatic biosensors and nanozyme biosensors. Furthermore, the use of more than one enzyme within the same detection system leads to bi-enzymatic biosensors or multi-enzyme sensors. The development and synthesis of new materials with enzyme-like properties have been growing, giving rise to nanozymes, considered a promising tool in the biosensor field due to their multiple advantages. In this review, general views and a comparison describing the advantages and disadvantages of each enzyme-based biosensor modality, their possible trends and the principal reported applications will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (L.A.-R.); (M.R.-A.); (J.R.-R.); (J.E.S.-H.); (E.M.M.-M.); (H.M.N.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barbosa IB, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Dekker RFH, Bezerra AG, de Santana H, Orsato A. Polysaccharide-based substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119255. [PMID: 33338938 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) became a useful analytical technique with the development of appropriate metallic substrates. The need for SERS substrates that immobilize metallic nanoparticles prompted this work to search for an appropriate material. This work presents the preparation, characterization and application of a SERS substrate for crystal violet (CV) detection, as the probe molecule. The inner layer of the substrate is a thin film of the fungal β-D-glucan, botryosphaeran, covered by a thin layer of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The nanoparticles were produced by laser ablation, a fast and clean method for their preparation, and the layers were assembled by casting. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, UV-VIS and Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction allowed the characterization of the surface of the substrate. Analysis by Raman spectroscopy showed promising results for SERS amplification on the substrate. Detection of CV reached enhancement factors up to 106 orders of magnitude, compared to normal Raman spectra. Linearity was observed for analyses on the SERS substrate at concentration ranges of 0.005 to 1 µmol L-1. The assembly reached the detection of 12 pmol cm-2 of CV, which corresponds to 96 fg of the probe molecule contained in the area of the substrate effectively interacting with the laser. The substrate was more efficient than silver colloids to perform SERS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Brito Barbosa
- Departamento de Química, CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP: 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Departamento de Química, CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP: 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Londrina, CEP 86036-370, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Arandi Ginane Bezerra
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, CEP: 80230-901, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Henrique de Santana
- Departamento de Química, CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP: 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Orsato
- Departamento de Química, CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP: 86051-990, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A photoelectrochemical enzyme biosensor based on functionalized hematite microcubes for rutin determination by square-wave voltammetry. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:28. [PMID: 33404780 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical biosensing strategy for the highly sensitive detection of the flavonoid rutin was developed by synergizing the photoelectrocatalytic properties of hematite (α-Fe2O3) decorated with palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) and the biocatalysis towards laccase-based reactions. The integration of α-Fe2O3.PdNPs with a polyphenol oxidase as a biorecognition element yields a novel biosensing platform. Under visible light irradiation, the photoactive biocomposite can generate a stable photocurrent, which was found to be directly dependent upon the concentration of rutin. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the cathodic photocurrent, measured at 0.33 V vs. Ag/AgCl, from the square-wave voltammograms presented a linear dependence on the rutin concentration within the range of 0.008-30.0 × 10-8 mol L-1 (sensitivity: 1.7 μA·(× 10-8 M-1)·cm-2), with an experimental detection limit (S/N = 3) of 8.4 × 10-11 mol L-1. The proposed biosensor device presented good selectivity towards rutin in the presence of various organic compounds and inorganic ions, demonstrating the potential application of this biosensing platform in complex matrices. This bioanalytical device also exhibited excellent operational and analytical properties, such as intra-day (standard deviation, SD = 0.21%) and inter-day (SD = 1.30%) repeatability, and long storage stability (SD = 2.80% over 30 days).Graphical abstract.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wardak C, Paczosa-Bator B, Malinowski S. Application of cold plasma corona discharge in preparation of laccase-based biosensors for dopamine determination. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
18
|
Capela EV, Valente AI, Nunes JC, Magalhães FF, Rodríguez O, Soto A, Freire MG, Tavares AP. Insights on the laccase extraction and activity in ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
19
|
Covalent attachment of laccase to carboxymethyl-botryosphaeran in aqueous solution for the construction of a voltammetric biosensor to quantify quercetin. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107543. [PMID: 32450282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Laccase from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 was covalently immobilized on carboxymethyl-botryosphaeran by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) in aqueous solution. This approach was employed to fabricate a novel laccase-based biosensor to electrochemically quantify quercetin (QCT), using a simple carbon black paste electrode as a transducer. The proposed biosensor was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Nyquist plots were used to evaluate the immobilization of the enzyme. For determining QCT, variables were optimized, that included experimental conditions for laccase immobilization, pH of the supporting electrolyte, and instrumental parameters of the electroanalytical technique. From square-wave-voltammograms, a linear dependence between the cathodic current peak and QCT concentration was observed within the range 4.98-50.0 × 10-8 mol L-1, with a theoretical detection limit of 2.6 × 10-8 mol L-1. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine QCT in beverages, pharmaceuticals, and biological samples. The proposed biosensor device presented good selectivity in the presence of uric acid, various inorganic ions, as well as other phenolic compounds, demonstrating the potential application of this biosensing platform in chemically complex solutions. Operational and analytical stability of the laccase-biosensor were evaluated, and good intra-day (SD = 1.23%) and inter-day (SD = 2.32%) repeatability, and long storage stability (SD = 3.47%) are presented.
Collapse
|
20
|
Raymundo-Pereira PA, Silva TA, Caetano FR, Ribovski L, Zapp E, Brondani D, Bergamini MF, Marcolino LH, Banks CE, Oliveira ON, Janegitz BC, Fatibello-Filho O. Polyphenol oxidase-based electrochemical biosensors: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1139:198-221. [PMID: 33190704 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The detection of phenolic compounds is relevant not only for their possible benefits to human health but also for their role as chemical pollutants, including as endocrine disruptors. The required monitoring of such compounds on-site or in field analysis can be performed with electrochemical biosensors made with polyphenol oxidases (PPO). In this review, we describe biosensors containing the oxidases tyrosinase and laccase, in addition to crude extracts and tissues from plants as enzyme sources. From the survey in the literature, we found that significant advances to obtain sensitive, robust biosensors arise from the synergy reached with a diversity of nanomaterials employed in the matrix. These nanomaterials are mostly metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures, which offer a suitable environment to preserve the activity of the enzymes and enhance electron transport. Besides presenting a summary of contributions to electrochemical biosensors containing PPOs in the last five years, we discuss the trends and challenges to take these biosensors to the market, especially for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago A Silva
- Departamento de Metalurgia e Química, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), 35180-008, Timóteo, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio R Caetano
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Laís Ribovski
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Zapp
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 89036-256, Brazil
| | - Daniela Brondani
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 89036-256, Brazil
| | - Marcio F Bergamini
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Marcolino
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Orlando Fatibello-Filho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Salamanca-Neto CAR, Marcheafave GG, Scremin J, Barbosa ECM, Camargo PHC, Dekker RFH, Scarminio IS, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Sartori ER. Chemometric-assisted construction of a biosensing device to measure chlorogenic acid content in brewed coffee beverages to discriminate quality. Food Chem 2020; 315:126306. [PMID: 32035315 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work we propose the use of statistical mixture design in the construction of a biosensor device based on graphite oxide, platinum nanoparticles and biomaterials obtained from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05. The biosensor was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under optimized experimental parameters by factorial design, the biosensor was applied to the voltammetric determination of chlorogenic acid (CGA) measured as 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA). The biosensor response was linear (R2 = 0.998) for 5-CQA in the concentration range 0.56-7.3 µmol L-1, with limit of detection and quantification of 0.18 and 0.59 µmol L-1, respectively. The new biosensing device was applied to quality control analysis based upon the determination of CGA content in specialty and traditional coffee beverages. The results indicated that specialty coffee had a significantly higher content of CGA. Principal component analysis of the voltammetric fingerprint of brewed coffees revealed that the laccase-based biosensor can be used for their discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A R Salamanca-Neto
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo G Marcheafave
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica Scremin
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C M Barbosa
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro H C Camargo
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Londrina, CEP 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ieda S Scarminio
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Elen R Sartori
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
An Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on a Self-Assembled Monolayer Modified Electrode for Label-Free Detection of α-Synuclein. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030617. [PMID: 31979160 PMCID: PMC7038178 DOI: 10.3390/s20030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This research demonstrated the development of a simple, cost-effective, and label-free immunosensor for the detection of α-synuclein (α-Syn) based on a cystamine (CYS) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) decorated fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode. CYS-SAM was formed onto the FTO electrode by the adsorption of CYS molecules through the head sulfur groups. The free amine (–NH2) groups at the tail of the CYS-SAM enabled the immobilization of anti-α-Syn-antibody, which concurrently allowed the formation of immunocomplex by covalent bonding with α-Syn-antigen. The variation of the concentrations of the attached α-Syn at the immunosensor probe induced the alternation of the current and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) for the redox response of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−, which displayed a linear dynamic range from 10 to 1000 ng/mL with a low detection limit (S/N = 3) of ca. 3.62 and 1.13 ng/mL in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measurements, respectively. The immunosensor displayed good reproducibility, anti-interference ability, and good recoveries of α-Syn detection in diluted human serum samples. The proposed immunosensor is a promising platform to detect α-Syn for the early diagnose of Parkinson’s disease, which can be extended for the determination of other biologically important biomarkers.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
There is a high number of well characterized, commercially available laccases with different redox potentials and low substrate specificity, which in turn makes them attractive for a vast array of biotechnological applications. Laccases operate as batteries, storing electrons from individual substrate oxidation reactions to reduce molecular oxygen, releasing water as the only by-product. Due to society’s increasing environmental awareness and the global intensification of bio-based economies, the biotechnological industry is also expanding. Enzymes such as laccases are seen as a better alternative for use in the wood, paper, textile, and food industries, and they are being applied as biocatalysts, biosensors, and biofuel cells. Almost 140 years from the first description of laccase, industrial implementations of these enzymes still remain scarce in comparison to their potential, which is mostly due to high production costs and the limited control of the enzymatic reaction side product(s). This review summarizes the laccase applications in the last decade, focusing on the published patents during this period.
Collapse
|