1
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Gevaerd A, Carneiro EA, Gogola JL, Nicollete DRP, Santiago EB, Riedi HP, Timm A, Predebon JV, Hartmann LF, Ribeiro VHA, Rochitti C, Marques GL, Loesch MMON, de Almeida BMM, Rogal-Junior S, Figueredo MVM. Utilizing COVID-19 as a Model for Diagnostics Using an Electrochemical Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3772. [PMID: 38931556 PMCID: PMC11207896 DOI: 10.3390/s24123772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports a rapid and sensitive sensor for the detection and quantification of the COVID-19 N-protein (N-PROT) via an electrochemical mechanism. Single-frequency electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used as a transduction method for real-time measurement of the N-PROT in an immunosensor system based on gold-conjugate-modified carbon screen-printed electrodes (Cov-Ag-SPE). The system presents high selectivity attained through an optimal stimulation signal composed of a 0.0 V DC potential and 10 mV RMS-1 AC signal at 100 Hz over 300 s. The Cov-Ag-SPE showed a log response toward N-PROT detection at concentrations from 1.0 ng mL-1 to 10.0 μg mL-1, with a 0.977 correlation coefficient for the phase (θ) variation. An ML-based approach could be created using some aspects observed from the positive and negative samples; hence, it was possible to classify 252 samples, reaching 83.0, 96.2 and 91.3% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, respectively, with confidence intervals (CI) ranging from 73.0 to 100.0%. Because impedance spectroscopy measurements can be performed with low-cost portable instruments, the immunosensor proposed here can be applied in point-of-care diagnostics for mass testing, even in places with limited resources, as an alternative to the common diagnostics methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Gevaerd
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Emmanuelle A. Carneiro
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Jeferson L. Gogola
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Diego R. P. Nicollete
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Erika B. Santiago
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Halanna P. Riedi
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Adriano Timm
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - João V. Predebon
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Luis F. Hartmann
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Victor H. A. Ribeiro
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Carlos Rochitti
- School of Medicine—Campus PUCPR, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo L. Marques
- School of Medicine—Campus PUCPR, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Maira M. O. N. Loesch
- School of Medicine—Campus PUCPR, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Bernardo M. M. de Almeida
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Sérgio Rogal-Junior
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
| | - Marcus V. M. Figueredo
- Research and Development Department, Hilab Campus, Rua José A. Possebom, 800, Curitiba, Parana 81270-185, Brazil (M.V.M.F.)
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2
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Kim YJ, Min J. Advances in nanobiosensors during the COVID-19 pandemic and future perspectives for the post-COVID era. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:3. [PMID: 38206526 PMCID: PMC10784265 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The unprecedented threat of the highly contagious virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes exponentially increased infections of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), highlights the weak spots of the current diagnostic toolbox. In the midst of catastrophe, nanobiosensors offer a new opportunity as an alternative tool to fill a gap among molecular tests, rapid antigen tests, and serological tests. Nanobiosensors surpass the potential of antigen tests because of their enhanced sensitivity, thus enabling us to see antigens as stable and easy-to-access targets. During the first three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial number of studies have reported nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The number of articles on nanobiosensors and SARS-CoV-2 exceeds the amount of nanobiosensor research on detecting previous infectious diseases, from influenza to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This unprecedented publishing pace also implies the significance of SARS-CoV-2 and the present pandemic. In this review, 158 studies reporting nanobiosensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigens are collected to discuss the current challenges of nanobiosensors using the criteria of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics along with COVID-specific issues. These advances and lessons during the pandemic pave the way for preparing for the post-COVID era and potential upcoming infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Al-Qaoud KM, Obeidat YM, Al-Omari T, Okour M, Al-Omari MM, Ahmad MI, Alshadfan R, Rawashdeh AM. The development of an electrochemical immunosensor utilizing chicken IgY anti-spike antibody for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:748. [PMID: 38185704 PMCID: PMC10772103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel approach for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein combining a label free electrochemical impedimetric immunosensor with the use of purified chicken IgY antibodies. The sensor employs three electrodes and is functionalized with an anti-S IgY antibody, ELISA and immunoblot assays confirmed the positive response of chicken immunized with SARS-CoV2 S antigen. The developed immunosensor is effective in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal clinical samples from suspected cases. The key advantage of this biosensor is its remarkable sensitivity, and its capability of detecting very low concentrations of the target analyte, with a detection limit of 5.65 pg/mL. This attribute makes it highly suitable for practical point-of-care (POC) applications, particularly in low analyte count clinical scenarios, without requiring amplification. Furthermore, the biosensor has a wide dynamic range of detection, spanning from 11.56 to 740 ng/mL, which makes it applicable for sample analysis in a typical clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Al-Qaoud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yusra M Obeidat
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Hijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Tareq Al-Omari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Okour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mariam M Al-Omari
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad I Ahmad
- Rawgene Biotech, Umm Khelad St. 33, Amman, Jordan
- Atlas Medical, Sahab Industrial Area, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raed Alshadfan
- Rawgene Biotech, Umm Khelad St. 33, Amman, Jordan
- Atlas Medical, Sahab Industrial Area, Amman, Jordan
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4
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Robinson C, Juska VB, O'Riordan A. Surface chemistry applications and development of immunosensors using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116877. [PMID: 37579966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunosensors are promising alternatives as detection platforms for the current gold standards methods. Electrochemical immunosensors have already proven their capability for the sensitive, selective, detection of target biomarkers specific to COVID-19, varying cancers or Alzheimer's disease, etc. Among the electrochemical techniques, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a highly sensitive technique which examines the impedance of an electrochemical cell over a range of frequencies. There are several important critical requirements for the construction of successful impedimetric immunosensor. The applied surface chemistry and immobilisation protocol have impact on the electroanalytical performance of the developed immunosensors. In this Review, we summarise the building blocks of immunosensors based on EIS, including self-assembly monolayers, nanomaterials, polymers, immobilisation protocols and antibody orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Robinson
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP, Cork, Ireland
| | - Vuslat B Juska
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan O'Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP, Cork, Ireland.
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5
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Laleh S, Ibarlucea B, Stadtmüller M, Cuniberti G, Medina-Sánchez M. Portable microfluidic impedance biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 236:115362. [PMID: 37300901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pandemics as the one we are currently facing, where fast-spreading viruses present a threat to humanity, call for simple and reliable methods to perform early diagnosis, enabling detection of very low pathogen loads even before symptoms start showing in the host. So far, standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most reliable method for doing so, but it is rather slow and needs specialized reagents and trained personnel to operate it. Additionally, it is expensive and not easily accessible. Therefore, developing miniaturized and portable sensors which perform early detection of pathogens with high reliability is necessary to not only prevent the spreading of the disease but also to monitor the effectiveness of the developed vaccines and the appearance of new pathogenic variants. Thus, in this work we develop a sensitive microfluidic impedance biosensor for the direct detection of SARS-CoV-2, towards a mobile point-of-care (POC) platform. The operational parameters are optimized with the aid of design-of-experiment (DoE), for an accurate detection of the viral antigens using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We perform the biodetection of buffer samples spiked with fM concentration levels and validate the biosensor in a clinical context of relevance by analyzing 15 real patient samples up to a Ct value (cycle threshold) of 27. Finally, we demonstrate the versatility of the developed platform using different settings, including a small portable potentiostat, using multiple channels for self-validation, as well as with single biosensors for a smartphone-based readout. This work contributes to the rapid and reliable diagnostics of COVID-19 and can be extended to other infectious diseases, allowing the monitoring of viral load in vaccinated and unvaccinated people to anticipate a potential relapse of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Laleh
- Micro- and NanoBiomedical Engineering Group (MNBE), Institute for Emerging Electronic Technologies, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069, Dresden, Germany; Chair of Micro- and NanoSystems, Center for Molecular Bioengineering (B CUBE), Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bergoi Ibarlucea
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center for Biomaterials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Micro- and NanoBiomedical Engineering Group (MNBE), Institute for Emerging Electronic Technologies, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (Leibniz IFW Dresden), 01069, Dresden, Germany; Chair of Micro- and NanoSystems, Center for Molecular Bioengineering (B CUBE), Dresden University of Technology, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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6
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Liang Q, Chan YC, Toscano J, Bjorkman KK, Leinwand LA, Parker R, Nozik ES, Nesbitt DJ, Ye J. Breath analysis by ultra-sensitive broadband laser spectroscopy detects SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Breath Res 2023; 17:10.1088/1752-7163/acc6e4. [PMID: 37016829 PMCID: PMC10930087 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/acc6e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid testing is essential to fighting pandemics such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Exhaled human breath contains multiple volatile molecules providing powerful potential for non-invasive diagnosis of diverse medical conditions. We investigated breath detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection using cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy (CE-DFCS), a state-of-the-art laser spectroscopic technique capable of a real-time massive collection of broadband molecular absorption features at ro-vibrational quantum state resolution and at parts-per-trillion volume detection sensitivity. Using a total of 170 individual breath samples (83 positive and 87 negative with SARS-CoV-2 based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests), we report excellent discrimination capability for SARS-CoV-2 infection with an area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve of 0.849(4). Our results support the development of CE-DFCS as an alternative, rapid, non-invasive test for COVID-19 and highlight its remarkable potential for optical diagnoses of diverse biological conditions and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhong Liang
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Ya-Chu Chan
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Jutta Toscano
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kristen K Bjorkman
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
| | - Roy Parker
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and HHMI, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
| | - Eva S Nozik
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, and Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - David J Nesbitt
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
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7
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Ong V, Soleimani A, Amirghasemi F, Khazaee Nejad S, Abdelmonem M, Razaviyayn M, Hosseinzadeh P, Comai L, Mousavi MPS. Impedimetric Sensing: An Emerging Tool for Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020204. [PMID: 36831970 PMCID: PMC9953732 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic revealed a pressing need for the development of sensitive and low-cost point-of-care sensors for disease diagnosis. The current standard of care for COVID-19 is quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This method is sensitive, but takes time, effort, and requires specialized equipment and reagents to be performed correctly. This make it unsuitable for widespread, rapid testing and causes poor individual and policy decision-making. Rapid antigen tests (RATs) are a widely used alternative that provide results quickly but have low sensitivity and are prone to false negatives, particularly in cases with lower viral burden. Electrochemical sensors have shown much promise in filling this technology gap, and impedance spectroscopy specifically has exciting potential in rapid screening of COVID-19. Due to the data-rich nature of impedance measurements performed at different frequencies, this method lends itself to machine-leaning (ML) algorithms for further data processing. This review summarizes the current state of impedance spectroscopy-based point-of-care sensors for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This article also suggests future directions to address the technology's current limitations to move forward in this current pandemic and prepare for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ong
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ali Soleimani
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Farbod Amirghasemi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sina Khazaee Nejad
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mona Abdelmonem
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Meisam Razaviyayn
- Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Parisa Hosseinzadeh
- Knight Campus Center Department of Bioengineering, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Maral P. S. Mousavi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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8
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Roychoudhury A, Allen RJ, Curk T, Farrell J, McAllister G, Templeton K, Bachmann TT. Amplification Free Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Using Multi-Valent Binding. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3692-3699. [PMID: 36482673 PMCID: PMC9743695 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present the development of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based biosensors for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using multi-valent binding. By increasing the number of probe-target binding events per target molecule, multi-valent binding is a viable strategy for improving the biosensor performance. As EIS can provide sensitive and label-free measurements of nucleic acid targets during probe-target hybridization, we used multi-valent binding to build EIS biosensors for targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA. For developing the biosensor, we explored two different approaches including probe combinations that individually bind in a single-valent fashion and the probes that bind in a multi-valent manner on their own. While we found excellent biosensor performance using probe combinations, we also discovered unexpected signal suppression. We explained the signal suppression theoretically using inter- and intra-probe hybridizations which confirmed our experimental findings. With our best probe combination, we achieved a LOD of 182 copies/μL (303 aM) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and used these for successful evaluation of patient samples for COVID-19 diagnostics. We were also able to show the concept of multi-valent binding with shorter probes in the second approach. Here, a 13-nt-long probe has shown the best performance during SARS-CoV-2 RNA binding. Therefore, multi-valent binding approaches using EIS have high utility for direct detection of nucleic acid targets and for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appan Roychoudhury
- Infection
Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France
Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16
4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind J. Allen
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Tine Curk
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
| | - James Farrell
- Institute
of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China,School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gina McAllister
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Templeton
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - Till T. Bachmann
- Infection
Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France
Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16
4SB, United Kingdom,E-mail:
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9
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Ma C, Lu D, Gan H, Yao Z, Zhu DZ, Luo J, Fu Q, Kurup P. The critical experimental aspects for developing pathogen electrochemical biosensors: A lesson during the COVID-19 pandemic. Talanta 2022:124009. [PMCID: PMC9562616 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Though the bitter global pandemic posed a severe public health threat, it set an unprecedented stage for different research teams to present various technologies for detecting SARS-CoV-2, providing a rare and hard-won lesson for one to comprehensively survey the core experimental aspects in developing pathogens electrochemical biosensors. Apart from collecting all the published biosensor studies, we focused on the effects and consequences of using different receptors, such as antibodies, aptamers, ACE 2, and MIPs, which are one of the core topics of developing a pathogen biosensor. In addition, we tried to find an appropriate and distinctive application scenario (e.g., wastewater-based epidemiology) to maximize the advantages of using electrochemical biosensors to detect pathogens. Based on the enormous amount of information from those published studies, features that fit and favor wastewater pathogen detection can be picked up and integrated into a specific strategy to perform quantitative measurements in wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dingnan Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Gan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - David Z. Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jiayue Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Pradeep Kurup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA,Corresponding author
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10
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Guerrero-Esteban T, Gutiérrez-Sánchez C, Villa-Manso AM, Revenga-Parra M, Pariente F, Lorenzo E. Sensitive SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewaters using a carbon nanodot-amplified electrochemiluminescence immunosensor. Talanta 2022; 247:123543. [PMID: 35594835 PMCID: PMC9101780 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the great utility that having fast, efficient and cost-effective methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater can have in controlling the pandemic caused by this virus, the development of new dependable and specific SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus sensing devices to be applied to wastewater is essential to promote public health interventions. Therefore, herein we propose a new method to detect SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater based on a carbon nanodots-amplified electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for the determination of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 protein. For the construction of the immunosensor, N-rich carbon nanodots have been synthetized with a double function: to contribute as amplifiers of the electrochemiluminescent signal in presence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and as antibody supports by providing functional groups capable of covalently interacting with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 antibody. The proposed ECL immunosensor has demonstrated a high specificity in presence of other virus-related proteins and responded linearly to SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 concentration over a wide range with a limit of detection of 1.2 pg/mL. The immunosensor has an excellent stability and achieved the detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 in river and urban wastewater, which supplies a feasible and reliable sensing platform for early virus detection and therefore to protect the population. The detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 in urban wastewater can be used as a tool to measure the circulation of the virus in the population and to detect a possible resurgence of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mónica Revenga-Parra
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Spain; Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Pariente
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Spain; Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarnación Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Spain; Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Nanociencia, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Impedimetric Detection Based on Label-Free Immunoassay Developed for Targeting Spike S1 Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081992. [PMID: 36010342 PMCID: PMC9407092 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After the COVID-19 pandemic started all over the world, great importance was placed on the development of sensitive and selective bioanalytical assays for the rapid detection of the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 disease. In this present work, an impedimetric immunosensor was developed and applied for rapid, reliable, sensitive and selective detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein. To detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, targeting of the spike S1 protein was achieved herein by using S1 protein-specific capture antibody (Cab-S1) immobilized screen-printed electrode (SPE) in combination with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. With the impedimetric immunosensor, the detection limit for S1 protein in buffer medium was found to be 0.23 ng/mL (equal to 23.92 amol in 8 µL sample) in the linear concentration range of S1 protein from 0.5 to 10 ng/mL. In the artificial saliva medium, it was found to be 0.09 ng/mL (equals to 9.36 amol in 8 µL sample) in the linear concentration range of S1 protein between 0.1 and 1 ng/mL. The selectivity of the impedimetric immunosensor toward S1 protein was tested against influenza hemagglutinin antigen (HA) in the buffer medium as well as in artificial saliva.
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12
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Vásquez V, Orozco J. Detection of COVID-19-related biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors and potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the course of the disease in the context of personalized medicine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:1003-1031. [PMID: 35970970 PMCID: PMC9378265 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a more efficient and effective way to address disease diagnosis and intervention, cutting-edge technologies, devices, therapeutic approaches, and practices have emerged within the personalized medicine concept depending on the particular patient's biology and the molecular basis of the disease. Personalized medicine is expected to play a pivotal role in assessing disease risk or predicting response to treatment, understanding a person's health status, and, therefore, health care decision-making. This work discusses electrochemical biosensors for monitoring multiparametric biomarkers at different molecular levels and their potential to elucidate the health status of an individual in a personalized manner. In particular, and as an illustration, we discuss several aspects of the infection produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a current health care concern worldwide. This includes SARS-CoV-2 structure, mechanism of infection, biomarkers, and electrochemical biosensors most commonly explored for diagnostics, prognostics, and potentially assessing the risk of complications in patients in the context of personalized medicine. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives hint at the use of electrochemical biosensors in the frame of other cutting-edge converging/emerging technologies toward the inauguration of a new paradigm of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vásquez
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
| | - Jahir Orozco
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
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13
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Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and early diagnosis of lethal coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important issue considering global human health, economy, education, and other activities. The advancement of understanding of the chemistry/biochemistry and the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to the development of low-cost, efficient, and reliable methods for COVID-19 diagnosis over “gold standard” real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) due to its several limitations. This led to the development of electrochemical sensors/biosensors for rapid, fast, and low-cost detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the patient’s biological fluids by detecting the components of the virus, including structural proteins (antigens), nucleic acid, and antibodies created after COVID-19 infection. This review comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art research progress of electrochemical biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. They include the detection of spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, whole virus, nucleic acid, and antibodies. The review also outlines the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, different detection methods, and design strategies of electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 biosensors by highlighting the current challenges and future perspectives.
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14
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Zeng J, Duarte PA, Ma Y, Savchenko O, Shoute L, Khaniani Y, Babiuk S, Zhuo R, Abdelrasoul GN, Charlton C, Kanji JN, Babiuk L, Edward C, Chen J. An impedimetric biosensor for COVID-19 serology test and modification of sensor performance via dielectrophoresis force. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114476. [PMID: 35716642 PMCID: PMC9186431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused significant global morbidity and mortality. The serology test that detects antibodies against the disease causative agent, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has often neglected value in supporting immunization policies and therapeutic decision-making. The ELISA-based antibody test is time-consuming and bulky. This work described a gold micro-interdigitated electrodes (IDE) biosensor for COVID antibody detection based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) responses. The IDE architecture allows easy surface modification with the viral structure protein, Spike (S) protein, in the gap of the electrode digits to selectively capture anti-S antibodies in buffer solutions or human sera. Two strategies were employed to resolve the low sensitivity issue of non-faradic impedimetric sensors and the sensor fouling phenomenon when using the serum. One uses secondary antibody-gold nanoparticle (AuNP) conjugates to further distinguish anti-S antibodies from the non-specific binding and obtain a more significant impedance change. The second strategy consists of increasing the concentration of target antibodies in the gap of IDEs by inducing an AC electrokinetic effect such as dielectrophoresis (DEP). AuNP and DEP methods reached a limit of detection of 200 ng/mL and 2 μg/mL, respectively using purified antibodies in buffer, while the DEP method achieved a faster testing time of only 30 min. Both strategies could qualitatively distinguish COVID-19 antibody-positive and -negative sera. Our work, especially the impedimetric detection of COVID-19 antibodies under the assistance of the DEP force presents a promising path toward rapid, point-of-care solutions for COVID-19 serology tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Pedro A Duarte
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yuhao Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Oleksandra Savchenko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lian Shoute
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yeganeh Khaniani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ran Zhuo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Gaser N Abdelrasoul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Carmen Charlton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada; Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Calgary, AB, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jamil N Kanji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada; Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Calgary, AB, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lorne Babiuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cole Edward
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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15
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Bistaffa MJ, Camacho SA, Pazin WM, Constantino CJ, Oliveira ON, Aoki PH. Immunoassay platform with surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering for detecting trace levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Talanta 2022; 244:123381. [PMID: 35364338 PMCID: PMC8928707 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) requires either an accurate detection of genetic material or a sensitive detection of viral proteins. In this work, we designed an immunoassay platform for detecting trace levels of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. It is based on surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) of methylene blue (MB) adsorbed onto spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and coated with a 6 nm silica shell. The latter shell in the SERRS nanoprobe prevented aggregation and permitted functionalization with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Specificity of the immunoassay was achieved by combining this functionalization with antibody immobilization on the cover slides that served as the platform support. Different concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 antigen could be distinguished and the lack of influence of interferents was confirmed by treating SERRS data with the multidimensional projection technique Sammon's mapping. With SERRS using a laser line at 633 nm, the lowest concentration of spike protein detected was 10 pg/mL, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.046 ng/mL (0.60 pM). This value is comparable to the lowest concentrations in the plasma of COVID-19 patients at the onset of symptoms, thus indicating that the SERRS immunoassay platform may be employed for early diagnosis.
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16
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Brazaca LC, Imamura AH, Gomes NO, Almeida MB, Scheidt DT, Raymundo-Pereira PA, Oliveira ON, Janegitz BC, Machado SAS, Carrilho E. Electrochemical immunosensors using electrodeposited gold nanostructures for detecting the S proteins from SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5507-5517. [PMID: 35169906 PMCID: PMC8853172 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a low-cost (< US$ 0.03 per device) immunosensor based on gold-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). As a proof of concept, the immunosensor was tested for a fast and sensitive determination of S proteins from both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, by a single disposable device. Gold nanoparticles were electrochemically deposited via direct reduction of gold ions on the electrode using amperometry. Capture antibodies from spike (S) protein were covalently immobilized on carboxylic groups of self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of mercaptoacetic acid (MAA) attached to the gold nanoparticles. Label-free detection of S proteins from both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 was performed with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The immunosensor fabricated with 9 s gold deposition had a high performance in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, and low limit of detection (LOD) (3.16 pmol L-1), thus permitting the direct determination of the target proteins in spiked saliva samples. The complete analysis can be carried out within 35 min using a simple one-step assay protocol with small sample volumes (10 µL). With such features, the immunoplatform presented here can be deployed for mass testing in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Canniatti Brazaca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Hikari Imamura
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Oezau Gomes
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bortholazzi Almeida
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Desirée Tamara Scheidt
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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