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Concha-Graña E, Moscoso-Pérez CM, Fernández-González V, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. A green approach for the automatic quantitative analysis of additives in plastic samples using in-tube extraction dynamic headspace sampling technique coupled to GC-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1302:342487. [PMID: 38580405 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the chemicals frequently used as additives have been recognised as hazardous substances, and therefore their analysis is necessary to evaluate plastic contamination risk. Additives analysis in plastic samples is usually performed by methods involving high volumes of toxic solvents or having high detection limits. In this work, a novel, fast, solventless and reliable green method was developed for the automated analysis of plastic additives from plastic samples. The proposed method consists of in-tube extraction dynamic headspace sampling (ITEX-DHS) combined with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS/MS) determination. RESULTS Several parameters affecting the ITEX-DHS extraction of 47 additives in plastic samples (including phthalates, bisphenols, adipates, citrates, benzophenones, organophosphorus compounds, among others) were optimised. The use of matrix-matched calibration, together with labelled surrogate standards, minimises matrix effects, resulting in recoveries between 70 and 128%, with good quantitation limits (below 0.1 μg g-1 for most compounds) and precision (<20%). The method proposed can be applied to any type of polymer, but due to the existence of the matrix effect, calibrates with the adequate matrix should be performed for each polymer. SIGNIFICANCE This method represents an effective improvement compared to previous methods because it is fast, solvent-free, fully automated, and provides reliable quantification of additives in plastic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Carmen M Moscoso-Pérez
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Universidade da Coruña, Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP) research group, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), 15008, A Coruña, Spain.
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Zhang S, Chen Y, Liu S, Li Y, Zhao H, Chen Q, Hou X. Dissolution-precipitation method concatenated sodium alginate/MOF-derived magnetic multistage pore carbon magnetic solid phase extraction for determination of antioxidants and ultraviolet stabilizers in polylactic acid food contact plastics. Talanta 2024; 270:125487. [PMID: 38101034 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants and UV stabilizers have some endocrine disrupting effects and liver toxicity. Both types of additives are still widely used in food contact plastics to improve the durability of plastic products. However, efficient and rapid detection of antioxidants and UV stabilizers has been a challenge due to the complexity of the plastic matrix and the low content of antioxidants and UV stabilizers. In this study, a sodium alginate/MOF-derived magnetic multistage pore carbon material (MIL-101(Fe)/SA-CAs) was developed, having the merits of abundant multistage pore structure, large specific surface area, and good magnetic separation properties. Thus, this material was selected as the sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with a dissolution-precipitation method for the extraction and purification of antioxidants and UV stabilizers from polylactic acid food contact plastics. The extraction parameters such as sorbent type, sorbent dosage, sample solution pH, ionic strength, sorption time, elution solution type, volume, and time were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, all the analytes determined by UPLC-MS/MS showed good linear range (r > 0.99), detection limit (0.023-3.105 ng g-1), accuracy (70.6-102.3 %), and reproducibility (RSD<9.8 %). Further, the developed method was applied to determine the antioxidants and UV stabilizers in polylactic acid lunch boxes and straws, showing excellent applicability. The results showed that the antioxidants and UV stabilizers were detected in some of the samples, with a maximum detection of antioxidant 1010 at 7297 ng g-1. This study provided a sensitive, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for antioxidants and UV stabilizers in polylactic acid food contact plastics. The ideas for the design of environmentally friendly metal-organic frameworks and biomass composite multifunctional materials would promise in the sample pretreatment field for the emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanghe Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Y, Li H, Huang H, Zhang B, Ye Z, Yu X, Shentu X. Recent Advances in Non-Targeted Screening of Compounds in Plastic-Based/Paper-Based Food Contact Materials. Foods 2023; 12:4135. [PMID: 38002192 PMCID: PMC10670899 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the safety of food contact materials has become a pressing concern in recent times. However, detecting hazardous compounds in such materials can be a complex task, and traditional screening methods may not be sufficient. Non-targeted screening technologies can provide comprehensive information on all detectable compounds, thereby supporting the identification, detection, and risk assessment of food contact materials. Nonetheless, the non-targeted screening of food contact materials remains a challenging issue. This paper presents a detailed review of non-targeted screening technologies relying on high-resolution mass spectrometry for plastic-based and paper-based food contact materials over the past five years. Methods of extracting, separating, concentrating, and enriching compounds, as well as migration experiments related to non-targeted screening, are examined in detail. Furthermore, instruments and devices of high-resolution mass spectrometry used in non-targeted screening technologies for food contact materials are discussed and summarized. The research findings aim to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the risk management of food contact materials and the development of relevant regulations and standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chen
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Hongyan Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Product Quality and Safety Science, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Haizhi Huang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Biao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zihong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuping Shentu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (X.Y.)
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Effect-detection by planar SOS-Umu-C genotoxicity bioassay and chemical identification of genotoxins in packaging migrates, proven by microtiter plate assays SOS-Umu-C and Ames-MPF. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Sussman EM, Oktem B, Isayeva IS, Liu J, Wickramasekara S, Chandrasekar V, Nahan K, Shin HY, Zheng J. Chemical Characterization and Non-targeted Analysis of Medical Device Extracts: A Review of Current Approaches, Gaps, and Emerging Practices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:939-963. [PMID: 35171560 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developers of medical devices evaluate the biocompatibility of their device prior to FDA's review and subsequent introduction to the market. Chemical characterization, described in ISO 10993-18:2020, can generate information for toxicological risk assessment and is an alternative approach for addressing some biocompatibility end points (e.g., systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity) that can reduce the time and cost of testing and the need for animal testing. Additionally, chemical characterization can be used to determine whether modifications to the materials and manufacturing processes alter the chemistry of a patient-contacting device to an extent that could impact device safety. Extractables testing is one approach to chemical characterization that employs combinations of non-targeted analysis, non-targeted screening, and/or targeted analysis to establish the identities and quantities of the various chemical constituents that can be released from a device. Due to the difficulty in obtaining a priori information on all the constituents in finished devices, information generation strategies in the form of analytical chemistry testing are often used. Identified and quantified extractables are then assessed using toxicological risk assessment approaches to determine if reported quantities are sufficiently low to overcome the need for further chemical analysis, biological evaluation of select end points, or risk control. For extractables studies to be useful as a screening tool, comprehensive and reliable non-targeted methods are needed. Although non-targeted methods have been adopted by many laboratories, they are laboratory-specific and require expensive analytical instruments and advanced technical expertise to perform. In this Perspective, we describe the elements of extractables studies and provide an overview of the current practices, identified gaps, and emerging practices that may be adopted on a wider scale in the future. This Perspective is outlined according to the steps of an extractables study: information gathering, extraction, extract sample processing, system selection, qualification, quantification, and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Sussman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Berk Oktem
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Irada S Isayeva
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Chandrasekar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Keaton Nahan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Hainsworth Y Shin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Zhao X, Liu X, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhang T, Chen J, Li Q, Wei Y, Xi X. Determination of polymer additives in foods and drinks packed with plastic by amino group modified magnetic mesoporous silica microspheres coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1895219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xuerui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Juanqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Taoyi Zhang
- Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, P.R. China
| | - Quan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xingjun Xi
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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