1
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Xing DX, Song XS, Pan WC, Cui H, Zhao ZX. New chromone compounds from the marine derived fungus Diaporthe sp. XW12-1. Fitoterapia 2023; 164:105384. [PMID: 36473537 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Four new chromone compounds diaporspchromanones A-C (1-3) and diaporspchromanone H (4), together with three known compounds (5-7) were separated from the marine derived fungus Diaporthe sp. XW12-1. The structures of the new compounds, including their absolute configurations, were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and the Mosher's ester method. Among them, diaporspchromanones A-C (1-3) possess a 3-substituted-chroman-4-one skeleton, which are rarely found in natural sources. In the bioassays, all compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-activated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 2 and 3 showed potent anti-inflammatory effects than the positive control (indomethacin, IC50, 70.33 ± 0.95 μM) (p < 0.05) with IC50 values of 19.06 ± 3.60 and 9.56 ± 0.18 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Xia Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xian-Shu Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Cong Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
| | - Zhong-Xiang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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2
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Datta S, Ramamurthy PC, Anand U, Singh S, Singh A, Dhanjal DS, Dhaka V, Kumar S, Kapoor D, Nandy S, Kumar M, Koshy EP, Dey A, Proćków J, Singh J. Wonder or evil?: Multifaceted health hazards and health benefits of Cannabis sativa and its phytochemicals. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7290-7313. [PMID: 34867033 PMCID: PMC8626265 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa, widely known as 'Marijuana' poses a dilemma for being a blend of both good and bad medicinal effects. The historical use of Cannabis for both medicinal and recreational purposes suggests it to be a friendly plant. However, whether the misuse of Cannabis and the cannabinoids derived from it can hamper normal body physiology is a focus of ongoing research. On the one hand, there is enough evidence to suggest that misuse of marijuana can cause deleterious effects on various organs like the lungs, immune system, cardiovascular system, etc. and also influence fertility and cause teratogenic effects. However, on the other hand, marijuana has been found to offer a magical cure for anorexia, chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and disturbed sleep. Indeed, most recently, the United Nations has given its verdict in favour of Cannabis declaring it as a non-dangerous narcotic. This review provides insights into the various health effects of Cannabis and its specialized metabolites and indicates how wise steps can be taken to promote good use and prevent misuse of the metabolites derived from this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivika Datta
- Department of Zoology, Doaba College, Jalandhar, Punjab 144001, India
| | - Praveen C. Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Amritpal Singh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Indira Gandhi Government Dental College and Hospital, Amphala, Jammu 180012, India
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Vaishali Dhaka
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Science, Central University of Jharkhand, Brambe, Ratu-Lohardaga Road Ranchi, Jharkhand 835205, India
| | - Eapen P. Koshy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
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3
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Radwan MM, Chandra S, Gul S, ElSohly MA. Cannabinoids, Phenolics, Terpenes and Alkaloids of Cannabis. Molecules 2021; 26:2774. [PMID: 34066753 PMCID: PMC8125862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is one of the oldest medicinal plants in the world. It was introduced into western medicine during the early 19th century. It contains a complex mixture of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid-type constituents. More than 500 compounds have been reported from C. sativa, of which 125 cannabinoids have been isolated and/or identified as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids are C21 terpeno-phenolic compounds specific to Cannabis. The non-cannabinoid constituents include: non-cannabinoid phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids and others. This review discusses the chemistry of the cannabinoids and major non-cannabinoid constituents (terpenes, non-cannabinoid phenolics, and alkaloids) with special emphasis on their chemical structures, methods of isolation, and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (M.M.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (M.M.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Shahbaz Gul
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS 38655, USA;
- Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (M.M.R.); (S.C.)
- Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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4
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Oultram JMJ, Pegler JL, Bowser TA, Ney LJ, Eamens AL, Grof CPL. Cannabis sativa: Interdisciplinary Strategies and Avenues for Medical and Commercial Progression Outside of CBD and THC. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030234. [PMID: 33652704 PMCID: PMC7996784 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa (Cannabis) is one of the world’s most well-known, yet maligned plant species. However, significant recent research is starting to unveil the potential of Cannabis to produce secondary compounds that may offer a suite of medical benefits, elevating this unique plant species from its illicit narcotic status into a genuine biopharmaceutical. This review summarises the lengthy history of Cannabis and details the molecular pathways that underpin the production of key secondary metabolites that may confer medical efficacy. We also provide an up-to-date summary of the molecular targets and potential of the relatively unknown minor compounds offered by the Cannabis plant. Furthermore, we detail the recent advances in plant science, as well as synthetic biology, and the pharmacology surrounding Cannabis. Given the relative infancy of Cannabis research, we go on to highlight the parallels to previous research conducted in another medically relevant and versatile plant, Papaver somniferum (opium poppy), as an indicator of the possible future direction of Cannabis plant biology. Overall, this review highlights the future directions of cannabis research outside of the medical biology aspects of its well-characterised constituents and explores additional avenues for the potential improvement of the medical potential of the Cannabis plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson M. J. Oultram
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
| | - Joseph L. Pegler
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
| | - Timothy A. Bowser
- CannaPacific Pty Ltd., 109 Ocean Street, Dudley, NSW 2290, Australia;
| | - Luke J. Ney
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.M.J.O.); (J.L.P.); (A.L.E.)
- CannaPacific Pty Ltd., 109 Ocean Street, Dudley, NSW 2290, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-4921-5858
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5
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Improved identification of phytocannabinoids using a dedicated structure-based workflow. Talanta 2020; 219:121310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Klahn P. Cannabinoids-Promising Antimicrobial Drugs orIntoxicants with Benefits? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E297. [PMID: 32498408 PMCID: PMC7345649 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel antimicrobial drugs are urgently needed to counteract the increasing occurrence ofbacterial resistance. Extracts of Cannabis sativa have been used for the treatment of several diseasessince ancient times. However, its phytocannabinoid constituents are predominantly associated withpsychotropic effects and medical applications far beyond the treatment of infections. It has beendemonstrated that several cannabinoids show potent antimicrobial activity against primarily Grampositivebacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As first in vivoefficacy has been demonstrated recently, it is time to discuss whether cannabinoids are promisingantimicrobial drug candidates or overhyped intoxicants with benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30,D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Li H, Liu Y, Tian D, Tian L, Ju X, Qi L, Wang Y, Liang C. Overview of cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogues: Structures, biological activities, and neuroprotective mechanisms in epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112163. [PMID: 32109623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, 11 general types of natural cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa as well as 50 (-)-CBD analogues with therapeutic potential were described. The underlying molecular mechanisms of CBD as a therapeutic candidate for epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases were comprehensively clarified. CBD indirectly acts as an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist to exert its neuroprotective effects. CBD also promotes neuroprotection through different signal transduction pathways mediated indirectly by cannabinoid receptors. Furthermore, CBD prevents the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) hyperphosphorylation caused by Aβ and may be developed as a new therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Danni Tian
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Lei Tian
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Xingke Ju
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Liang Qi
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yongbo Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
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8
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Jagannathan R. Identification of Psychoactive Metabolites from Cannabis sativa, Its Smoke, and Other Phytocannabinoids Using Machine Learning and Multivariate Methods. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:281-295. [PMID: 31956775 PMCID: PMC6964292 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a medicinal plant having a very complex matrix composed of mainly cannabinoids and terpenoids. The literature has numerous reports, which indicate that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the only major psychoactive metabolite in C. sativa. It is important to explore other metabolites having the possibility of exhibiting the psychoactive character of various degrees and also to identify metabolites targeting other receptors such as opioid, γ amino butyric acid (GABA), glycine, serotonin, and nicotine present in C. sativa, the smoke of C. sativa, and other phytocannabinoid matrices. This article aims to achieve this goal by application of batteries of computational tools such as machine learning tools and multivariate methods on physiochemical and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) descriptors of 468 metabolites from C. sativa, its smoke and, other phytocannabinoids. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) showed that 54 metabolites from C. sativa have high scaffold homology with THC. Its implications on the route of administration and factors affecting the SAR are discussed. C. sativa smoke has metabolites that have possibility of interacting with GABA, and glycine receptors.
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9
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Guo T, Liu Q, Hou P, Li F, Guo S, Song W, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhang S, Zhang J, Ho CT, Bai N. Stilbenoids and cannabinoids from the leaves of Cannabis sativa f. sativa with potential reverse cholesterol transport activity. Food Funct 2019; 9:6608-6617. [PMID: 30500001 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01896k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Three new stilbenoids (1-3) and 16 known stilbenoids (4-6) and cannabinoids (7-19) were isolated from the leaves of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The structures of the three new compounds were identified as α,α'-dihydro-3',4,5'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-3-isopentenylstilbene (HM1), α,α'-dihydro-3,4',5-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-2,6-diisopentenylstilbene (HM2), and α,α'-dihydro-3',4,5'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-2',3-diisopentenylstilbene (HM3) by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, LC-MS, and HRESIMS. The known α,α'-dihydro-3,4',5-trihydroxy-4,5'-diisopentenylstilbene (5) and combretastatin B-2 (6) were isolated for the first time from C. sativa f. sativa. These isolated compounds exhibited cytotoxic effects on human cancer cells via inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells and inducing cell death. Among them, compounds 4, 5, 10, 12, 13, 15, and 19 displayed broad-spectrum cytotoxicity, and 1, 7, and 11 displayed selectivity in inhibition efficiency on MCF-7 and A549 cells, which suppressed the proliferation of cancer cells significantly by inducing cell death. The effects of compounds 1-3 on improving reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) were evaluated by isotope-tracing and western blotting. Results showed that the three stilbenoids showed a cytotoxicity above 1.0 mg L-1, especially that of HM3. They could improve [3H]-cholesterol efflux from Raw 264.7 macrophages to high density lipoproteins by enhancing the protein expression of ABCG1 and SR-B1, and HM1 and HM2 showed a significant difference compared with fenofibrate at 1.0 mg L-1. The three stilbenoids could also significantly improve the protein expression of ABCA1. Further study on HepG2 cells indicated that they improve the protein expression of LDLR, SR-B1 and CYP7A1, especially that of HM1 and HM3. However, they showed no significant effect on PCSK9. The above results indicated that these stilbenoids may elevate the transfer of cholesterol to hepatocytes by improving the protein expression of SR-B1 and LDLR, and the synthesis of bile acid by increasing the protein expression of CYP7A1. In conclusion, HM1 showed lower cytotoxicity and higher activity in improving the RCT-related protein expression. Our study suggests that it may be explored as a novel lipid-lowering drug and as a beneficial ingredient in health functional foods and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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10
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Prandi C, Blangetti M, Namdar D, Koltai H. Structure-Activity Relationship of Cannabis Derived Compounds for the Treatment of Neuronal Activity-Related Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071526. [PMID: 29941830 PMCID: PMC6099582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa active compounds are extensively studied for their therapeutic effects, beyond the well-known psychotropic activity. C. Sativa is used to treat different medical indications, such as multiple sclerosis, spasticity, epilepsy, ulcerative colitis and pain. Simultaneously, basic research is discovering new constituents of cannabis-derived compounds and their receptors capable of neuroprotection and neuronal activity modulation. The function of the various phytochemicals in different therapeutic processes is not fully understood, but their significant role is starting to emerge and be appreciated. In this review, we will consider the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of cannabinoid compounds able to bind to cannabinoid receptors and act as therapeutic agents in neuronal diseases, e.g., Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Dvora Namdar
- ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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11
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Carvalho Â, Hansen EH, Kayser O, Carlsen S, Stehle F. Designing microorganisms for heterologous biosynthesis of cannabinoids. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 17:3861260. [PMID: 28582498 PMCID: PMC5812543 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the use of medical Cannabis has expanded globally and legislation is getting more liberal in many countries, facilitating the research on cannabinoids. The unique interaction of cannabinoids with the human endocannabinoid system makes these compounds an interesting target to be studied as therapeutic agents for the treatment of several medical conditions. However, currently there are important limitations in the study, production and use of cannabinoids as pharmaceutical drugs. Besides the main constituent tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, the structurally related compound cannabidiol is of high interest as drug candidate. From the more than 100 known cannabinoids reported, most can only be extracted in very low amounts and their pharmacological profile has not been determined. Today, cannabinoids are isolated from the strictly regulated Cannabis plant, and the supply of compounds with sufficient quality is a major problem. Biotechnological production could be an attractive alternative mode of production. Herein, we explore the potential use of synthetic biology as an alternative strategy for synthesis of cannabinoids in heterologous hosts. We summarize the current knowledge surrounding cannabinoids biosynthesis and present a comprehensive description of the key steps of the genuine and artificial pathway, systems biotechnology needs and platform optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Carvalho
- Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42-44, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Oliver Kayser
- Laboratory of Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simon Carlsen
- Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42-44, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Felix Stehle
- Laboratory of Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Abstract
The connection between Cannabis sativa‘s chemical compounds and their ability to treat three different inflammatory ailments including bowel diseases, (IBD, e.g., Crohn's and ulcerative colitis), neuronal diseases (IND, e.g., Parkinson and Alzheimer), and a wide range of inflammatory skin diseases (ISD, e.g., atopic dermatitis and psoriasis) is presented. We review the range of experiments conducted over the last decade using either the whole extract of cannabis or separated mono-phytocannabinoids in the attempt to decipher the lead molecules, the receptors involved, the effects on genes and proteins, and especially the therapeutic potency of cannabis-derived compounds for treating these different inflammatory diseases. Along with the specifications for its current cutting-edge potential, the drawbacks and the designated needs for additional specific information from future research are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvory Namdar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Department of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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13
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ElSohly MA, Radwan MM, Gul W, Chandra S, Galal A. Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 103:1-36. [PMID: 28120229 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa, or hemp) and its constituents-in particular the cannabinoids-have been the focus of extensive chemical and biological research for almost half a century since the discovery of the chemical structure of its major active constituent, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). The plant's behavioral and psychotropic effects are attributed to its content of this class of compounds, the cannabinoids, primarily Δ9-THC, which is produced mainly in the leaves and flower buds of the plant. Besides Δ9-THC, there are also non-psychoactive cannabinoids with several medicinal functions, such as cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBC), and cannabigerol (CBG), along with other non-cannabinoid constituents belonging to diverse classes of natural products. Today, more than 560 constituents have been identified in cannabis. The recent discoveries of the medicinal properties of cannabis and the cannabinoids in addition to their potential applications in the treatment of a number of serious illnesses, such as glaucoma, depression, neuralgia, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and alleviation of symptoms of HIV/AIDS and cancer, have given momentum to the quest for further understanding the chemistry, biology, and medicinal properties of this plant.This contribution presents an overview of the botany, cultivation aspects, and the phytochemistry of cannabis and its chemical constituents. Particular emphasis is placed on the newly-identified/isolated compounds. In addition, techniques for isolation of cannabis constituents and analytical methods used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of cannabis and its products are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA.
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Waseem Gul
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc., 5 Industrial Park Drive, Oxford, MS, 38655, USA
| | - Suman Chandra
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ahmed Galal
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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A natural product from Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa inhibits homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2), attenuating MPP + -induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Bioorg Chem 2017; 72:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Cui H, Ding M, Huang D, Zhang Z, Liu H, Huang H, She Z. Chroman-4-one and pyrano[4,3-b]chromenone derivatives from the mangrove endophytic fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum SKS019. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03032k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven new compounds: diaporchromanones A–D (1–4), (−)-phomopsichin A (5a), (+)-phomopsichin B (6a), and (±)-diaporchromone A (7), along with the known (+)-phomopsichin A (5b) and (−)-phomopsichin B (6b) were isolated from an endophytic fungus Diaporthe phaseolorum SKS019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cui
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Meng Ding
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Dane Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510080
- China
| | - Zhengrui Zhang
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Huiting Liu
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Hongbo Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
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16
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Wang M, Wang YH, Avula B, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Mehmedic Z, van Antwerp J, ElSohly MA, Khan IA. Quantitative Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Cannabis Products Using Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Diode Array/Mass Spectrometric Detection. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:602-611. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alexandria; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Faculty of Pharmacy; Minia University; Minia Egypt
| | - Zlatko Mehmedic
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | | | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy; Department of BioMolecular Science; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy; College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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17
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Richardson KA, Hester AK, McLemore GL. Prenatal cannabis exposure - The "first hit" to the endocannabinoid system. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 58:5-14. [PMID: 27567698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As more states and countries legalize medical and/or adult recreational marijuana use, the incidences of prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) will likely increase. While young people increasingly view marijuana as innocuous, marijuana preparations have been growing in potency in recent years, potentially creating global clinical, public health, and workforce concerns. Unlike fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, there is no phenotypic syndrome associated with PCE. There is also no preponderance of evidence that PCE causes lifelong cognitive, behavioral, or functional abnormalities, and/or susceptibility to subsequent addiction. However, there is compelling circumstantial evidence, based on the principles of teratology and fetal malprogramming, suggesting that pregnant women should refrain from smoking marijuana. The usage of marijuana during pregnancy perturbs the fetal endogenous cannabinoid signaling system (ECSS), which is present and active from the early embryonic stage, modulating neurodevelopment and continuing this role into adulthood. The ECSS is present in virtually every brain structure and organ system, and there is also evidence that this system is important in the regulation of cardiovascular processes. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) undergird a broad spectrum of processes, including the early stages of fetal neurodevelopment and uterine implantation. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive chemical in cannabis, enters maternal circulation, and readily crosses the placental membrane. THC binds to CB receptors of the fetal ECSS, altering neurodevelopment and possibly rewiring ECSS circuitry. In this review, we discuss the Double-Hit Hypothesis as it relates to PCE. We contend that PCE, similar to a neurodevelopmental teratogen, delivers the first hit to the ECSS, which is compromised in such a way that a second hit (i.e., postnatal stressors) will precipitate the emergence of a specific phenotype. In summary, we conclude that perturbations of the intrauterine milieu via the introduction of exogenous CBs alter the fetal ECSS, predisposing the offspring to abnormalities in cognition and altered emotionality. Based on recent experimental evidence that we will review here, we argue that young women who become pregnant should immediately take a "pregnant pause" from using marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberlei A Richardson
- Howard University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 520 W Street, NW, Suite 3408, Washington, DC 20059, United States.
| | - Allison K Hester
- Howard University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 520 W Street, NW, Suite 3408, Washington, DC 20059, United States.
| | - Gabrielle L McLemore
- Morgan State University, Department of Biology-SCMMS, 1700 East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, United States.
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18
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Hanuš LO, Meyer SM, Muñoz E, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Appendino G. Phytocannabinoids: a unified critical inventory. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:1357-1392. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00074f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativaL. is a prolific, but not exclusive, producer of a diverse group of isoprenylated resorcinyl polyketides collectively known as phytocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumír Ondřej Hanuš
- Institute for Drug Research
- School of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Medicine
- Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91120
| | - Stefan Martin Meyer
- Phytoplant Research S. L
- Rabanales 21 – The Science and Technology Park of Cordoba
- Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba
- Reina Sofía University Hospital
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology
- University of Córdoba
- Córdoba
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università del Piemonte Orientale
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
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19
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Ahmed SA, Ross SA, Slade D, Radwan MM, Khan IA, ElSohly MA. Minor oxygenated cannabinoids from high potency Cannabis sativa L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:194-199. [PMID: 26093324 PMCID: PMC4883105 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nine oxygenated cannabinoids were isolated from a high potency Cannabis sativa L. variety. Structure elucidation was achieved using spectroscopic techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR, HRMS and GC-MS. These minor compounds include four hexahydrocannabinols, four tetrahydrocannabinols, and one hydroxylated cannabinol, namely 9α-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, 7-oxo-9α-hydroxyhexa-hydrocannabinol, 10α-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, 10aR-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol, Δ(9)-THC aldehyde A, 8-oxo-Δ(9)-THC, 10aα-hydroxy-10-oxo-Δ(8)-THC, 9α-hydroxy-10-oxo-Δ(6a,10a)-THC, and 1'S-hydroxycannabinol, respectively. The latter compound showed moderate anti-MRSa (IC50 10.0 μg/mL), moderate antileishmanial (IC50 14.0 μg/mL) and mild antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (D6 clone) and P. falciparum (W2 clone) with IC50 values of 3.4 and 2.3 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwat A Ahmed
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samir A Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States.
| | - Desmond Slade
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexendria, Egypt
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States.
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20
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Radwan MM, ElSohly MA, El-Alfy AT, Ahmed SA, Slade D, Husni AS, Manly SP, Wilson L, Seale S, Cutler SJ, Ross SA. Isolation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Minor Cannabinoids from High-Potency Cannabis sativa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1271-6. [PMID: 26000707 PMCID: PMC4880513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seven new naturally occurring hydroxylated cannabinoids (1-7), along with the known cannabiripsol (8), have been isolated from the aerial parts of high-potency Cannabis sativa. The structures of the new compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, GC-MS, and HRESIMS as 8α-hydroxy-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (1), 8β-hydroxy-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (2), 10α-hydroxy-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (3), 10β-hydroxy-Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (4), 10α-hydroxy-Δ(9,11)-hexahydrocannabinol (5), 9β,10β-epoxyhexahydrocannabinol (6), and 11-acetoxy-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (7). The binding affinity of isolated compounds 1-8, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, and Δ(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol toward CB1 and CB2 receptors as well as their behavioral effects in a mouse tetrad assay were studied. The results indicated that compound 3, with the highest affinity to the CB1 receptors, exerted the most potent cannabimimetic-like actions in the tetrad assay, while compound 4 showed partial cannabimimetic actions. Compound 2, on the other hand, displayed a dose-dependent hypolocomotive effect only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Tel: 1-662-915-5928. Fax: +1-662-915-5587. (M. A. ElSohly); Tel: +1-662-915-1031. Fax: +1-662-915-7989. (S. A. Ross)
| | - Abir T. El-Alfy
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Safwat A. Ahmed
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Desmond Slade
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Afeef S. Husni
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Susan P. Manly
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Lisa Wilson
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Suzanne Seale
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Stephen J. Cutler
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Samir A. Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Corresponding Authors: Tel: 1-662-915-5928. Fax: +1-662-915-5587. (M. A. ElSohly); Tel: +1-662-915-1031. Fax: +1-662-915-7989. (S. A. Ross)
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21
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Abstract
The advantages of the aqueous reactions over the conventional ones were demonstrated in the synthesis of highly substituted 1,5-diketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Suliu Feng
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
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22
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Tantry MA, Bhat GA, Idris A, Dar JA, Yousef Al Omar S, Masoodi KZ, Ganai BA, Kamili AN, Shawl AS. Sulfated Triterpenes from Lemon Balm. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Happyana N, Agnolet S, Muntendam R, Van Dam A, Schneider B, Kayser O. Analysis of cannabinoids in laser-microdissected trichomes of medicinal Cannabis sativa using LCMS and cryogenic NMR. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 87:51-9. [PMID: 23280038 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes, especially the capitate-stalked glandular hairs, are well known as the main sites of cannabinoid and essential oil production of Cannabis sativa. In this study the distribution and density of various types of Cannabis sativa L. trichomes, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, glandular trichomes were isolated over the flowering period (8 weeks) by laser microdissection (LMD) and the cannabinoid profile analyzed by LCMS. Cannabinoids were detected in extracts of 25-143 collected cells of capitate-sessile and capitate stalked trichomes and separately in the gland (head) and the stem of the latter. Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid [THCA (1)], cannabidiolic acid [CBDA (2)], and cannabigerolic acid [CBGA (3)] were identified as most-abundant compounds in all analyzed samples while their decarboxylated derivatives, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC (4)], cannabidiol [CBD (5)], and cannabigerol [CBG (6)], co-detected in all samples, were present at significantly lower levels. Cannabichromene [CBC (8)] along with cannabinol (CBN (9)) were identified as minor compounds only in the samples of intact capitate-stalked trichomes and their heads harvested from 8-week old plants. Cryogenic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to confirm the occurrence of major cannabinoids, THCA (1) and CBDA (2), in capitate-stalked and capitate-sessile trichomes. Cryogenic NMR enabled the additional identification of cannabichromenic acid [CBCA (7)] in the dissected trichomes, which was not possible by LCMS as standard was not available. The hereby documented detection of metabolites in the stems of capitate-stalked trichomes indicates a complex biosynthesis and localization over the trichome cells forming the glandular secretion unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar Happyana
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dortmund, Technische Biochemie, Dortmund, Germany
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24
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Pagani A, Scala F, Chianese G, Grassi G, Appendino G, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Cannabioxepane, a novel tetracyclic cannabinoid from hemp, Cannabis sativa L. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Mehmedic Z, Chandra S, Slade D, Denham H, Foster S, Patel AS, Ross SA, Khan IA, ElSohly MA. Potency trends of Δ9-THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated cannabis preparations from 1993 to 2008. J Forensic Sci 2011; 55:1209-17. [PMID: 20487147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The University of Mississippi has a contract with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to carry out a variety of research activities dealing with cannabis, including the Potency Monitoring (PM) program, which provides analytical potency data on cannabis preparations confiscated in the United States. This report provides data on 46,211 samples seized and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) during 1993-2008. The data showed an upward trend in the mean Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) content of all confiscated cannabis preparations, which increased from 3.4% in 1993 to 8.8% in 2008. Hashish potencies did not increase consistently during this period; however, the mean yearly potency varied from 2.5-9.2% (1993-2003) to 12.0-29.3% (2004-2008). Hash oil potencies also varied considerably during this period (16.8 ± 16.3%). The increase in cannabis preparation potency is mainly due to the increase in the potency of nondomestic versus domestic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Mehmedic
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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26
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Yang H, Mahapatra S, Cheong PHY, Carter RG. Highly stereoselective and scalable anti-aldol reactions using N-(p-dodecylphenylsulfonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide: scope and origins of stereoselectivities. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7279-90. [PMID: 20932013 PMCID: PMC2966945 DOI: 10.1021/jo1015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly enantio- and diastereoselective anti-aldol process (up to >99% ee, >99:1 dr) catalyzed by a proline mimetic-N-(p-dodecylphenylsulfonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide-has been developed. Catalyst loading as low as 2 mol % can be employed. Use of industry-friendly solvents for this transformation as well as neat reaction conditions have been demonstrated. The scope of this transformation on a range of aldehydes and ketones is explored. Density functional theory computations reveal that the origins of enhanced diastereoselectivity are due to the presence of nonclassical hydrogen bonds between the sulfonamide, the electrophile, and the catalyst enamine that favor the major anti-Re aldol TS in the Houk-List model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | | | | | - Rich G. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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27
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Ibrahim AK, Radwan MM, Ahmed SA, Slade D, Ross SA, ElSohly MA, Khan IA. Microbial metabolism of cannflavin A and B isolated from Cannabis sativa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1014-9. [PMID: 20223485 PMCID: PMC4885748 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolism of cannflavin A (1) and B (2), two biologically active flavonoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L., produced five metabolites (3-7). Incubation of 1 and 2 with Mucor ramannianus (ATCC 9628) and Beauveria bassiana (ATCC 13144), respectively, yielded 6''S,7''-dihydroxycannflavin A (3), 6''S,7''-dihydroxycannflavin A 7-sulfate (4) and 6''S,7''-dihydroxycannflavin A 4'-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (5), and cannflavin B 7-O-beta-D-4'''-O-methylglucopyranoside (6) and cannflavin B 7-sulfate (7), respectively. All compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany K. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Safwat A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Desmond Slade
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samir A. Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA. Tel.: +1 662 915 7821; fax: +1 662 915 7989. (I.A. Khan)
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28
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Antidepressant-like effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 95:434-42. [PMID: 20332000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant action of cannabis as well as the interaction between antidepressants and the endocannabinoid system has been reported. This study was conducted to assess the antidepressant-like activity of Delta(9)-THC and other cannabinoids. Cannabinoids were initially evaluated in the mouse tetrad assay to determine doses that do not induce hypothermia or catalepsy. The automated mouse forced swim (FST) and tail suspension (TST) tests were used to determine antidepressant action. At doses lacking hypothermic and cataleptic effects (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg, i.p.), both Delta(9)-THC and Delta(8)-THC showed a U-shaped dose response with only Delta(9)-THC showing significant antidepressant-like effects at 2.5 mg/kg (p<0.05) in the FST. The cannabinoids cannabigerol (CBG) and cannabinol (CBN) did not produce antidepressant-like actions up to 80 mg/kg in the mouse FST, while cannabichromene (CBC) and cannabidiol (CBD) exhibited significant effect at 20 and 200mg/kg, respectively (p<0.01). The antidepressant-like action of Delta(9)-THC and CBC was further confirmed in the TST. Delta(9)-THC exhibited the same U-shaped dose response with significant antidepressant-like action at 2.5 mg/kg (p<0.05) while CBC resulted in a significant dose-dependent decrease in immobility at 40 and 80 mg/kg doses (p<0.01). Results of this study show that Delta(9)-THC and other cannabinoids exert antidepressant-like actions, and thus may contribute to the overall mood-elevating properties of cannabis.
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29
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Bero J, Frédérich M, Quetin-Leclercq J. Antimalarial compounds isolated from plants used in traditional medicine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.11.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This review covers the compounds with antiplasmodial activity isolated from plants published from 2005 to the end of 2008, organized according to their phytochemical classes. Details are given for substances with IC50 values ≤ 11 μM.
Key findings
Malaria is a major parasitic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions and is responsible for more than 1 million deaths each year in Africa. The rapid spread of resistance encourages the search for new active compounds. Nature and particularly plants used in traditional medicine are a potential source of new antimalarial drugs as they contain molecules with a great variety of structures and pharmacological activities.
Summary
A large number of antimalarial compounds with a wide variety of structures have been isolated from plants and can play a role in the development of new antimalarial drugs. Ethnopharmacological approaches appear to be a promising way to find plant metabolites that could be used as templates for designing new derivatives with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bero
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Analytical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Pharmacognosy Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Frédérich
- University of Liège, Natural and Synthetic Drugs Research Center, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Analytical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Pharmacognosy Unit, Brussels, Belgium
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Radwan MM, ElSohly MA, Slade D, Ahmed SA, Khan IA, Ross SA. Biologically active cannabinoids from high-potency Cannabis sativa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:906-11. [PMID: 19344127 PMCID: PMC4886613 DOI: 10.1021/np900067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nine new cannabinoids (1-9) were isolated from a high-potency variety of Cannabis sativa. Their structures were identified as (+/-)-4-acetoxycannabichromene (1), (+/-)-3''-hydroxy-Delta((4'',5''))-cannabichromene (2), (-)-7-hydroxycannabichromane (3), (-)-7R-cannabicoumarononic acid A (4), 5-acetyl-4-hydroxycannabigerol (5), 4-acetoxy-2-geranyl-5-hydroxy-3-n-pentylphenol (6), 8-hydroxycannabinol (7), 8-hydroxycannabinolic acid A (8), and 2-geranyl-5-hydroxy-3-n-pentyl-1,4-benzoquinone (9) through 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, GC-MS, and HRESIMS. The known sterol beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-6'-acetate was isolated for the first time from cannabis. Compounds 6 and 7 displayed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities, respectively, while 5 displayed strong antileishmanial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1-662-915-1031. Fax: +1-662-915-7989. (S.A.R.). Tel: +1-662-915-5928. Fax: +1-662-915-5587. (M.A.E.)
| | | | | | | | - Samir A. Ross
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1-662-915-1031. Fax: +1-662-915-7989. (S.A.R.). Tel: +1-662-915-5928. Fax: +1-662-915-5587. (M.A.E.)
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