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Zhao X, Li Y, Zhang S, Sudwarts A, Zhang H, Kozlova A, Moulton MJ, Goodman LD, Pang ZP, Sanders AR, Bellen HJ, Thinakaran G, Duan J. Alzheimer's disease protective allele of Clusterin modulates neuronal excitability through lipid-droplet-mediated neuron-glia communication. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.14.24312009. [PMID: 39185522 PMCID: PMC11343251 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.14.24312009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have identified a plethora of risk loci. However, the disease variants/genes and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. For a strong AD-associated locus near Clusterin ( CLU ), we tied an AD protective allele to a role of neuronal CLU in promoting neuron excitability through lipid-mediated neuron-glia communication. We identified a putative causal SNP of CLU that impacts neuron-specific chromatin accessibility to transcription-factor(s), with the AD protective allele upregulating neuronal CLU and promoting neuron excitability. Transcriptomic analysis and functional studies in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons co-cultured with mouse astrocytes show that neuronal CLU facilitates neuron-to-glia lipid transfer and astrocytic lipid droplet formation coupled with reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. These changes cause astrocytes to uptake less glutamate thereby altering neuron excitability. Our study provides insights into how CLU confers resilience to AD through neuron-glia interactions.
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Cleland NRW, Bruce KD. Fatty acid sensing in the brain: The role of glial-neuronal metabolic crosstalk and horizontal lipid flux. Biochimie 2024; 223:166-178. [PMID: 35998849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The central control of energy homeostasis is a regulatory axis that involves the sensing of nutrients, signaling molecules, adipokines, and neuropeptides by neurons in the metabolic centers of the hypothalamus. However, non-neuronal glial cells are also abundant in the hypothalamus and recent findings have underscored the importance of the metabolic crosstalk and horizontal lipid flux between glia and neurons to the downstream regulation of systemic metabolism. New transgenic models and high-resolution analyses of glial phenotype and function have revealed that glia sit at the nexus between lipid metabolism and neural function, and may markedly impact the brain's response to dietary lipids or the supply of brain-derived lipids. Glia comprise the main cellular compartment involved in lipid synthesis, lipoprotein production, and lipid processing in the brain. In brief, tanycytes provide an interface between peripheral lipids and neurons, astrocytes produce lipoproteins that transport lipids to neurons and other glia, oligodendrocytes use brain-derived and dietary lipids to myelinate axons and influence neuronal function, while microglia can remove unwanted lipids in the brain and contribute to lipid re-utilization through cholesterol efflux. Here, we review recent findings regarding glial-lipid transport and highlight the specific molecular factors necessary for lipid processing in the brain, and how dysregulation of glial-neuronal metabolic crosstalk contributes to imbalanced energy homeostasis. Furthering our understanding of glial lipid metabolism will guide the design of future studies that target horizontal lipid processing in the brain to ameliorate the risk of developing obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R W Cleland
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kimberley D Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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3
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Prajapati SK, Pathak A, Samaiya PK. Alzheimer's disease: from early pathogenesis to novel therapeutic approaches. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:1231-1254. [PMID: 39046584 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The mainstay behind Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown due to the elusive pathophysiology of the disease. Beta-amyloid and phosphorylated Tau is still widely incorporated in various research studies while studying AD. However, they are not sufficient. Therefore, many scientists and researchers have dug into AD studies to deliver many innovations in this field. Many novel biomarkers, such as phosphoglycerate-dehydrogenase, clusterin, microRNA, and a new peptide ratio (Aβ37/Aβ42) in cerebral-spinal fluid, plasma glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein, and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, are mushrooming. They are helping scientists find breakthroughs and substantiating their research on the early detection of AD. Neurovascular unit dysfunction in AD is a significant discovery that can help us understand the relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow. These new biomarkers are promising and can take these AD studies to another level. There have also been big steps forward in diagnosing and finding AD. One example is self-administered-gerocognitive-examination, which is less expensive and better at finding AD early on than mini-mental-state-examination. Quantum brain sensors and electrochemical biosensors are innovations in the detection field that must be explored and incorporated into the studies. Finally, novel innovations in AD studies like nanotheranostics are the future of AD treatment, which can not only diagnose and detect AD but also offer treatment. Non-pharmacological strategies to treat AD have also yielded interesting results. Our literature review spans from 1957 to 2022, capturing research and trends in the field over six decades. This review article is an update not only on the recent advances in the search for credible biomarkers but also on the newer detection techniques and therapeutic approaches targeting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Bhavdiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Ayodhya, UP, India
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Arjit Pathak
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet K Samaiya
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Yeo XY, Tam D, Jo Y, Kim JE, Ryu D, Chan JP, Jung S. Polar Lipids Supplementation Enhances Basal Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Primary Cortical Neuron. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300883. [PMID: 38984736 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Polar lipids, such as gangliosides and phospholipids, are fundamental structural components that play critical roles in the development and maturation of neurons in the brain. Recent evidence has demonstrated that dietary intakes of polar lipids in early life are associated with improved cognitive outcomes during infancy and adolescence. However, the specific mechanisms through which these lipids impact cognition remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS This study examines the direct physiological impact of polar lipid supplementation, in the form of buttermilk powder, on primary cortical neuron growth and maturation. The changes are measured with postsynaptic current response recordings, immunohistochemical examination of functional synapse localization and numbers, and the biochemical quantification of receptors responsible for neuronal synaptic neurotransmission. Chronic exposure to polar lipids increases primary mouse cortical neuron basal excitatory synapse response strength attributed to enhanced dendritic complexity and an altered expression of the excitatory α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit 2 (GluR2). CONCLUSION The present finding suggests that dietary polar lipids improve human cognition through an enhancement of neuronal maturation and/or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 9, Singapore, 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dao Tam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju Jo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 6, Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117542, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia Pei Chan
- Research and Development Department, Abbott Nutrition, 3300 Stelzer Road, RP3-2, Columbus, Ohio, 43219, USA
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore, 117593, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Republic of Korea
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5
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Sanluca C, Spagnolo P, Mancinelli R, De Bartolo MI, Fava M, Maccarrone M, Carotti S, Gaudio E, Leuti A, Vivacqua G. Interaction between α-Synuclein and Bioactive Lipids: Neurodegeneration, Disease Biomarkers and Emerging Therapies. Metabolites 2024; 14:352. [PMID: 39057675 PMCID: PMC11278689 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present review provides a comprehensive examination of the intricate dynamics between α-synuclein, a protein crucially involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy, and endogenously-produced bioactive lipids, which play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The interaction of α-synuclein with bioactive lipids is emerging as a critical factor in the development and progression of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, offering new insights into disease mechanisms and novel perspectives in the identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We delve into the molecular pathways through which α-synuclein interacts with biological membranes and bioactive lipids, influencing the aggregation of α-synuclein and triggering neuroinflammatory responses, highlighting the potential of bioactive lipids as biomarkers for early disease detection and progression monitoring. Moreover, we explore innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the interaction between α-synuclein and bioactive lipids, including the development of small molecules and nutritional interventions. Finally, the review addresses the significance of the gut-to-brain axis in mediating the effects of bioactive lipids on α-synuclein pathology and discusses the role of altered gut lipid metabolism and microbiota composition in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The present review aims to underscore the potential of targeting α-synuclein-lipid interactions as a multifaceted approach for the detection and treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sanluca
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Spagnolo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (E.G.)
| | | | - Marina Fava
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Simone Carotti
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomic, Histologic, Forensic and Locomotor Apparatus Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy (E.G.)
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Vivacqua
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy (S.C.)
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6
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Martin L, Boutwell BB, Messerlian C, Adams CD. Mendelian randomization reveals apolipoprotein B shortens healthspan and possibly increases risk for Alzheimer's disease. Commun Biol 2024; 7:230. [PMID: 38402277 PMCID: PMC10894226 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB) is a component of fat- and cholesterol-transporting molecules in the bloodstream. It is the main lipoprotein in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and has been implicated in conditions that end healthspan (the interval between birth and onset of chronic disease). However, APOB's direct relationship with healthspan remains uncertain. With Mendelian randomization, we show that higher levels of APOB and LDL shorten healthspan in humans. Multivariable Mendelian randomization of APOB and LDL on healthspan suggests that the predominant trait accounting for the relationship is APOB. In addition, we provide preliminary evidence that APOB increases risk for Alzheimer's disease, a condition that ends healthspan. If these relationships are causal, they suggest that interventions to improve healthspan in aging populations could include strategies targeting APOB. Ultimately, given that more than 44 million people currently suffer from Alzheimer's disease worldwide, such interventions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian B Boutwell
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Jackson, MS, USA
- John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charleen D Adams
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Cantando I, Centofanti C, D’Alessandro G, Limatola C, Bezzi P. Metabolic dynamics in astrocytes and microglia during post-natal development and their implications for autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354259. [PMID: 38419654 PMCID: PMC10899402 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by elusive underlying mechanisms. Recent attention has focused on the involvement of astrocytes and microglia in ASD pathology. These glial cells play pivotal roles in maintaining neuronal homeostasis, including the regulation of metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between ASD and inborn errors of metabolism. Therefore, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the functions of microglia and astrocytes in ASD is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. This review aims to provide a summary of the metabolism of astrocytes and microglia during post-natal development and the evidence of disrupted metabolic pathways in ASD, with particular emphasis on those potentially important for the regulation of neuronal post-natal maturation by astrocytes and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Cantando
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristiana Centofanti
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppina D’Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed Via Atinese 18, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed Via Atinese 18, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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8
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de Oliveira J, Moreira ELG, de Bem AF. Beyond cardiovascular risk: Implications of Familial hypercholesterolemia on cognition and brain function. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102149. [PMID: 38056504 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a metabolic condition caused mainly by a mutation in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene (LDLR), which is highly prevalent in the population. Besides being an important causative factor of cardiovascular diseases, FH has been considered an early risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive and emotional behavioral impairments in LDL receptor knockout (LDLr-/-) mice are associated with neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, impaired neurogenesis, brain oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, today, LDLr-/- mice, a widely used animal model for studying cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis, are also considered an interesting tool for studying dementia. Here, we reviewed the main findings in LDLr-/- mice regarding the relationship between FH and brain dysfunctions and dementia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade de Oliveira
- Laboratory of investigation on metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira
- Neuroscience Coworking Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Metabolism, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, DF 70910-900, Brazil; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040360, Brazil.
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9
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Jiang S, Ren Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Zhou S, Xiao Y. The GPIHBP1-LPL complex and its role in plasma triglyceride metabolism: Insights into chylomicronemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115874. [PMID: 37951027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1 is a protein found in the endothelial cells of capillaries that is anchored by glycosylphosphatidylinositol and binds to high-density lipoproteins. GPIHBP1 attaches to lipoprotein lipase (LPL), subsequently carrying the enzyme and anchoring it to the capillary lumen. Enabling lipid metabolism is essential for the marginalization of lipoproteins alongside capillaries. Studies underscore the significance of GPIHBP1 in transporting, stabilizing, and aiding in the marginalization of LPL. The intricate interplay between GPIHBP1 and LPL has provided novel insights into chylomicronemia in recent years. Mutations hindering the formation or reducing the efficiency of the GPIHBP1-LPL complex are central to the onset of chylomicronemia. This review delves into the structural nuances of the GPIHBP1-LPL interaction, the consequences of mutations in the complex leading to chylomicronemia, and cutting-edge advancements in chylomicronemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Zhuoqun Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Yutao Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Yichao Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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10
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Lee CH, Murrell CE, Chu A, Pan X. Circadian Regulation of Apolipoproteins in the Brain: Implications in Lipid Metabolism and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17415. [PMID: 38139244 PMCID: PMC10743770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is a 24 h internal clock within the body that regulates various factors, including sleep, body temperature, and hormone secretion. Circadian rhythm disruption is an important risk factor for many diseases including neurodegenerative illnesses. The central and peripheral oscillators' circadian clock network controls the circadian rhythm in mammals. The clock genes govern the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain. One function of the circadian clock is regulating lipid metabolism. However, investigations of the circadian regulation of lipid metabolism-associated apolipoprotein genes in the brain are lacking. This review summarizes the rhythmic expression of clock genes and lipid metabolism-associated apolipoprotein genes within the SCN in Mus musculus. Nine of the twenty apolipoprotein genes identified from searching the published database (SCNseq and CircaDB) are highly expressed in the SCN. Most apolipoprotein genes (ApoE, ApoC1, apoA1, ApoH, ApoM, and Cln) show rhythmic expression in the brain in mice and thus might be regulated by the master clock. Therefore, this review summarizes studies on lipid-associated apolipoprotein genes in the SCN and other brain locations, to understand how apolipoproteins associated with perturbed cerebral lipid metabolism cause multiple brain diseases and disorders. This review describes recent advancements in research, explores current questions, and identifies directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeeun Hannah Lee
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Charlotte Ellzabeth Murrell
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Alexander Chu
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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11
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Rodriguez-Jimenez FJ, Ureña-Peralta J, Jendelova P, Erceg S. Alzheimer's disease and synapse Loss: What can we learn from induced pluripotent stem Cells? J Adv Res 2023; 54:105-118. [PMID: 36646419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic dysfunction is a major contributor to Alzheimeŕs disease (AD) pathogenesis in addition to the formation of neuritic β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein. However, how these features contribute to synaptic dysfunction and axonal loss remains unclear. While years of considerable effort have been devoted to gaining an improved understanding of this devastating disease, the unavailability of patient-derived tissues, considerable genetic heterogeneity, and lack of animal models that faithfully recapitulate human AD have hampered the development of effective treatment options. Ongoing progress in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has permitted the derivation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells with unlimited self-renewal capacity. These cells can differentiate into AD-affected cell types, which support studies of disease mechanisms, drug discovery, and the development of cell replacement therapies in traditional and advanced cell culture models. AIM OF REVIEW To summarize current hiPSC-based AD models, highlighting the associated achievements and challenges with a primary focus on neuron and synapse loss. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW We aim to identify how hiPSC models can contribute to understanding AD-associated synaptic dysfunction and axonal loss. hiPSC-derived neural cells, astrocytes, and microglia, as well as more sophisticated cellular organoids, may represent reliable models to investigate AD and identify early markers of AD-associated neural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Rodriguez-Jimenez
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe (CIPF), c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Ureña-Peralta
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe (CIPF), c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroregeneration, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Slaven Erceg
- Stem Cell Therapies in Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab., Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe (CIPF), c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neuroregeneration, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic; National Stem Cell Bank-Valencia Node, Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, c/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Bedir Demirdag T, Gucuyener K, Soysal AS, Guntekin Ergun S, Ozturk Z, Ergun MA, Tunaoğlu S. The effect of apoprotein E gene polymorphism on neurocognitive functions of children with CHD. Cardiol Young 2023; 33:1556-1560. [PMID: 36047305 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951122002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated an association between CHD and neurodevelopmental delay. This delay is associated with many factors like reduced blood flow and oxygen, cardiac catheterisations, and genetic factors. Apo E gene polymorphism is one of these genetic factors. This study aims to show the effect of Apo E gene polymorphism on neurodevelopmental process in children having CHD. A total of 188 children having CHD were admitted to the study. Apo E gene polymorphism of these patients was determined, and psychometric evaluation was performed. The relationship between psychometric test results and gene polymorphism was evaluated. This study shows that, similar to the literature, patients having cyanotic CHD have worse scores than acyanotic patients, and the children with CHD are under risk in terms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Other novel and important findings of this study were the lower verbal scores of ε2 allele carriers than ε4 carriers in Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised group and the worse test score of patients having VSD than other acyanotic patients. Besides, some special disorders may be seen in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Bedir Demirdag
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kivilcim Gucuyener
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Sebnem Soysal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sezen Guntekin Ergun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ozturk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Ergun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sedef Tunaoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Jaafar AK, Techer R, Chemello K, Lambert G, Bourane S. PCSK9 and the nervous system: a no-brainer? J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100426. [PMID: 37586604 PMCID: PMC10491654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past 20 years, PCSK9 has been shown to play a pivotal role in LDL cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular health by inducing the lysosomal degradation of the LDL receptor. PCSK9 was discovered by the cloning of genes up-regulated after apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in primary cerebellar neurons, but despite its initial identification in the brain, the precise role of PCSK9 in the nervous system remains to be clearly established. The present article is a comprehensive review of studies published or in print before July 2023 that have investigated the expression pattern of PCSK9, its effects on lipid metabolism as well as its putative roles specifically in the central and peripheral nervous systems, with a special focus on cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K Jaafar
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Romuald Techer
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Kévin Chemello
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France.
| | - Steeve Bourane
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
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14
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Hansen SB, Wang H. The shared role of cholesterol in neuronal and peripheral inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108486. [PMID: 37390970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and its loss of cognitive function is associated with inflammation and an accumulation of lipids. In the periphery, cholesterol's uptake drives a major component of chronic inflammation. In this perspective, we describe the cellular and molecular roles of cholesterol in neuroinflammation and contrast them with those in the periphery. Incorporating shared mechanisms from the periphery, cholesterol emerges as a central signal originating in astrocytes and connecting inflammatory escalation in neurons and microglia. A cholesterol uptake pathway is proposed for neuroinflammation, and we speculate on the binding of cholesterol transport protein apolipoprotein E (apoE), including the Christchurch mutant (R136S), to cell surface receptors as a potential protective modality against uptake of astrocyte cholesterol and escalated neuroinflammation. Lastly, we discuss the molecular basis of cholesterol signaling through nanoscopic clustering and peripheral sources of cholesterol after opening of the blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Hansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Hao Wang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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15
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Merrill NJ, Davidson WS, He Y, Díaz Ludovico I, Sarkar S, Berger MR, McDermott JE, Van Eldik LJ, Wilcock DM, Monroe ME, Kyle JE, Bruce KD, Heinecke JW, Vaisar T, Raber J, Quinn JF, Melchior JT. Human cerebrospinal fluid contains diverse lipoprotein subspecies enriched in proteins implicated in central nervous system health. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5571. [PMID: 37647397 PMCID: PMC10468133 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the central nervous system (CNS) resemble plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), which are a compositionally and structurally diverse spectrum of nanoparticles with pleiotropic functionality. Whether CSF lipoproteins (CSF-Lps) exhibit similar heterogeneity is poorly understood because they are present at 100-fold lower concentrations than plasma HDL. To investigate the diversity of CSF-Lps, we developed a sensitive fluorescent technology to characterize lipoprotein subspecies in small volumes of human CSF. We identified 10 distinctly sized populations of CSF-Lps, most of which were larger than plasma HDL. Mass spectrometric analysis identified 303 proteins across the populations, over half of which have not been reported in plasma HDL. Computational analysis revealed that CSF-Lps are enriched in proteins important for wound healing, inflammation, immune response, and both neuron generation and development. Network analysis indicated that different subpopulations of CSF-Lps contain unique combinations of these proteins. Our study demonstrates that CSF-Lp subspecies likely exist that contain compositional signatures related to CNS health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Merrill
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Yi He
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ivo Díaz Ludovico
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Snigdha Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Madelyn R. Berger
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jason E. McDermott
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Linda J. Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
| | - Matthew E. Monroe
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kimberley D. Bruce
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jay W. Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Joseph F. Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Neurology and Parkinson’s Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center (PADRECC), VA Portland Healthcare System, Portland OR 97239, USA
| | - John T. Melchior
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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16
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Liu Z, Chao J, Wang C, Sun G, Roeth D, Liu W, Chen X, Li L, Tian E, Feng L, Davtyan H, Blurton-Jones M, Kalkum M, Shi Y. Astrocytic response mediated by the CLU risk allele inhibits OPC proliferation and myelination in a human iPSC model. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112841. [PMID: 37494190 PMCID: PMC10510531 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The C allele of rs11136000 variant in the clusterin (CLU) gene represents the third strongest known genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. However, whether this single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is functional and what the underlying mechanisms are remain unclear. In this study, the CLU rs11136000 SNP is identified as a functional variant by a small-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screen. Astrocytes derived from isogenic induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying the "C" or "T" allele of the CLU rs11136000 SNP exhibit different CLU expression levels. TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) preferentially binds to the "C" allele to promote CLU expression and exacerbate inflammation. The interferon response and CXCL10 expression are elevated in cytokine-treated C/C astrocytes, leading to inhibition of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation and myelination. Accordingly, elevated CLU and CXCL10 but reduced myelin basic protein (MBP) expression are detected in human brains of C/C carriers. Our study uncovers a mechanism underlying reduced white matter integrity observed in the CLU rs11136000 risk "C" allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Liu
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianfei Chao
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Guihua Sun
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Daniel Roeth
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Xianwei Chen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - E Tian
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lizhao Feng
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders and Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders and Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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17
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van der Heijden AR, Houben T. Lipids in major depressive disorder: new kids on the block or old friends revisited? Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1213011. [PMID: 37663599 PMCID: PMC10469871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1213011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric mood disorder that results in substantial functional impairment and is characterized by symptoms such as depressed mood, diminished interest, impaired cognitive function, and vegetative symptoms such as disturbed sleep. Although the exact etiology of MDD is unclear, several underlying mechanisms (disturbances in immune response and/or stress response) have been associated with its development, with no single mechanism able to account for all aspects of the disorder. Currently, about 1 in 3 patients are resistant to current antidepressant therapies. Providing an alternative perspective on MDD could therefore pave the way for new, unexplored diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. The central nervous system harbors an enormous pool of lipids and lipid intermediates that have been linked to a plethora of its physiological functions. The aim of this review is therefore to provide an overview of the implications of lipids in MDD and highlight certain MDD-related underlying mechanisms that involve lipids and/or their intermediates. Furthermore, we will also focus on the bidirectional relationship between MDD and the lipid-related disorders obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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18
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Luo Y, Li X, Zhao Y, Zhong W, Xing M, Lyu G. Development of Organs-on-Chips and Their Impact on Precision Medicine and Advanced System Simulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2094. [PMID: 37631308 PMCID: PMC10460056 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs may undergo costly preclinical studies but still fail to demonstrate their efficacy in clinical trials, which makes it challenging to discover new drugs. Both in vitro and in vivo models are essential for disease research and therapeutic development. However, these models cannot simulate the physiological and pathological environment in the human body, resulting in limited drug detection and inaccurate disease modelling, failing to provide valid guidance for clinical application. Organs-on-chips (OCs) are devices that serve as a micro-physiological system or a tissue-on-a-chip; they provide accurate insights into certain functions and the pathophysiology of organs to precisely predict the safety and efficiency of drugs in the body. OCs are faster, more economical, and more precise. Thus, they are projected to become a crucial addition to, and a long-term replacement for, traditional preclinical cell cultures, animal studies, and even human clinical trials. This paper first outlines the nature of OCs and their significance, and then details their manufacturing-related materials and methodology. It also discusses applications of OCs in drug screening and disease modelling and treatment, and presents the future perspective of OCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Burn & Trauma Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Burn & Trauma Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Huai’an 82 Hospital, Huai’an 223003, China
| | - Yawei Zhao
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (Y.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Guozhong Lyu
- Burn & Trauma Treatment Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Wound Repair Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
- National Research Center for Emergency Medicine, Beijing 100000, China
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19
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Wang S, Zhang J, Zhou H, Lu YC, Jin X, Luo L, You J. The role of protein corona on nanodrugs for organ-targeting and its prospects of application. J Control Release 2023; 360:15-43. [PMID: 37328008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanodrugs become a hotspot in the high-end medical field. They have the ability to deliver drugs to reach their destination more effectively due to their unique properties and flexible functionalization. However, the fate of nanodrugs in vivo is not the same as those presented in vitro, which indeed influenced their therapeutic efficacy in vivo. When entering the biological organism, nanodrugs will first come into contact with biological fluids and then be covered by some biomacromolecules, especially proteins. The proteins adsorbed on the surface of nanodrugs are known as protein corona (PC), which causes the loss of prospective organ-targeting abilities. Fortunately, the reasonable utilization of PC may determine the organ-targeting efficiency of systemically administered nanodrugs based on the diverse expression of receptors on cells in different organs. In addition, the nanodrugs for local administration targeting diverse lesion sites will also form unique PC, which plays an important role in the therapeutic effect of nanodrugs. This article introduced the formation of PC on the surface of nanodrugs and summarized the recent studies about the roles of diversified proteins adsorbed on nanodrugs and relevant protein for organ-targeting receptor through different administration pathways, which may deepen our understanding of the role that PC played on organ-targeting and improve the therapeutic efficacy of nanodrugs to promote their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Huanli Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yi Chao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Xizhi Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Lihua Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, PR China.
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20
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Abstract
All mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol to maintain membrane integrity. The transport of this hydrophobic lipid is mediated by lipoproteins. Cholesterol is especially enriched in the brain, particularly in synaptic and myelin membranes. Aging involves changes in sterol metabolism in peripheral organs and also in the brain. Some of those alterations have the potential to promote or to counteract the development of neurodegenerative diseases during aging. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of general principles of sterol metabolism in humans and mice, the most widely used model organism in biomedical research. We discuss changes in sterol metabolism that occur in the aged brain and highlight recent developments in cell type-specific cholesterol metabolism in the fast-growing research field of aging and age-related diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease. We propose that cell type-specific cholesterol handling and the interplay between cell types critically influence age-related disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany;
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21
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Li Y, Chang J, Chen X, Liu J, Zhao L. Advances in the Study of APOE and Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD230179. [PMID: 37182889 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system (CNS) with an insidious onset. Clinically, it is characterized by a full range of dementia manifestations including memory impairment, aphasia, loss of speech, loss of use, loss of recognition, impairment of visuospatial skills, and impairment of executive function, as well as changes in personality and behavior. The exact cause of AD has not yet been identified. Nevertheless, modern research indicates that genetic factors contribute to 70% of human's risk of AD. Apolipoprotein (APOE) accounts for up to 90% of the genetic predisposition. APOE is a crucial gene that cannot be overstated. In addition, innate immunity plays a significant role in the etiology and treatment of AD. Understanding the different subtypes of APOE and their interconnections is of paramount importance. APOE and innate immunity, along with their relationship to AD, are primary research motivators for in-depth research and clinical trials. The exploration of novel technologies has led to an increasing trend in the study of AD at the cellular and molecular levels and continues to make more breakthroughs and progress. As of today, there is no effective treatment available for AD around the world. This paper aims to summarize and analyze the role of APOE and innate immunity, as well as development trends in recent years. It is anticipated that APOE and innate immunity will provide a breakthrough for humans to hinder AD progression in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
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22
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Gaudioso Á, Jiang X, Casas J, Schuchman EH, Ledesma MD. Sphingomyelin 16:0 is a therapeutic target for neuronal death in acid sphingomyelinase deficiency. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:248. [PMID: 37024473 PMCID: PMC10079961 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the SMPD1 gene encoding for the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). While intravenous infusion of recombinant ASM is an effective treatment for the peripheral disease, the neurological complications of ASMD remain unaddressed. It has been shown that aberrantly high level of total brain sphingomyelin (SM) is a key pathological event leading to neurodegeneration. Using mice lacking ASM (ASMko), which mimic the disease, we here demonstrate that among the SM species, SM16:0 shows the highest accumulation and toxicity in ASMko neurons. By targeting lysosomes, SM16:0 causes permeabilization and exocytosis of these organelles and induces oxidative stress and cell death. We also show that genetic silencing of Ceramide Synthase 5, which is involved in SM16:0 synthesis and overexpressed in the ASMko brain, prevents disease phenotypes in ASMko cultured neurons and mice. The levels of SM16:0 in plasma also show a strong correlation with those in brain that is higher than in liver, even at early stages of the disease. These results identify SM16:0 both as a novel therapeutic target and potential biomarker of brain pathology in ASMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Gaudioso
- Centro Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Galkina OV, Vetrovoy OV, Krasovskaya IE, Eschenko ND. Role of Lipids in Regulation of Neuroglial Interactions. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:337-352. [PMID: 37076281 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipids comprise an extremely heterogeneous group of compounds that perform a wide variety of biological functions. Traditional view of lipids as important structural components of the cell and compounds playing a trophic role is currently being supplemented by information on the possible participation of lipids in signaling, not only intracellular, but also intercellular. The review article discusses current data on the role of lipids and their metabolites formed in glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) in communication of these cells with neurons. In addition to metabolic transformations of lipids in each type of glial cells, special attention is paid to the lipid signal molecules (phosphatidic acid, arachidonic acid and its metabolites, cholesterol, etc.) and the possibility of their participation in realization of synaptic plasticity, as well as in other possible mechanisms associated with neuroplasticity. All these new data can significantly expand our knowledge about the regulatory functions of lipids in neuroglial relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Galkina
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Oleg V Vetrovoy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Irina E Krasovskaya
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Nataliya D Eschenko
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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Gao YH, Li X. Cholesterol metabolism: Towards a therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2023; 164:105501. [PMID: 36803679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the importance of cholesterol in preserving brain homeostasis. Cholesterol makes up the main component of myelin in the brain, and myelin integrity is vital in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Because of the connection between myelin and cholesterol, the interest in cholesterol in the central nervous system increased during the last decade. In this review, we provide a detailed overview on brain cholesterol metabolism in multiple sclerosis and its role in promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China.
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Henao‐Restrepo J, López‐Murillo C, Valderrama‐Carmona P, Orozco‐Santa N, Gomez J, Gutiérrez‐Vargas J, Moraga R, Toledo J, Littau JL, Härtel S, Arboleda‐Velásquez JF, Sepulveda‐Falla D, Lopera F, Cardona‐Gómez GP, Villegas A, Posada‐Duque R. Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: APOE3 Christchurch homozygote glioprotection. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13119. [PMID: 36130084 PMCID: PMC10041169 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to brain insults, astrocytes become reactive, promoting protection and tissue repair. However, astroglial reactivity is typical of brain pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considering the heterogeneity of the reactive response, the role of astrocytes in the course of different forms of AD has been underestimated. Colombia has the largest human group known to have familial AD (FAD). This group carries the autosomal dominant and fully penetrant mutation E280A in PSEN1, which causes early-onset AD. Recently, our group identified an E280A carrier who did not develop FAD. The individual was homozygous for the Christchurch mutation R136S in APOE3 (APOEch). Remarkably, APOE is the main genetic risk factor for developing sporadic AD (SAD) and most of cerebral ApoE is produced by astroglia. Here, we characterized astrocyte properties related to reactivity, glutamate homeostasis, and structural integrity of the gliovascular unit (GVU), as factors that could underlie the pathogenesis or protection of AD. Specifically, through histological and 3D microscopy analyses of postmortem samples, we briefly describe the histopathology and cytoarchitecture of the frontal cortex of SAD, FAD, and APOEch, and demonstrate that, while astrodegeneration and vascular deterioration are prominent in SAD, FAD is characterized by hyperreactive-like glia, and APOEch displays the mildest astrocytic and vascular alterations despite having the highest burden of Aβ. Notably, astroglial, gliovascular, and vascular disturbances, as well as brain cell death, correlate with the specific astrocytic phenotypes identified in each condition. This study provides new insights into the potential relevance of the gliovasculature in the development and protection of AD. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the components of the GVU in human samples of SAD, FAD, and APOEch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Henao‐Restrepo
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Carolina López‐Murillo
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Pablo Valderrama‐Carmona
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Natalia Orozco‐Santa
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Johana Gomez
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaSIU, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Johanna Gutiérrez‐Vargas
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Health Sciences FacultyRemington University CorporationMedellínColombia
| | - Renato Moraga
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Jessica Lisa Littau
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's DiseaseInstitute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Joseph F. Arboleda‐Velásquez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Department of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Diego Sepulveda‐Falla
- Molecular Neuropathology of Alzheimer's DiseaseInstitute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaSIU, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona‐Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Andrés Villegas
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Facultad de MedicinaSIU, Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Rafael Posada‐Duque
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de AntioquiaUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
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Hoang TA, Cao E, Gracia G, Nicolazzo JA, Trevaskis NL. Development and application of a novel cervical lymph collection method to assess lymphatic transport in rats. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111617. [PMID: 36744256 PMCID: PMC9895367 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fluids, solutes and immune cells have been demonstrated to drain from the brain and surrounding structures to the cervical lymph vessels and nodes in the neck via meningeal lymphatics, nasal lymphatics and/or lymphatic vessels associated with cranial nerves. A method to cannulate the efferent cervical lymph duct for continuous cervical lymph fluid collection in rodents has not been described previously and would assist in evaluating the transport of molecules and immune cells from the head and brain via the lymphatics, as well as changes in lymphatic transport and lymph composition with different physiological challenges or diseases. Aim: To develop a novel method to cannulate and continuously collect lymph fluid from the cervical lymph duct in rats and to analyze the protein, lipid and immune cell composition of the collected cervical lymph fluid. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated at the carotid artery with or without cannulation or ligation at the cervical lymph duct. Samples of blood, whole lymph and isolated lipoprotein fractions of lymph were collected and analyzed for lipid and protein composition using commercial kits. Whole lymph samples were centrifuged and isolated pellets were stained and processed for flow cytometry analysis of CD3+, CD4+, CD8a+, CD45R+ (B220) and viable cell populations. Results: Flow rate, phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol ester, free cholesterol and protein concentrations in cervical lymph were 0.094 ± 0.014 mL/h, 0.34 ± 0.10, 0.30 ± 0.04, 0.07 ± 0.02, 0.02 ± 0.01 and 16.78 ± 2.06 mg/mL, respectively. Protein was mostly contained within the non-lipoprotein fraction but all lipoprotein types were also present. Flow cytometry analysis of cervical lymph showed that 67.1 ± 7.4% of cells were CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes, 5.8 ± 1.6% of cells were CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocytes, and 10.8 ± 4.6% of cells were CD3-/CD45R+ B lymphocytes. The remaining 16.3 ± 4.6% cells were CD3-/CD45- and identified as non-lymphocytes. Conclusion: Our novel cervical lymph cannulation method enables quantitative analysis of the lymphatic transport of immune cells and molecules in the cervical lymph of rats for the first time. This valuable tool will enable more detailed quantitative analysis of changes to cervical lymph composition and transport in health and disease, and could be a valuable resource for discovery of biomarkers or therapeutic targets in future studies.
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Dogra N, Jakhmola-Mani R, Potshangbam AM, Buch S, Pande Katare D. CXCR4 as possible druggable target linking inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:1079-1096. [PMID: 36656397 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive, and second most prevalent neurological disorder affecting the motor system. It has been found that people suffering with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at 22% more risk for PD. In the current study, we have established a molecular link between gut and brain. The microarray gene expression datasets of Homo sapiens were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus Database. Major genes involved in gut-brain connection were found to be CXCR4, LRRK2, APOE, SNCA, IL6, HIF-1α, ABCA1 etc. The common biological pathways linking both the pathologies were found to be HIF-signaling, cytokines interactions, JAK-STAT pathway, cholesterol metabolism, apoptosis and CXCR4 signaling which modulates the synaptic function and neuronal survival in the mature brain. It is known that flavonoid-rich foods throughout life hold the potential to limit the inflammation, neurodegeneration and, to prevent the age-dependent cognitive impairment. Therefore, the potential receptor, CXCR4 was used further for docking with twenty-seven phytochemicals from 5 different classes of Flavonoids found in several dietary items. Docking studies of the top scoring compounds were compared with a known inhibitor (BPRCX807) of receptor CXCR4 (IC50 = 40.4 ± 8.0 nM). The study indicates that Flavan-3-ol families of flavonoids are the best fit and finest dietary supplements for improving brain health. Hence the food items like Pistachio nuts, hazelnuts, Green Tea, walnuts, etc. should be incorporated more in the diet of healthy people as well as in IBD and PD patients to prevent inflammation in gut and brain damage from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Dogra
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India, 201301
| | - Ruchi Jakhmola-Mani
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India, 201301
| | - Angamba Meetei Potshangbam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur, India, 795003
- Research Boulevard Technologies, Greater Noida, India, 201301
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Deepshikha Pande Katare
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India, 201301.
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Huang J, Zhu H, Yu P, Ma Y, Gong J, Fu Y, Song H, Huang M, Luo J, Jiang J, Gao X, Feng J, Jiang G. Recombinant High-Density Lipoprotein Boosts the Therapeutic Efficacy of Mild Hypothermia in Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:26-38. [PMID: 35833835 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to neuropsychiatric symptoms and increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Mild hypothermia is commonly used in patients suffering from severe TBI. However, its effect for long-term protection is limited, mostly because of its insufficient anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective efficacy and restricted treatment duration. Recombinant high-density lipoprotein (rHDL), which possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, was expected to potentially strengthen the therapeutic effect of mild hypothermia in TBI treatment. To test this hypothesis and optimize the regimen for combination therapy, the efficacy of mild hypothermia plus concurrent or sequential rHDL on oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction, and cell survival in the damaged brain cells was evaluated. It was found that the effect of combining mild hypothermia with concurrent rHDL was modest, as mild hypothermia inhibited the cellular uptake and lesion-site-targeting delivery of rHDL. In contrast, the combination of mild hypothermia with sequential rHDL more powerfully improved the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, promoted nerve cell survival and BBB restoration, and ameliorated neurologic changes, which thus remarkably restored the spatial learning and memory ability of TBI mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that rHDL may serve as a novel nanomedicine for adjunctive therapy of TBI and highlight the importance of timing of combination therapy for optimal treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Huang
- Brain Injury Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Han Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuxiao Ma
- Brain Injury Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jingru Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, No. 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Yuli Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huahua Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jiyao Jiang
- Brain Injury Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junfeng Feng
- Brain Injury Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a primary tumor of the brain defined by its uniform lethality and resistance to conventional therapies. There have been considerable efforts to untangle the metabolic underpinnings of this disease to find novel therapeutic avenues for treatment. An emerging focus in this field is fatty acid (FA) metabolism, which is critical for numerous diverse biological processes involved in GBM pathogenesis. These processes can be classified into four broad fates: anabolism, catabolism, regulation of ferroptosis, and the generation of signaling molecules. Each fate provides a unique perspective by which we can inspect GBM biology and gives us a road map to understanding this complicated field. This Review discusses the basic, translational, and clinical insights into each of these fates to provide a contemporary understanding of FA biology in GBM. It is clear, based on the literature, that there are far more questions than answers in the field of FA metabolism in GBM, and substantial efforts should be made to untangle these complex processes in this intractable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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30
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Wang Q, Zang F, He C, Zhang Z, Xie C. Dyslipidemia induced large-scale network connectivity abnormality facilitates cognitive decline in the Alzheimer's disease. J Transl Med 2022; 20:567. [PMID: 36474263 PMCID: PMC9724298 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lipid metabolite dysfunction contributes substantially to clinical signs and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), how dyslipidemia promoting neuropathological processes and brain functional impairment subsequently facilitates the progression of AD remains unclear. METHODS We combined large-scale brain resting-state networks (RSNs) approaches with canonical correlation analysis to explore the accumulating effects of lipid gene- and protein-centric levels on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, dynamic trajectory of large-scale RSNs, and cognitive performance across entire AD spectrum. Support vector machine model was used to distinguish AD spectrum and pathway analysis was used to test the influences among these variables. RESULTS We found that the effects of accumulation of lipid-pathway genetic variants and lipoproteins were significantly correlated with CSF biomarkers levels and cognitive performance across the AD spectrum. Dynamic trajectory of large-scale RSNs represented a rebounding mode, which is characterized by a weakened network cohesive connector role and enhanced network incohesive provincial role following disease progression. Importantly, the fluctuating large-scale RSNs connectivity was significantly correlated with the summative effects of lipid-pathway genetic variants and lipoproteins, CSF biomarkers, and cognitive performance. Moreover, SVM model revealed that the lipid-associated twenty-two brain network connections represented higher capacity to classify AD spectrum. Pathway analysis further identified dyslipidemia directly influenced brain network reorganization or indirectly affected the CSF biomarkers and subsequently caused cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS Dyslipidemia exacerbated cognitive decline and increased the risk of AD via mediating large-scale brain networks integrity and promoting neuropathological processes. These findings reveal a role for lipid metabolism in AD pathogenesis and suggest lipid management as a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China
| | - Feifei Zang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China
| | - Cancan He
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China ,grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China ,grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China
| | - Chunming Xie
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China ,grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China ,grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China
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Shanks HRC, Onuska KM, Barupal DK, Schmitz TW. Serum unsaturated phosphatidylcholines predict longitudinal basal forebrain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac318. [PMID: 37064049 PMCID: PMC10103184 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are among the first cell types affected by Alzheimer's disease pathology, but the cause of their early vulnerability is unknown. The lipid phosphatidylcholine is an essential component of the cell membrane, and phosphatidylcholine levels have been shown to be abnormal in the blood and brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. We hypothesized that disease-related changes in phosphatidylcholine metabolism may disproportionately affect basal forebrain cholinergic neurons due to their extremely large size, plasticity in adulthood and unique reliance on phosphatidylcholine for acetylcholine synthesis. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether serum phosphatidylcholine levels predicted longitudinal basal forebrain degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. All data were collected by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Participants were divided into a normal CSF group (controls; n = 77) and an abnormal CSF group (preclinical and clinical Alzheimer's disease; n = 236) based on their CSF ratios of phosphorylated tau and amyloid beta at baseline. Groups were age-matched (t = 0.89, P > 0.1). Serum lipidomics data collected at baseline were clustered by chemical similarity, and enrichment analyses were used to determine whether serum levels of any lipid clusters differed between the normal and abnormal CSF groups. In a subset of patients with longitudinal structural MRI (normal CSF n = 62, abnormal CSF n = 161), two timepoints of MRI data were used to calculate grey matter annual percent change for each participant. Multivariate partial least squares analyses tested for relationships between neuroimaging and lipidomics data which are moderated by CSF pathology. Our clustering analyses produced 23 serum lipid clusters. Of these clusters, six were altered in the abnormal CSF group, including a cluster of unsaturated phosphatidylcholines. In the subset of participants with longitudinal structural MRI data, a priori nucleus basalis of Meynert partial least squares analyses detected a relationship between unsaturated phosphatidylcholines and degeneration in the nucleus basalis which is moderated by Alzheimer's disease CSF pathology (P = 0.0008). Whole-brain grey matter partial least squares analyses of all 23 lipid clusters revealed that only unsaturated phosphatidylcholines and unsaturated acylcarnitines exhibited an Alzheimer's disease-dependent relationship with longitudinal degeneration (P = 0.0022 and P = 0.0018, respectively). Only the unsaturated phosphatidylcholines predicted basal forebrain degeneration in the whole-brain analyses. Overall, this study provides in vivo evidence for a selective relationship between phosphatidylcholine and basal forebrain degeneration in human Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the importance of phosphatidylcholine to basal forebrain grey matter integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley R C Shanks
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Kate M Onuska
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Dinesh K Barupal
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of
Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029-6574,
USA
| | - Taylor W Schmitz
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 3K7
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital,
London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University,
London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University,
London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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Clusterin Plasma Concentrations Are Decreased in Sepsis and Inversely Correlated with Established Markers of Inflammation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123010. [PMID: 36553017 PMCID: PMC9776480 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin is a multifunctional protein that is recognized to mediate cellular stress response associated with organ failure, systemic inflammation, and metabolic alterations. The aim of this study was to determine the value of clusterin as a clinical biomarker in critical ill patients with or without sepsis. We analyzed clusterin plasma concentrations in 200 critically ill patients (133 with sepsis, 67 without sepsis) on admission to the medical intensive care unit (ICU). The results were compared with 66 healthy controls. Clusterin plasma concentration was significantly elevated in critically ill patients compared to healthy subjects. Clusterin levels were significantly higher in non-septic ICU patients than in patients with sepsis. Clusterin correlated inversely with routinely used biomarkers of inflammatory response. Furthermore, clusterin levels were higher in ICU patients with pre-existing obesity and type 2 diabetes. Clusterin was not associated with disease severity, organ failure, or mortality in the ICU. This study highlights significantly elevated clusterin levels in critically ill patients, predominantly in non-sepsis conditions, and associates circulating clusterin to inflammatory and metabolic dysfunctions.
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Quantitative NMR-Based Lipoprotein Analysis Identifies Elevated HDL-4 and Triglycerides in the Serum of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012472. [PMID: 36293327 PMCID: PMC9604278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly and has been associated with changes in lipoprotein metabolism. We performed quantitative lipoprotein analysis in a local cohort of cognitively impaired elderly and control subjects using standardized nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A commercially available quantitative NMR-based assay covering 112 lipoprotein main and subtype variables was used to investigate blood serum samples from a moderate cohort size of 161 persons (71 female, 90 male), including measures of quality control. Additionally, clinical metadata and cerebrospinal fluid AD biomarkers were collected and used for analysis. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) HDL-4 subfraction levels were mostly high in female individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), followed by AD. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) LDL-2 cholesterol was slightly elevated in male AD patients. HDL-2 apolipoprotein Apo-A1, HDL-2 phospholipids, and HDL-3 triglycerides were highly abundant in AD and MCI women compared to men. When considering clinical biomarkers (Aβ, tau), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) VLDL-1 and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) triglycerides were substantially higher in AD compared to MCI. In addition, triglyceride levels correlated positively with dementia. Different lipoprotein serum patterns were identified for AD, MCI, and control subjects. Interestingly, HDL-4 and LDL-2 cholesterol parameters revealed strong gender-specific changes in the context of AD-driven dementia. As gender-based comparisons were based on smaller sub-groups with a low n-number, several statistical findings did not meet the significance threshold for multiple comparisons testing. Still, our finding suggests that serum HDL-4 parameters and various triglycerides correlate positively with AD pathology which could be a read-out of extended lipids traveling through the blood-brain barrier, supporting amyloid plaque formation processes. Thereof, we see herein a proof of concept that this quantitative NMR-based lipoprotein assay can generate important and highly interesting data for refined AD diagnosis and patient stratification, especially when larger cohorts are available.
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Revealing Angiopep-2/LRP1 Molecular Interaction for Optimal Delivery to Glioblastoma (GBM). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196696. [PMID: 36235232 PMCID: PMC9572160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: The family of synthetic peptide angiopeps, and particularly angiopep-2 (ANG-2) demonstrated the ability preclinically and clinically to shuttle active molecules across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and selectively toward brain tumor cells. The literature has also proved that the transport occurs through a specific receptor-mediated transcytosis of the peptide by LRP-1 receptors present both on BBB and tumor cell membranes. However, contradictory results about exploiting this promising mechanism to engineer complex delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, are being obtained. Methodology: For this reason, we applied a molecular docking (MD)-based strategy to investigate the molecular interaction of ANG-2 and the LRP-1 ligand-binding moieties (CR56 and CR17), clarifying the impact of peptide conjugation on its transport mechanism. Results: MD results proved that ANG-2/LRP-1 binding involves the majority of ANG-2 residues, is characterized by high binding energies, and that it is site-specific for CR56 where the binding to 929ASP recalls a transcytosis mechanism, resembling the binding of the receptor to the receptor-associated protein. On the other hand, ANG-2 binding to CR17 is less site-specific but, as proved for apolipoprotein internalization in physiological conditions, it involves the ANG-2 lysin residue. Conclusions: Overall, our results proved that ANG-2 energetic interaction with the LRP-1 receptor is not hindered if specific residues of the peptide are chemically crosslinked to simple or complex engineered delivery systems.
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Crosstalk between neurological, cardiovascular, and lifestyle disorders: insulin and lipoproteins in the lead role. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:790-817. [PMID: 36149598 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and impaired lipoprotein metabolism contribute to a plethora of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. These alterations have been extensively linked with poor lifestyle choices, such as consumption of a high-fat diet, smoking, stress, and a redundant lifestyle. Moreover, these are also known to increase the co-morbidity of diseases like Type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, insulin and lipoproteins exert a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. However, the tripping of balance between the periphery and center may alter the normal functioning of the brain and lead to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, depression, and multiple sclerosis. These neurological disorders are further characterized by certain behavioral and molecular changes that show consistent overlap with alteration in insulin and lipoprotein signaling pathways. Therefore, targeting these two mechanisms not only reveals a way to manage the co-morbidities associated with the circle of the metabolic, central nervous system, and cardiovascular disorders but also exclusively work as a disease-modifying therapy for neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of insulin resistance and lipoproteins in the progression of various neurological conditions and discuss the therapeutic options currently in the clinical pipeline targeting these two mechanisms; in addition, challenges faced in designing these therapeutic approaches have also been touched upon briefly.
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Lam SM, Huang X, Shui G. Neurological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection: lipoproteins and exosomes as Trojan horses. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:554-568. [PMID: 35613979 PMCID: PMC9058057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets lipid-producing cells for viral tropism. In this review, we connect systemic lipid couriers, particularly high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and exosomes, with the neurological facets of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We discuss how SARS-CoV-2 preferentially targets lipid-secreting cells and usurps host cell lipid metabolism for efficient replication and systemic spreading. Besides providing natural veils for viral materials against host immunity, the inherent properties of some of these endogenous lipid particles to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) also offer alternative routes for SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. Importantly, virus-driven neurological aberrations mediated by HDLs and exosomes are fueled by lipid rafts, which are implicated in the production and transmigration of these lipid particles across the BBB. Finally, we discuss how repurposing existing drugs targeting lipid rafts and cholesterol homeostasis may be beneficial toward alleviating the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Sato K, Takayama KI, Hashimoto M, Inoue S. Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulations of Amyloid-β Precursor Protein (APP ) mRNA. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:721579. [PMID: 35822056 PMCID: PMC9261399 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.721579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of memory, thinking, behavior, and dementia. Based on ample evidence showing neurotoxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates in AD, proteolytically derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), it has been assumed that misfolding of Aβ plays a crucial role in the AD pathogenesis. Additionally, extra copies of the APP gene caused by chromosomal duplication in patients with Down syndrome can promote AD pathogenesis, indicating the pathological involvement of the APP gene dose in AD. Furthermore, increased APP expression due to locus duplication and promoter mutation of APP has been found in familial AD. Given this background, we aimed to summarize the mechanism underlying the upregulation of APP expression levels from a cutting-edge perspective. We first reviewed the literature relevant to this issue, specifically focusing on the transcriptional regulation of APP by transcription factors that bind to the promoter/enhancer regions. APP expression is also regulated by growth factors, cytokines, and hormone, such as androgen. We further evaluated the possible involvement of post-transcriptional regulators of APP in AD pathogenesis, such as RNA splicing factors. Indeed, alternative splicing isoforms of APP are proposed to be involved in the increased production of Aβ. Moreover, non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, post-transcriptionally regulate the APP expression. Collectively, elucidation of the novel mechanisms underlying the upregulation of APP would lead to the development of clinical diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sato
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takayama
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Department of Basic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Esnafoglu E, Cırrık S. Apo D and Apo E levels in Autism spectrum disorders. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 73:103177. [PMID: 35623271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erman Esnafoglu
- Ordu University, Faculty of Medicine, Deparment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ordu, Turkey.
| | - Selma Cırrık
- Ordu University, Faculty of Medicine, Deparment of Medical Phisiology, Ordu, Turkey
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The Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) raises Cholesterol Levels in the Brain. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100260. [PMID: 35921880 PMCID: PMC9464954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a lipid transfer protein responsible for the exchange of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between lipoproteins. Decreased CETP activity is associated with longevity, cardiovascular health, and maintenance of good cognitive performance. Interestingly, mice lack the CETP-encoding gene and have very low levels of LDL particles compared with humans. Currently, the molecular mechanisms induced because of CETP activity are not clear. To understand how CETP activity affects the brain, we utilized CETP transgenic (CETPtg) mice that show elevated LDL levels upon induction of CETP expression through a high-cholesterol diet. CETPtg mice on a high-cholesterol diet showed up to 22% higher cholesterol levels in the brain. Using a microarray on mostly astrocyte-derived mRNA, we found that this cholesterol increase is likely not because of elevated de novo synthesis of cholesterol. However, cholesterol efflux is decreased in CETPtg mice along with an upregulation of the complement factor C1Q, which plays a role in neuronal cholesterol clearance. Our data suggest that CETP activity affects brain health through modulating cholesterol distribution and clearance. Therefore, we propose that CETPtg mice constitute a valuable research tool to investigate the impact of cholesterol metabolism on brain function.
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Abstract
The brain, as one of the most lipid-rich organs, heavily relies on lipid transport and distribution to maintain homeostasis and neuronal function. Lipid transport mediated by lipoprotein particles, which are complex structures composed of apolipoproteins and lipids, has been thoroughly characterized in the periphery. Although lipoproteins in the central nervous system (CNS) were reported over half a century ago, the identification of APOE4 as the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease has accelerated investigation of the biology and pathobiology of lipoproteins in the CNS. This review provides an overview of the different components of lipoprotein particles, in particular apolipoproteins, and their involvements in both physiological functions and pathological mechanisms in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuka A Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA;
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA;
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41
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Zhao J, Zhang H, Fan X, Yu X, Huai J. Lipid Dyshomeostasis and Inherited Cerebellar Ataxia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3800-3828. [PMID: 35420383 PMCID: PMC9148275 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia that originates from dysfunction of the cerebellum, but may involve additional neurological tissues. Its clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by the absence of voluntary muscle coordination and loss of control of movement with varying manifestations due to differences in severity, in the site of cerebellar damage and in the involvement of extracerebellar tissues. Cerebellar ataxia may be sporadic, acquired, and hereditary. Hereditary ataxia accounts for the majority of cases. Hereditary ataxia has been tentatively divided into several subtypes by scientists in the field, and nearly all of them remain incurable. This is mainly because the detailed mechanisms of these cerebellar disorders are incompletely understood. To precisely diagnose and treat these diseases, studies on their molecular mechanisms have been conducted extensively in the past. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that some common pathogenic mechanisms exist within each subtype of inherited ataxia. However, no reports have indicated whether there is a common mechanism among the different subtypes of inherited cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we summarize the available references and databases on neurological disorders characterized by cerebellar ataxia and show that a subset of genes involved in lipid homeostasis form a new group that may cause ataxic disorders through a common mechanism. This common signaling pathway can provide a valuable reference for future diagnosis and treatment of ataxic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xueyu Fan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xue Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jisen Huai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China.
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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42
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Rudge JD. A New Hypothesis for Alzheimer's Disease: The Lipid Invasion Model. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:129-161. [PMID: 35530118 PMCID: PMC9028744 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a new hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the lipid invasion model. It argues that AD results from external influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid-rich lipoproteins into the brain, following disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The lipid invasion model explains how the influx of albumin-bound FFAs via a disrupted BBB induces bioenergetic changes and oxidative stress, stimulates microglia-driven neuroinflammation, and causes anterograde amnesia. It also explains how the influx of external lipoproteins, which are much larger and more lipid-rich, especially more cholesterol-rich, than those normally present in the brain, causes endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities and overproduction of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ). This leads to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the most well-known hallmarks of AD. The lipid invasion model argues that a key role of the BBB is protecting the brain from external lipid access. It shows how the BBB can be damaged by excess Aβ, as well as by most other known risk factors for AD, including aging, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), and lifestyle factors such as hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, chronic sleep deprivation, stress, and head injury. The lipid invasion model gives a new rationale for what we already know about AD, explaining its many associated risk factors and neuropathologies, including some that are less well-accounted for in other explanations of AD. It offers new insights and suggests new ways to prevent, detect, and treat this destructive disease and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D’Arcy Rudge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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43
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Emerging role of HDL in brain cholesterol metabolism and neurodegenerative disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159123. [PMID: 35151900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs play a key role in cholesterol homeostasis maintenance in the central nervous system (CNS), by carrying newly synthesized cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons, to support their lipid-related physiological functions. As occurs for plasma HDLs, brain lipoproteins are assembled through the activity of membrane cholesterol transporters, undergo remodeling mediated by specific enzymes and transport proteins, and finally deliver cholesterol to neurons by a receptor-mediated internalization process. A growing number of evidences indicates a strong association between alterations of CNS cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegenerative disorders, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a possible role in this relationship may be played by defects in brain HDL metabolism. In the present review, we summarize and critically examine the current state of knowledge on major modifications of HDL and HDL-mediated brain cholesterol transport in AD, by taking into consideration the individual steps of this process. We also describe potential and encouraging HDL-based therapies that could represent new therapeutic strategies for AD treatment. Finally, we revise the main plasma and brain HDL modifications in other neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
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44
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Berghoff SA, Spieth L, Saher G. Local cholesterol metabolism orchestrates remyelination. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:272-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Guerra-Vázquez CM, Martínez-Ávila M, Guajardo-Flores D, Antunes-Ricardo M. Punicic Acid and Its Role in the Prevention of Neurological Disorders: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:252. [PMID: 35159404 PMCID: PMC8834450 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). NDs are characterized by progressive damage and death of nerve cells accompanied by high levels of inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress conditions. Punicic acid, the main bioactive component of pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed oil, is an omega-5 isomer of conjugated α-linoleic acid that has shown strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects that contributes towards its positive effect against a wide arrange of diseases. Punicic acid decreases oxidative damage and inflammation by increasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. In addition, it can reduce beta-amyloid deposits formation and tau hyperphosphorylation by increasing the expression of GLUT4 protein and the inhibition of calpain hyperactivation. Microencapsulated pomegranate, with high levels of punicic acid, increases antioxidant PON1 activity in HDL. Likewise, encapsulated pomegranate formulations with high levels of punicic acid have shown an increase in the antioxidant PON1 activity in HDL. Because of the limited brain permeability of punicic acid, diverse delivery formulations have been developed to enhance the biological activity of punicic acid in the brain, diminishing neurological disorders symptoms. Punicic acid is an important nutraceutical compound in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marilena Antunes-Ricardo
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey C.P. 64849, NL, Mexico; (C.M.G.-V.); (M.M.-Á.); (D.G.-F.)
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46
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In vitro blood brain barrier models: An overview. J Control Release 2022; 343:13-30. [PMID: 35026351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the composition and function of the blood brain barrier (BBB) enables the development of novel, innovative techniques for administering central nervous system (CNS) medications and technologies for improving the existing models. Scientific and methodological interest in the pathology of the BBB resulted in the formation of numerous in vitro BBB models. Once successfully studied and modelled, it would be a valuable tool for elucidating the mechanism of action of the CNS disorders prior to their manifestation and the pathogenic factors. Understanding the rationale behind the selection of the models as well as their working may enable the development of state-of-the-art drugs for treating and managing neurological diseases. Hence, to have realistic simulation of the BBB and test its drug permeability the microfluidics-based BBB-on-Chip model has been developed. To summarise, we aim to evaluate the advanced, newly developed and frequently used in vitro BBB models, thereby providing a brief overview of the components essential for in vitro BBB formation, the methods of chip fabrication and cell culturing, its applications and the recent advances in this technological field. This will be critical for developing CNS treatments with improved BBB penetrability and pharmacokinetic properties.
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47
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Obara-Michlewska M. The contribution of astrocytes to obesity-associated metabolic disturbances. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:299-311. [PMID: 36131679 PMCID: PMC9548436 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Obara-Michlewska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
- Marta Obara-Michlewska, Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 A. Pawinskiego Street, Warsaw 02-106, Poland. Tel/Fax: +48-22-6046416, E-mail:
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48
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Yamashita H, Komine O, Fujimori-Tonou N, Yamanaka K. Comprehensive expression analysis with cell-type-specific transcriptome in ALS-linked mutant SOD1 mice: Revisiting the active role of glial cells in disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1045647. [PMID: 36687517 PMCID: PMC9846815 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1045647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-cell autonomous mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an adult neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective motor neuron loss. While the emerging role of glial cells in ALS has been noted, the detailed cell-type-specific role of glial cells has not been clarified. Here, we examined mRNA expression changes using microarrays of the spinal cords of three distinct lines of mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 transgenic mice, an established ALS model. Our analysis used a transcriptome database of component cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), as well as SOD1 G93A cell-type transcriptomes. More than half of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were highly expressed in microglia, and enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that immunological reactions were profoundly involved and some transcription factors were upregulated. Our analysis focused on DEGs that are highly expressed in each cell type, as well as chemokines, caspases, and heat shock proteins. Disease-associated microglial genes were upregulated, while homeostatic microglial genes were not, and galectin-3 (Mac2), a known activated microglial marker, was predicted to be ectopically expressed in astrocytes in mutant SOD1 mice. In mutant SOD1 mice, we developed a prediction model for the pathophysiology of different cell types related to TREM2, apolipoprotein E, and lipoproteins. Our analysis offers a viable resource to understand not only the molecular pathologies of each CNS constituent cell type, but also the cellular crosstalk between different cell types under both physiological and pathological conditions in model mice for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Okiru Komine
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriko Fujimori-Tonou
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, RRD, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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49
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Aqul AA, Ramirez CM, Lopez AM, Burns DK, Repa JJ, Turley SD. Molecular markers of brain cholesterol homeostasis are unchanged despite a smaller brain mass in a mouse model of cholesteryl ester storage disease. Lipids 2022; 57:3-16. [PMID: 34618372 PMCID: PMC8766890 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), encoded by the gene LIPA, facilitates the intracellular processing of lipids by hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols present in newly internalized lipoproteins. Loss-of-function mutations in LIPA result in cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) or Wolman disease when mutations cause complete loss of LAL activity. Although the phenotype of a mouse CESD model has been extensively characterized, there has not been a focus on the brain at different stages of disease progression. In the current studies, whole-brain mass and the concentrations of cholesterol in both the esterified (EC) and unesterified (UC) fractions were measured in Lal-/- and matching Lal+/+ mice (FVB-N strain) at ages ranging from 14 up to 280 days after birth. Compared to Lal+/+ controls at 50, 68-76, 140-142, and 230-280 days of age, Lal-/- mice had brain weights that averaged approximately 6%, 7%, 18%, and 20% less, respectively. Brain EC levels were higher in the Lal-/- mice at every age, being elevated 27-fold at 230-280 days. Brain UC concentrations did not show a genotypic difference at any age. The elevated brain EC levels in the Lal-/- mice did not reflect EC in residual blood. An mRNA expression analysis for an array of genes involved in the synthesis, catabolism, storage, and transport of cholesterol in the brains of 141-day old mice did not detect any genotypic differences although the relative mRNA levels for several markers of inflammation were moderately elevated in the Lal-/- mice. The possible sites of EC accretion in the central nervous system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A. Aqul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Charina M. Ramirez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Adam M. Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Dennis K. Burns
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Joyce J. Repa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Stephen D. Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
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50
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Frank CJ, McNay EC. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier: A mediator of increased Alzheimer's risk in patients with metabolic disorders? J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13074. [PMID: 34904299 PMCID: PMC8791015 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders (MDs), including type 1 and 2 diabetes and chronic obesity, are among the faster growing diseases globally and are a primary risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The term "type-3 diabetes" has been proposed for AD due to the interrelated cellular, metabolic, and immune features shared by diabetes, insulin resistance (IR), and the cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration found in AD. Patients with MDs and/or AD commonly exhibit altered glucose homeostasis and IR; systemic chronic inflammation encompassing all of the periphery, blood-brain barrier (BBB), and central nervous system; pathological vascular remodeling; and increased BBB permeability that allows transfusion of neurotoxic molecules from the blood to the brain. This review summarizes the components of the BBB, mechanisms through which MDs alter BBB permeability via immune and metabolic pathways, the contribution of BBB dysfunction to the manifestation and progression of AD, and current avenues of therapeutic research that address BBB permeability. In addition, issues with the translational applicability of current animal models of AD regarding BBB dysfunction and proposals for future directions of research that address the relationship between MDs, BBB dysfunction, and AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Frank
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
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