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Schnicker NJ, Xu Z, Amir M, Gakhar L, Huang CL. Conformational landscape of soluble α-klotho revealed by cryogenic electron microscopy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.02.583144. [PMID: 38496408 PMCID: PMC10942382 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.02.583144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
α-Klotho (KLA) is a type-1 membranous protein that can associate with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) to form co-receptor for FGF23. The ectodomain of unassociated KLA is shed as soluble KLA (sKLA) to exert FGFR/FGF23-independent pleiotropic functions. The previously determined X-ray crystal structure of the extracellular region of sKLA in complex with FGF23 and FGFR1c suggests that sKLA functions solely as an on-demand coreceptor for FGF23. To understand the FGFR/FGF23-independent pleiotropic functions of sKLA, we investigated biophysical properties and structure of apo-sKLA. Mass photometry revealed that sKLA can form a stable structure with FGFR and/or FGF23 as well as sKLA dimer in solution. Single particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) supported the dimeric structure of sKLA. Cryo-EM further revealed a 3.3Å resolution structure of apo-sKLA that overlays well with its counterpart in the ternary complex with several distinct features. Compared to the ternary complex, the KL2 domain of apo-sKLA is more flexible. 3D variability analysis revealed that apo-sKLA adopts conformations with different KL1-KL2 interdomain bending and rotational angles. The potential multiple forms and shapes of sKLA support its role as FGFR-independent hormone with pleiotropic functions. A comprehensive understanding of the sKLA conformational landscape will provide the foundation for developing klotho-related therapies for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Schnicker
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Zhen Xu
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Mohammad Amir
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
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Goutam RS, Kumar V, Lee U, Kim J. Exploring the Structural and Functional Diversity among FGF Signals: A Comparative Study of Human, Mouse, and Xenopus FGF Ligands in Embryonic Development and Cancer Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087556. [PMID: 37108717 PMCID: PMC10146080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) encode a large family of growth factor proteins that activate several intracellular signaling pathways to control diverse physiological functions. The human genome encodes 22 FGFs that share a high sequence and structural homology with those of other vertebrates. FGFs orchestrate diverse biological functions by regulating cellular differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Dysregulated FGF signaling may contribute to several pathological conditions, including cancer. Notably, FGFs exhibit wide functional diversity among different vertebrates spatiotemporally. A comparative study of FGF receptor ligands and their diverse roles in vertebrates ranging from embryonic development to pathological conditions may expand our understanding of FGF. Moreover, targeting diverse FGF signals requires knowledge regarding their structural and functional heterogeneity among vertebrates. This study summarizes the current understanding of human FGF signals and correlates them with those in mouse and Xenopus models, thereby facilitating the identification of therapeutic targets for various human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- iPS Bio, Inc., 3F, 16 Daewangpangyo-ro 712 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13522, Republic of Korea
| | - Unjoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Govind Kumar V, Polasa A, Agrawal S, Kumar TKS, Moradi M. Binding affinity estimation from restrained umbrella sampling simulations. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 3:59-70. [PMID: 38177953 PMCID: PMC10766565 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-022-00389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The protein-ligand binding affinity quantifies the binding strength between a protein and its ligand. Computer modeling and simulations can be used to estimate the binding affinity or binding free energy using data- or physics-driven methods or a combination thereof. Here we discuss a purely physics-based sampling approach based on biased molecular dynamics simulations. Our proposed method generalizes and simplifies previously suggested stratification strategies that use umbrella sampling or other enhanced sampling simulations with additional collective-variable-based restraints. The approach presented here uses a flexible scheme that can be easily tailored for any system of interest. We estimate the binding affinity of human fibroblast growth factor 1 to heparin hexasaccharide based on the available crystal structure of the complex as the initial model and four different variations of the proposed method to compare against the experimentally determined binding affinity obtained from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Govind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Adithya Polasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Shilpi Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | - Mahmoud Moradi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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Liu Y, Chen Q, Li Y, Bi L, He Z, Shao C, Jin L, Peng R, Zhang X. Advances in FGFs for diabetes care applications. Life Sci 2022; 310:121015. [PMID: 36179818 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine and metabolic disease caused by a variety of pathogenic factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors and behavior. In recent decades, the number of cases and the prevalence of diabetes have steadily increased, and it has become one of the most threatening diseases to human health in the world. Currently, insulin is the most effective and direct way to control hyperglycemia for diabetes treatment at a low cost. However, hypoglycemia is often a common complication of insulin treatment. Moreover, with the extension of treatment time, insulin resistance, considered the typical adverse symptom, can appear. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new targets and more effective and safer drugs for diabetes treatment to avoid adverse reactions and the insulin tolerance of traditional hypoglycemic drugs. SCOPE OF REVIEW In recent years, it has been found that some fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), including FGF1, FGF19 and FGF21, can safely and effectively reduce hyperglycemia and have the potential to be developed as new drugs for the treatment of diabetes. FGF23 is also closely related to diabetes and its complications, which provides a new approach for regulating blood glucose and solving the problem of insulin tolerance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This article reviews the research progress on the physiology and pharmacology of fibroblast growth factor in the treatment of diabetes. We focus on the application of FGFs in diabetes care and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinai Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yaoqi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liuliu Bi
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chuxiao Shao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Lishui Central Hospital, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Renyi Peng
- Institute of Life Sciences & Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Hasan M, Oster M, Reyer H, Ponsuksili S, Murani E, Wolf P, Fischer DC, Wimmers K. Tissue-Wide Expression of Genes Related to Vitamin D Metabolism and FGF23 Signaling following Variable Phosphorus Intake in Pigs. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080729. [PMID: 36005601 PMCID: PMC9413461 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) homeostasis is maintained by several regulators, including vitamin D and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and their tissue-specific activation and signaling cascades. In this study, the tissue-wide expression of key genes linked to vitamin D metabolism (CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, GC, VDR) and FGF23 signaling (FGF23, FGFR1-4, KL) were investigated in pigs fed conventional (trial 1) and divergent P diets (trial 2). The tissue set comprised kidney, liver, bone, lung, aorta, and gastrointestinal tract sections. Expression patterns revealed that non-renal tissues and cells (NRTC) express genes to form active vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3] according to site-specific requirements. A low P diet resulted in higher serum calcitriol and increased CYP24A1 expression in the small intestine, indicating local suppression of vitamin D signaling. A high P diet prompted increased mRNA abundances of CYP27B1 for local vitamin D synthesis, specifically in bone. For FGF23 signaling, analyses revealed ubiquitous expression of FGFR1-4, whereas KL was expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Dietary P supply did not affect skeletal FGF23; however, FGFR4 and KL showed increased expression in bone at high P supply, suggesting regulation to balance mineralization. Specific NRTC responses influence vitamin D metabolism and P homeostasis, which should be considered for a thrifty but healthy P supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruf Hasan
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Murani
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Petra Wolf
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dagmar-Christiane Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Hospital, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68600
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Bayram M, Irak K, Cifci S, Koksal AR, Kazezoglu C, Acar Z, Ozarı HO, Alkim H. The effectiveness of small heterodimer partner and FGF 19 levels in prediction of perinatal morbidity in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:1174-1178. [DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2028275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bayram
- Department of Gastroenterology, Health Sciences University Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kader Irak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sami Cifci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Riza Koksal
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tulane University of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Cemal Kazezoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Sciences University Istanbul Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuat Acar
- Department of Perinatology, Health Sciences University Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halil Onur Ozarı
- Department of Gastroenterology, Health Sciences University Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Alkim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Health Sciences University Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Govind Kumar V, Agrawal S, Kumar TKS, Moradi M. Mechanistic Picture for Monomeric Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Stabilization by Heparin Binding. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12690-12697. [PMID: 34762427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 or hFGF1 is a member of the FGF family that is involved in various vital processes such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. hFGF1, which is associated with low stability in vivo, is known to be stabilized by binding heparin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan that aids the protein in the activation of its cell surface receptor. The poor thermal and proteolytic stability of hFGF1 and the stabilizing role of heparin have long been observed experimentally; however, the mechanistic details of these phenomena are not well understood. Here, we have used microsecond-level equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to quantitatively characterize the structural dynamics of monomeric hFGF1 in the presence and absence of heparin hexasaccharide. We have observed a conformational change in the heparin-binding pocket of hFGF1 that occurs only in the absence of heparin. Several intramolecular interactions were also identified within the heparin-binding pocket that form only when hFGF1 interacts with heparin. The loss of both intermolecular and intramolecular interactions in the absence of heparin plausibly leads to the observed conformational change. This conformational transition results in increased flexibility of the heparin-binding pocket and provides an explanation for the susceptibility of apo hFGF1 to proteolytic degradation and thermal instability. This study provides a glimpse into mechanistic details of the heparin-mediated stabilization of hFGF1 and encourages the use of microsecond-level MD in studying the effect of binding on protein structure and dynamics. In addition, the observed differential behavior of hFGF1 in the absence and presence of heparin provides an example, where microsecond-level all-atom MD simulations are necessary to see functionally relevant biomolecular phenomena that otherwise will not be observed on sub-microsecond time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Govind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Shilpi Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | | | - Mahmoud Moradi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Serum FGF21 levels are altered by various factors including lifestyle behaviors in male subjects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22632. [PMID: 34799626 PMCID: PMC8604971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 has various functions, including glucose and lipid metabolism. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate specific conditions that might influence the functions of FGF21. 398 men who underwent a health examination were enrolled in this study. Physical and biochemical parameters and information on several lifestyle behaviors were obtained from all subjects. FGF21 levels correlated with age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), uric acid, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and HbA1c. Moreover, FGF21 levels were significantly associated with lifestyle behaviors, including smoking status and breakfast and alcohol consumption frequency. Multivariable regression analysis showed that age, ALT, γ-GTP, smoking status, and breakfast and alcohol consumption frequency were independent variables for FGF21 levels. Assessment among the non-obese and obese groups showed that FGF21 levels correlated with WC, SBP, and TC only in the non-obese group. Thus, serum FGF21 levels were affected by several factors, including lifestyle behaviors, age, and liver function. To assess the functions of FGF21 in individuals, considering these factors would be essential.
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Kabu K, Takei S, Kondo M, Kitazawa K, Harada T. [Pharmacological characteristics and clinical study results of Pemigatinib (Pemazyre ® Tablets), a selective fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:392-402. [PMID: 34719574 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pemigatinib (Pemazyre® Tablets 4.5 mg) is a novel fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor, created by Incyte Corporation. The product was approved in March 2021 and was launched in June 2021 for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic biliary tract cancer (BTC) with a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusion or rearrangement that has progressed after at least one prior line of systemic therapy. Pemigatinib was shown to selectively inhibit kinase activity of FGFR1~3 (IC50; 0.39~1.2 nM). In cultured cells, pemigatinib inhibited the phosphorylation of FGFR1 and its downstream signals, ERK1/2 and STAT5 in a concentration-dependent manner. Pemigatinib also potently inhibited the growth of various types of cell lines with FGFR 1~3 gene alteration. Pemigatinib was shown to induce concentration-dependent tumor regression in a tumor xenograft model mice in which tumor tissue sections from patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) harboring FGFR2 gene fusions were transplanted. Pemigatinib was well tolerated in Japanese and overseas Phase1 studies (INCB 54828-101 and 202). In the global phase2 study (INCB 54828-202) conducted in CCA patients with FGFR2 gene fusions or rearrangements, significant improvement in the overall response rate was observed. Although several adverse reactions were observed which was based on the mechanism of action of pemigatinib, the safety profile and management of the adverse reactions were favorable. Pemigatinib is expected to contribute to second-line drug treatment after failure of standard therapies in biliary tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kabu
- Medical Affairs, Incyte Biosciences Japan G.K
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are cell-signaling proteins with diverse functions in cell development, repair, and metabolism. The human FGF family consists of 22 structurally related members, which can be classified into three separate groups based on their action of mechanisms, namely: intracrine, paracrine/autocrine, and endocrine FGF subfamilies. FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 belong to the hormone-like/endocrine FGF subfamily. These endocrine FGFs are mainly associated with the regulation of cell metabolic activities such as homeostasis of lipids, glucose, energy, bile acids, and minerals (phosphate/active vitamin D). Endocrine FGFs function through a unique protein family called klotho. Two members of this family, α-klotho, or β-klotho, act as main cofactors which can scaffold to tether FGF19/21/23 to their receptor(s) (FGFRs) to form an active complex. There are ongoing studies pertaining to the structure and mechanism of these individual ternary complexes. These studies aim to provide potential insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the history, structure–function relationship(s), downstream signaling, physiological roles, and future perspectives on endocrine FGFs.
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Liu Y, Deng J, Liu Y, Li W, Nie X. FGF, Mechanism of Action, Role in Parkinson's Disease, and Therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:675725. [PMID: 34234672 PMCID: PMC8255968 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.675725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with severe disability and adverse effects on life quality. In PD, motor dysfunction can occur, such as quiescence, muscle stiffness, and postural instability. PD is also associated with autonomic nervous dysfunction, sleep disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and other non-motor symptoms. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compact (SNPC), Lewy body, and neuroinflammation are the main pathological features of PD. The death or dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in the dense part of the substantia nigra leads to dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia and motor dysfunction. The formation of the Lewy body is associated with the misfolding of α-synuclein, which becomes insoluble and abnormally aggregated. Astrocytes and microglia mainly cause neuroinflammation, and the activation of a variety of pro-inflammatory transcription factors and regulatory proteins leads to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. At present, PD is mainly treated with drugs that increase dopamine concentration or directly stimulate dopamine receptors. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a family of cellular signaling proteins strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. FGF and its receptor (FGFR) play an essential role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system as well as in neuroinflammation and have been shown to improve the survival rate of dopaminergic neurons. This paper summarized the mechanism of FGF and its receptors in the pathological process of PD and related signaling pathways, involving the development and protection of dopaminergic neurons in SNPC, α-synuclein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. It provides a reference for developing drugs to slow down or prevent the potential of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Junyu Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ye Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xuqiang Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Zhou J, Ben S, Xu T, Xu L, Yao X. Serum β-klotho is a potential biomarker in the prediction of clinical outcomes among patients with NSCLC. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:3137-3150. [PMID: 34164204 PMCID: PMC8182533 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the β-klotho (KLB) expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to determine its value as a novel molecular target for survival prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Methods The serum KLB concentrations in 50 patients with NSCLC and the 20 healthy persons were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The relationship between serum KLB level, including the level change after therapy, and the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. The KLB expression in A549 cells was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. The function of cells was revealed by in vitro studies. Results The concentrations of serum KLB in patients with NSCLC were obviously lower than those in healthy subjects. KLB expression was significantly increased in patients after chemotherapy and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) targeted therapy. In addition, expression of KLB was positively related with PFS and OS. Compared with 16-human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, the expression level of KLB was significantly decreased in A549 cells. Overexpression of KLB suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells, along with G1-to-S phase arrest and apoptosis induction. Conclusions KLB plays an anti-tumorigenic role in NSCLC. KLB may be a candidate target for the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC and may serve a potentially significant role in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Suqin Ben
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liqin Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Agrawal A, Ni P, Agoro R, White KE, DiMarchi RD. Identification of a second Klotho interaction site in the C terminus of FGF23. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108665. [PMID: 33503417 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
FGF23 interacts with a FGFR/KL-receptor complex to propagate cellular signaling, where its C-terminal C26 peptide is critical for engaging the co-receptor KL. We identify a distinct peptide sequence C28 residing in the FGF23 C terminus that regulates its interaction with KL. C28 can independently function as an FGF23 antagonist, and we report an optimized peptide antagonist of much enhanced potency. FGF23 can use either of the two C-terminal sites to exert biological effects, as shown by in vitro and in vivo studies. The loss of both KL-interaction sites inactivates the protein. We conclude that the C terminus of FGF23 is a bidentate ligand possessing two independent KL-interaction sites. The identification of this second KL-association site provides an additional perspective in the molecular basis of FGF23-receptor signaling and raises questions pertaining to its structural mechanism of action and the potential for biased biological signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Agrawal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Pu Ni
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rafiou Agoro
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth E White
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Bojarski KK, Samsonov SA. Role of Oligosaccharide Chain Polarity in Protein-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 61:455-466. [PMID: 33375794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long unbranched anionic polysaccharides made up of repetitive disaccharide units involved in biologically relevant processes in the extracellular matrix such as cell proliferation and communication. A GAG can be bound in antiparallel energetically comparable orientations on the protein surface, and these orientations are, therefore, difficult to distinguish both experimentally and computationally. In this study, for the first time we analyzed the impact of the GAG chain polarity on the interactions with Fibroblast Growth Factors-1 and -2 (FGF-1 and FGF-2). We performed a series of 1 μs molecular dynamics simulations of the FGF-1 and FGF-2 complexes with heparin (HP), a GAG representative, of different length. We analyzed the relationship between the HP orientation, energetic, and conformational space characteristics of FGF-1-HP and FGF-2-HP complexes. We concluded that HP can be bound by these proteins in the same binding sites but in different orientations, while the orientation present in the experimental structure might be favorable. Our data presented in this study provide a novel view on the impact of GAG polarity on the specificity of protein-GAG complex formation, which is an essential aspect for the proper understanding of the intermolecular interactions in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof K Bojarski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk 80-308, Poland
| | - Sergey A Samsonov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, Gdańsk 80-308, Poland
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15
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da Paz Oliveira G, Elias RM, Peres Fernandes GB, Moyses R, Tufik S, Bichuetti DB, Coelho FMS. Decreased concentration of klotho and increased concentration of FGF23 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2020; 78:57-62. [PMID: 33385780 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to explore the status of concentration of klotho and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with narcolepsy. PATIENTS/METHODS 59 patients with narcolepsy and 17 control individuals were enrolled. We used radioimmunoassay, human klotho enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), human intact FGF23 ELISA and spectrophotometry to measure hypocretin-1, klotho, FGF-23 and phosphorus, respectively. T-Student Test was used to compare klotho and phosphate concentrations, Mann-Whitney U Test were used to compare FGF-23 levels between groups. ANOVA Test was used to compare klotho and phosphate CSF concentrations among narcolepsy patients with CSF hypocretin-1 <110 pg/ml (HCRT-) and narcolepsy patients with CSF hypocretin-1 >110 pg/ml (HCRT+) versus control subjects. RESULTS Klotho and phosphorus CSF levels were lower in narcoleptic patients than in control (908.18 ± 405.51 versus 1265.78 ± 523.26 pg/ml; p = 0.004 and 1.34 ± 0.25 versus 1.58 ± 0.23 mg/dl; p = 0.001, respectively). We found higher FGF-23 levels in narcoleptic patients (5.51 versus 4.00 pg/mL; p = 0.001). Klotho and phosphorus CSF levels were lower in both HCRT- and HCRT+ than controls. Moreover, there were higher FGF-23 levels in both HCRT-/HCRT+ groups versus controls. However, we did not find differences comparing HCRT- and HCRT+ groups, analyzing CSF klotho, FGF-23 or phosphorus levels. CONCLUSIONS Patients with narcolepsy have decreased CSF concentration of klotho and increased CSF levels of FGF-23. These findings may play a role in understanding the pathogenesis of narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano da Paz Oliveira
- Disciplina de Neurologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Rosilene Motta Elias
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Moyses
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis Bernardi Bichuetti
- Disciplina de Neurologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Morgadinho Santos Coelho
- Disciplina de Neurologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Gloux A, Le Roy N, Même N, Piketty ML, Prié D, Benzoni G, Gautron J, Nys Y, Narcy A, Duclos MJ. Increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 is the signature of a deteriorated Ca/P balance in ageing laying hens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21124. [PMID: 33273568 PMCID: PMC7713066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study concerned the effect of ageing in laying hens, from 23 to 90 weeks of age, on the regulation of Ca metabolism related to the requirement for eggshell mineralization. Samples were collected from parathyroid gland (PG), liver, jejunum, medullary bone (MB) and kidney for a quantitative study of candidate gene expression. Although parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene expression in the PG did not vary with age, a stronger challenge to Ca homeostasis was suggested in aged hens. Indeed gene expression of Ca transporters , Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) in the jejunum, and that of transient receptor potential channel subfamily V member 5 (TRPV5) in the kidney decreased. This could exacerbate bone resorption and impair bone accretion, as attested by a higher expression of the Carbonic Anhydrase 2 (CA2) gene and a lower expression of collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) in the MB. The increased expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) in the MB likely contributed to the decreased plasma levels of 1.25(OH)2D3 and the altered expression of target genes under its regulation. Our data highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying the osteoporotic syndrome previously documented in aged laying hens, thus providing new perspectives for future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gloux
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - N Le Roy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - N Même
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - M L Piketty
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - D Prié
- Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, G.H. Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U11513, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - G Benzoni
- ADM Animal Nutrition, Talhouët, 56250, Saint-Nolff, France
| | - J Gautron
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Nys
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - A Narcy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - M J Duclos
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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17
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Zhou S, Wang Q, Meng Z, Peng J, Zhou Y, Song W, Wang J, Chen S, Sun K. Mutations in fibroblast growth factor (FGF8) and FGF10 identified in patients with conotruncal defects. J Transl Med 2020; 18:283. [PMID: 32664970 PMCID: PMC7362408 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conotruncal defects (CTDs) are a type of heterogeneous congenital heart diseases (CHDs), but little is known about their etiology. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 and FGF10 may be involved in the pathogenesis of CTDs. Methods The variants of FGF8 and FGF10 in unrelated Chinese Han patients with CHDs (n = 585), and healthy controls (n = 319) were investigated. The expression and function of these patient-identified variants were detected to confirm the potential pathogenicity of the non-synonymous variants. The expression of FGF8 and FGF10 during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to cardiomyocytes and in Carnegie stage 13 human embryo was also identified. Results Two probable deleterious variants (p.C10Y, p.R184H) of FGF8 and one deletion mutant (p.23_24del) of FGF10 were identified in three patients with CTD. Immunofluorescence suggested that variants did not affect the intracellular localization, whereas ELISA showed that the p.C10Y and p.23_24del variants reduced the amount of secreted FGF8 and FGF10, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting showed that the expression of FGF8 and FGF10 variants was increased compared with wild-type; however, their functions were reduced. And we found that FGF8 and FGF10 were expressed in the outflow tract (OFT) during human embryonic development, and were dynamically expressed during the differentiation of hESCs into cardiomyocytes. Conclusion Our results provided evidence that damaging variants of FGF8 and FGF10 were likely contribute to the etiology of CTD. This discovery expanded the spectrum of FGF mutations and underscored the pathogenic correlation between FGF mutations and CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhuo Meng
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiayu Peng
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wenting Song
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1665, Kongjiang Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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18
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Miranda Pérez AA, Gutiérrez Pérez ME, Urraza Robledo AI, Delgadillo Guzmán D, Ruíz Flores P, López Márquez FC. Klotho-HIV and Oxidative Stress: The Role of Klotho in Cardiovascular Disease Under HIV Infection-A Review. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1478-1485. [PMID: 32584609 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy has improved quality and life expectancy of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, this therapy increases oxidative stress (OS), which in turn causes alterations in lipid and carbon metabolism, kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The Klotho gene has been implicated in cardiovascular risk increase. Klotho protein expression at X level decreases the risk of heart disease. HIV-positive people usually present low plasma levels of Klotho; thus, contributing to some extent to an increase in cardiovascular risk for these types of patients, mostly by favoring atherosclerosis. Therefore, our aim is to provide an overview of the effect of OS on Klotho protein and its consequent cardiometabolic alterations in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Alejandro Miranda Pérez
- Department of Molecular Immunobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Mexico
| | - María Elena Gutiérrez Pérez
- Department of Molecular Immunobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Mexico
| | | | - Dealmy Delgadillo Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Mexico
| | - Pablo Ruíz Flores
- Department of Genetics, Center for Biomedical Research Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Mexico
| | - Francisco Carlos López Márquez
- Department of Molecular Immunobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreon, Mexico
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19
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Saki F, Kassaee SR, Salehifar A, Omrani GHR. Interaction between serum FGF-23 and PTH in renal phosphate excretion, a case-control study in hypoparathyroid patients. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:176. [PMID: 32398014 PMCID: PMC7218502 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND phosphate homeostasis is mediated through complex counter regulatory feed-back balance between parathyroid hormone, FGF-23 and 1,25(OH)2D. Both parathyroid hormone and FGF-23 regulate proximal tubular phosphate excretion through signaling on sodium- phosphate cotransporters IIa and IIc. However, the interaction between these hormones on phosphate excretion is not clearly understood. We performed the present study to evaluate whether the existence of sufficient parathyroid hormone is necessary for full phosphaturic function of FGF-23 or not. METHODS In this case-control study, 19 patients with hypoparathyroidism and their age- and gender-matched normal population were enrolled. Serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase,parathyroid hormone, FGF-23, 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D and Fractional excretion of phosphorous were assessed and compared between the two groups, using SPSS software. RESULTS The mean serum calcium and parathyroid hormone level was significantly lower in hypoparathyroid patients in comparison with the control group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). We found high serum level of phosphate and FGF-23 in hypoparathyroid patients compared to the control group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in Fractional excretion of phosphorous or 1,25OH2D level between the two groups. There was a positive correlation between serum FGF-23 and Fractional excretion of phosphorous just in the normal individuals (P < 0.001, r = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS Although the FGF-23 is a main regulator of urinary phosphate excretion but the existence of sufficient parathyroid hormone is necessary for the full phosphaturic effect of FGF-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Saki
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Kassaee
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azita Salehifar
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Ranjbar Omrani
- Shiraz Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-1744, Shiraz, Iran.
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20
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Gateva A, Tsakova A, Hristova J, Kamenov Z. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and 25(OH)D levels are related to abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:402-405. [PMID: 31709849 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1689550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and Klotho are extensively studied in relation to bone metabolism and progression of chronic kidney disease. There is very limited information about their role in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The aim of the present study was to investigate some bone markers in women with PCOS in relation to obesity and cardiovascular risk. In the study were included 80 patients, divided into three age-matched groups -Non-obese PCOS (n = 40); Obese PCOS (n = 20) and Obese control group (n = 20). Bone marker levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Obese PCOS patients had higher levels of FGF23 and sRANKL, lower levels of 25(OH)D and higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency compared to non-obese subjects. Patients with abdominal obesity (waist circumference >80 cm) independently of PCOS status had significantly higher levels of FGF23 (112.5 ± 86.5 vs. 73.4 ± 37.9 pg/ml; p = .023) and lower of 25(OH)D (35.8 ± 21.4 vs 47.8 ± 26.5 nmol/l; p = .034). Patients with PCOS at risk of cardiovascular diseases according to AE-PCOS consensus also had increased levels of FGF23 (111.6 ± 84.5 vs. 66.5 ± 35.1 pg/ml; p = .031) and decreased levels of 25(OH)D (31.9 ± 16.8 vs. 47.1 vs 28.4 nmol/l; p = .017) compared to those not at risk. There was no correlation between bone markers and blood glucose levels, insulin resistance or hormonal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta Gateva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Adelina Tsakova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Immunology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Julieta Hristova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Immunology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Clinical Laboratory and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zdravko Kamenov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Sofia, Bulgaria
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21
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Antiaging Factor Klotho Retards the Progress of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration through the Toll-Like Receptor 4-NF- κB Pathway. Int J Cell Biol 2020; 2020:8319516. [PMID: 32256598 PMCID: PMC7106913 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8319516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiaging protein Klotho exhibits impressive properties of anti-inflammation, however is declined early after intervertebral disc injury, making Klotho restoration an attractive strategy of treating intervertebral disc inflammatory disorders. Here, we have found that Klotho is enriched in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and Klotho overexpression attenuates H2O2-induced acute inflammation essentially via suppressing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The proinflammatory NF-κB signaling and cytokine expressions paralleled with Klotho repression and TLR4 elevation in both NP cells (H2O2 treatment) and rat intervertebral disc (needle puncture treatment). Overexpression of TLR4 downregulated expression of Klotho, whereas interfering TLR4 expression diminished the inhibitory effects of H2O2 on Klotho in NP cells. Consistently, Klotho knockdown by RNA interferences largely diminished the anti-inflammatory and intervertebral disc protective effects in an Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (IDD) model. Thus, our study indicates that TLR4-NF-κB signaling and Klotho form a negative-feedback loop in NP cells. Also, we demonstrate that the expression of Klotho is regulated by the balance between upregulation and downregulation of TLR4-NF-κB signaling.
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22
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Dongiovanni P, Crudele A, Panera N, Romito I, Meroni M, De Stefanis C, Palma A, Comparcola D, Fracanzani AL, Miele L, Valenti L, Nobili V, Alisi A. β-Klotho gene variation is associated with liver damage in children with NAFLD. J Hepatol 2020; 72:411-419. [PMID: 31655133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in adults and children. Along with obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, genetic factors strongly impact on NAFLD development and progression. Dysregulated bile acid metabolism and the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) pathway play a pivotal role in NAFLD pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which the FGF19 receptor system is associated with liver damage in NAFLD remains to be defined. METHODS We evaluated the impact of the rs17618244 G>A β-Klotho (KLB) variant on liver damage in 249 pediatric patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and the association of this variant with the expression of hepatic and soluble KLB. In vitro models were established to investigate the role of the KLB mutant. RESULTS The KLB rs17618244 variant was associated with an increased risk of ballooning and lobular inflammation. KLB plasma levels were lower in carriers of the rs17618244 minor A allele and were associated with lobular inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis. In HepG2 and Huh7 hepatoma cell lines, exposure to free fatty acids caused a severe reduction of intracellular and secreted KLB. Finally, KLB downregulation obtained by the expression of a KLB mutant in HepG2 and Huh7 cells induced intracellular lipid accumulation and upregulation of p62, ACOX1, ACSL1, IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we showed an association between the rs17618244 KLB variant, which leads to reduced KLB expression, and the severity of NAFLD in pediatric patients. We can speculate that the KLB protein may exert a protective role against lipotoxicity and inflammation in hepatocytes. LAY SUMMARY Genetic and environmental factors strongly impact on the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The FGF19/FGFR4/KLB pathway plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of a genetic variant in the KLB gene on the severity of liver disease. Our data suggest that the KLB protein plays a protective role against lipotoxicity and inflammation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Crudele
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Panera
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Romito
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Palma
- Genomic Facility Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Comparcola
- Hepato-Metabolic Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Miele
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Translational Medicine, Department for Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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23
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Chen JJ, Tao J, Zhang XL, Xia LZ, Zeng JF, Zhang H, Wei DH, Lv YC, Li GH, Wang Z. Inhibition of the ox-LDL-Induced Pyroptosis by FGF21 of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Through the TET2-UQCRC1-ROS Pathway. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:661-670. [PMID: 32101022 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like member of the FGF family that is associated with cell death in atherosclerosis. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the effect of FGF21 on endothelial cell pyroptosis and its potential mechanisms were investigated. Results showed that FGF21 inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced pyroptosis and related molecular expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Mitochondrial function was damaged by ox-LDL and restored by FGF21. A mechanism proved that ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase core protein I (UQCRC1) was downregulated by ox-LDL and upregulated by FGF21. Further, the silencing of UQCRC1 aggravated HUVEC pyroptosis and impaired mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET2) was involved in the regulation of UQCRC1 expression and pyroptosis. In summary, FGF21 inhibited ox-LDL-induced HUVEC pyroptosis through the TET2-UQCRC1-ROS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Tao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | | | - Lin-Zhen Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jun-Fa Zeng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Dang-Heng Wei
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Lv
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Guo-Hua Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zuo Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Abstract
The Klotho proteins, αKlotho and βKlotho, are essential components of endocrine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor complexes, as they are required for the high-affinity binding of FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23 to their cognate FGF receptors (FGFRs). Collectively, these proteins form a unique endocrine system that governs multiple metabolic processes in mammals. FGF19 is a satiety hormone that is secreted from the intestine on ingestion of food and binds the βKlotho-FGFR4 complex in hepatocytes to promote metabolic responses to feeding. By contrast, under fasting conditions, the liver secretes the starvation hormone FGF21, which induces metabolic responses to fasting and stress responses through the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system following binding to the βKlotho-FGFR1c complex in adipocytes and the suprachiasmatic nucleus, respectively. Finally, FGF23 is secreted by osteocytes in response to phosphate intake and binds to αKlotho-FGFR complexes, which are expressed most abundantly in renal tubules, to regulate mineral metabolism. Growing evidence suggests that the FGF-Klotho endocrine system also has a crucial role in the pathophysiology of ageing-related disorders, including diabetes, cancer, arteriosclerosis and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, targeting the FGF-Klotho endocrine axes might have therapeutic benefit in multiple systems; investigation of the crystal structures of FGF-Klotho-FGFR complexes is paving the way for the development of drugs that can regulate these axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Zhao L, Niu J, Lin H, Zhao J, Liu Y, Song Z, Xiang C, Wang X, Yang Y, Li X, Mohammadi M, Huang Z. Paracrine-endocrine FGF chimeras as potent therapeutics for metabolic diseases. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:462-477. [PMID: 31631034 PMCID: PMC6838362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of a clinically useful fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) hormone has been impeded by its inherent instability and weak FGF receptor (FGFR) binding affinity. There is an urgent need for innovative approaches to overcome these limitations. Methods We devised a structure-based chimerisation strategy in which we substituted the thermally labile and low receptor affinity core of FGF21 with an HS binding deficient endocrinised core derived from a stable and high receptor affinity paracrine FGF1 (FGF1ΔHBS). The thermal stability, receptor binding ability, heparan sulfate and βKlotho coreceptor dependency of the chimera were measured using a thermal shift assay, SPR, SEC-MALS and cell-based studies. The half-life, tissue distribution, glucose lowering activity and adipose tissue remodeling were analyzed in normal and diabetic mice and monkeys. Findings The melting temperature of the engineered chimera (FGF1ΔHBS-FGF21C-tail) increased by ∼22 °C relative to wild-type FGF21 (FGF21WT), and resulted in a ∼5-fold increase in half-life in vivo. The chimera also acquired an ability to bind the FGFR1c isoform – the principal receptor that mediates the metabolic actions of FGF21 – and consequently was dramatically more effective than FGF21WT in correcting hyperglycemia and in ameliorating insulin resistance in db/db mice. Our chimeric FGF21 also exerted a significant beneficial effect on glycemic control in spontaneous diabetic cynomolgus monkeys. Interpretation Our study describes a structure-based chimerisation approach that effectively mitigates both the intrinsically weak receptor binding affinities and short half-lives of endocrine FGFs, and advance the development of the FGF21 hormone into a potentially useful drug for Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Huan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Zihui Song
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Congshang Xiang
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center for Structural Biology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Calcitriol, but not FGF23, increases in CSF and serum of MS patients. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 328:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Bojarski KK, Sieradzan AK, Samsonov SA. Molecular dynamics insights into protein‐glycosaminoglycan systems from microsecond‐scale simulations. Biopolymers 2019; 110:e23252. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Tayyar AT, Tayyar A, Kozali S, Karakus R, Koroglu N, Yuksel IT, Yildirim GY, Dag I, Eroglu M. Evaluation of FGF-19 and β-klotho as biomarkers in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:113-119. [PMID: 30697260 PMCID: PMC6348354 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.72424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF-19) and its co-receptor, beta-klotho, regulate bile acid synthesis in the liver as an enterohepatic feedback mechanism. In this study, our aim was to investigate the circulating FGF-19 and β-klotho levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study including 40 women whose pregnancies were complicated with ICP were recruited for the study group. Forty randomly selected healthy pregnant women comprised the control group. The patient characteristics, including maternal age, gravidity, parity, gestational age at the time of diagnosis, body mass index (BMI), and obstetric history, were recorded. The serum FGF-19 and β-klotho concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Maternal age, gravidity, parity, body mass index at assessment, and gestational age at blood sampling were similar between the two groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences in the FGF-19 and β-klotho concentrations between the two groups (p = 0.341 and p = 0.086, respectively). A positive correlation was detected between the β-klotho and FGF-19 levels, as well as between the FGF-19 level and BMI (r = 0.368, p = 0.020 and r = 0.389, p = 0.013, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The serum FGF-19 and β-klotho concentrations did not differ between the pregnancies with ICP and the healthy controls. However, in some cases, abnormalities in the FGF-19, β-klotho, and FGFR4 signaling system may play roles in the pathogenesis of ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahter Tanay Tayyar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children’s Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tayyar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sukran Kozali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children’s Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Resul Karakus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children’s Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nadiye Koroglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilkbal Temel Yuksel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gonca Yetkin Yildirim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Dag
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Eyup State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Eroglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences University Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children’s Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Dokumacioglu E, Iskender H, Musmul A. Effect of hesperidin treatment on α-Klotho/FGF-23 pathway in rats with experimentally-induced diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1206-1210. [PMID: 30551370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis and nephropathy are considered among the most important complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), which recently increased due to increased frequency of DM and the prolonged life span of diabetic patients The aim of the present study was to reveal the possible effect of hesperidin (HP) on alpha-klotho (α-KL)/ fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) pathway in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Materials and methods Thirty six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. The rats of the control, diabetes, and treatment groups were fed with standard feed and water throughout the 2-week study. In order to induce diabetes mellitus in rats, those in the diabetes group were administered a single dose of 50 mg/kg STZ. For the DM + HP group, a single dose of 50 mg/kg STZ, when diabetes was induced, hesperidin was administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg by gavage. Results The α-KL levels of our study groups, both the liver and kidney α-KL levels and serum α-KL of the STZ-induced diabetic group were statistically significantly lower than the control group (respectively, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05). It was observed that hesperidin administration statistically significantly increased α-KL levels in serum, liver and renal tissue (p < 0.001). Liver, kidney and serum FGF-23 levels of the diabetic group increased significantly in comparison to the control group (respectively, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001). FGF-23 levels that increased in kidney tissue and serum samples of the diabetic group decreased statistically significantly with hesperidin administration (respectively, p < 0.01, p < 0.001). Conclusion The α-KL/FGF-23 pathway is a promising bio-indicator in various cases of systemic toxicity and pathology. In addition, the strong positive effects of hesperidin administration on diabetic toxicity in the liver and kidneys suggest that it may be included in the alternative treatment methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Dokumacioglu
- Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Artvin, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Iskender
- Artvin Coruh University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Musmul
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medicine Faculty, Department of Biostatistics, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Shikida Y, Mizobuchi M, Inoue T, Hamada T, Ogata H, Koiwa F, Shibata T. Effect of Continuous Intravenous Calcium Loading on Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Normal and Uremic Rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:455-464. [PMID: 29882057 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is associated with mortality in patients with CKD. However, the mechanisms underlying stimulation of FGF23 remain to be investigated. We examined whether hypercalcemia induced by continuous intravenous (CIV) calcium (Ca) infusion regulates FGF23 levels in normal rats (Normal) and 5/6 nephrectomized uremic rats (Nx). Microinfusion pumps were implanted in the Normal and Nx rats for CIV Ca infusion, and blood, urine, kidney, and tibia were collected. The results showed an increase in serum Ca-stimulated FGF23 independently of serum phosphate (P) and creatinine levels in Normal and Nx rats. FGF23 mRNA from the tibia was also increased by the Ca infusion. Despite high FGF23 levels after Ca infusion, urinary P excretion was decreased. Renal α-Klotho expression was significantly reduced by Ca infusion. These results suggest that intravenous Ca loading might stimulate FGF23 production from bone in normal and uremic rats. Reduction of renal P excretion suggests that the bioactivity of FGF23 is inhibited, and the decrease in renal α-Klotho expression might have a role in this pathological process. In conclusion, CIV Ca loading increased FGF23 in normal and uremic rats, and renal α-Klotho is necessary to maintain the bioactivity of FGF23 as a phosphaturic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Shikida
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahide Mizobuchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toma Hamada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ogata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Koiwa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takanori Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Kuro-o M. Klotho and endocrine fibroblast growth factors: markers of chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular complications? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 34:15-21. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuro-o
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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32
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Baldan A, Giusti A, Bosi C, Malaventura C, Forni G, Borgna-Pignatti C. Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum-Like in β-Thalassemia Major, a matter of α-Klotho and Parathyroid Hormone? Hemoglobin 2017; 41:254-259. [DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2017.1403927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Baldan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Giusti
- Bone Clinic, Department of Geriatric Care, Orthogeriatrics and Rehabilitation, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Bosi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Internal and Cardio-Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Malaventura
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Forni
- Center of Microcitemia and Congenital Anemias, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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Wang S, Li Y, Jiang C, Tian H. Fibroblast growth factor 9 subfamily and the heart. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:605-613. [PMID: 29198068 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 9 subfamily is a member of the FGF family, including FGF9, 16, and 20, potentially sharing similar biochemical functions due to their high degree of sequence homology. Unlike other secreted proteins which have a cleavable N-terminal secreted signal peptide, FGF9/16/20 have non-cleaved N-terminal signal peptides. As an intercellular signaling molecule, they are involved in a variety of complex responses in animal development. Cardiogenesis is controlled by many members of the transcription factor family. Evidence suggests that FGF signaling, including the FGF9 subfamily, has a pretty close association with these cardiac-specific genes. In addition, recent studies have shown that the FGF9 subfamily maintains functional adaptation and survival after myocardial infarction in adult myocardium. Since FGF9/16/20 are secreted proteins, their function characterization in cardiac regeneration can promote their potential to be developed for the treatment of cardioprotection and revascularization. Here, we conclude that the FGF9 subfamily roles in cardiac development and maintenance of postnatal cardiac homeostasis, especially cardiac function maturation and functional maintenance of the heart after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China. .,Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Haishan Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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34
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Regulation of longevity by FGF21: Interaction between energy metabolism and stress responses. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:79-93. [PMID: 28552719 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone-like member of FGF family which controls metabolic multiorgan crosstalk enhancing energy expenditure through glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, FGF21 acts as a stress hormone induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysfunctions of mitochondria and autophagy in several tissues. FGF21 also controls stress responses and metabolism by modulating the functions of somatotropic axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway. FGF21 is a potent longevity factor coordinating interactions between energy metabolism and stress responses. Recent studies have revealed that FGF21 treatment can alleviate many age-related metabolic disorders, e.g. atherosclerosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some cardiovascular diseases. In addition, transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 have an extended lifespan. However, chronic metabolic and stress-related disorders involving inflammatory responses can provoke FGF21 resistance and thus disturb healthy aging process. First, we will describe the role of FGF21 in interorgan energy metabolism and explain how its functions as a stress hormone can improve healthspan. Next, we will examine both the induction of FGF21 expression via the integrated stress response and the molecular mechanism through which FGF21 enhances healthy aging. Finally, we postulate that FGF21 resistance, similarly to insulin resistance, jeopardizes human healthspan and accelerates the aging process.
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35
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Babik S, Samsonov SA, Pisabarro MT. Computational drill down on FGF1-heparin interactions through methodological evaluation. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:427-440. [PMID: 27858202 PMCID: PMC5487771 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) exhibit a key role in cellular communication processes through interactions with target proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The sandwich-like interaction established between Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and heparin (HE) represents quite a peculiar protein-GAG-protein system, which has been both structurally and functionally intensively studied. The molecular recognition characteristics of this system have been exploited in various computational studies in order to deepen understanding of GAG-protein interactions. Here, we drill down on the interactions established in this peculiar macromolecular complex by analyzing the applicability of docking techniques and molecular dynamics (MD)-based approaches, and we dissect the molecular recognition properties exhibited by FGF towards a series of HE derivatives. We examine the sensitivity of MM-GBSA free energy calculations in terms of receptor conformational space sampling and changes in the ligand structures. Furthermore, we investigate its predictive power in combination with other computational methods, namely the well-established Autodock3 (AD3) and dynamic molecular docking (DMD), a targeted MD-based docking method specifically developed to account for flexibility and solvent in computer simulations of protein-GAG systems. Our results show that a site-mapping approach can be effectively combined with AD3 and DMD calculations to accurately reproduce available experimental data and, furthermore, to determine specific GAG recognition patterns. This study deepens our understanding of the applicability of available theoretical approaches to the investigation of molecular recognition in protein-GAG systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Babik
- Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC TU Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Sergey A Samsonov
- Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC TU Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
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36
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Danopoulos S, Schlieve CR, Grikscheit TC, Al Alam D. Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Twists and Turns. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:344-352. [PMID: 28198118 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of conserved peptides that play an important role in the development, homeostasis, and repair processes of many organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract. All four FGF receptors and several FGF ligands are present in the intestine. They play important roles in controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, epithelial cell restitution, and stem cell maintenance. Several FGFs have also been proven to be protective against gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases or to aid in regeneration after intestinal loss associated with short bowel syndrome. Herein, we review the multifaceted actions of canonical FGFs in intestinal development, homeostasis, and repair in rodents and humans. Developmental Dynamics 246:344-352, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christopher R Schlieve
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tracy C Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Wu Z, Yu X, Du X, Li X. The Expressions of Klotho Family Genes in Human Ocular Tissues and in Anterior Lens Capsules of Age-Related Cataract. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:871-875. [PMID: 28095050 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1259421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Keratopathy, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Cataract, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Cataract, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Du
- Eye Bank, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Laboratory, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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38
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Fujii O, Tatsumi S, Ogata M, Arakaki T, Sakaguchi H, Nomura K, Miyagawa A, Ikuta K, Hanazaki A, Kaneko I, Segawa H, Miyamoto KI. Effect of Osteocyte-Ablation on Inorganic Phosphate Metabolism: Analysis of Bone-Kidney-Gut Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:359. [PMID: 29312149 PMCID: PMC5742590 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to kidney damage, osteocytes increase the production of several hormones critically involved in mineral metabolism. Recent studies suggest that osteocyte function is altered very early in the course of chronic kidney disease. In the present study, to clarify the role of osteocytes and the canalicular network in mineral homeostasis, we performed four experiments. In Experiment 1, we investigated renal and intestinal Pi handling in osteocyte-less (OCL) model mice [transgenic mice with the dentin matrix protein-1 promoter-driven diphtheria toxin (DT)-receptor that were injected with DT]. In Experiment 2, we administered granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to mice to disrupt the osteocyte canalicular network. In Experiment 3, we investigated the role of osteocytes in dietary Pi signaling. In Experiment 4, we analyzed gene expression level fluctuations in the intestine and liver by comparing mice fed a high Pi diet and OCL mice. Together, the findings of these experiments indicate that osteocyte ablation caused rapid renal Pi excretion (P < 0.01) before the plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels increased. At the same time, we observed a rapid suppression of renal Klotho (P < 0.01), type II sodium phosphate transporters Npt2a (P < 0.01) and Npt2c (P < 0.05), and an increase in intestinal Npt2b (P < 0.01) protein. In OCL mice, Pi excretion in feces was markedly reduced (P < 0.01). Together, these effects of osteocyte ablation are predicted to markedly increase intestinal Pi absorption (P < 0.01), thus suggesting that increased intestinal Pi absorption stimulates renal Pi excretion in OCL mice. In addition, the ablation of osteocytes and feeding of a high Pi diet affected FGF15/bile acid metabolism and controlled Npt2b expression. In conclusion, OCL mice exhibited increased renal Pi excretion due to enhanced intestinal Pi absorption. We discuss the role of FGF23-Klotho on renal and intestinal Pi metabolism in OCL mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Fujii
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sawako Tatsumi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Sawako Tatsumi, ; Ken-ichi Miyamoto,
| | - Mao Ogata
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arakaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Haruna Sakaguchi
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kengo Nomura
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Atsumi Miyagawa
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kayo Ikuta
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ai Hanazaki
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Segawa
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Sawako Tatsumi, ; Ken-ichi Miyamoto,
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Xia X, Kumru OS, Blaber SI, Middaugh CR, Li L, Ornitz DM, Suh JM, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM, Tenorio CA, Bienkiewicz E, Blaber M. An S116R Phosphorylation Site Mutation in Human Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 Differentially Affects Mitogenic and Glucose-Lowering Activities. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3507-3519. [PMID: 27773526 PMCID: PMC5310217 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1), a potent human mitogen and insulin sensitizer, signals through both tyrosine kinase receptor-mediated autocrine/paracrine pathways as well as a nuclear intracrine pathway. Phosphorylation of FGF-1 at serine 116 (S116) has been proposed to regulate intracrine signaling. Position S116 is located within a ∼17 amino acid C-terminal loop that contains a rich set of functional determinants including heparin∖heparan sulfate affinity, thiol reactivity, nuclear localization, pharmacokinetics, functional half-life, nuclear ligand affinity, stability, and structural dynamics. Mutational targeting of specific functionality in this region without perturbing other functional determinants is a design challenge. S116R is a non-phosphorylatable variant present in bovine FGF-1 and other members of the human FGF family. We show that the S116R mutation in human FGF-1 is accommodated with no perturbation of biophysical or structural properties, and is therefore an attractive mutation with which to elucidate the functional role of phosphorylation. Characterization of S116R shows reduction in NIH 3T3 fibroblast mitogenic stimulation, increase in fibroblast growth factor receptor-1c activation, and prolonged duration of glucose lowering in ob/ob hyperglycemic mice. A novel FGF-1/fibroblast growth factor receptor-1c dimerization interaction combined with non-phosphorylatable intracrine signaling is hypothesized to be responsible for these observed functional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 60047
| | - Sachiko I Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 60047
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jae Myoung Suh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Connie A Tenorio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Ewa Bienkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Michael Blaber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306.
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Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K. FGF21 activates AMPK signaling: impact on metabolic regulation and the aging process. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 95:123-131. [PMID: 27678528 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has a significant role in the regulation of energy metabolism, e.g., in the control of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. For instance, FGF21 enhances insulin sensitivity, increases glucose uptake, and thus can decrease serum hyperglycemia, while it also increases lipid oxidation and inhibits lipogenesis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a tissue energy sensor involved in maintaining the energy balance and tissue integrity. It is known that AMPK signaling generates an energy metabolic profile which displays a remarkable overlap with that of FGF21. There is convincing evidence that endocrine FGF21 signaling activates the AMPK pathway, either directly through FGFR1/β-klotho signaling or indirectly by stimulating the secretion of adiponectin and corticosteroids, which consequently can activate AMPK signaling in their target tissues. By activating AMPK, FGF21 can promote a healthy aging process and thus extend mammalian lifespan. We will examine the signaling mechanisms through which FGF21 can activate the AMPK pathway and then discuss the significance of the close connection between FGF21 and AMPK signaling in the control of metabolic disorders and the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
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Wu ZS, Liu CF, Fu B, Chou RH, Yu C. Suramin blocks interaction between human FGF1 and FGFR2 D2 domain and reduces downstream signaling activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:861-867. [PMID: 27387234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular portion of the human fibroblast growth factor receptor2 D2 domain (FGFR2 D2) interacts with human fibroblast growth factor 1 (hFGF1) to activate a downstream signaling cascade that ultimately affects mitosis and differentiation. Suramin is an antiparasiticdrug and a potent inhibitor of FGF-induced angiogenesis. Suramin has been shown to bind to hFGF1, and might block the interaction between hFGF1 and FGFR2 D2. Here, we titrated hFGF1 with FGFR2 D2 and suramin to elucidate their interactions using the detection of NMR. The docking results of both hFGF1-FGFR2 D2 domain and hFGF1-suramin complex were superimposed. The results indicate that suramin blocks the interaction between hFGF1 and FGFR2 D2. We used the PyMOL software to show the hydrophobic interaction of hFGF1-suramin. In addition, we used a Water-soluble Tetrazolium salts assay (WST1) to assess hFGF1 bioactivity. The results will be useful for the development of new antimitogenic activity drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Sian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Che Fu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Brian Fu
- Northwood High School, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taiwan.
| | - Chin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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Cuevas-Ramos D, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Modulation of energy balance by fibroblast growth factor 21. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 30:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2016-0023/hmbci-2016-0023.xml. [PMID: 27318658 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a superfamily of 22 proteins related to cell proliferation and tissue repair after injury. A subgroup of three proteins, FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, are major endocrine mediators. These three FGFs have low affinity to heparin sulfate during receptor binding; in contrast they have a strong interaction with the cofactor Klotho/β-Klotho. FGF21 has received particular attention because of its key role in carbohydrate, lipids, and energy balance regulation. FGF21 improves glucose and lipids metabolism as well as increasing energy expenditure in animal models and humans. Conditions that induce human physical stress such as exercise, lactation, obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes influence FGF21 circulating levels. FGF21 also has an anti-oxidant function in human metabolic diseases which contribute to understanding the FGF21 compensatory increment in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, energy expenditure and weight loss is induced by FGF21. The mechanism involved is through "browning" of white adipose tissue, increasing brown adipose tissue activity and heat production. Therefore, clinical evaluation of therapeutic action of exogenous FGF21 administration is warranted, particularly to treat diabetes and obesity.
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Loichinger MH, Towner D, Thompson KS, Ahn HJ, Bryant-Greenwood GD. Systemic and placental α-klotho: Effects of preeclampsia in the last trimester of gestation. Placenta 2016; 41:53-61. [PMID: 27208408 PMCID: PMC5654625 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION α-klotho is an anti-aging protein, potentially important in preeclampsia (PE). Produced by kidney, brain and placenta, and by mRNA splicing is both a full-length membrane-bound and a truncated soluble protein in the circulation. The membrane-bound protein is an obligate co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and its action on receptor (FGFR), but ADAM proteinases also cause its shedding. The aims of this study were to investigate levels of maternal plasma, placental, and fetal membrane α-Klotho and their association with placental accelerated villous maturation (AVM) in PE. In addition, placental and membrane levels of ADAM17 and FGFR were measured in the same patients. METHODS Maternal blood, placenta and fetal membranes from 61 women (31 with PE and 30 controls) between 32 and 40 weeks gestation were collected. Plasma α-klotho was measured by ELISA, and quantitative immunohistochemistry used for α-klotho, ADAM17 and FGFR1 in tissues. Placental AVM was histologically assessed. RESULTS Maternal plasma levels of α-Klotho were higher in PE compared to controls (p = 0.01) and patients with the highest levels had significantly less AVM (p = 0.03). α-Klotho, ADAM17, and FGFR were all present in syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast of membranes. Between 32 and 40 weeks gestation, all placental levels decreased in controls respectively (p = 0.04, p = 0.004, p = 0.05), but not in PE. Fetal membrane levels were unchanged. DISCUSSION Maternal plasma α-Klotho was increased in PE and its levels associated with reduced placental AVM. Changes in placental α-Klotho, ADAM17, and FGFR suggest their involvement in the pathophysiology of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Loichinger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1319 Punahou Street, Suite 824, Honolulu, HI 96826, USA.
| | - Dena Towner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1319 Punahou Street, Suite 824, Honolulu, HI 96826, USA.
| | - Karen S Thompson
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Hyeong Jun Ahn
- Biostatistics Core, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Gillian D Bryant-Greenwood
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1319 Punahou Street, Suite 824, Honolulu, HI 96826, USA.
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Phelps M, Stuelsatz P, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. Expression profile and overexpression outcome indicate a role for βKlotho in skeletal muscle fibro/adipogenesis. FEBS J 2016; 283:1653-68. [PMID: 26881702 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of skeletal muscles is required throughout life to ensure optimal performance. Therefore, a better understanding of the resident cells involved in muscle repair is essential. Muscle repair relies on satellite cells (SCs), the resident myogenic progenitors, but also involves the contribution of interstitial cells including fibro/adipocyte progenitors (FAPs). To elucidate the role of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in these two cell populations, we previously analyzed freshly isolated cells for their FGF receptor (FGFR) signature. Transcript analysis of the four Fgfr genes revealed distinct expression profiles for SCs and FAPs, raising the possibility that these two cell types have different FGF-mediated processes. Here, we pursued this hypothesis exploring the role of the Klotho genes, whose products are known to function as FGFR co-receptors for the endocrine FGF subfamily. Isolated SC and FAP populations were analyzed in culture, exhibiting spontaneous myogenic or adipogenic differentiation, respectively. αKlotho expression was not detected in either population. βKlotho expression, while not detected in SCs, was strongly upregulated in FAPs entering adipogenic differentiation, coinciding with expression of a panel of adipogenic genes and preceding the appearance of intracellular lipid droplets. Overexpression of βKlotho in mouse cell line models enhanced adipogenesis in NIH3T3 fibroblasts but had no effect on C2C12 myogenic cells. Our study supports a pro-adipogenic role for βKlotho in skeletal muscle fibro/adipogenesis and calls for further research on involvement of the FGF-FGFR-βKlotho axis in the fibro/adipogenic infiltration associated with functional deterioration of skeletal muscle in aging and muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phelps
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pascal Stuelsatz
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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45
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Lindholm D, Mäkelä J, Di Liberto V, Mudò G, Belluardo N, Eriksson O, Saarma M. Current disease modifying approaches to treat Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1365-79. [PMID: 26616211 PMCID: PMC11108524 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration and death of midbrain dopamine and non-dopamine neurons in the brain leading to motor dysfunctions and other symptoms, which seriously influence the quality of life of PD patients. The drug L-dopa can alleviate the motor symptoms in PD, but so far there are no rational therapies targeting the underlying neurodegenerative processes. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms causing neuronal loss are not fully understood which has hampered the development of new drugs and disease-modifying therapies. Neurotrophic factors are by virtue of their survival promoting activities attract candidates to counteract and possibly halt cell degeneration in PD. In particular, studies employing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its family member neurturin (NRTN), as well as the recently described cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) and the mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) have shown positive results in protecting and repairing dopaminergic neurons in various models of PD. Other substances with trophic actions in dopaminergic neurons include neuropeptides and small compounds that target different pathways impaired in PD, such as increased cell stress, protein handling defects, dysfunctional mitochondria and neuroinflammation. In this review, we will highlight the recent developments in this field with a focus on trophic factors and substances having the potential to beneficially influence the viability and functions of dopaminergic neurons as shown in preclinical or in animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lindholm
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Minerva Medical Research Institute, Biomedicum-2 Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Johanna Mäkelä
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Medical Research Institute, Biomedicum-2 Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Division of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Division of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Division of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ove Eriksson
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Fu T, Kemper JK. MicroRNA-34a and Impaired FGF19/21 Signaling in Obesity. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 101:175-96. [PMID: 27125742 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic and the urgent need for effective and safe drugs to treat obesity-related diseases have greatly increased research interest in the metabolic hormones, fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19, FGF15 in mice), and FGF21. FGF19 and FGF21 function as endocrine hormones that play key roles in energy metabolism and counteract obesity. Importantly, in obese humans and lab animals, circulating FGF19 and FGF21 levels are elevated, and metabolic actions of these hormones are impaired but the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. Recent microRNA (miR) studies have revealed that aberrantly elevated miR-34a in obesity directly targets β-Klotho, the obligate coreceptor for both FGF19 and FGF21, and attenuates metabolic signaling of these hormones. In this review, we will discuss recent findings in the miR and FGF19/21 fields, emphasizing the novel function of obesity-associated miR-34a in attenuation of FGF19/21 metabolic actions, and further discuss miRs, including miR-34a, as potential drug targets for obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - J K Kemper
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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Ahmadi M, Emami Aleagha MS, Harirchian MH, Yarani R, Tavakoli F, Siroos B. Multiple sclerosis influences on the augmentation of serum Klotho concentration. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362:69-72. [PMID: 26944121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have already shown that the concentration of secreted form of Klotho decreases in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The current study aimed at assessing possible changes in the serum Klotho concentration of MS patients. Participants involved 15 new cases of RRMS patients in the relapse phase, 15 RRMS patients who had been suffering from the disease for more than three years and were under regular treatments (interferon beta-1a) and, finally, 15 non-MS patients who constituted the control group. Beside thorough neurological examinations, demographic and clinical data (e.g. gender, age, duration of disease and expanded disability status scale) were obtained. Serum Klotho concentration was measured using ELISA method. The results showed no statistically meaningful difference between new cases of RRMS (585.56pg/ml±153.99) and control group (556.81pg/ml±120.36; P=0.859). The serum Klotho level, however, was significantly higher in patients with prolonged disease duration (696.94pg/ml±170.52; P=0.037) in comparison with the subjects in the control group. In conclusion, this study showed that serum Klotho concentration tends to be higher in MS patients when compared to control group. This finding might be attributed to treatment of MS patients with immunomodulatory drugs or a compensatory response to enhance CNS regeneration and/or vitamin D biosynthesis. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of Klotho in MS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ahmadi
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sajad Emami Aleagha
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Harirchian
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Farhad Tavakoli
- Department of Anesthesiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahaadin Siroos
- Iranian Centre of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mechanisms of FGF gradient formation during embryogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 53:94-100. [PMID: 26454099 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have long been attributed to influence morphogenesis in embryonic development. Signaling by FGF morphogen encodes positional identity of tissues by creating a concentration gradient over the developing embryo. Various mechanisms that influence the development of such gradient have been elucidated in the recent past. These mechanisms of FGF gradient formation present either as an extracellular control over FGF ligand diffusion or as a subcellular control of FGF propagation and signaling. In this review, we describe our current understanding of FGF as a morphogen, the extracellular control of FGF gradient formation by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and mechanisms of intracellular regulation of FGF signaling that influence gradient formation.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1337] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
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Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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