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Osemeke OH, Cezar GA, Paiva RC, Moraes DCA, Machado IF, Magalhaes ES, Poeta Silva APS, Mil-Homens M, Peng L, Jayaraman S, Trevisan G, Silva GS, Gauger PC, Linhares DCL. A cross-sectional assessment of PRRSV nucleic acid detection by RT-qPCR in serum, ear-vein blood swabs, nasal swabs, and oral swabs from weaning-age pigs under field conditions. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1200376. [PMID: 37635762 PMCID: PMC10449646 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1200376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to challenge swine production in the US and most parts of the world. Effective PRRSV surveillance in swine herds can be challenging, especially because the virus can persist and sustain a very low prevalence. Although weaning-age pigs are a strategic subpopulation in the surveillance of PRRSV in breeding herds, very few sample types have been validated and characterized for surveillance of this subpopulation. The objectives of this study, therefore, were to compare PRRSV RNA detection rates in serum, oral swabs (OS), nasal swabs (NS), ear-vein blood swabs (ES), and family oral fluids (FOF) obtained from weaning-age pigs and to assess the effect of litter-level pooling on the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detection of PRRSV RNA. Methods Three eligible PRRSV-positive herds in the Midwestern USA were selected for this study. 666 pigs across 55 litters were sampled for serum, NS, ES, OS, and FOF. RT-qPCR tests were done on these samples individually and on the litter-level pools of the swabs. Litter-level pools of each swab sample type were made by combining equal volumes of each swab taken from the pigs within a litter. Results Ninety-six piglets distributed across 22 litters were positive by PRRSV RT-qPCR on serum, 80 piglets distributed across 15 litters were positive on ES, 80 piglets distributed across 17 litters were positive on OS, and 72 piglets distributed across 14 litters were positive on NS. Cohen's kappa analyses showed near-perfect agreement between all paired ES, OS, NS, and serum comparisons (). The serum RT-qPCR cycle threshold values (Ct) strongly predicted PRRSV detection in swab samples. There was a ≥ 95% probability of PRRSV detection in ES-, OS-, and NS pools when the proportion of positive swab samples was ≥ 23%, ≥ 27%, and ≥ 26%, respectively. Discussion ES, NS, and OS can be used as surveillance samples for detecting PRRSV RNA by RT-qPCR in weaning-age pigs. The minimum number of piglets to be sampled by serum, ES, OS, and NS to be 95% confident of detecting ≥ 1 infected piglet when PRRSV prevalence is ≥ 10% is 30, 36, 36, and 40, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme A. Cezar
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rodrigo C. Paiva
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel C. A. Moraes
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Isadora F. Machado
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Edison S. Magalhaes
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Mafalda Mil-Homens
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Li Peng
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Swaminathan Jayaraman
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Giovani Trevisan
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gustavo S. Silva
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel C. L. Linhares
- Fieldepi, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
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Munguía-Ramírez B, Armenta-Leyva B, Henao-Díaz A, Ye F, Baum DH, Giménez-Lirola LG, Zimmerman JJ. Evaluation of a Porcine Endogenous Reference Gene (Internal Sample Control) in a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus RT-qPCR. Vet Sci 2023; 10:381. [PMID: 37368767 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous reference genes are used in gene-expression studies to "normalize" the results and, increasingly, as internal sample controls (ISC) in diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Three studies were conducted to evaluate the performance of a porcine-specific ISC in a commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) reverse transcription-qPCR. Study 1 evaluated the species specificity of the ISC by testing serum from seven non-porcine domestic species (n = 34). In Study 2, the constancy of ISC detection over time (≥42 days) was assessed in oral fluid (n = 130), serum (n = 215), and feces (n = 132) collected from individual pigs of known PRRSV status. In Study 3, serum (n = 150), oral fluid (n = 150), and fecal samples (n = 75 feces, 75 fecal swabs) from commercial herds were used to establish ISC reference limits. Study 1 showed that the ISC was porcine-specific, i.e., all samples from non-porcine species were ISC negative (n = 34). In Study 2, the ISC was detected in all oral fluid, serum, and fecal samples, but differed in concentration between specimens (p < 0.05; mixed-effects regression model). The results of Study 3 were used to establish ISC reference limits for the 5th, 2.5th and 1.25th percentiles. Overall, the ISC response was consistent to the point that failure in detection is sufficient justification for re-testing and/or re-sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Munguía-Ramírez
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Betsy Armenta-Leyva
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alexandra Henao-Díaz
- Pig Improvement Company (PIC) México, Santiago de Querétaro 76040, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fangshu Ye
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - David H Baum
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Pedersen K, Blirup-Plum SA, Kristensen CS, Kvisgaard LK, Skade L, Jensen HE, Larsen LE. Virological and Histopathological Findings in Boars Naturally Infected With Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 1. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874498. [PMID: 35633676 PMCID: PMC9130840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major geographical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) occurs via semen when a boar stud is infected. This happened in Denmark in 2019, providing an opportunity to compare previous experimental PRRSV boar studies with natural PRRSV-1 infection in boars. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the presence of PRRSV RNA in serum, semen, testicles, and epididymis of boars naturally infected with PRRSV and to describe the histological lesions in the testes and epididymis combined with direct visualisation of PRRSV-infected cells by immunohistochemical staining (IHC). The exact timing of infection of each boar was not determined, but based on serology the boars were divided into two groups: acute and late infections. All boars included were sampled the same day. In this study, 35 boars and 10 healthy boars from another PRRSV-negative boar stud were included as histological controls. PRRSV RNA was found most often in serum (51%) and least frequently in semen (22%) and was more often detected in the reproductive tract in the acute phase of infection (p < 0.0001; RR: 2.58). Mononuclear cells and multinuclear giant cells were present in the adluminal compartment of the testis and epididymis in PRRSV-infected boars, but not in control boars (p < 0.05), which supports the hypothesis that macrophages are involved in the venereal spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Pedersen
- SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lise Kirstine Kvisgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lotte Skade
- SEGES Danish Pig Research Centre, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Papakonstantinou G, Meletis E, Christodoulopoulos G, Tzika ED, Kostoulas P, Papatsiros VG. Heterologous Challenge with PRRSV-1 MLV in Pregnant Vaccinated Gilts: Potential Risk on Health and Immunity of Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040450. [PMID: 35203159 PMCID: PMC8868225 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are considered as the key component to control the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV). The majority of pig farms apply the ‘mass’ vaccination strategy in breeding female animals. However, this PRRS MLV vaccination protocol involves the risk of inoculation of sows in the last stage of gestation, resulting in possible infection of the fetus as the virus can efficiently cross the placenta during the last period of pregnancy. Thus, we evaluated the ability of the vaccine virus to act as a pathogenic strain, to be transmitted to fetuses and to affect the health status of neonatal piglets. The results indicated that the study gilts transmitted the vaccine virus to their offspring, as well as that the PRRSV-infected piglets showed a poor clinical performance. Consequently, the pig farms that apply PRRS MLV vaccination in a routine blanket vaccination strategy must avoid inoculating pregnant gilts the last week before their parturition. Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential risks of the four commercial PRRS-1 MLV vaccines in pregnant vaccinated gilts at the last stage of gestation under field conditions. The study was conducted at four pig farms, including 25 gilts from each farm (25 × 4 = 100 gilts), which were equally allocated to five different study groups. A PRRS-1 MLV vaccination was applied on the 100th day of their pregnancy with the different commercial vaccines that are available in the Greek market. The results indicated virus congenital infection and viremia in piglets (20/200 = 10% PRRSV infected piglets), and detection of PRRSV-specific antibodies (181/200 = 90.5% piglets found with PRRSV antibodies). The subsequent phylogenetic analyses revealed high percentages of similarity between the PRRSV-1 strain detected in infected litters and the PRRSV-1 vaccine strain to which the study gilts had been previously exposed to. Health status analyses of trial piglets resulted in differences between litters from vaccinated sows and litters from non-vaccinated sows at 110th day of gestation as regards the number of weak-born piglets, mummies, and piglets with splay-leg and/or respiratory symptoms. The current study’s results indicate several potential dangers of the PRRS MLV vaccination in late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.C.); (V.G.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.C.); (V.G.P.)
| | - Eleni D. Tzika
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (E.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Vasileios G. Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.C.); (V.G.P.)
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Sagaya Jansi R, Khusro A, Agastian P, Alfarhan A, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV, Rajagopal R, Barcelo D, Al-Tamimi A. Emerging paradigms of viral diseases and paramount role of natural resources as antiviral agents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143539. [PMID: 33234268 PMCID: PMC7833357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario, the increasing prevalence of diverse microbial infections as well as emergence and re-emergence of viral epidemics with high morbidity and mortality rates are major public health threat. Despite the persistent production of antiviral drugs and vaccines in the global market, viruses still remain as one of the leading causes of deadly human diseases. Effective control of viral diseases, particularly Zika virus disease, Nipah virus disease, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus disease, Herpes simplex virus infection, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and Ebola virus disease remain promising goal amidst the mutating viral strains. Current trends in the development of antiviral drugs focus solely on testing novel drugs or repurposing drugs against potential targets of the viruses. Compared to synthetic drugs, medicines from natural resources offer less side-effect to humans and are often cost-effective in the productivity approaches. This review intends not only to emphasize on the major viral disease outbreaks in the past few decades and but also explores the potentialities of natural substances as antiviral traits to combat viral pathogens. Here, we spotlighted a comprehensive overview of antiviral components present in varied natural sources, including plants, fungi, and microorganisms in order to identify potent antiviral agents for developing alternative therapy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sagaya Jansi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Stella Maris College, Chennai, India
| | - Ameer Khusro
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, India
| | - Paul Agastian
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, India.
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Water and Soil Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, JORDI GIRONA 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amal Al-Tamimi
- Ecology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Commercial PRRS Modified-Live Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020185. [PMID: 33671826 PMCID: PMC7926738 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) presents one of the challenging viral pathogens in the global pork industry. PRRS is characterized by two distinct clinical presentations; reproductive failure in breeding animals (gilts, sows, and boars), and respiratory disease in growing pigs. PRRSV is further divided into two species: PRRSV-1 (formerly known as the European genotype 1) and PRRSV-2 (formerly known as the North American genotype 2). A PRRSV-2 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine was first introduced in North America in 1994, and, six years later, a PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine was also introduced in Europe. Since then, MLV vaccination is the principal strategy used to control PRRSV infection. Despite the fact that MLV vaccines have shown some efficacy, they were problematic as the efficacy of vaccine was often unpredictable and depended highly on the field virus. This paper focused on the efficacy of commercially available MLV vaccines at a global level based on respiratory disease in growing pigs, and maternal and paternal reproductive failure in breeding animals.
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7
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Dalmutt AC, Moreno LZ, Gomes VTM, Cunha MPV, Barbosa MRF, Sato MIZ, Knöbl T, Pedroso AC, Moreno AM. Characterization of bacterial contaminants of boar semen: identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1848845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa C. Dalmutt
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Paraná, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luisa Z. Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vasco T. M. Gomes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos P. V. Cunha
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Terezinha Knöbl
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea M. Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Liu J, Xu Y, Lin Z, Fan J, Dai A, Deng X, Mao W, Huang X, Yang X, Wei C. Epidemiology investigation of PRRSV discharged by faecal and genetic variation of ORF5. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2334-2344. [PMID: 33113239 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To obtain more information of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) transmission via faeces in/between farms, 360 swine faecal samples were randomly collected from different farms in China from 2017 to 2019. Sixty-two ORF5 genes were amplified by PCR from 120 positive samples identified by real-time RT-PCR and further characterized by sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF5 gene revealed that these strains can be divided into four lineages: lineage 1 (NADC30-like), lineage 3 (QYYZ-like), lineage 5.1 (VR2332-like) and lineage 8.7 (JXA1-like), with 62.9% (39/62) NADC30-like virus, 21% (13/62) QYYZ-like virus, 1.6% (1/62) VR2332-like virus and 14.5% (9/62) for JAX1-like virus. In particular, 14 PRRSVs including lineage 1, 5.1 and 8.7 can be isolated from 120 positive faecal samples, which further suggests that faecal transmission may be an important factor in the spread of PRRSV in farms. Full-length genome sequencing analysis showed that 14 isolates share 83.1%-97.7% homology with each other and 82.3%-96.1% identity with NADC30, 83.2%-99.7% with VR2332, 79.6%-87.2% with QYYZ and 82.6%-98.9% with JXA1 and CH-1a, and only 60.1%-60.7% with LV. Recombination events were observed in the six out of 14 strains. Collectively, the data of this study are useful for understanding the spread of PRRSV via faeces. Additionally, the virus was isolated from positive faecal samples, suggesting that faecal transmission may be an important factor in the spread of PRRSV in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Ye Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jialin Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Ailing Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Xiaoying Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Wan Mao
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Xiaozi Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China
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9
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The Stable Fly ( Stomoxys calcitrans) as a Possible Vector Transmitting Pathogens in Austrian Pig Farms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101476. [PMID: 32993009 PMCID: PMC7601539 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to investigate stable flies from Austrian pig farms for the presence of defined swine pathogens, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), hemotrophic mycoplasmas in ingested blood and/or body parts and bacteria on the surface of the flies. Furthermore, the use of stable flies as a diagnostic matrix for the detection of pathogens in the ingested pig blood should be investigated. In total, 69 different microorganisms could be found on the surface of tested S. calcitrans from 20 different pig farms. Escherichia coli was the most common bacterium and could be found on flies from seven farms. In seven farms, hemotrophic mycoplasmas were detected in stable flies. PRRSV could not be found in any of the samples of these 20 farms but PCV2 was detected in six farms. Whether the stable fly can be used as a matrix to monitor the health status cannot be accurately determined through this study, especially in regard to PRRSV. Nevertheless, it might be possible to use the stable fly as diagnostic material for defined pathogens like Mycoplasma suis and PCV2.
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10
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Kvisgaard LK, Kristensen CS, Ryt‐Hansen P, Pedersen K, Stadejek T, Trebbien R, Andresen LO, Larsen LE. A recombination between two Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-1) vaccine strains has caused severe outbreaks in Danish pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1786-1796. [PMID: 32219985 PMCID: PMC7540543 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is prevalent in Danish swine herds. In July 2019, PRRSV-1 was detected in a PRRSV-negative boar station and subsequently spread to more than 38 herds that had received semen from the boar station. Full genome sequencing revealed a sequence of 15.098 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the strain was a recombination between the Amervac strain (Unistrain PRRS vaccine; Hipra) and the 96V198 strain (Suvaxyn PRRS; Zoetis AH). The major parent was the 96V198 strain that spanned ORFs 1-2 and part of ORF 3 and the minor parent was the Amervac strain, which constituted the remaining part of the genome. The virus seems to be highly transmissible and has caused severe disease in infected herds despite a high level of genetic identity to the attenuated parent strains. The source of infection was presumable a neighbouring farm situated 5.8 km from the boar station.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pia Ryt‐Hansen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsawPoland
| | | | - Lars Ole Andresen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- National Veterinary InstituteTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
- Department of Health and Medical SciencesInstitute for Veterinary and Animal SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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11
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van der Kuyl AC, Berkhout B. Viruses in the reproductive tract: On their way to the germ line? Virus Res 2020; 286:198101. [PMID: 32710926 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies of vertebrate genomes have indicated that all species contain in their chromosomes stretches of DNA with sequence similarity to viral genomes. How such 'endogenous' viral elements (EVEs) ended up in host genomes is usually explained in general terms such as 'they entered the germ line at some point during evolution'. This seems a correct statement, but is also rather imprecise. The vast number of endogenous viral sequences suggest that common routes to the 'germ line' may exist, as relying on chance alone may not easily explain the abundance of EVEs in modern mammalian genomes. An increasing number of virus types have been detected in human semen and a growing number of studies have reported on viral infections that cause male infertility or subfertility and on viral infections that threaten in vitro fertilisation practices. Thus, it is timely to survey the pathway(s) that viruses can use to gain access to the human germ line. Embryo transfer and semen quality studies in livestock form another source of relevant information because virus infection during reproduction is clearly unwanted, as is the case for the human situation. In this review, studies on viruses in the male and female reproductive tract and in the early embryo will be discussed to propose a plausible viral route to the mammalian germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Cornelia van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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13
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Calcatera SM, Reicks D, Pratt SL. Novel and differentially abundant microRNAs in sperm cells, seminal plasma, and serum of boars due to porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 199:60-71. [PMID: 30455097 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to identify and determine relative abundance of miRNAs in boar sperm, seminal plasma (SP), and serum pre- and post-viral infection. Functional enrichment analyses on predicted targets of miRNAs of interest were performed. Boars (n = 6) were inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) strain 1-8-4 (Day 0). Semen and serum were collected on Day -2 and 6. Sperm and SP were separated and aliquots were flash frozen and stored at -80 °C. Serum was frozen and stored at -80 °C. Total RNA was isolated from sperm and SP samples and subjected to RNA sequencing. Microarray analysis was performed using the Day -2 and 6 RNA samples from serum, sperm and SP. Potential miRNA targets were predicted using miRanda 3.3a and targets were then analyzed for enrichment of Gene Ontology) and InterPro terms and were considered to be enriched if P < 0.01 using the Bonferroni correction. Microarray analyses resulted in 83, 13, and 10 miRNAs with differences in abundances in sperm, serum, and SP, respectively, when comparing Day -2 and 6. Results from enrichment analyses indicated that the predicted targets of 35, nine, and five miRNAs with differences in abundances for sperm, SP, and serum, respectively, that have functions and/or conserved protein domains that are enriched when compared to the pig genome. Enriched terms for P2X purinoceptors were identified for sperm, SP and serum. Enriched terms for cell adhesion were identified for sperm and serum transcripts. Enriched terms for cell signaling were identified for sperm and SP transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Calcatera
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States
| | - Darwin Reicks
- P.O. Box 314, 314 S. 3rd St., St. Peter, MN, 5608, United States
| | - Scott L Pratt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States.
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14
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Gallien S, Moro A, Lediguerher G, Catinot V, Paboeuf F, Bigault L, Gauger PC, Pozzi N, Berri M, Authié E, Rose N, Grasland B. Limited shedding of an S-InDel strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in semen and questions regarding the infectivity of the detected virus. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:20-25. [PMID: 30593368 PMCID: PMC7117288 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if PEDV can be shed in semen from SPF (specific pathogens free) boars infected by a French «S-InDel» PEDV strain (PEDV/FR/001/2014) and in case of positive semen to determine the infectivity of that semen. Both infected boars had diarrhea after inoculation and shed virus in feces. In addition, PEDV genome was detected by RT-qPCR in the sperm-rich fraction of semen from the two boars infected with the «S-InDel» PEDV strain. The PEDV positive semen («S-non-InDel» and «S-InDel») sampled during a previous trial and in this boar trial were inoculated to six SPF weaned pigs. PEDV could be detected in intestinal tissues such as duodenum, jejunum and jejunum Peyer’s patches by RT-qPCR except for one pig.
PEDV is mainly transmitted by the oro-fecal route although PEDV shedding in semen has already been shown for an S-non-InDel PEDV strain infection. The aim of this study was to determine if PEDV can be shed in semen from SPF (specific pathogens free) boars infected by a French S-InDel PEDV strain (PEDV/FR/001/2014) and in case of positive semen to determine the infectivity of that semen. Both infected boars had diarrhea after inoculation and shed virus in feces. PEDV genome was also detected by RT-qPCR in the sperm-rich fraction of semen (6.94 × 103 and 4.73 × 103 genomic copies/mL) from the two boars infected with the S-InDel PEDV strain but only once at 7DPI. In addition, PEDV RNA in Peyer’s patches and in mesenteric lymph nodes was also present for the two inoculated boars. The PEDV positive semen (S-non-InDel and S-InDel) sampled during a previous trial and in this boar trial were inoculated to six SPF weaned pigs. The inoculated piglets did not seroconvert and did not shed virus throughout the duration of the study except for one pig at 18 DPI. But, PEDV could be detected in intestinal tissues such as duodenum, jejunum and jejunum Peyer’s patches by RT-qPCR except for one pig. Even if PEDV genome has been detected in semen, experimental infection of piglets with positive semen failed to conclude to the infectivity of the detected PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gallien
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, 35000, Rennes, France; Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université François Rabelais UMR, 1282 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Angélique Moro
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Gérald Lediguerher
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Catinot
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Reproducteurs (LNCR), 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lionel Bigault
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, United States
| | - Nathalie Pozzi
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Reproducteurs (LNCR), 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mustapha Berri
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université François Rabelais UMR, 1282 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Edith Authié
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Reproducteurs (LNCR), 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nicolas Rose
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, 35000, Rennes, France.
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15
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Gallien S, Moro A, Lediguerher G, Catinot V, Paboeuf F, Bigault L, Berri M, Gauger PC, Pozzi N, Authié E, Rose N, Grasland B. Evidence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) shedding in semen from infected specific pathogen-free boars. Vet Res 2018; 49:7. [PMID: 29368629 PMCID: PMC5784731 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2013, PED emerged for the first time in the United States (US). The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spread quickly throughout North America. Infection with PEDV causes watery diarrhea and up to 100% mortality in piglets, particularly for highly pathogenic non-InDel strains circulating in the US. PEDV is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Transmission via the venereal route has been suspected but not previously investigated. The aim of the study was to determine if PEDV could be detected in semen from infected specific pathogen-free (SPF) boars inoculated with a PEDV US non-InDel strain suggesting venereal transmission may occur. Two boars orally inoculated with PEDV showed clinical signs and virus shedding in feces. Transient presence of the PEDV genome was detected by RT-qPCR in the seminal (5.06 × 102 to 2.44 × 103 genomic copies/mL) and sperm-rich fraction of semen (5.64 × 102 to 3.40 × 104 genomic copies/mL) and a longer duration of viral shedding was observed in the sperm-rich fraction. The evidence of PEDV shedding in semen raises new questions in term of disease spread within the pig population with the use of potentially contaminated semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gallien
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1282, Université François Rabelais, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Angélique Moro
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gérald Lediguerher
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Virginie Catinot
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Reproducteurs (LNCR), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Lionel Bigault
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mustapha Berri
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1282, Université François Rabelais, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Nathalie Pozzi
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Reproducteurs (LNCR), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Edith Authié
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Reproducteurs (LNCR), 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nicolas Rose
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Anses, Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
- Université Bretagne Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
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16
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Kristensen CS, Kvisgaard LK, Pawlowski M, Holmgaard Carlsen S, Hjulsager CK, Heegaard PMH, Bøtner A, Stadejek T, Haugegaard S, Larsen LE. Efficacy and safety of simultaneous vaccination with two modified live virus vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus types 1 and 2 in pigs. Vaccine 2017; 36:227-236. [PMID: 29191738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare responses of pigs vaccinated with a PRRS MLV vaccine against PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 with the responses of pigs vaccinated simultaneously with both vaccines. Furthermore, the efficacy of the two PRRSV MLV vaccination strategies was assessed following challenge. The experimental design included four groups of 4-weeks old SPF-pigs. On day 0 (DPV0), groups 1-3 (N=18 per group) were vaccinated with modified live virus vaccines (MLV) containing PRRSV-1 virus (VAC-T1), PRRSV-2 virus (VAC-T2) or both (VAC-T1T2). One group was left unvaccinated (N=12). On DPV 62, the pigs from groups 1-4 were mingled in new groups and challenged (DPC 0) with PRRSV-1, subtype 1, PRRSV-1, subtype 2 or PRRSV-2. On DPC 13/14 all pigs were necropsied. Samples were collected after vaccination and challenge. PRRSV was detected in all vaccinated pigs and the majority of the pigs were positive until DPV 28, but few of the pigs were still viremic 62 days after vaccination. Virus was detected in nasal swabs until DPV 7-14. No overt clinical signs were observed after challenge. PRRSV-2 vaccination resulted in a clear reduction in viral load in serum after PRRSV-2 challenge, whereas there was limited effect on the viral load in serum following challenge with the PRRSV-1 strains. Vaccination against PRRSV-1 had less impact on viremia following challenge. The protective effects of simultaneous vaccination with PRRSV Type 1 and 2 MLV vaccines and single PRRS MLV vaccination were comparable. None of the vaccines decreased the viral load in the lungs at necropsy. In conclusion, simultaneous vaccination with MLV vaccines containing PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 elicited responses comparable to single vaccination and the commercial PRRSV vaccines protected only partially against challenge with heterologous strains. Thus, simultaneous administration of the two vaccines is an option in herds with both PRRSV types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L K Kvisgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - M Pawlowski
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S Holmgaard Carlsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C K Hjulsager
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - P M H Heegaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - A Bøtner
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lindholm, Denmark.
| | - T Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - S Haugegaard
- Danish Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Kjellerup, Denmark.
| | - L E Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Lyngby, Denmark.
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17
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Balasuriya UB, Carossino M. Reproductive effects of arteriviruses: equine arteritis virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:57-70. [PMID: 29172072 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are the most economically important members of the family Arteriviridae. EAV and PRRSV cause reproductive and respiratory disease in equids and swine, respectively and constitute a significant economic burden to equine and swine industries around the world. Furthermore, they both cause abortion in pregnant animals and establish persistent infection in their natural hosts, which fosters viral shedding in semen leading to sexual transmission. The primary focus of this article is to provide an update on the effects of these two viruses on the reproductive tract of their natural hosts and provide a comparative analysis of clinical signs, virus-host interactions, mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni Br Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Abstract
Various viral diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, influenza, and hepatitis, have emerged as leading causes of human death worldwide. Scientific endeavor since invention of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of pox virus in 1967 resulted in better understanding of virus replication and development of various novel therapeutic strategies. Despite considerable advancement in every facet of drug discovery process, development of commercially viable, safe, and effective drugs for these viruses still remains a big challenge. Decades of intense research yielded a handful of natural and synthetic therapeutic options. But emergence of new viruses and drug-resistant viral strains had made new drug development process a never-ending battle. Small-molecule fungal metabolites due to their vast diversity, stereochemical complexity, and preapproved biocompatibility always remain an attractive source for new drug discovery. Though, exploration of therapeutic importance of fungal metabolites has started early with discovery of penicillin, recent prediction asserted that only a small percentage (5-10%) of fungal species have been identified and much less have been scientifically investigated. Therefore, exploration of new fungal metabolites, their bioassay, and subsequent mechanistic study bears huge importance in new drug discovery endeavors. Though no fungal metabolites so far approved for antiviral treatment, many of these exhibited high potential against various viral diseases. This review comprehensively discussed about antiviral activities of fungal metabolites of diverse origin against some important viral diseases. This also highlighted the mechanistic details of inhibition of viral replication along with structure-activity relationship of some common and important classes of fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit G Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Beltrán Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04949. [PMID: 32625601 PMCID: PMC7009866 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of PRRS to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of PRRS according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to PRRS. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, PRRS can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for PRRS according to Article 8(3) criteria are domestic pigs and wild boar.
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Porcine semen as a vector for transmission of viral pathogens. Theriogenology 2015; 85:27-38. [PMID: 26506911 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Different viruses have been detected in porcine semen. Some of them are on the list of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and consequently, these pathogens are of socioeconomic and/or public health importance and are of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products. Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the most commonly used assisted reproductive technologies in pig production worldwide. This extensive use has enabled pig producers to benefit from superior genetics at a lower cost compared to natural breeding. However, the broad distribution of processed semen doses for field AI has increased the risk of widespread transmission of swine viral pathogens. Contamination of semen can be due to infections of the boar or can occur during semen collection, processing, and storage. It can result in reduced semen quality, embryonic mortality, endometritis, and systemic infection and/or disease in the recipient female. The presence of viral pathogens in semen can be assessed by demonstration of viable virus, nucleic acid of virus, or indirectly by measuring serum antibodies in the boar. The best way to prevent disease transmission via the semen is to assure that the boars in AI centers are free from the disease, to enforce very strict biosecurity protocols, and to perform routine health monitoring of boars. Prevention of viral semen contamination should be the primary focus because it is easier to prevent contamination than to eliminate viruses once present in semen. Nevertheless, research and development of novel semen processing treatments such as single-layer centrifugation is ongoing and may allow in the future to decontaminate semen.
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Abstract
Biodiversity of the marine world is only partially subjected to detailed scientific scrutiny in comparison to terrestrial life. Life in the marine world depends heavily on marine fungi scavenging the oceans of lifeless plants and animals and entering them into the nutrient cycle by. Approximately 150 to 200 new compounds, including alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, polyketides, and aromatic compounds, are identified from marine fungi annually. In recent years, numerous investigations demonstrated the tremendous potential of marine fungi as a promising source to develop new antivirals against different important viruses, including herpes simplex viruses, the human immunodeficiency virus, and the influenza virus. Various genera of marine fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Fusarium were subjected to compound isolation and antiviral studies, which led to an illustration of the strong antiviral activity of a variety of marine fungi-derived compounds. The present review strives to summarize all available knowledge on active compounds isolated from marine fungi with antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Zorofchian Moghadamtousi
- Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sonia Nikzad
- Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Habsah Abdul Kadir
- Biochemistry Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sazaly Abubakar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 75169, Iran.
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22
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Brown G, Venter EH, Morley P, Annandale H. The effect of Rift Valley fever virus Clone 13 vaccine on semen quality in rams. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2015; 82:919. [PMID: 26244683 PMCID: PMC6238665 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v82i1.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an arthropod-borne viral disease of importance in livestock and humans. Epidemics occur periodically in domestic ruminants. People in contact with infected livestock may develop disease that varies from mild flu-like symptoms to fatal viraemia. Livestock vaccination may assist in disease control. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) Clone 13 is a relatively new vaccine against RVF, derived from an avirulent natural mutant strain of RVFV, and has been shown to confer protective immunity against experimental infection with RVFV. The hypothesis tested in the current trial was that rams vaccinated with RVFV Clone 13 vaccine would not experience a reduction in semen quality (measured by evaluating the percentage progressively motile and percentage morphologically normal spermatozoa in successive ejaculates) relative to unvaccinated control animals. Ram lambs were screened for antibodies to RVFV using a serum neutralisation test. Animals without detectable antibodies (n = 23) were randomly allocated to either a test group (n = 12) or a control group (n = 11). Animals in the test group were vaccinated with RVFV Clone 13 vaccine. Daily rectal temperature measurements and weekly semen and blood samples were taken from all animals. Seven animals were eliminated from the statistical analysis because of potential confounding factors. Logistic regression analysis was performed on data gathered from the remaining animals to determine whether an association existed between animal group, rectal temperature and semen quality parameters. No correlation existed between the treatment group and values obtained for the semen quality parameters measured. There was no statistically significant post-vaccination decline in the percentage of live morphologically normal spermatozoa, or the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa, either when assessed amongst all animals or when assessed within individual groups. A repeat study with a larger sample size and a more comprehensive pre-screening process may be indicated to avoid the inclusion of unsuitable animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Brown
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria.
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Park C, Kim T, Choi K, Jeong J, Kang I, Park SJ, Chae C. Two Commercial Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)-Modified Live Vaccines Reduce Seminal Shedding of Type 1 PRRSV but not Type 2 PRRSV in Infected Boars. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:194-203. [PMID: 25879825 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two commercial type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-modified live vaccines on type 1 and type 2 PRRSV shedding in the semen of experimentally infected boars. Upon challenge with PRRSV, unvaccinated boars exhibited an increase in daily rectal temperature (39.4-39.7°C). Vaccination of boars with type 1 PRRSV significantly reduced the amount of type 1 PRRSV load in blood and semen after challenge with type 1 PRRSV, but barely reduced the amount of type 2 PRRSV load in blood and semen after the type 2 PRRSV challenge. There were no significant differences in the reduction of viremia and seminal shedding of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV between the two commercial vaccines. The seminal shedding of PRRSV is independent of viremia. The reduction of type 1 PRRSV seminal shedding coincided with the appearance of type 1 PRRSV-specific interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) in vaccinated type 1 PRRSV-challenged boars. The frequencies of type 1 PRRSV-specific IFN-γ-SC induced by type 1 PRRSV vaccine are relatively high compared to type 2 PRRSV-specific IFN-γ-SC induced by the same vaccine which may explain why type 1 PRRSV vaccine is more effective in reducing seminal shedding of type 1 PRRSV when compared to type 2 PRRSV in vaccinated challenged boars. These results provide clinical information on how to reduce seminal shedding of type 1 PRRSV in boars using type 1 PRRSV-modified live vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - T Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - K Choi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - I Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-J Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - C Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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McClendon CJ, Gerald CL, Waterman JT. Farm animal models of organic dust exposure and toxicity: insights and implications for respiratory health. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 15:137-44. [PMID: 25636160 PMCID: PMC4783132 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Modern food animal production is a major contributor to the global economy, owing to advanced intensive indoor production facilities aimed at increasing market readiness and profit. Consequences of these advances are accumulation of dusts, gases, and microbial products that diminish air quality within production facilities. Chronic inhalation exposure contributes to onset and exacerbation of respiratory symptoms and diseases in animals and workers. This article reviews literature regarding constituents of farm animal production facility dusts, animal responses to production building and organic dust exposure, and the effect of chronic inhalation exposure on pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Porcine models of production facility and organic dust exposures reveal striking similarities to observations of human cells, tissues, and clinical data. Oxidative stress plays a key role in mediating respiratory diseases in animals and humans, and enhancement of antioxidant levels through nutritional supplements can improve respiratory health. SUMMARY Pigs are well adapted to the exposures common to swine production buildings and thus serve as excellent models for facility workers. Insight for understanding mechanisms governing organic dust associated respiratory diseases may come from parallel comparisons between farmers and the animals they raise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakia J. McClendon
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC
- Department of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC
| | - Carresse L. Gerald
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Jenora T. Waterman
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC
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Identification of Niche Conditions Supporting Short-term Culture of Spermatogonial Stem Cells Derived from Porcine Neonatal Testis. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.12750/jet.2014.29.3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Nathues C, Perler L, Bruhn S, Suter D, Eichhorn L, Hofmann M, Nathues H, Baechlein C, Ritzmann M, Palzer A, Grossmann K, Schüpbach-Regula G, Thür B. An Outbreak of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Switzerland Following Import of Boar Semen. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e251-61. [PMID: 25209832 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) occurred in November 2012 in Switzerland (CH), traditionally PRRSV-free. It was detected after a German boar stud informed a semen importer about the detection of PRRSV during routine monitoring. Tracing of semen deliveries revealed 26 Swiss sow herds that had used semen from this stud after its last negative routine monitoring and 62 further contact herds. All herds were put under movement restrictions and examined serologically and virologically. As a first measure, 59 sows from five herds that had previously been inseminated with suspicious semen were slaughtered and tested immediately. Investigations in the stud resulted in 8 positive boars with recent semen deliveries to CH (Seven with antibodies and virus, one with antibodies only). In one boar out of six tested, virus was detected in semen. Of the 59 slaughtered sows, five from three herds were virus-positive. In one herd, the virus had spread, and all pigs were slaughtered or non-marketable animals euthanized. In the remaining herds, no further infections were detected. After confirmatory testings in all herds 3 weeks after the first examination gave negative results, restrictions were lifted in January 2013, and Switzerland regained its PRRSV-free status. The events demonstrate that import of semen from non-PRRS-free countries--even from negative studs--poses a risk, because monitoring protocols in boar studs are often insufficient to timely detect an infection, and infections of sows/herds occur even with low numbers of semen doses. The outbreak was eradicated successfully mainly due to the high disease awareness of the importer and because immediate actions were taken before clinical or laboratory diagnosis of a single case in the country was made. To minimize the risk of an introduction of PRRSV in the future, stricter import guidelines for boar semen have been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nathues
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Berne, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - L Perler
- Federal Veterinary Office, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - S Bruhn
- Federal Veterinary Office, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - D Suter
- Federal Veterinary Office, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - L Eichhorn
- Qualiporc Genossenschaft, Oberriet, Switzerland
| | - M Hofmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - H Nathues
- Clinic for Swine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - C Baechlein
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A Palzer
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - K Grossmann
- Swine Health Service Baden-Wuerttemberg, Aulendorf, Germany
| | - G Schüpbach-Regula
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Berne, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - B Thür
- Institute for Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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27
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Zhao C, Liu S, Li C, Yang L, Zu Y. In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of the synthetic epigallocatechin gallate analog-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) palmitate against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Viruses 2014; 6:938-50. [PMID: 24566281 PMCID: PMC3939490 DOI: 10.3390/v6020938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) palmitate was synthesized and its anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) activity was studied. Specifically, EGCG palmitate was evaluated for its ability to inhibit PRRSV infection in MARC-145 cells when administered as pre-, post-, or co-treatment. EGCG and ribavirin were used as controls. The results showed that a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of EGCG, EGCG palmitate, and ribavirin was achieved at 2,359.71, 431.42, and 94.06 μM, respectively. All three drugs inhibited PRRSV in a dose-dependent manner regardless of the treatment protocol. EGCG palmitate exhibited higher cytotoxicity than EGCG, but lower cytotoxicity than ribavirin. EGCG palmitate anti-PRRSV activity was significantly higher than that of EGCG and ribavirin, both as pre-treatment and post-treatment. Under the former conditions and a tissue culture infectious dose of 10 and 100, the selectivity index (SI) of EGCG palmitate in the inhibition of PRRSV was 3.8 and 2.9 times higher than that of ribavirin when administered as a pre-treatment, while the SI of EGCG palmitate in the inhibition of PRRSV was 3.0 and 1.9 times higher than ribavirin when administered as a post-treatment. Therefore, EGCG palmitate is potentially effective as an anti-PRRSV agent and thus of interest to the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Zhao
- State Engineering Laboratory for Bio-Resource Eco-Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shuaihua Liu
- State Engineering Laboratory for Bio-Resource Eco-Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Chunying Li
- State Engineering Laboratory for Bio-Resource Eco-Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- State Engineering Laboratory for Bio-Resource Eco-Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yuangang Zu
- State Engineering Laboratory for Bio-Resource Eco-Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Knox RV. Impact of swine reproductive technologies on pig and global food production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 752:131-60. [PMID: 24170358 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8887-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive technologies have dramatically changed the way pigs are raised for pork production in developed and developing countries. This has involved such areas as pigs produced/sow, more consistent pig flow to market, pig growth rate and feed efficiency, carcass yield and quality, labor efficiency, and pig health. Some reproductive technologies are in widespread use for commercial pork operations [Riesenbeck, Reprod Domest Anim 46:1-3, 2011] while others are in limited use in specific segments of the industry [Knox, Reprod Domest Anim 46:4-6, 2011]. Significant changes in the efficiency of pork production have occurred as a direct result of the use of reproductive technologies that were intended to improve the transfer of genes important for food production [Gerrits et al., Theriogenology 63:283-299, 2005]. While some technologies focused on the efficiency of gene transfer, others addressed fertility and labor issues. Among livestock species, pig reproductive efficiency appears to have achieved exceptionally high rates of performance (PigCHAMP 2011) [Benchmark 2011, Ames, IA, 12-16]. From the maternal side, this includes pigs born per litter, farrowing rate, as well as litters per sow per year. On the male side, boar fertility, sperm production, and sows served per sire have improved as well [Knox et al., Theriogenology, 70:1202-1208, 2008]. These shifts in the efficiency of swine fertility have resulted in the modern pig as one of the most efficient livestock species for global food production. These reproductive changes have predominantly occurred in developed countries, but data suggests transfer and adoption of these in developing countries as well (FAO STAT 2009; FAS 2006) [World pig meat production: food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2009; FAS, 2006) Worldwide Pork Production, 2006]. Technological advancements in swine reproduction have had profound effects on industry structure, production, efficiency, quality, and profitability. In all cases, the adoption of these technologies has aided in the creation of a sustainable supply of safe and affordable pork for consumers around the world [den Hartog, Adv Pork Prod 15:17-24, 2004].
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Knox
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 360 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 West Gregory Drive MC-630, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA,
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Karniychuk UU, Nauwynck HJ. Pathogenesis and prevention of placental and transplacental porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet Res 2013; 44:95. [PMID: 24099529 PMCID: PMC4021427 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-induced reproductive problems are characterized by embryonic death, late-term abortions, early farrowing and increase in number of dead and mummified fetuses, and weak-born piglets. The virus recovery from fetal tissues illustrates transplacental infection, but despite many studies on the subject, the means by which PRRSV spreads from mother to fetus and the exact pathophysiological basis of the virus-induced reproductive failure remain unexplained. Recent findings from our group indicate that the endometrium and placenta are involved in the PRRSV passage from mother to fetus and that virus replication in the endometrial/placental tissues can be the actual reason for fetal death. The main purpose of this review is to clarify the role that PRRSV replication and PRRSV-induced changes in the endometrium/placenta play in the pathogenesis of PRRSV-induced reproductive failure in pregnant sows. In addition, strategies to control placental and transplacental PRRSV infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzimir U Karniychuk
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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30
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Pepin BJ, Kittawornrat A, Liu F, Gauger PC, Harmon K, Abate S, Main R, Garton C, Hargrove J, Rademacher C, Ramirez A, Zimmerman J. Comparison of specimens for detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in boar studs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:295-304. [PMID: 23895185 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-contaminated semen from boars is a route of transmission to females, and early detection of PRRSV infection in boars is a key component in sow farm biosecurity. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum diagnostic specimen(s) for the detection of acute PRRSV infection in boars. Individually housed boars (n = 15) were trained for semen and oral fluid collection and then vaccinated with a commercial PRRSV modified live virus vaccine. Starting on the day of vaccination and for 14 days thereafter, oral fluid specimens were collected daily from all boars. The 15 boars were subdivided into three groups of 5, and serum, blood swabs and 'frothy saliva' were collected at the time of semen collection on a 3-day rotation. Frothy saliva, derived from the submandibular salivary gland, is produced by aroused boars. Semen was centrifuged, and semen supernatant and cell fractions were tested separately. All samples were randomly ordered and then tested by PRRSV real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (rRT-PCR) and PRRSV antibody ELISA. In this study, a comparison of serum, blood swab, and oral fluid rRT-PCR results found no statistically significant differences in the onset of detection or proportion of positives, but serum was numerically superior to oral fluids for early detection. Serum and oral fluid provided identical rRT-PCR results at ≥ 5 day post-vaccination. Likewise, the onset of detection of PRRSV antibody in serum, oral fluid and frothy saliva was statistically equivalent, with serum results again showing a numerical advantage. These results showed that the highest assurance of providing PRRSV-negative semen to sow farms should be based on rRT-PCR testing of serum collected at the time of semen collection. This approach can be augmented with oral fluid sampling from a random selection of uncollected boars to provide for statistically valid surveillance of the boar stud.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Pepin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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31
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Han K, Seo HW, Park C, Oh Y, Kang I, Chae C. Comparative pathogenesis of type 1 (European genotype) and type 2 (North American genotype) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in infected boar. Virol J 2013; 10:156. [PMID: 23687995 PMCID: PMC3663669 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) now has two main genotypes, genotype 1 (European) and genotype 2 (North American). There is a lack of data on the comparison of pathogenicity of the two genotypes in boars. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the amount of PRRSV present in semen over time and compare the viral distribution and microscopic lesions of type 1 and type 2 PRRSV-infected boars. Methods Twenty-four 8-month-old PRRSV-naïve Duroc boars were randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups. The boars in groups 1 (n = 9) and 2 (n = 9) were intranasally inoculated with type 1 or type 2 PRRSV, respectively. The boars in groups 1 (n = 6) served as negative controls. Semen and blood samples were collected up to 35 days post-inoculation (dpi), and necropsies were performed on 14, 21, and 35 dpi. Results There were no significant differences in the genomic copy number of PRRSV, microscopic testicular lesion score, number of PRRSV-positive germ cells, or number of apoptotic cells between the type 1 and type 2 PRRSV-infected boars throughout the experiment. Histopathological changes were manifested by the desquamation of spermatocytes and the presence of multinucleated giant cells in seminiferous tubules of both type 1 and type 2 PRRSV-infected boars. The distribution of PRRSV-positive cells was focal; the virus was found in single germ cells or small clusters of germ cells, localized to the spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and non-sperm cells in type 1 and type 2 PRRSV-infected boars. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated that two genotypes of PRRSV do not have significantly different virulence toward the male reproductive system of pigs.
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Schulze M, Revilla-Fernández S, Schmoll F, Grossfeld R, Griessler A. Effects on boar semen quality after infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: a case report. Acta Vet Scand 2013; 55:16. [PMID: 23442207 PMCID: PMC3599264 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-55-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on semen quality was examined in a group of 11 spontaneously infected boars in a commercial boar stud. Semen samples were collected 4 weeks prior to 4 weeks post-infection (wpi). Infection with PRRSV of the European genotype subtype 1 (EU-1) was verified by specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 36% of the serum samples. All boars seroconverted before 4 wpi and remained in normal condition throughout the study. Comparison of the percentage of morphologically intact spermatozoa revealed an increase of acrosome-defective spermatozoa (P = 0.012) between −4 and 4 wpi. Significant deleterious effects on semen quality were detected for membrane integrity when semen had been stored for 2 days after sampling. Analysis of sperm subpopulations in a thermoresistance test on day 7 after sampling revealed alterations in the percentage of circular, progressively motile spermatozoa (P = 0.013), in the percentage of non-linear, progressively motile spermatozoa (P = 0.01), and on the amplitude of lateral sperm head displacement (P = 0.047). There was no difference in the incidence of mitochondrially active spermatozoa (P = 0.075). Investigation of routine production data between pre- and post-infection status showed no differences on ejaculate volume (P = 0.417), sperm concentration (P = 0.788), and percentage of motile spermatozoa (P = 0.321). This case report provides insights into a potential control strategy for PRRSV outbreaks in boar studs.
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Pathogenesis of type 1 (European genotype) porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in male gonads of infected boar. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:155-62. [PMID: 23435841 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the pathogenesis of experimental infection with a type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) by defining the sites of viral replication and apoptosis in male gonads from infected boars for a period of 21 days after intranasal inoculation. Microscopically, hypospermatogenesis and abundant germ cell depletion and death were observed in the testes. Such germ cell death occurs by apoptosis, as determined by a characteristic histological patterns and evidence of massive DNA fragment detected in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) reaction. PRRSV was detected in the testicular tissue of infected boars only. Viral nucleic acid was localized in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids but not in the vesicular and bulbourethral gland. In serial sections, PRRSV-positive cells did not co-localized with apoptotic cells. TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were more numerous than PRRSV-positive cells in testicular sections. The present study demonstrated that type 1 PRRSV infects the spermatogonia and their progeny, and induces apoptosis in these germ cells.
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Karniychuk UU, Saha D, Vanhee M, Geldhof M, Cornillie P, Caij AB, De Regge N, Nauwynck HJ. Impact of a novel inactivated PRRS virus vaccine on virus replication and virus-induced pathology in fetal implantation sites and fetuses upon challenge. Theriogenology 2013; 78:1527-37. [PMID: 22980086 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preventing congenital infection is important for the control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). Recently, in our laboratory, an inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine has been developed. Promising results in young pigs encouraged us to test the vaccine potency to prevent congenital infection. In the present study, the performance of this experimental inactivated vaccine was investigated in pregnant gilts. An advanced protocol was used to test the PRRSV vaccine efficacy. This protocol is based on recent insights in the pathogenesis of congenital PRRSV infections. Three gilts were vaccinated with an experimental PRRSV 07V63 inactivated vaccine at 27, 55, and 83 days of gestation. Three unvaccinated gilts were included as controls. At 90 days of gestation, all animals were intranasally inoculated with 10(5) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID(50)) of PRRSV 07V63. Twenty days postchallenge animals were euthanized and sampled. The vaccinated gilts quickly developed virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies starting from 3 to 7 days postchallenge (1.0 to 5.0 log2). In contrast, the unvaccinated gilts remained negative for VN antibodies after challenge. The vaccinated gilts had shorter viremia than the control gilts. Gross pathology (mummification) was observed in 8% of the fetuses from vaccinated gilts and in 15% of the fetuses from unvaccinated gilts. The number of fetuses with severe microscopic lesions in the fetal implantation sites (a focal detachment of the trophoblast from the uterine epithelium; a focal, multifocal, or full degeneration of the fetal placenta) was lower in the vaccinated (19%) versus unvaccinated (45%) gilts (P < 0.05). The number of PRRS-positive cells in the fetal placentae was higher in unvaccinated versus vaccinated gilts (P < 0.05). In contrast, the number of PRRS-positive cells in the myometrium/endometrium was higher in vaccinated versus unvaccinated gilts (P < 0.05). Fifty-seven percent of the fetuses from the vaccinated gilts and 75% of the fetuses from the unvaccinated gilts were PRRSV-positive. In conclusion, implementation of the novel experimental inactivated PRRSV vaccine primed the VN antibody response and slightly reduced the duration of viremia in gilts. It also reduced the number of virus-positive fetuses and improved the fetal survival, but was not able to fully prevent congenital PRRSV infection. The reduction of fetal infection and pathology is most probably attributable to the vaccine-mediated decrease of PRRSV transfer from the endometrium to the fetal placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- U U Karniychuk
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Shi Y, Hu Z, Xiong Z, Zhou Y, Jin X, Gu C, Hu X, Cheng G, Song N, Zhang W. Analysis of molecular variation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Central China from 2006 to 2012. Arch Virol 2012; 158:717-21. [PMID: 23160706 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the epidemiology of PRRSV in Hubei Province of China, 668 serum samples collected from 14 pig-breeding farms were tested. We found that the PRRSV-positive rate was 5.24 % and that HP-PRRSV had become the dominant strain. To further investigate the genetic variation of PRRSV strains in this region, the complete gene sequences of nsp2, orf5, and orf7 from nine PRRSV strains collected during 2011-2012 were determined and compared with 33 known sequences. The results revealed that diverse HP-PRRSV strains are present in this region. An analysis of orf5 gene sequences showed that the strains collected during 2009-2010 formed a tightly clustered branch. When compared with the JXA1 strain, they had one mutation (V29 → A29) in a decoy epitope. Furthermore, we found that the number of potential N-glycosylation sites had apparently increased since 2006. These findings increase our knowledge of PRRSV epidemiology in Central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Kim WI, Kim JJ, Cha SH, Wu WH, Cooper V, Evans R, Choi EJ, Yoon KJ. Significance of genetic variation of PRRSV ORF5 in virus neutralization and molecular determinants corresponding to cross neutralization among PRRS viruses. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:10-22. [PMID: 22959007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A high rate of genetic and antigenic variability among porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs) hampers effective prevention and control of the disease caused by PRRSV. The major envelope protein (GP5) encoded by the ORF5 of PRRSV has a critical role in inducing virus neutralizing (VN) antibody and cross protection among different strains of PRRSV. This study was conducted to identify sequence elements related to cross neutralization by comparing the ORF5 sequences of 69 field isolates in conjunction with their susceptibility to VN antibody raised against the VR2332 strain in vitro and in vivo. Five common variable sites (amino acid position 32-34, 38-39, 57-59, 137 and 151) were identified between susceptible and resistant viral isolates. Mutants whose ORF5 amino acid sequences were substituted with the sequences corresponding to the 5 identified common variable sites individually or concurrently were generated from a VR2332-backboned infectious clone by site mutagenesis. The change in the susceptibility of the mutants to VN antibodies specific for VR2332 or a heterologous PRRSV was assessed to determine the association of those 5 identified sites with cross neutralization. Among the five sites, the changes of amino acid sequences at three sites (32-34, 38-39, and 57-59) located in the N-terminal ectodomain of ORF5 significantly influenced the susceptibility of the mutant viruses to VN antibody, suggesting that sequence homology at these sites can be utilized as genetic markers to predict the degree of cross neutralization among different PRRSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Il Kim
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Burgara-Estrella A, Montalvo-Corral M, Bolaños A, Ramírez-Mendoza H, Valenzuela O, Hernández J. Naturally Co-Infected Boars with both Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 59:532-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Knox RV. The Current Value of Frozen-Thawed Boar Semen for Commercial Companies. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46 Suppl 2:4-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rochon K, Baker RB, Almond GW, Watson DW. Assessment of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) as a vector of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:876-883. [PMID: 21845948 DOI: 10.1603/me10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a globally significant swine disease caused by an arterivirus. The virus replicates in alveolar macrophages of infected pigs, resulting in pneumonia in growing pigs and late-term abortions in sows. Outbreaks occur on disparate farms within an area despite biosecurity measures, suggesting mechanical transport by arthropods. We investigated the vector potential of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), in the transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (family Arteriviridae, genus Arterivirus, PRRSV) under laboratory conditions. Stable flies were collected around PRRS-negative boar stud barns in North Carolina and tested for presence of the virus. Stable flies were collected on alsynite traps placed near the exhaust fan of the close-sided tunnel-ventilated buildings, suggesting blood seeking flies are attracted by olfactory cues. No flies were positive for PRRSV. We assessed transmission of the virus through an infective bite by feeding laboratory reared stable flies on blood containing virus and transferring them to naive pigs for subsequent bloodmeals. Transmission of the virus to naive pigs by infective bites failed in all attempts. The volume of blood contained within the closed mouthparts of the stable fly seems to be insufficient to deliver an infective dose of the virus. Stable flies are unlikely to transmit PRRSV from one pig to another while blood feeding. The fate of the virus after a bloodmeal remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rochon
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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Vanhee M, Van Breedam W, Costers S, Geldhof M, Noppe Y, Nauwynck H. Characterization of antigenic regions in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by the use of peptide-specific serum antibodies. Vaccine 2011; 29:4794-804. [PMID: 21554913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an RNA virus that causes reproductive failure in sows and boars, and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages. Antibodies against several viral envelope proteins are produced upon infection, and the glycoproteins GP4 and GP5 are known targets for virus neutralization. Still, substantial evidence points to the presence of more, yet unidentified neutralizing antibody targets in the PRRSV envelope proteins. The current study aimed to identify and characterize linear antigenic regions (ARs) within the entire set of envelope proteins of the European prototype PRRSV strain Lelystad virus (LV). Seventeen LV-specific antisera were tested in pepscan analysis on GP2, E, GP3, GP4, GP5 and M, resulting in the identification of twenty-one ARs that are capable of inducing antibodies upon infection in pigs. A considerable number of these ARs correspond to previously described epitopes in different European- and North-American-type PRRSV strains. Remarkably, the largest number of ARs was found in GP3, and two ARs in the GP3 ectodomain consistently induced antibodies in a majority of infected pigs. In contrast, all remaining ARs, except for a highly immunogenic epitope in GP4, were only recognized by one or a few infected animals. Sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization was tested for a selected number of ARs by in vitro virus-neutralization tests on alveolar macrophages with peptide-purified antibodies. In addition to the known neutralizing epitope in GP4, two ARs in GP2 and one in GP3 turned out to be targets for virus-neutralizing antibodies. No virus-neutralizing antibody targets were found in E, GP5 or M. Since the neutralizing AR in GP3 induced antibodies in a majority of infected pigs, the immunogenicity of this AR was studied more extensively, and it was demonstrated that the corresponding region in GP3 of virus strains other than LV also induces virus-neutralizing antibodies. This study provides new insights into PRRSV antigenicity, and contributes to the knowledge on protective immunity and immune evasion strategies of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merijn Vanhee
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Halfpenny KC, Wright DW. Nanoparticle detection of respiratory infection. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:277-90. [PMID: 20201109 PMCID: PMC7169802 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are a constant concern for all demographics. Examples include established viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the leading cause of respiratory infection in infants and young children, and emerging viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which reached near pandemic levels in 2003, or H1N1 (swine) influenza. Despite this prevalence, traditional methods of virus detection are typically labor intensive and require several days to successfully confirm infection. Recently, however, nanoparticle‐based detection strategies have been employed in an effort to develop detection assays that are both sensitive and expedient. Each of these platforms capitalizes on the unique properties of nanoparticles for the detection of respiratory viruses. In this article, several nanoparticle‐based scaffolds are discussed.Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been functionalized with virus specific antibodies or oligonucleotides. In each of these constructs, AuNPs act as both an easily conjugated scaffolding system for biological molecules and a powerful fluorescence quencher. AuNPs have also been immobilized and used as electrochemical transducers. They efficiently serve as a conducting interface of electrocatalyic activity making them a powerful tool in this application. Quantum dots (QDs) posses unique fluorescence properties that have also been explored for their application to virus detection when combined with direct antibody conjugation or streptavidin‐biotin binding systems. QDs have an advantage over many traditional fluorophores because their fluorescence properties can be finely tuned and they are resistant to photobleaching. The development of these nanoparticle‐based detection strategies holds the potential to be a powerful method to quickly and easily confirm respiratory virus infection. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 277–290 This article is categorized under:
Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease
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Greiser-Wilke I, Fiebig K, Drexler C, grosse Beilage E. Genetic diversity of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in selected herds in a pig-dense region of North-Western Germany. Vet Microbiol 2010; 143:213-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ogawa H, Taira O, Hirai T, Takeuchi H, Nagao A, Ishikawa Y, Tuchiya K, Nunoya T, Ueda S. Multiplex PCR and multiplex RT-PCR for inclusive detection of major swine DNA and RNA viruses in pigs with multiple infections. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:210-4. [PMID: 19467264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maes D, Nauwynck H, Rijsselaere T, Mateusen B, Vyt P, de Kruif A, Van Soom A. Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: An overview. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Kim WI, Yoon KJ. Molecular assessment of the role of envelope-associated structural proteins in cross neutralization among different PRRS viruses. Virus Genes 2008; 37:380-91. [PMID: 18770017 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To assess the role of each envelope-associated protein (i.e., ORFs 2-6 products) of type 2 PRRSV in cross neutralization mediated by antibody, chimeric mutants were generated by replacing ORFs of a VR2332-based infectious clone with those of JA142, SDSU73, PRRS124, or 2M11715 that are genetically and antigenically distinct from VR2332 and two-way neutralization assays were performed on those mutants using VR2332, JA142, SDSU73, or PRRS124 antisera. All ORF 5-replaced mutants showed increased susceptibility or resistance against homologous or heterologous antisera, respectively, in comparison to that of the donor strains, but failed to achieve a complete reversion of cross neutralization. In contrast, substitution of ORFs 3-6 completely reversed the susceptibility of the virus to neutralization by antibody. Changes in ORFs 3, 5, and 6 were additively responsible for reversion of the susceptibility, suggesting that the genetic similarity of these ORFs should be considered for better cross neutralization between two different type 2 PRRS viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Il Kim
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Cafruny WA, Duman RG, Rowland RR, Nelson EA, Wong GH. Antibiotic-Mediated Inhibition of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Infection: A Novel Quinolone Function Which Potentiates the Antiviral Cytokine Response in MARC-145 Cells and Pig Macrophages. Virology (Auckl) 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/vrt.s527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically significant agent for which there currently are no effective treatments. Development of antiviral agents for PRRSV as well as many other viruses has been limited by toxicity of known antiviral compounds. In contrast, antibiotics for non-virus microbial infections have been widely useful, in part because of their acceptable toxicity in animals. We report here the discovery that the quinolone-containing compound Plasmocin™, as well as the quinolones nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, have potent anti-PRRSV activity in vitro. PRRSV replication was inhibited by these antibiotics in both cultured MARC-145 cells and cultured primary alveolar porcine macrophages (PAMs). Furthermore, sub-optimal concentrations of nalidixic acid synergized with antiviral cytokines (AK-2 or IFN-γ) to quantitatively and qualitatively inhibit PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells or PAMs. The antiviral activity of Plasmocin and nalidixic acid correlated with reduced actin expression in MARC-145 cells. Replication of the related lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) was also inhibited in primary mouse macrophages by Plasmocin. These results are significant to the development of antiviral strategies with potentially reduced toxicity, and provide a model system to better understand regulation of arterivirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Cafruny
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, S.D. 57069
| | - Richard G. Duman
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, S.D. 57069
| | - Raymond R. Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, L-229 Mosier Hall, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Eric A. Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Science/ADRDL, North Campus Drive, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
| | - Grace H. Wong
- Actokine Therapeutics, 12 Middlesex Rd. #411, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467
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Yang JS, Moon HJ, Lee CS, Park SJ, Song DS, Kang BK, Choi JU, Park BK. Elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from a seedstock breeding farm and a supplying boar stud by a modified test and removal method. Vet Rec 2008; 162:333-7. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.11.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - H. J. Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - C. S. Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - S. J. Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - D. S. Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - B. K. Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
| | - J. U. Choi
- Darby Genetics; 458 Songchun-ri Iljuk-myun Anseong-si Kyounggi-do 456-910 Korea
| | - B. K. Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory; College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Korea
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Lunney JK. Advances in swine biomedical model genomics. Int J Biol Sci 2007; 3:179-84. [PMID: 17384736 PMCID: PMC1802015 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is a short update on the diversity of swine biomedical models and the importance of genomics in their continued development. The swine has been used as a major mammalian model for human studies because of the similarity in size and physiology, and in organ development and disease progression. The pig model allows for deliberately timed studies, imaging of internal vessels and organs using standard human technologies, and collection of repeated peripheral samples and, at kill, detailed mucosal tissues. The ability to use pigs from the same litter, or cloned or transgenic pigs, facilitates comparative analyses and genetic mapping. The availability of numerous well defined cell lines, representing a broad range of tissues, further facilitates testing of gene expression, drug susceptibility, etc. Thus the pig is an excellent biomedical model for humans. For genomic applications it is an asset that the pig genome has high sequence and chromosome structure homology with humans. With the swine genome sequence now well advanced there are improving genetic and proteomic tools for these comparative analyses. The review will discuss some of the genomic approaches used to probe these models. The review will highlight genomic studies of melanoma and of infectious disease resistance, discussing issues to consider in designing such studies. It will end with a short discussion of the potential for genomic approaches to develop new alternatives for control of the most economically important disease of pigs, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), and the potential for applying knowledge gained with this virus for human viral infectious disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Lunney
- APDL, BARC, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Cafruny WA, Duman RG, Wong GHW, Said S, Ward-Demo P, Rowland RRR, Nelson EA. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection spreads by cell-to-cell transfer in cultured MARC-145 cells, is dependent on an intact cytoskeleton, and is suppressed by drug-targeting of cell permissiveness to virus infection. Virol J 2006; 3:90. [PMID: 17081295 PMCID: PMC1635561 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the etiologic agent of PRRS, causing widespread chronic infections which are largely uncontrolled by currently available vaccines or other antiviral measures. Cultured monkey kidney (MARC-145) cells provide an important tool for the study of PRRSV replication. For the present study, flow cytometric and fluorescence antibody (FA) analyses of PRRSV infection of cultured MARC-145 cells were carried out in experiments designed to clarify viral dynamics and the mechanism of viral spread. The roles of viral permissiveness and the cytoskeleton in PRRSV infection and transmission were examined in conjunction with antiviral and cytotoxic drugs. Results Flow cytometric and FA analyses of PRRSV antigen expression revealed distinct primary and secondary phases of MARC-145 cell infection. PRRSV antigen was randomly expressed in a few percent of cells during the primary phase of infection (up to about 20–22 h p.i.), but the logarithmic infection phase (days 2–3 p.i.), was characterized by secondary spread to clusters of infected cells. The formation of secondary clusters of PRRSV-infected cells preceded the development of CPE in MARC-145 cells, and both primary and secondary PRRSV infection were inhibited by colchicine and cytochalasin D, demonstrating a critical role of the cytoskeleton in viral permissiveness as well as cell-to-cell transmission from a subpopulation of cells permissive for free virus to secondary targets. Cellular expression of actin also appeared to correlate with PRRSV resistance, suggesting a second role of the actin cytoskeleton as a potential barrier to cell-to-cell transmission. PRRSV infection and cell-to-cell transmission were efficiently suppressed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), as well as the more-potent experimental antiviral agent AK-2. Conclusion The results demonstrate two distinct mechanisms of PRRSV infection: primary infection of a relatively small subpopulation of innately PRRSV-permissive cells, and secondary cell-to-cell transmission to contiguous cells which appear non-permissive to free virus. The results also indicate that an intact cytoskeleton is critical for PRRSV infection, and that viral permissiveness is a highly efficient drug target to control PRRSV infection. The data from this experimental system have important implications for the mechanisms of PRRSV persistence and pathology, as well as for a better understanding of arterivirus regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Cafruny
- Division of Basic Biomedical Science, Sanford School ofMedicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Richard G Duman
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School ofMedicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Grace HW Wong
- Actokine Therapeutics, 12 Middlesex Rd. Chestnut Hill, MA02467, USA
| | - Suleman Said
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School ofMedicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Pam Ward-Demo
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Raymond RR Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, KansasState University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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