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Natale F, Luisi E, Franzese R, Mollo N, Solimene A, Caso VM, Corvino A, Golino P, Cimmino G. Semaglutide in Cardiometabolic Diseases: SELECTing the Target Population. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:145. [PMID: 38786967 PMCID: PMC11122593 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death and disability worldwide. Despite the tremendous improvement in pharmacological, minimally invasive and rehabilitative strategies, global deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are still increasing. Additional risk factors have been recently proposed, and thanks to scientific progress, novel drugs for the control of the main risk factors focusing on the cardiometabolic pathways have been identified. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists represent an innovative step in the management of patients affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to their significant efficacy on glycemic homeostasis, some members of this class of drugs have indications in the treatment of obesity. Furthermore, accumulated evidence in the literature has finally suggested a protective role in cardiovascular health. The possible role of GLP-1R agonist drugs (GLP-1RAs) on the mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation and the almost ubiquitous distribution of GLP-1 receptors could explain the enormous versatility of these drugs. Semaglutide is a GLP-1RA recently proven to be effective in cardiovascular outcomes. In the present article, we will review the available data on semaglutide in light of the most recent publications to better characterize the target population achieving cardiovascular benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Natale
- Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (P.G.)
| | - Ettore Luisi
- Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (P.G.)
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Franzese
- Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (P.G.)
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Noemi Mollo
- Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (P.G.)
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Achille Solimene
- Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (P.G.)
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Maria Caso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Pharmacy Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Golino
- Vanvitelli Cardiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.N.); (P.G.)
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Cardiology Unit, AOU Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Gandasi NR, Gao R, Kothegala L, Pearce A, Santos C, Acreman S, Basco D, Benrick A, Chibalina MV, Clark A, Guida C, Harris M, Johnson PRV, Knudsen JG, Ma J, Miranda C, Shigeto M, Tarasov AI, Yeung HY, Thorens B, Asterholm IW, Zhang Q, Ramracheya R, Ladds G, Rorsman P. GLP-1 metabolite GLP-1(9-36) is a systemic inhibitor of mouse and human pancreatic islet glucagon secretion. Diabetologia 2024; 67:528-546. [PMID: 38127123 PMCID: PMC10844371 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetes mellitus is associated with impaired insulin secretion, often aggravated by oversecretion of glucagon. Therapeutic interventions should ideally correct both defects. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has this capability but exactly how it exerts its glucagonostatic effect remains obscure. Following its release GLP-1 is rapidly degraded from GLP-1(7-36) to GLP-1(9-36). We hypothesised that the metabolite GLP-1(9-36) (previously believed to be biologically inactive) exerts a direct inhibitory effect on glucagon secretion and that this mechanism becomes impaired in diabetes. METHODS We used a combination of glucagon secretion measurements in mouse and human islets (including islets from donors with type 2 diabetes), total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy imaging of secretory granule dynamics, recordings of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and measurements of protein kinase A activity, immunocytochemistry, in vivo physiology and GTP-binding protein dissociation studies to explore how GLP-1 exerts its inhibitory effect on glucagon secretion and the role of the metabolite GLP-1(9-36). RESULTS GLP-1(7-36) inhibited glucagon secretion in isolated islets with an IC50 of 2.5 pmol/l. The effect was particularly strong at low glucose concentrations. The degradation product GLP-1(9-36) shared this capacity. GLP-1(9-36) retained its glucagonostatic effects after genetic/pharmacological inactivation of the GLP-1 receptor. GLP-1(9-36) also potently inhibited glucagon secretion evoked by β-adrenergic stimulation, amino acids and membrane depolarisation. In islet alpha cells, GLP-1(9-36) led to inhibition of Ca2+ entry via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels sensitive to ω-agatoxin, with consequential pertussis-toxin-sensitive depletion of the docked pool of secretory granules, effects that were prevented by the glucagon receptor antagonists REMD2.59 and L-168049. The capacity of GLP-1(9-36) to inhibit glucagon secretion and reduce the number of docked granules was lost in alpha cells from human donors with type 2 diabetes. In vivo, high exogenous concentrations of GLP-1(9-36) (>100 pmol/l) resulted in a small (30%) lowering of circulating glucagon during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. This effect was abolished by REMD2.59, which promptly increased circulating glucagon by >225% (adjusted for the change in plasma glucose) without affecting pancreatic glucagon content. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We conclude that the GLP-1 metabolite GLP-1(9-36) is a systemic inhibitor of glucagon secretion. We propose that the increase in circulating glucagon observed following genetic/pharmacological inactivation of glucagon signalling in mice and in people with type 2 diabetes reflects the removal of GLP-1(9-36)'s glucagonostatic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil R Gandasi
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Cell Metabolism Lab (GA-08), Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rui Gao
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lakshmi Kothegala
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abigail Pearce
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristiano Santos
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Acreman
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Davide Basco
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Benrick
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margarita V Chibalina
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne Clark
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Guida
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul R V Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob G Knudsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jinfang Ma
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Miranda
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Makoto Shigeto
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ho Yan Yeung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid W Asterholm
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Quan Zhang
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Reshma Ramracheya
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Lee J, Hong SW, Kim MJ, Moon SJ, Kwon H, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Lee WY. Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor Agonist Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Proliferation and Migration in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Ameliorates Phosphate-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Calcification. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:83-96. [PMID: 38173373 PMCID: PMC10850275 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGRUOUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), which is a therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. METHODS To examine the protective effects of GLP-1RAs on proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), A-10 cells exposed to angiotensin II (Ang II) were treated with either exendin-4, liraglutide, or dulaglutide. To examine the effects of GLP-1RAs on vascular calcification, cells exposed to high concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) were treated with exendin-4, liraglutide, or dulaglutide. RESULTS Ang II increased proliferation and migration of VSMCs, gene expression levels of Ang II receptors AT1 and AT2, proliferation marker of proliferation Ki-67 (Mki-67), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Pcna), and cyclin D1 (Ccnd1), and the protein expression levels of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-Erk), phospho-c-JUN N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-Pi3k). Exendin-4, liraglutide, and dulaglutide significantly decreased the proliferation and migration of VSMCs, the gene expression levels of Pcna, and the protein expression levels of p-Erk and p-JNK in the Ang II-treated VSMCs. Erk inhibitor PD98059 and JNK inhibitor SP600125 decreased the protein expression levels of Pcna and Ccnd1 and proliferation of VSMCs. Inhibition of GLP-1R by siRNA reversed the reduction of the protein expression levels of p-Erk and p-JNK by exendin-4, liraglutide, and dulaglutide in the Ang II-treated VSMCs. Moreover, GLP-1 (9-36) amide also decreased the proliferation and migration of the Ang II-treated VSMCs. In addition, these GLP-1RAs decreased calcium deposition by inhibiting activating transcription factor 4 (Atf4) in Pi-treated VSMCs. CONCLUSION These data show that GLP-1RAs ameliorate aberrant proliferation and migration in VSMCs through both GLP-1Rdependent and independent pathways and inhibit Pi-induced vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Lee
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hong
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Joon Moon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemi Kwon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Menghini R, Casagrande V, Rizza S, Federici M. GLP-1RAs and cardiovascular disease: is the endothelium a relevant platform? Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:1441-1448. [PMID: 37401947 PMCID: PMC10520195 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia strongly affects endothelial function and activation, which in turn increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Among pharmacotherapies aimed at lowering blood glucose levels, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) represent a class of drugs involved in the improvement of the endothelium damage and the progression of cardiovascular diseases. They show antihypertensive and antiatherosclerotic actions due at least in part to direct favorable actions on the coronary vascular endothelium, such as oxidative stress reduction and nitric oxide increase. However, cumulative peripheral indirect actions could also contribute to the antiatherosclerotic functions of GLP-1/GLP-1R agonists, including metabolism and gut microbiome regulation. Therefore, further research is necessary to clarify the specific role of this drug class in the management of cardiovascular disease and to identify specific cellular targets involved in the protective signal transduction. In the present review, we provide an overview of the effects of GLP-1RAs treatment on cardiovascular disease with particular attention on potential molecular mechanisms involving endothelium function on formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Menghini
- Departments of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Viviana Casagrande
- Departments of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Rizza
- Departments of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Departments of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
- Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Pandey S, Mangmool S, Parichatikanond W. Multifaceted Roles of GLP-1 and Its Analogs: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms with a Cardiotherapeutic Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:836. [PMID: 37375783 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the chronic metabolic disorders which poses a multitude of life-debilitating challenges, including cardiac muscle impairment, which eventually results in heart failure. The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has gained distinct recognition in reinstating glucose homeostasis in diabetes, while it is now largely accepted that it has an array of biological effects in the body. Several lines of evidence have revealed that GLP-1 and its analogs possess cardioprotective effects by various mechanisms related to cardiac contractility, myocardial glucose uptake, cardiac oxidative stress and ischemia/reperfusion injury, and mitochondrial homeostasis. Upon binding to GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), GLP-1 and its analogs exert their effects via adenylyl cyclase-mediated cAMP elevation and subsequent activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase(s) which stimulates the insulin release in conjunction with enhanced Ca2+ and ATP levels. Recent findings have suggested additional downstream molecular pathways stirred by long-term exposure of GLP-1 analogs, which pave the way for the development of potential therapeutic molecules with longer lasting beneficial effects against diabetic cardiomyopathies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the understanding of the GLP-1R-dependent and -independent actions of GLP-1 and its analogs in the protection against cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Palit SP, Patel R, Parmar N, Rathwa N, Dalvi N, Ramachandran AV, Begum R. Repurposing Pitavastatin and L-Glutamine: Replenishing β-Cells in Hyperlipidemic Type 2 Diabetes Mouse Model. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040929. [PMID: 37109458 PMCID: PMC10143944 DOI: 10.3390/life13040929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with obesity and declining β-cells. L-glutamine has been implicated in the amelioration of T2D by virtue of its incretin secretagogue property while, there are mixed reports on pitavastatin’s adiponectin potentiating ability. We aimed to investigate the effect of pitavastatin (P), L-glutamine (LG), and combination (P + LG) on glycemic control and β-cell regeneration in a high-fat diet (HFD) + streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D mouse model. C57BL6/J mice treated with HFD + STZ were divided into four groups: diabetes control (HFD + STZ), P, LG, and P + LG, while the control group (NCD) was fed with the normal-chow diet. Significant amelioration was observed in the combination therapy as compared to monotherapies in respect of (i) insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, lipid profile, adiponectin levels, and mitochondrial complexes I, II, and III activities, (ii) reduced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose 6-phophatase, glycogen phosphorylase, and GLUT2 transcript levels with increased glycogen content in the liver, (iii) restoration of insulin receptor 1β, pAkt/Akt, and AdipoR1 protein levels in skeletal muscle, and (iv) significant increase in islet number due to β-cell regeneration and reduced β-cell death. L-glutamine and pitavastatin in combination can ameliorate T2D by inducing β-cell regeneration and regulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Pramanik Palit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Roma Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Nishant Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Nirali Rathwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Nilay Dalvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - A. V. Ramachandran
- School of Liberal Studies and Education, Navrachana University, Vadodara 391410, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
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Sharaf G, El Morsy EM, El-Sayed EK. Augmented nephroprotective effect of liraglutide and rabeprazole via inhibition of OCT2 transporter in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Life Sci 2023; 321:121609. [PMID: 36958435 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cisplatin, a widely used anticancer treatment, has a marked nephrotoxic effect. This nephrotoxic effect is linked to the triggering of oxidative stress, inflammation, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway as well as apoptosis. The purpose of the present research was to examine the possible ameliorative effect of liraglutide and/or rabeprazole on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and to underline the potential molecular pathways involved. MAIN METHODS Rats were divided into five groups: Control, cisplatin, liraglutide (200 μg/kg/day, i.p), rabeprazole (10 mg/kg/day, orally) and liraglutide + rabeprazole combination groups. All treatments were given for 7 days. Cisplatin was given as a single dose (7 mg/kg, i.p) at day 4 to induce nephrotoxicity in all groups except the control group. KEY FINDINGS Treatment with liraglutide and/or rabeprazole prior to cisplatin maintained the function and morphology of kidney via decreasing cisplatin renal uptake by significant inhibition of OCT2. Besides, they showed a significant increase in GLP-1 receptor expression. Liraglutide and/or rabeprazole significantly attenuated the levels of TNF-α. ICAM, NF-κB, and downregulated MAPK pathway proteins such as JNK, and ERK1/2. Moreover, they maintained oxidant antioxidant balance by decreasing MDA level and increasing GSH level and CAT activity. Additionally, liraglutide and/or rabeprazole exhibited antiapoptotic effect evidenced by the decreased caspase-3 level and Bax expression and the increased Bcl-2 expression. SIGNIFICANCE The current study showed that both liraglutide and rabeprazole exerted a nephroprotective effect against cisplatin-induced renal toxicity in rats. Interestingly, co-treatment with both drugs showed an augmented effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad Sharaf
- Nasr Hospital Health Insurance, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - E M El Morsy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed K El-Sayed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Chen L, Zhang J, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Liu X, Fang Z, Feng L, He B, Zou Q, Tracey GJ. A phase I open-label clinical trial to study drug-drug interactions of Dorzagliatin and Sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1405. [PMID: 36918550 PMCID: PMC10014962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a phase 1, open-label, single-sequence, multiple-dose, single-center trial conducted in the US (NCT03790839), to evaluate the clinical pharmacokinetics, safety and pharmacodynamics of dorzagliatin co-administered with sitagliptin in patients with T2D and obesity. The trial has completed. 15 patients with T2D and obesity were recruited and treated with sitagliptin 100 mg QD on Day 1-5, followed by a combination of sitagliptin 100 mg QD with dorzagliatin 75 mg BID at second stage on Day 6-10 and the third stage of dorzagliatin 75 mg BID alone on Day 11-15. Primary outcomes include pharmacokinetic geometric mean ratio (GMR), safety and tolerability. Secondary outcomes include the incremental area under the curve for 4 hours post oral glucose tolerance test (iAUC) of pharmacodynamic biomarkers and glucose sensitivity. GMR for AUC0-24h and Cmax were 92.63 (90% CI, 85.61, 100.22) and 98.14 (90% CI, 83.73, 115.03) in combination/sitagliptin, and 100.34 (90% CI, 96.08, 104.79) and 102.34 (90% CI, 86.92, 120.50) in combination/dorzagliatin, respectively. Combination treatment did not increase the adverse events and well-tolerated in T2D patients. Lack of clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic interactions between dorzagliatin and sitagliptin, and an improvement of glycemic control under combination potentially support their co-administration for diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyin Fang
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingge Feng
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin He
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanfei Zou
- Hua Medicine (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, China
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9
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Li B, Xu M, Wang Y, Feng L, Xing H, Zhang K. Gut microbiota: A new target for traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of depression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:116038. [PMID: 36529248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNIC PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The causes of depression are complex. Many factors are involved in its pathogenesis, including the individual's biological and social environment. Although numerous studies have reported that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in depression, drugs that regulate the gut microbiota to treat depression have not yet been comprehensively reviewed. At the same time, more and more attention has been paid to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in improving depression by regulating gut microbiota. In ancient times, fecal microbiota transplantation was recorded in TCM for the treatment of severe diseases. There are also records in Chinese ancient books about the use of TCM to adjust gut microbiota to treat diseases, which has opened up a unique research field in TCM. Therefore, this article focuses on the pharmacological effects, targets, and mechanisms of TCM in improving depression by mediating the influence of gut microbiota. AIM OF THIS REVIEW To summarize the role the gut microbiota plays in depression, highlight potential regulatory targets, and elucidate the anti-depression mechanisms of TCMs through regulation of the gut microbiota. METHODS A systematic review of 256 clinical trials and pharmaceutical studies published until June 2022 was conducted in eight electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Research Gate, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, and China Knowledge Infrastructure), according to the implemented PRISMA criteria, using the search terms "traditional Chinese medicine," "depression," and "gut microbiota." RESULTS Numerous studies reported the effects of different gut bacteria on depression and that antidepressants work through the gut microbiota. TCM preparations based on compound Chinese medicine, the Chinese Materia Medica, and major bioactive components exerted antidepressant-like effects by improving levels of neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, kynurenine, and cytokines via regulation of the gut microbiota. CONCLUSION This review summarized the anti-depression effects of TCM on the gut microbiota, providing evidence that TCMs are safe and effective in the treatment of depression and may provide a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boru Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Meijing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lijin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hang Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Lianyungang, 222001, China.
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Tianjin UBasio Biotechnology Group, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Song X, Wang Y, Wang N. Specific interaction of insulin receptor and GLP-1 receptor mediates crosstalk between their signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 636:31-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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11
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Song R, Qian H, Wang Y, Li Q, Li D, Chen J, Yang J, Zhong J, Yang H, Min X, Xu H, Yang Y, Chen J. Research Progress on the Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:4554996. [PMID: 35434139 PMCID: PMC9012640 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4554996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of cardiovascular diseases is closely related to diabetes. Macrovascular disease is the main cause of death and disability in patients with type 2 diabetes. In recent years, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), a new type of hypoglycemic drug, has been shown to regulate blood sugar levels, improve myocardial ischemia, regulate lipid metabolism, improve endothelial function, and exert a protective role in the cardiovascular system. This study reviewed the protective effects of GLP-1RA on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Hang Qian
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Yunlian Wang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Jishun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Jingning Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xinwen Min
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research (Hubei University of Medicine), China
- Institute of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
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12
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Wang C, Chen J, Wang P, Qing S, Li W, Lu J. Endogenous Protective Factors and Potential Therapeutic Agents for Diabetes-Associated Atherosclerosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:821028. [PMID: 35557850 PMCID: PMC9086429 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.821028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The complications of macrovascular atherosclerosis are the leading cause of disability and mortality in patients with diabetes. It is generally believed that the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications is initiated by the imbalance between injury and endogenous protective factors. Multiple endogenous protective factors secreted by endothelium, liver, skeletal muscle and other tissues are recognized of their importance in combating injury factors and maintaining the homeostasis of vasculatures in diabetes. Among them, glucagon-like peptide-1 based drugs were clinically proven to be effective and recommended as the first-line medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients with high risks or established arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Some molecules such as irisin and lipoxins have recently been perceived as new protective factors on diabetic atherosclerosis, while the protective role of HDL has been reinterpreted since the failure of several clinical trials to raise HDL therapy on cardiovascular events. The current review aims to summarize systemic endogenous protective factors for diabetes-associated atherosclerosis and discuss their mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategy or their analogues. In particular, we focus on the existing barriers or obstacles that need to be overcome in developing new therapeutic approaches for macrovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengli Qing
- Department of Pharmacology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Lu, ; Wenwen Li,
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Lu, ; Wenwen Li,
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13
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EGLP-1 lowers body weight better than exendin-4 by reducing food intake and increasing basal energy expenditure in diet-induced obese mice. Exp Cell Res 2020; 399:112454. [PMID: 33359447 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that GLP-1 activates GLP-1R to reduce body weight by inhibiting eating. GLP-1 is cleaved by the neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 24.11 into a pentapeptide GLP-1 (32-36) amide, which increases basal energy expenditure and inhibits weight gain in obese mice. It is well known that GLP-1 analogs can reduce weight by suppressing eating. However, there are few reports of reducing weight through the dual effects of inhibiting eating and increasing basic energy. Here, we report the peptide EGLP-1, a GLP-1 analogue, which can reduce food intake and increase basal energy expenditure. In C2C12 myotubes, EGLP-1 can increase both phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and the ratio between phosphorylation of ACC and the total expression of ACC (pACC/ACC). In diet-induced obese mice, EGLP-1 is more effective than exendin-4 in reducing body weight, reducing fat mass and improving hepatic steatosis. At the same time, EGLP-1 can improve hyperglycemia, reduce food intake, and improve insulin resistance, just like exendin-4. In addition, EGLP-1, not exendin-4, can improve physiological parameters associated with lipid metabolism and increase oxygen consumption by increasing uncoupling proteins 3 (UCP3) expression and pACC/ACC ratio in skeletal muscle. Taken together, this data showed that EGLP-1 is able to reduce body weight by reducing food intake and increasing basal energy expenditure, suggesting it may be more effective in treating diabetic and non-diabetic overweight or obese people than pure GLP-1R agonist exendin-4.
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14
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Huang J, Liu Y, Cheng L, Li J, Zhang T, Zhao G, Zhang H. Glucagon-like peptide-1 cleavage product GLP-1(9-36) reduces neuroinflammation from stroke via the activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in astrocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173581. [PMID: 32949596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an endogenous gut hormone and a key regulator in maintaining glucose homeostasis by stimulating insulin secretion. Its natural cleavage product GLP-1 (9-36), which was formerly considered a "bio-inactive" metabolite mainly due to its low affinity for GLP-1 receptor, possesses unique properties such as cardiovascular protection. Little is known about the effects and mechanisms of GLP-1 (9-36) in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Here, we report that systemic application of GLP-1 (9-36) in adult mice facilitated functional recovery and reduced infarct volume, astrogliosis, and neuronal apoptosis following middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Interestingly, these effects were still observed in GLP-1 receptor knockout (Glp-1rKO) mice but were partially reversed in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor knockdown (Igf-1rKD) mice. Primary astrocytes were cultured and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that GLP-1 (9-36) pretreatment reduces tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 levels. This effect was not diminished in Glp-1rKO astrocytes but was reversed in Igf-1rKO astrocytes, emphasizing that the anti-inflammatory effect of GLP-1 (9-36) in astrocytes is independent of GLP-1 receptor signaling and is instead mediated by IGF-1 receptor. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that GLP-1 (9-36) directly interacts with IGF-1 receptor in astrocytes. Western blot data indicated that GLP-1 (9-36) activates IGF-1 receptor and downstream PI3K-AKT pathway in astrocytes upon OGD/R injury, which was abrogated by preincubation with IGF-1 receptor autophosphorylation inhibitor picropodophyllin. Thus, our findings suggest that GLP-1 (9-36) improved stroke outcome by reducing inflammation in astrocytes via interaction with IGF-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China; Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunhan Liu
- Department of Neurology Impatient, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liusiyuan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jihong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Tangrui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huinan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China.
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15
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Abd Elmaaboud M, Khattab H, Shalaby S. Hepatoprotective effect of linagliptin against liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 99:294-302. [PMID: 32726558 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate linagliptin for its potential role in the prevention of liver fibrosis progression. Balb-C mice were randomly allocated into five groups (10 each): (i) control; (ii) mice were injected intraperitoneally with 50 μL carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in corn oil in a dose of 0.6 μL/g three times per week for four weeks; (iii) linagliptin was administered orally in a daily dose of 10 mg/kg simultaneously with CCl4; (iv) silymarin was administered orally in a daily dose of 200 mg/kg concomitantly with CCl4; and (v) only linagliptin was administered. Hepatic injury was manifested in the CCl4 group by elevation of biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), and hepatic fibrosis was evident histopathologically by increased METAVIR score and immunostaining expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), as well as increased liver tissue oxidative stress parameters, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Linagliptin was able to stop the progression of liver fibrosis, evident histopathologically with reduced METAVIR score and α-SMA expression. The possible mechanism may be via suppression of oxidative stress, TGF-β1, and mTOR, which was associated with improvement of serum biochemical parameters ALT and AST. In conclusion, linagliptin might help to protect the liver against persistent injury-related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaly Abd Elmaaboud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Haidy Khattab
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Shahinaz Shalaby
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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16
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Liu Y, Kubota S, Iizuka K, Yabe D. Cardioprotective effects of GLP-1(28-36a): A degraded metabolite or GLP-1's better half? J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1422-1425. [PMID: 32428993 PMCID: PMC7610112 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanism underlying glucagon-like peptide-1 exertion of cardioprotective effects in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-dependent and -independent manners. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (28-36a) enters coronary artery endothelial cells through macropinocytosis and binds to mitochondrial trifunctional protein-α, shifting substrate utilization to increase adenosine triphosphate production and modulating a adenosine triphosphate-sensor soluble adenylyl cyclase, thereby producing cyclic adenosine monophosphate and activating protein kinase A to exert cytoprotection from oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sodai Kubota
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsumi Iizuka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yabe
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.,Yutaka Seino Distinguished Center for Diabetes Research, Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Molecular and Metabolic Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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17
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Uchinuma H, Ichijo M, Harima N, Tsuchiya K. Dulaglutide improves glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia in inpatient care and reduces dose and injection frequency of insulin. BMC Endocr Disord 2020; 20:58. [PMID: 32381085 PMCID: PMC7203793 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-0542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced hyperglycemia is characterized by elevated postprandial blood glucose, which commonly requires multiple insulin injections. We investigated whether a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, dulaglutide (Dula), safely improved GC-induced hyperglycemia in inpatients, to reduce insulin injection frequency. METHODS The data of hospitalized patients with GC-induced hyperglycemia treated with Dula (Dula group, n = 38) or without (non-Dula group, n = 38) were retrospectively evaluated. Baseline data were collected at the beginning of GC treatment. The primary outcome in this study was glycemic control, which was compared between the groups using the six-point blood glucose (before and 2 h after each meal) profiles at discharge. The daily injection frequency of injectable drugs at discharge were also compared between groups. RESULTS No specific trend of underlying diseases was observed between the non-Dula and Dula groups. The proportion of patients previously administered with GC pulse therapy was comparable between the two groups. No significant differences were observed between groups, in the starting maintenance GC dose, GC dose at pretreatment of Dula and discharge, and cumulative GC dose during the observation. Six-point blood glucose levels at pretreatment and discharge were comparable between the two groups. However, daily injection frequency of injectable drugs and insulin dose were significantly lower in the Dula group than that in the non-Dula group. No differences were observed in the number of hypoglycemic events, the elevation of serum pancreatic enzyme levels, or gastrointestinal adverse events. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Dula could provide glycemic control while reducing the insulin dose and injection frequency in inpatients with GC-induced hyperglycemia. The occurrence of adverse events such as gastrointestinal symptoms and hypoglycemia did not increase in the Dula-treated patients compared to those not treated, suggesting its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Uchinuma
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Yamanashi Hospital, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Masashi Ichijo
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Yamanashi Hospital, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Harima
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Yamanashi Hospital, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Yamanashi Hospital, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan.
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18
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Li L, Wu L, E X, Yan W, Cai X, Han J, Sun L. Novel nonapeptide GLP (28-36) amide derivatives with improved hypoglycemic and body weight lowering effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1670-1676. [PMID: 30878191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has emerged as a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The nonapeptide GLP-1 (28-36) amide is one of the biological C-terminal products of GLP-1 modified by the neutral endopeptidase (NEP) 24.11 with limited hypoglycemic activity. In this study, we focused on the modification of GLP-1 (28-36) amide for the first time and synthesized a series of GLP-1 (28-36) amide analogues. Results of biological activity evaluation in INS-1 cell, STZ-induced diabetic and diet induced obesity (DIO) mice indicated that S3 as a promising candidate to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyao Li
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Xia E
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Wenru Yan
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Xingguang Cai
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China.
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19
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Hou Y, Fan W, Yang W, Samdani AQ, Jackson AO, Qu S. Farnesoid X receptor: An important factor in blood glucose regulation. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:29-34. [PMID: 30910597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a transcription factor that can be activated by bile acid as well as influenced bile acid metabolism. β-cell bile acid metabolism is mediated by FXR and closely related to the regulation of blood glucose (BG). FXR can regulate BG through multiple pathways. This review summarises recent studies on FXR regulation of BG balance via bile acid regulation, lowering glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), inhibiting gluconeogenesis, increasing insulin secretion and enhancing insulin sensitivity. In addition, the current review provides additional insight into the relationship between FXR and BG which may provide a new theoretical basis for further study on the role of FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfeng Hou
- Clinic Medicine Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Fan
- Pathophysiology Department, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Wenling Yang
- Clinic Medicine Department, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Abdul Qadir Samdani
- Spinal Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Ampadu Okyere Jackson
- International College, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Shunlin Qu
- Pathophysiology Department, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
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20
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Ding L, Fang Z, Liu Y, Zhang E, Huang T, Yang L, Wang Z, Huang W. Targeting Bile Acid-Activated Receptors in Bariatric Surgery. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 256:359-378. [PMID: 31144046 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgical procedures, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical sleeve gastrectomy, are currently the most effective clinical approaches to achieve a significant and sustainable weight loss. Bariatric surgery also concomitantly improves type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular diseases, and hyperlipidemia. However, despite the recent exciting progress in the understanding how bariatric surgery works, the underlying molecular mechanisms of bariatric surgery remain largely unknown. Interestingly, bile acids are emerging as potential signaling molecules to mediate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on bile acids and their activated receptors in mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of bariatric surgery. We also discuss the potential to target bile acid-activated receptors in order to treat obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ding
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Fang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Eryun Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tracy Huang
- Eugene and Roth Roberts Summer Student Academy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute of City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Sposito AC, Berwanger O, de Carvalho LSF, Saraiva JFK. GLP-1RAs in type 2 diabetes: mechanisms that underlie cardiovascular effects and overview of cardiovascular outcome data. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:157. [PMID: 30545359 PMCID: PMC6292070 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have a substantial risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The strong connection between the severity of hyperglycaemia, metabolic changes secondary to T2DM and vascular damage increases the risk of macrovascular complications. There is a challenging demand for the development of drugs that control hyperglycaemia and influence other metabolic risk factors to improve cardiovascular outcomes such as cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina and heart failure (major adverse cardiovascular events). In recent years, introduction of the new drug class of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) has changed the treatment landscape as GLP-1RAs have become well-established therapies in T2DM. The benefits of GLP-1RAs are derived from their pleiotropic effects, which include appetite control, glucose-dependent secretion of insulin and inhibition of glucagon secretion. Importantly, their beneficial effects extend to the cardiovascular system. Large clinical trials have evaluated the cardiovascular effects of GLP-1RAs in patients with T2DM and elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and the results are very promising. However, important aspects still require elucidation, such as the specific mechanisms involved in the cardioprotective effects of these drugs. Careful interpretation is necessary because of the heterogeneity across the trials concerning the definition of cardiovascular risk or cardiovascular disease, baseline characteristics, routine care and event rates. The aim of this review is to describe the main clinical aspects of the GLP-1RAs, compare them using data from both the mechanistic and randomized controlled trials and discuss potential reasons for improved cardiovascular outcomes observed in these trials. This review may help clinicians to decide which treatment is most appropriate in reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei C Sposito
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (AtheroLab), Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13084-971, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Otávio Berwanger
- Academic Research Organization (ARO), Albert Einstein Hospital, Av. Albert Einstein 627, Sao Paulo, SP, 05651-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz Sérgio F de Carvalho
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (AtheroLab), Cardiology Division, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), 13084-971, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Francisco Kerr Saraiva
- Cardiology Division, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas Medicine School, Rua Engenheiro Carlos Stevenson 560, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13092-132, Brazil
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Gallego-Colon E, Wojakowski W, Francuz T. Incretin drugs as modulators of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2018; 278:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Oral formulation of DPP-4 inhibitor plus Quercetin improves metabolic homeostasis in type 1 diabetic rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15310. [PMID: 30333575 PMCID: PMC6192983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential of an oral formulation (QV formulation) containing Quercetin and a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor (DPP-4 inhibitor), Vildagliptin, in improving metabolic homeostasis in type 1 diabetes model. Female albino Fischer rats were divided into four groups: untreated control animals (C), untreated diabetic animals (D), diabetic animals treated with QV formulation (DQV), and diabetic animals treated with insulin (DI). Diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan (135 mg kg body mass)-1 and confirmed by glycemic test. After the 30-day treatment period, biochemical parameters were analyzed in the pancreas, liver, and serum. Histopathological changes in pancreatic tissue were examined by Hematoxyline & Eosin staining and the insulin content in the islet measured by immunohistochemistry with anti-insulin antibody. The glycogen content in the hepatocytes was quantified by Periodic Schiff Acid staining. The QV formulation reduced the glycemia, preserved the pancreatic architecture, increased insulin levels, furthermore ameliorated lipid profile and to promote higher survival rate of animals. Together, our data suggest that the QV formulation treatment was able to normalize metabolic homeostasis in type 1 diabetic rats.
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Li YK, Ma DX, Wang ZM, Hu XF, Li SL, Tian HZ, Wang MJ, Shu YW, Yang J. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog liraglutide attenuates renal fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Paternoster S, Falasca M. Dissecting the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:584. [PMID: 30364192 PMCID: PMC6193070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An aging world population exposed to a sedentary life style is currently plagued by chronic metabolic diseases, such as type-2 diabetes, that are spreading worldwide at an unprecedented rate. One of the most promising pharmacological approaches for the management of type 2 diabetes takes advantage of the peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) under the form of protease resistant mimetics, and DPP-IV inhibitors. Despite the improved quality of life, long-term treatments with these new classes of drugs are riddled with serious and life-threatening side-effects, with no overall cure of the disease. New evidence is shedding more light over the complex physiology of GLP-1 in health and metabolic diseases. Herein, we discuss the most recent advancements in the biology of gut receptors known to induce the secretion of GLP-1, to bridge the multiple gaps into our understanding of its physiology and pathology.
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Fontana J, Kučera O, Mezera V, Anděl M, Červinková Z. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues exenatide and liraglutide exert inhibitory effect on the early phase of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Physiol Res 2017; 66:833-844. [PMID: 28730824 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin known for proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on various tissues. Exenatide and Liraglutide are GLP-1 analogues used in clinical practice as antidiabetic drugs. Since GLP-1 and its analogues exert significant effect on liver metabolism and since changes in intermediary metabolism play an important role in the process of liver regeneration, we decided to determine the effect of Exenatide and Liraglutide on the early phase of liver regeneration and selected metabolic parameters in a model of 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PHx) in rats. Animals were submitted either to PHx or laparotomy and received 3 doses of either GLP-1 analogues (Exenatide - 42 microg/kg b.w., Liraglutide - 0.75 mg/kg b.w.) or saline intraperitoneally. We analyzed body and liver weight, liver bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, liver content of DNA, triacylglycerols and cholesterol and biochemical serum parameters. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling was significantly lower in hepatectomized rats receiving either type of GLP-1 analogues when compared to hepatectomized controls. This effect was more pronounced in the Liraglutide group compared to Exenatide (p<0.001). In addition, liver DNA content was lower in hepatectomized rats receiving Liraglutide than in hepatectomized control rats (p<0.001). In conclusion, GLP-1 analogues Exenatide and Liraglutide significantly inhibited an early phase of liver regeneration after PHx in rats. This inhibitory effect was more pronounced in rats receiving Liraglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fontana
- Centre for Research on Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Gao H, Zhao Q, Song Z, Yang Z, Wu Y, Tang S, Alahdal M, Zhang Y, Jin L. PGLP‐1, a novel long‐acting dual‐function GLP‐1 analog, ameliorates streptozotocin‐induced hyperglycemia and inhibits body weight loss. FASEB J 2017; 31:3527-3539. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700002r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringPingdingshan University Pingdingshan China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Ziwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Zhaocong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - You Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Murad Alahdal
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Liang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug ScreeningSchool of Life Science and TechnologyChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
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Abstract
The FATZO/Pco mouse is the result of a cross of the C57BL/6J and AKR/J strains. The crossing of these two strains and the selective inbreeding for obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia has resulted in an inbred strain exhibiting obesity in the presumed presence of an intact leptin pathway. Routinely used rodent models for obesity and diabetes research have a monogenic defect in leptin signaling that initiates obesity. Given that obesity and its sequelae in humans are polygenic in nature and not associated with leptin signaling defects, the FATZO mouse may represent a more translatable rodent model for study of obesity and its associated metabolic disturbances. The FATZO mouse develops obesity spontaneously when fed a normal chow diet. Glucose intolerance with increased insulin levels are apparent in FATZO mice as young as 6 weeks of age. These progress to hyperglycemia/pre-diabetes and frank diabetes with decreasing insulin levels as they age. The disease in these mice is multi-faceted, similar to the metabolic syndrome apparent in obese individuals, and thus provides a long pre-diabetic state for determining the preventive value of new interventions. We have assessed the utility of this new model for the pre-clinical screening of agents to stop or slow progression of the metabolic syndrome to severe diabetes. Our assessment included: 1) characterization of the spontaneous development of disease, 2) comparison of metabolic disturbances of FATZO mice to control mice and 3) validation of the model with regard to the effectiveness of current and emerging anti-diabetic agents; rosiglitazone, metformin and semaglutide. CONCLUSION Male FATZO mice spontaneously develop significant metabolic disease when compared to normal controls while maintaining hyperglycemia in the presence of high leptin levels and hyperinsulinemia. The disease condition responds to commonly used antidiabetic agents.
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GLP-1 receptor independent pathways: emerging beneficial effects of GLP-1 breakdown products. Eat Weight Disord 2017; 22:231-240. [PMID: 28040864 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-016-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) axis has emerged as a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and, recently, of obesity. The insulinotropic activity of the native incretin hormone GLP-1(7-36)amide, which is mainly exerted through a unique G protein-coupled receptor (GLP-1R), is terminated via enzymatic cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV that generates a C-terminal GLP-1 metabolite GLP-1(9-36)amide, the major circulating form in plasma. GLP-1(28-36)amide and GLP-1(32-36)amide are further cleavage products derived from GLP-1(7-36)amide and GLP-1(9-36)amide by the action of a neutral endopeptidase known as neprilysin. Until recently, GLP-1-derived metabolites were generally considered metabolically inactive. However, emerging evidence indicates that GLP-1 byproducts have insulinomimetic activities that may contribute to the pleiotropic effects of GLP-1 independently of the canonical GLP-1R. The recent studies reporting the beneficial effects of the administration of these metabolites in vivo and in vitro are the focus of this review. Collectively, these results suggest that GLP-1 metabolites inhibit hepatic glucose production, exert antioxidant cardio- and neuroprotective actions, reduce oxidative stress in vasculature and have both anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects in pancreatic β-cells, putatively by the modulation of mitochondrial functions. These findings have implication in energy homeostasis, obesity and its associated metabolic and cardiovascular complications as well as incretin-based therapies for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
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Geloneze B, de Lima-Júnior JC, Velloso LA. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs) in the Brain-Adipocyte Axis. Drugs 2017; 77:493-503. [PMID: 28233273 PMCID: PMC5357258 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of neural circuits that control food intake and energy balance in the hypothalamic nuclei explains some of the constraints involved in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Two major neuronal populations present in the arcuate nucleus control caloric intake and energy expenditure: one population co-expresses orexigenic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y and the other expresses the anorexigenic anorectic neuropeptides proopiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (POMC/CART). In addition to integrating signals from neurotransmitters and hormones, the hypothalamic systems that regulate energy homeostasis are affected by nutrients. Fat-rich diets, for instance, elicit hypothalamic inflammation (reactive activation and proliferation of microglia, a condition named gliosis). This process generates resistance to the anorexigenic hormones leptin and insulin, contributing to the genesis of obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have increasingly been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. One compound (liraglutide) was recently approved for the treatment of obesity. Although most studies suggest that GLP-1RAs promote weight loss mainly due to their inhibitory effect on food intake, other central effects that have been described for native GLP-1 and some GLP-1RAs in rodents and humans encourage future clinical trials to explore additional mechanisms that potentially underlie the beneficial effects observed with this drug class. In this article we review the most relevant data exploring the mechanisms involved in the effects of GLP-1RAs in the brain–adipocyte axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Geloneze
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes-LIMED, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13084-970, Brazil.
| | - José Carlos de Lima-Júnior
- Laboratory of Investigation in Metabolism and Diabetes-LIMED, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13084-970, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lício A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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Li J, Zheng J, Wang S, Lau HK, Fathi A, Wang Q. Cardiovascular Benefits of Native GLP-1 and its Metabolites: An Indicator for GLP-1-Therapy Strategies. Front Physiol 2017; 8:15. [PMID: 28194113 PMCID: PMC5276855 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a common co-morbidity and leading cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone produced by intestinal L cells in response to feeding. Native GLP-1 (7-36) amide is rapidly degraded by diaminopeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) to GLP-1 (9-36) amide, making 9-36a the major circulating form. While it is 7-36a, and not its metabolites, which exerts trophic effects on islet β-cells, recent studies suggest that both 7-36a and its metabolites have direct cardiovascular effects, including preserving cardiomyocyte viability, ameliorating cardiac function, and vasodilation. In particular, the difference in cardiovascular effects between 7-36a and 9-36a is attracting attention. Growing evidence has strengthened the presumption that their cardiovascular effects are overlapping, but distinct and complementary to each other; 7-36a exerts cardiovascular effects in a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) dependent pathway, whereas 9-36a does so in a GLP-1R independent pathway. GLP-1 therapies have been developed using two main strategies: DPP4-resistant GLP-1 analogs/GLP-1R agonists and DPP4 inhibitors, which both aim to prolong the life-time of circulating 7-36a. One prominent concern that should be addressed is that the cardiovascular benefits of 9-36a are lacking in these strategies. This review attempts to differentiate the cardiovascular effects between 7-36a and 9-36a in order to provide new insights into GLP-1 physiology, and facilitate our efforts to develop a superior GLP-1-therapy strategy for T2DM and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harry K Lau
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Fathi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's HospitalToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
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Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:411-463. [PMID: 28003328 PMCID: PMC6151490 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we review the nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control the secretion of four of these hormones, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY(3-36)], and their contributions to the controls of GI motor function, food intake, and meal-related increases in glycemia in healthy-weight and obese persons, as well as in RYGB patients. Their physiological roles as classical endocrine and as locally acting signals are discussed. Gastric emptying, the detection of specific digestive products by small intestinal enteroendocrine cells, and synergistic interactions among different GI loci all contribute to the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36). While CCK has been fully established as an endogenous endocrine control of eating in healthy-weight persons, the roles of all four hormones in eating in obese persons and following RYGB are uncertain. Similarly, only GLP-1 clearly contributes to the endocrine control of meal-related glycemia. It is likely that local signaling is involved in these hormones' actions, but methods to determine the physiological status of local signaling effects are lacking. Further research and fresh approaches are required to better understand ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36) physiology; their roles in obesity and bariatric surgery; and their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Steinert
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Lori Asarian
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Nori Geary
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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Liraglutide attenuates partial warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat livers. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:311-319. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zhang SS, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Xiong ZY, Chen H, Huang QB. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts to prevent podocyte apoptosis induced by advanced oxidative protein products. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:1413-1419. [PMID: 27965099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether and how glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) can protect podocytes from apoptosis induced by advanced oxidative protein products (AOPPs). METHODS Murine podocytes were stimulated with 200 μg/ml AOPP for 48 h in the presence or absence of GLP-1. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8 assay. Podocyte apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining. Superoxide radical production was assayed using lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, and Western blotting was used to measure expression of RAGE, NADPH oxidase subunits p47phox and gp91phox, as well as apoptosis-associated proteins p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3. RESULTS Incubating podocytes with AOPPs reduced cell viability, triggered changes in cell morphology and promoted apoptosis. GLP-1 partially inhibited AOPP-induced apoptosis, O2- overproduction, and AOPP-induced expression of RAGE. GLP-1 inhibited expression of p47phox and gp91phox in AOPP-treated podocytes, and it attenuated AOPP-induced expression of p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, whereas it restored expression of Bcl-2. CONCLUSION GLP-1 partially inhibits AOPP-induced apoptosis in podocytes, perhaps by interfering with the AOPP-RAGE axis, decreasing oxidative stress and inhibiting the downstream p53/Bax/caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. GLP-1 may be a useful anti-apoptotic agent for early intervention in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou-Yi Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Yue Bei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qiao-Bing Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong Province, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ding L, Sousa KM, Jin L, Dong B, Kim B, Ramirez R, Xiao Z, Gu Y, Yang Q, Wang J, Yu D, Pigazzi A, Schones D, Yang L, Moore D, Wang Z, Huang W. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy activates GPBAR-1/TGR5 to sustain weight loss, improve fatty liver, and remit insulin resistance in mice. Hepatology 2016; 64:760-73. [PMID: 27312543 PMCID: PMC4992413 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is one of the most commonly performed clinical bariatric surgeries used for the remission of obesity and diabetes. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which VSG exerts its beneficial effects remains elusive. We report that the membrane-bound G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, GPBAR-1 (also known as TGR5), is required to mediate the effects of anti-obesity, anti-hyperglycemia, and improvements of fatty liver of VSG in mice. In the absence of TGR5, the beneficial metabolic effects of VSG in mice are lost. Moreover, we found that the expression of TGR5 increased significantly after VSG, and VSG alters both BA levels and composition in mice, resulting in enhancement of TGR5 signaling in the ileum and brown adipose tissues, concomitant with improved glucose control and increased energy expenditure. CONCLUSION Our study elucidates a novel underlying mechanism by which VSG achieves its postoperative therapeutic effects through enhanced TGR5 signaling. (Hepatology 2016;64:760-773).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina,Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA
| | - Kyle M. Sousa
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA,Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesWest Coast University, School of PharmacyLos AngelesCA
| | - Lihua Jin
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress BiologyXiamen UniversityXiamenFujian
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTX
| | - Byung‐Wook Kim
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA
| | - Ricardo Ramirez
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA
| | - Zhenzhou Xiao
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA
| | - Qiaoling Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina,Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Donna Yu
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA
| | | | - Dustin Schones
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA,Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesWest Coast University, School of PharmacyLos AngelesCA
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - David Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTX
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wendong Huang
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Institute of Diabetes Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA,Graduate School of Biological ScienceCity of Hope National Medical CenterDuarteCA
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Cantini G, Mannucci E, Luconi M. Perspectives in GLP-1 Research: New Targets, New Receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:427-438. [PMID: 27091492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) binds to and activates its G-protein-coupled-receptor GLP-1R to reduce glycaemia through the stimulation of insulin and suppression of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Recently, GLP-1 effects unrelated to glucose homeostasis have been discovered in myocardium, bone, adipose tissue, and other target organs, which appear to be mainly mediated by GLP-1R-independent pathways. Here, we summarize knowledge on GLP-1R agonists (GLP-1RAs) as they relate to the improvement of glucose control, and focus on the most recently described effects, discussing the preclinical evidence of the involvement of alternative receptors and signalling mechanisms. It is now evident that the universe of GLP-1RAs is expanding further from the initial incretin effect, opening new unforeseen avenues for research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Mannucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Diabetes Agency, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Chameroy KA, Frank N, Elliott SB, Boston RC. Comparison of Plasma Active Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Concentrations in Normal Horses and Those With Equine Metabolic Syndrome and in Horses Placed on a High-Grain Diet. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Smits MM, van Raalte DH, Tonneijck L, Muskiet MHA, Kramer MHH, Cahen DL. GLP-1 based therapies: clinical implications for gastroenterologists. Gut 2016; 65:702-11. [PMID: 26786687 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut-derived incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) lowers postprandial blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin and inhibiting glucagon secretion. Two novel antihyperglycaemic drug classes augment these effects; GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of the GLP-1 degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4. These so called GLP-1 based or incretin based drugs are increasingly used to treat type 2 diabetes, because of a low risk of hypoglycaemia and favourable effect on body weight, blood pressure and lipid profiles. Besides glucose control, GLP-1 functions as an enterogastrone, causing a wide range of GI responses. Studies have shown that endogenous GLP-1 and its derived therapies slow down digestion by affecting the stomach, intestines, exocrine pancreas, gallbladder and liver. Understanding the GI actions of GLP-1 based therapies is clinically relevant; because GI side effects are common and need to be recognised, and because these drugs may be used to treat GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Smits
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart Tonneijck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H A Muskiet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H H Kramer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Djuna L Cahen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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El-Sabagh M, Taniguchi D, Sugino T, Obitsu T. Metabolomic profiling reveals differential effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin on nutrient partitioning in ovine liver. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1480-1489. [PMID: 26991154 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the insulin-independent actions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 (7-36 amide)) in partitioning nutrient metabolism in ovine liver. Four Suffolk wethers (60.0 ± 6.7 kg body weight (BW)) were used in a repeated-measure design under euglycemic--hyperinsulinemic and hyper -GLP-1 clamps for 150 min with intravenous infusion of insulin (0.5 mU/kg BW/min; from 0 to 90 min), GLP-1 (0.5 µg/kg BW/min; from 60 to 150 min) and both hormones co-administered from 60 to 90 min. Liver biopsies were collected at 0, 60, 90 and 150 min to represent the metabolomic profiling of baseline, insulin, insulin plus GLP-1, and GLP-1, respectively, and were analyzed for metabolites using Capillary Electrophoresis Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Metabolomics analysis reveals 51 metabolites as being significantly altered (P < 0.05) by insulin and GLP-1 infusion compared to baseline values. Insulin infusion enhanced glycolysis, lipogenesis, oxidative stress defense and cell proliferation pathways, but reduced protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis pathways. Conversely, GLP-1 infusion promoted lipolytic and ketogenic pathways accompanied by a lowered lipid clearance from the liver as well as elevated oxidative stress defense and nucleotide degradation. Despite further research still being warranted, our data suggest that GLP-1 may exert insulin-antagonistic effects on hepatic lipid and nucleotide metabolism in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabrouk El-Sabagh
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Dai Taniguchi
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Sugino
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taketo Obitsu
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima, Japan
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Poudyal H. Mechanisms for the cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide-1. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:277-313. [PMID: 26384481 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, at least 10 hormones secreted by the enteroendocrine cells have been discovered, which directly affect the cardiovascular system through their innate receptors expressed in the heart and blood vessels or through a neural mechanism. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an important incretin, is perhaps best studied of these gut-derived hormones with important cardiovascular effects. In this review, I have discussed the mechanism of GLP-1 release from the enteroendocrine L-cells and its physiological effects on the cardiovascular system. Current evidence suggests that GLP-1 has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart and may be important in preserving left ventricular structure and function by direct and indirect mechanisms. The direct effects of GLP-1 in the heart may be mediated through GLP-1R expressed in atria as well as arteries and arterioles in the left ventricle and mainly involve in the activation of multiple pro-survival kinases and enhanced energy utilization. There is also good evidence to support the involvement of a second, yet to be identified, GLP-1 receptor. Further, GLP-1(9-36)amide, which was previously thought to be the inactive metabolite of the active GLP-1(7-36)amide, may also have direct cardioprotective effects. GLP-1's action on GLP-1R expressed in the central nervous system, kidney, vasculature and the pancreas may indirectly contribute to its cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Poudyal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition; Graduate School of Medicine and Hakubi Centre for Advanced Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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41
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Zhang H, Xiong Z, Wang J, Zhang S, Lei L, Yang L, Zhang Z. Glucagon-like peptide-1 protects cardiomyocytes from advanced oxidation protein product-induced apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt/Bad signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1593-601. [PMID: 26717963 PMCID: PMC4732836 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is a major event in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Currently, no single effective treatment for diabetic cardiomyopathy exists. The present study investigated whether advanced oxidative protein products (AOPPs) have a detrimental role in the survival of cardiomyocytes and if glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) exerts a cardioprotective effect under these circumstances. The present study also aimed to determine the underlying mechanisms. H9c2 cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of AOPPs in the presence or absence of GLP-1, and the viability and apoptotic rate were detected using a cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, a phosphatidylino-sitol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, was employed to illustrate the mechanism of the antiapoptotic effect of GLP-1. The expression levels of the apoptotic-associated proteins, Akt, B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 were measured by western blotting. It was revealed that GLP-1 significantly attenuated AOPP-induced cell toxicity and apoptosis. AOPPs inactivated the phosphorylation of Akt, reduced the phosphorylation of Bad, decreased the expression of Bcl-2, increased the expression of Bax and the activation of caspase-3 in H9c2 cells. GLP-1 reversed the above changes induced by AOPPs and the protective effects of GLP-1 were abolished by the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. In conclusion, the present data suggested that GLP-1 protected cardiomyocytes against AOPP-induced apoptosis, predominantly via the PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway. These results provided a conceivable mechanism for the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and rendered a novel application of GLP-1 exerting favorable cardiac effects for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Zhouyi Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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Abstract
The alpha cells that co-occupy the islets in association with beta cells have been long recognized as the source of glucagon, a hyperglycemia-producing and diabetogenic hormone. Although the mechanisms that control the functions of alpha cells, glucagon secretion, and the role of glucagon in diabetes have remained somewhat enigmatic over the fifty years since their discovery, seminal findings during the past few years have moved alpha cells into the spotlight of scientific discovery. These findings obtained largely from studies in mice are: Alpha cells have the capacity to trans-differentiate into insulin-producing beta cells. Alpha cells contain a GLP-1 generating system that produces GLP-1 locally for paracrine actions within the islets that likely promotes beta cell growth and survival and maintains beta cell mass. Impairment of glucagon signaling both prevents the occurrence of diabetes in conditions of the near absence of insulin and expands alpha cell mass. Alpha cells appear to serve as helper cells or guardians of beta cells to ensure their health and well-being. Of potential relevance to the possibility of promoting the transformation of alpha to beta cells is the observation that impairment of glucagon signaling leads to a marked increase in alpha cell mass in the islets. Such alpha cell hyperplasia provides an increased supply of alpha cells for their transdifferentiation into new beta cells. In this review we discuss these recent discoveries from the perspective of their potential relevance to the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Stanojevic
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joel F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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XiaoTian L, QiNan W, XiaGuang G, WuQuan D, Bing C, ZiWen L. Exenatide Activates the APPL1-AMPK-PPARα Axis to Prevent Diabetic Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2016:4219735. [PMID: 26759813 PMCID: PMC4677202 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4219735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism of the exenatide on diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS Rats were divided into control group, diabetes group (D), diabetes treated with insulin (DI) group, and diabetes treat with exenatide (DE) group. We detected apoptosis rate by TUNEL, the adiponectin and high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW-adiponectin) by ELISA, and the expression of APPL1, p-AMPK/T-AMPK, PPARα, and NF-κB by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the D group, the apoptosis in the Control and DE groups was decreased (P < 0.05); the adiponectin and HMW-adiponectin were increased (P < 0.05); the APPL1, p-AMPK/T-AMPK, PPARα, and LV -dP/dt were increased (P < 0.05); and the NF-κB, GRP78, and LVEDP were decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with DE group, the glucose levels in the DI group were similar (P < 0.05); the apoptosis and LVEDP were increased; the APPL1, p-AMPK/T-AMPK, PPARα, and LV -dP/dt were decreased (P < 0.05); the NF-κB and GRP78 were increased (P < 0.05); the adiponectin and HMW-adiponectin were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our model of diabetic cardiomyopathy was constructed successfully. After being treated with exenatide, the adiponectin and HMW-adiponectin and the APPL1-AMPK-PPARα axis were increased, the NF-κB and the apoptosis were decreased, the cardiac function of the diabetic rats was improved, and these effects were independent of glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei XiaoTian
- Endocrine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wu QiNan
- Endocrine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gan XiaGuang
- Endocrine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Deng WuQuan
- Endocrine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chen Bing
- Endocrine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liang ZiWen
- Endocrine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Sun L, Wang C, Dai Y, Chu Y, Han J, Zhou J, Cai X, Huang W, Qian H. Coumaglutide, a novel long-acting GLP-1 analog, inhibits β-cell apoptosis in vitro and invokes sustained glycemic control in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 767:211-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zóka A, Barna G, Hadarits O, Al-Aissa Z, Wichmann B, Műzes G, Somogyi A, Firneisz G. Altered crosstalk in the dipeptidyl peptidase-4-incretin-immune system in type 1 diabetes: A hypothesis generating pilot study. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:667-72. [PMID: 26434625 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Both GLP1(7)(-)(36) (via GLP1 receptor) and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) cleaved form of GLP1 (GLP1(9)(-)(36), independently of GLP1R) may modulate the response of lymphocytes to cytokine stimuli. The incretin axis, CXCR3 (receptor of DPP4 ligand cytokines CXCL9-11) expression on T(reg)s and hematologic parameters were assessed in 34 patients with long standing type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and in 35 healthy controls. Serum DPP4 (sDPP4) activity, plasma total GLP1 and GLP1(7)(-)(36) concentrations were determined. GLP1(9)(-)(36) concentrations were calculated. CXCR3 expression (flow cytometry) was higher on the CD25(-/)(low)Foxp3(+) than on the CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg)s independently from T1DM, suggesting that CD25(-/)(low)Foxp3(+) T(reg)s are possibly waiting for orientational chemotactic stimuli in a "standby mode". The higher sDPP4 activities in T1DM were inversely correlated with GLP1(7)(-)(36) levels and GLP1(9)(-)(36) levels directly with lymphocyte counts in controls. Our results might indicate an altered DPP4-incretin system and altered immunoregulation including a potentially dysfunctional GLP1(9)(-)(36) signaling in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Zóka
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46 Szentkirályi Street, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Barna
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 26 Üllői Street, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Hadarits
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 27 Baross Street, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zahra Al-Aissa
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46 Szentkirályi Street, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barna Wichmann
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 7 Nádor Street, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Műzes
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46 Szentkirályi Street, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Somogyi
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46 Szentkirályi Street, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Firneisz
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 46 Szentkirályi Street, 1088 Budapest, Hungary.
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Sun L, Dai Y, Wang C, Chu Y, Su X, Yang J, Zhou J, Huang W, Qian H. Novel Pentapeptide GLP-1 (32-36) Amide Inhibitsβ-Cell ApoptosisIn Vitroand Improves Glucose Disposal in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1482-90. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yuxuan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Chuandong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology; Institute of Health Sciences; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Yingying Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xin Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jianyong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Hai Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Center of Drug Discovery; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
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Habib NC, Serra-Barcellona C, Honoré SM, Genta SB, Sánchez SS. Yacon roots (Smallanthus sonchifolius) improve oxidative stress in diabetic rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1183-1193. [PMID: 25853966 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.970285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson, Asteraceae (yacon) roots are a natural product recognized by the traditional medicine to treat diabetes-related problems. There are no reports concerning the potential of yacon roots to reduce oxidative stress and ameliorate diabetes complications in diabetic animals. OBJECTIVE This work analyzes the in vivo antioxidant activity and beneficial effects of yacon roots, using a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipid peroxidation and other indicators of oxidative stress were determined in liver and kidney homogenates from non-diabetic rats, untreated diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated orally with yacon flour (340 mg fructooligosaccharide/kg/d) as a diet supplement for 90 d. Biochemical parameters were determined in liver, kidney, and blood at the end of the experimental period. RESULTS Yacon supplementation to diabetic rats produced a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels in both liver (-30.97%) and kidney (-19.15%). Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly lower in diabetic-treated rats (-13.46 and -64.33%, respectively) compared with diabetic controls. Similar results were observed in kidney. The treatment of diabetic rats produced an increase of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione levels in liver (172.50 and 35.91%, respectively) and kidney (177.78 and 57.76%, respectively). Plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels and liver fatty acid composition, which were altered in diabetic rats, reverted back to nearly normal with yacon treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that yacon root flour is a potential diet supplement with high in vivo antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C Habib
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán , San Miguel de Tucumán , Argentina
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Tomas E, Stanojevic V, McManus K, Khatri A, Everill P, Bachovchin WW, Habener JF. GLP-1(32-36)amide Pentapeptide Increases Basal Energy Expenditure and Inhibits Weight Gain in Obese Mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:2409-19. [PMID: 25858562 PMCID: PMC4477344 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity-related diabetes is increasing worldwide. Here we report the identification of a pentapeptide, GLP-1(32-36)amide (LVKGRamide), derived from the glucoincretin hormone GLP-1, that increases basal energy expenditure and curtails the development of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. The pentapeptide inhibited weight gain, reduced fat mass without change in energy intake, and increased basal energy expenditure independent of physical activity. Analyses of tissues from peptide-treated mice reveal increased expression of UCP-1 and UCP-3 in brown adipose tissue and increased UCP-3 and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in skeletal muscle, findings consistent with increased fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis. In palmitate-treated C2C12 skeletal myotubes, GLP-1(32-36)amide activated AMPK and inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase, suggesting activation of fat metabolism in response to energy depletion. By mass spectroscopy, the pentapeptide is rapidly formed from GLP-1(9-36)amide, the major form of GLP-1 in the circulation of mice. These findings suggest that the reported insulin-like actions of GLP-1 receptor agonists that occur independently of the GLP-1 receptor might be mediated by the pentapeptide, and the previously reported nonapeptide (FIAWLVKGRamide). We propose that by increasing basal energy expenditure, GLP-1(32-36)amide might be a useful treatment for human obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tomas
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Violeta Stanojevic
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Karen McManus
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul Everill
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joel F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology and Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Candeias EM, Sebastião IC, Cardoso SM, Correia SC, Carvalho CI, Plácido AI, Santos MS, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI, Duarte AI. Gut-brain connection: The neuroprotective effects of the anti-diabetic drug liraglutide. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:807-827. [PMID: 26131323 PMCID: PMC4478577 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues marketed for type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment have been showing positive and protective effects in several different tissues, including pancreas, heart or even brain. This gut secreted hormone plays a potent insulinotropic activity and an important role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, growing evidences suggest the occurrence of several commonalities between T2D and neurodegenerative diseases, insulin resistance being pointed as a main cause for cognitive decline and increased risk to develop dementia. In this regard, it has also been suggested that stimulation of brain insulin signaling may have a protective role against cognitive deficits. As GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are expressed throughout the central nervous system and GLP-1 may cross the blood-brain-barrier, an emerging hypothesis suggests that they may be promising therapeutic targets against brain dysfunctional insulin signaling-related pathologies. Importantly, GLP-1 actions depend not only on the direct effect mediated by its receptor activation, but also on the gut-brain axis involving an exchange of signals between both tissues via the vagal nerve, thereby regulating numerous physiological functions (e.g., energy homeostasis, glucose-dependent insulin secretion, as well as appetite and weight control). Amongst the incretin/GLP-1 mimetics class of anti-T2D drugs with an increasingly described neuroprotective potential, the already marketed liraglutide emerged as a GLP-1R agonist highly resistant to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 degradation (thereby having an increased half-life) and whose systemic GLP-1R activity is comparable to that of native GLP-1. Importantly, several preclinical studies showed anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and neuroprotective effects of liraglutide against T2D, stroke and Alzheimer disease (AD), whereas several clinical trials, demonstrated some surprising benefits of liraglutide on weight loss, microglia inhibition, behavior and cognition, and in AD biomarkers. Herein, we discuss the GLP-1 action through the gut-brain axis, the hormone’s regulation of some autonomic functions and liraglutide’s neuroprotective potential.
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Cardioprotection Resulting from Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Administration Involves Shifting Metabolic Substrate Utilization to Increase Energy Efficiency in the Rat Heart. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130894. [PMID: 26098939 PMCID: PMC4476748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) provides cardiovascular benefits independent of its role on peripheral glycemic control. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which GLP-1 treatment renders cardioprotection during myocardial ischemia remain unresolved. Here we examined the role for GLP-1 treatment on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in normal and ischemic rat hearts following a 30 min ischemia and 24 h reperfusion injury, and in isolated cardiomyocytes (CM). Relative carbohydrate and fat oxidation levels were measured in both normal and ischemic hearts using a 1-13C glucose clamp coupled with NMR-based isotopomer analysis, as well as in adult rat CMs by monitoring pH and O2 consumption in the presence of glucose or palmitate. In normal heart, GLP-1 increased glucose uptake (↑64%, p<0.05) without affecting glycogen levels. In ischemic hearts, GLP-1 induced metabolic substrate switching by increasing the ratio of carbohydrate versus fat oxidation (↑14%, p<0.01) in the LV area not at risk, without affecting cAMP levels. Interestingly, no substrate switching occurred in the LV area at risk, despite an increase in cAMP (↑106%, p<0.05) and lactate (↑121%, p<0.01) levels. Furthermore, in isolated CMs GLP-1 treatment increased glucose utilization (↑14%, p<0.05) and decreased fatty acid oxidation (↓15%, p<0.05) consistent with in vivo finding. Our results show that this benefit may derive from distinct and complementary roles of GLP-1 treatment on metabolism in myocardial sub-regions in response to this injury. In particular, a switch to anaerobic glycolysis in the ischemic area provides a compensatory substrate switch to overcome the energetic deficit in this region in the face of reduced tissue oxygenation, whereas a switch to more energetically favorable carbohydrate oxidation in more highly oxygenated remote regions supports maintaining cardiac contractility in a complementary manner.
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