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Eidi S, Seifi HA, Sadr S, Zeinali H. Study on fungal contaminants in aborted calves of cattle herds in Iran. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e70021. [PMID: 39321209 PMCID: PMC11423906 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Abortions in livestock herds are a major contributor to economic losses. The incidence of fungal aetiology has been reported thus far. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of abortions due to fungi in referred cases to the Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Veterinary Hospital of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, from different provinces of Iran. METHODS A total of 200 calves were referred between 2018 and 2022. Samples were taken from the lungs, liver, spleen and abomasum. The fungi present in the cultures were analysed microscopically and morphologically. RESULTS There were varying contamination levels in the liver, spleen and lungs, with prevalence ranging from 15% to 17%. Abdomasum had a 1% prevalence rate. Different fungal species, including Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans), Aspergillus spp., Rhodotorula spp., Trichosporon spp., Candida spp., Geotrichum spp., Penicillium spp. and Mucor spp., were identified, indicating a diverse range of pathogens affecting calves. The specificity of fungal contaminants in certain organs, such as C. neoformans, Rhodotorula spp. and Trichosporon spp., highlighted the organ's microenvironment as a potential factor influencing fungal growth. CONCLUSION As fungi are emerging as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in animals, the growing role of fungi in livestock abortions should be investigated. As clinical signs are not pathognomonic, laboratory help is imperative to confirm fungal abortion diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Eidi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam A Seifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soheil Sadr
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamideh Zeinali
- Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhu C, Zhou H, Bao M, Tang S, Gu X, Han M, Li P, Jiang Q. Polystyrene microplastics induce molecular toxicity in Simocephalus vetulus: A transcriptome and intestinal microorganism analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 275:107046. [PMID: 39197247 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.107046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
The global prevalence and accumulation of plastic waste is leading to pollution levels that cause significant damage to ecosystems and ecological security. Exposure to two concentrations (1 and 5 mg/L) of 500 nm polystyrene (PS)-nanoplastics (NPs) for 14 d was evaluated in Simocephalus vetulus using transcriptome and 16 s rRNA sequencing analyses. PS-NP exposure resulted in stress-induced antioxidant defense, disturbed energy metabolism, and affected the FoxO signaling pathway, causing neurotoxicity. The expression of Cyclin D1 (CCND), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) genes was decreased compared to the control, whereas the expression of caspase3 (CASP3), caspase7 (CASP7), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), MPV17, and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes was increased, thus, suggesting that NP ingestion triggered oxidative stress and disrupted energy metabolism.. PS-NPs were present in the digestive tract of S. vetulus after 14 days of exposure. In addition, the abundance of the Proteobacteria and opportunistic pathogens was elevated after PS-NPs exposure. The diversity and homeostasis of the S. vetulus gut microbiota were disrupted and the stability of intestinal barrier function was impaired. Multiomic analyses highlighted the molecular toxicity and microbial changes in S. vetulus after exposure to NPs, providing an overview of how plastic pollution affects freshwater organisms and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China; Geography, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Zhou
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Mengyu Bao
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Shengkai Tang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Xiankun Gu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Mingming Han
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Peng Li
- Herpetological Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
| | - Qichen Jiang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China.
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3
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Villa-Cox G, Van Loo H, Speelman S, Ribbens S, Hooyberghs J, Pardon B, Opsomer G, Bogado Pascottini O. Machine learning modeling to predict causes of infectious abortions and perinatal mortalities in cattle. Theriogenology 2024; 226:20-28. [PMID: 38823318 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
A plethora of infectious and non-infectious causes of bovine abortions and perinatal mortalities (APM) have been reported in literature. However, due to financial limitations or a potential zoonotic impact, many laboratories only offer a standard analytical panel, limited to a preestablished number of pathogens. To improve the cost-efficiency of laboratory diagnostics, it could be beneficial to design a targeted analytical approach for APM cases, based on maternal and environmental characteristics associated with the prevalence of specific abortifacient pathogens. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to implement a machine learning pipeline (MLP) to predict maternal and environmental factors associated with infectious APM. Our MLP based on a greedy ensemble approach incorporated a standard tuning grid of four models, applied on a dataset of 1590 APM cases with a positive diagnosis that was achieved by analyzing an extensive set of abortifacient pathogens. Production type (dairy/beef), gestation length, and season were successfully predicted by the greedy ensemble, with a modest prediction capacity which ranged between 63 and 73 %. Besides the predictive accuracy of individual variables, our MLP hierarchically identified predictor importance causes of associated environmental/maternal characteristics of APM. For instance, in APM cases that happened in beef cows, season at APM (spring/summer) was the most important predictor with a relative importance of 24 %. Furthermore, at the last trimester of gestation Trueperella pyogenes and Neospora caninum were the most important predictors of APM with a relative importance of 22 and 17 %, respectively. Interestingly, herd size came out as the most relevant predictor for APM in multiparous dams, with a relative importance of 12 %. Based on these and other mix of predicted environmental/maternal and pathogenic potential causes, it could be concluded that implementing our MLP may be beneficial to design a more cost-effective, case-specific diagnostic approach for bovine APM cases at the diagnostic laboratory level.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Villa-Cox
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km, 30.5 Vía Perimteral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador; ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Rurales, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km, 30.5 Vía Perimteral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - H Van Loo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Speelman
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Ribbens
- Animal Health Services Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, 8820, Torhout, Belgium
| | - J Hooyberghs
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Kruidtuinlaan 55, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - O Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Vindas-van der Wielen E, Rojas-Campos J, Romero-Zúñiga JJ, Monti G. Incidence and recurrence of bovine abortion in dairy cattle from Costa Rica. Prev Vet Med 2024; 230:106256. [PMID: 39002343 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The reproductive efficiency and milk yield of cows are crucial factors in a dairy farm's profitability. However, abortions can have a negative impact on these factors. While the morbidity of abortion has been estimated in many countries, information on the burden on dairy cattle in tropical conditions is limited, and Costa Rica is a good example. This study aims to assess the incidence and recurrence of bovine abortion in dairy cattle from Costa Rica. The study analysed the morbidity of abortion in Costa Rican dairy herds between 2010 and 2022. The incidence rate (IR) and the recurrence rate (ReR) were calculated per 100 cow-months at risk using data from the Veterinary Automated Management and Production Control Programme (VAMPP). The dataset comprised 1032,457 lactations from 330,265 cows in 1134 specialized dairy herds. Abortions were classified either as early foetal mortality (EFM) or late foetal mortality (LFM). Rates were estimated based on cow breed, lactation number, and ecological zone to which the farm belongs. The IR of general abortion, EFM, and LFM cases were 0.98, 0.41, and 0.57 per 100 cow-months at risk, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in the IR between cow breed, lactation number, and ecological zone, nor for the trend of abortions over calving years. The first ReR (for cows that had one previous abortion during the lactation) was 0.95, and the second ReR (for cows that had two previous abortions during the lactation) was 1.41 per 100 cow-months at risk. These results suggest that bovine abortions are an important ongoing problem in dairy farms in Costa Rica with potentially detrimental effects on the reproductive and productive performance of cows and may be representative of other specialized tropical dairy systems in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Vindas-van der Wielen
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - José Rojas-Campos
- Centro Regional de Informática para la Producción Animal Sostenible, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia Costa Rica
| | - Juan José Romero-Zúñiga
- Programa de Investigación en Medicina Poblacional, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands.
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Kim J, Kim JW, Lee KK, Lee K, Ku BK, Kim HY. Laboratory investigation of causes of bovine abortion and stillbirth in the Republic of Korea, 2014-2020. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:428-437. [PMID: 38711295 PMCID: PMC11110765 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241239919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine abortion is a critical problem in the cattle industry. Identifying causes of abortion is key to establishing appropriate herd management and prevention strategies. We used pathology examinations, detection of etiologic agents, and serology to determine the cause of bovine abortions in Korea. We analyzed 360 abortion and stillbirth cases submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency from December 2014 to January 2020. The putative cause of abortion was identified in 140 of 360 (38.9%) cases; 124 of the 140 (88.6%) cases were attributed to infections. The most common etiologic agents detected were bovine viral diarrhea virus (65 of 360; 18.1%), Coxiella burnetii (19 of 360; 5.3%), Leptospira spp. (13 of 360; 3.6%), Listeria monocytogenes (9 of 360; 2.5%), and Neospora caninum (8 of 360; 2.2%). Minor abortifacient pathogens included Brucella abortus (2 of 360; 0.6%), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (2 of 360; 0.6%), Akabane virus (2 of 360, 0.6%), and bovine ephemeral fever virus (1 of 360; 0.3%). Non-infectious conditions included congenital anomalies (7 of 360; 1.9%), goiter (7 of 360; 1.9%), and vitamin A deficiency (2 of 360; 0.6%). Our diagnostic rate in cases with placenta submitted (42 of 86; 48.8%) was significantly higher than in cases without placenta (98 of 274; 35.8%), which highlights the value of submitting placentas. Our results confirm the status of the large variety of causative agents associated with abortions in cattle in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Research Planning Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division , Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division , Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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6
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Van Loo H, Bogado Pascottini O, Ribbens S, Hooyberghs J, Opsomer G, Pardon B. Enhancing bovine abortion surveillance: A learning experience. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1766-1777. [PMID: 37806630 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Abortions and perinatal mortalities (APM) substantially affect cattle industry efficiency. Various infectious and noninfectious factors have been associated with bovine APM worldwide. Infections are often considered pivotal due to their abortifacient potential, leading laboratories to primarily investigate relevant infectious agents for APM cases. Some infectious causes, such as Brucella abortus, have also a zoonotic impact, necessitating monitoring for both animal and human health. However, underreporting of bovine APM is a global issue, affecting early detection of infectious and zoonotic causes. Previous studies identified factors influencing case submission, but regional characteristics may affect results. In Belgium, farmers are obliged to report cases of APM within the context of a national brucellosis monitoring program. The inclusion criteria for this monitoring program cover abortions (gestation length of 42-260 d) and perinatal mortalities of (pre)mature calves following a gestation length of more than 260 d, which were stillborn or died within 48 h after birth. The objective of the present study was to describe the evolution in submission of APM cases within a mandatory abortion monitoring program in relation to subsidized initiatives in the northern part of Belgium. Based on the proportion of APM submissions versus the proportion of bovine reproductive females, an APM proportion (APMPR) was calculated, and factors at both animal and herd level that may influence this APMPR were explored by using linear models. This evaluation revealed that the APMPR increased with the introduction of an extensive analytical panel of abortifacient agents and a free on-farm sample collection from 0.44% to 0.94%. Additionally, an increase of the APMPR was associated with an outbreak of an emerging abortifacient pathogen (Schmallenberg virus; 1.23%), and the introduction of a mandatory eradication program for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDv; 1.20%). The APMPR was higher in beef compared with dairy cattle, and it was higher in winter compared with fall, spring, and summer. Smaller herds categorized in the first quartile had a higher APMPR compared with larger herds. Herds that submitted an APM in the previous year had a higher APMPR in the next year compared with herds without an APM submission. Finally, herds for which there was evidence of the presence of BVDv had a higher APMPR compared with herds without evidence of the presence of BVDv. In conclusion, the number of APM submissions increased after the introduction of a free on-farm sample collection and an extensive pathogen screening panel. Production type (beef), season (winter), smaller herd size, previous APM, and presence of BVDv seemed to have a positive effect on APMPR. However, even under mandatory circumstances, APM still seems to be underreported, since the APMPR was lower than the expected minimal rate of 2%. Therefore, further research is necessary to identify the drivers that convince farmers to submit APM cases to improve submission rates and ensure an efficient monitoring program for APM and eventually associated zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Van Loo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - O Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Ribbens
- Animal Health Services Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), 8820 Torhout, Belgium
| | - J Hooyberghs
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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7
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Fiorentino MA, Acuña Y, Sosa E, Cantón GJ, Erreguerena I, Malena R, Mendez MA, Morrell EL, García JA. Infectious sporadic bovine abortions: retrospective analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:63. [PMID: 38291289 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Infectious sporadic abortions in cattle are mainly caused by opportunistic bacteria and fungi usually present in environmental or gastrointestinal and reproductive microbiota of healthy animals. A retrospective analysis was carried out to evaluate the main opportunistic microorganisms involved in bovine abortions recorded at INTA Balcarce (Argentina) from 1997 to 2023, accounting for 2.2% of the total diagnosed etiologies of bovine abortion. The opportunistic agents identified as the cause of abortion in 29 fetuses were bacteria (90%) and fungi (10%). Escherichia coli (n = 8), Trueperella pyogenes (n = 5), and Histophilus somni (n = 4) were the bacterial species most often identified as causing infectious abortions, whereas Aspergillus spp. (n = 3) was implicated in all fungal abortions identified. Pure culture of bacteria or fungus was achieved from abomasal content and/or lung essential. Main microscopic findings were bronchopneumonia, myo- and epicarditis, meningitis, and portal hepatitis. Herein, we highlight the importance of detecting potential infectious bacteria in cultures to improve etiological diagnosis of bovine abortions associated with compatible microscopic findings to confirm the etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Fiorentino
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Yamila Acuña
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliano Sosa
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán J Cantón
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Erreguerena
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Malena
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Mendez
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora L Morrell
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan A García
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS) Balcarce, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Webb EM, Holman DB, Schmidt KN, Pun B, Sedivec KK, Hurlbert JL, Bochantin KA, Ward AK, Dahlen CR, Amat S. Sequencing and culture-based characterization of the vaginal and uterine microbiota in beef cattle that became pregnant or remained open following artificial insemination. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0273223. [PMID: 37921486 PMCID: PMC10714821 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02732-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Emerging evidence suggests that microbiome-targeted approaches may provide a novel opportunity to reduce the incidence of reproductive failures in cattle. To develop such microbiome-based strategies, one of the first logical steps is to identify reproductive microbiome features related to fertility and to isolate the fertility-associated microbial species for developing a future bacterial consortium that could be administered before breeding to enhance pregnancy outcomes. Here, we characterized the vaginal and uterine microbiota in beef cattle that became pregnant or remained open via artificial insemination and identified microbiota features associated with fertility. We compared similarities between vaginal and uterine microbiota and between heifers and cows. Using culturing, we provided new insights into the culturable fraction of the vaginal and uterine microbiota and their antimicrobial resistance. Overall, our findings will serve as an important basis for future research aimed at harnessing the vaginal and uterine microbiome for improved cattle fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Webb
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaycie N. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Beena Pun
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kevin K. Sedivec
- Central Grasslands Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hurlbert
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kerri A. Bochantin
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Alison K. Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Carl R. Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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9
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Hecker YP, González-Ortega S, Cano S, Ortega-Mora LM, Horcajo P. Bovine infectious abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1249410. [PMID: 37841464 PMCID: PMC10570746 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1249410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the main infectious agents related to bovine abortion worldwide in the period between 2000 and 2022. First, we investigated the global prevalence of infectious agents related to bovine abortion. For this analysis, only 27 articles detected of a wide panel of agents were included. The random effects model revealed that the estimated prevalence of the abortifacient agents in bovine abortion was 45.7%. The heterogeneity among studies was high, but Egger's test showed that there was no publication bias, even though the total number of samples analyzed in these articles was variable. There was no significant effect of the year of the study publication on the estimated prevalence, although an increasing trend was observed over time, possibly due to the implementation of new diagnostic techniques. Then, we analyzed the prevalence of the main transmissible agents in bovine abortion. For this analysis, 76 studies that analyzed 19,070 cases were included. Some infectious agent was detected in 7,319 specimens, and a final diagnosis was reached in 3,977 of these, when both the infectious agent and compatible histopathological changes were detected. We found that Neospora caninum was the most detected agent (22.2%), followed by opportunistic bacteria (21.4%), Chlamydiaceae family (10.9%) and Coxiella burnetii (9.5%). Regarding viral agents, bovine herpes virus type 1 and bovine viral diarrhea displayed similar prevalence rates (approximately 5%). After considering the description of specific histopathological changes, our analyzes showed that N. caninum was a confirmed cause of abortion in 16.7% of the analyzed cases, followed by opportunistic bacteria (12.6%) and Chlamydia spp. (6.8%); however, C. burnetii was only confirmed as a cause of abortion in 1.1% of the cases. For all agents, the heterogeneity among studies was high, and the subgroup analyzes discarded the diagnostic method as the cause of such heterogeneity. This study provides knowledge about the global prevalence of the different infectious agents related to bovine abortion, the most coming of which is N. caninum. In addition, this review reveals the existing deficiencies in the diagnosis of bovine abortion that must be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Paola Hecker
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Sara González-Ortega
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Cano
- Computing Services, Research Support Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Mee JF. Invited review: Bovine abortion-Incidence, risk factors and causes. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:23-33. [PMID: 37186386 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The true incidence of bovine abortion (42-260 days of gestation) is unknown because of under-reporting. This is particularly true of the first half of gestation when most abortions occur. From research studies, it is estimated that the animal-level incidence of abortion between day 45 and term is approximately 10%, being lower in suckler than in dairy cows. While wide variation exists in herd-level incidence, up to 30%, it is estimated that less than 5% of farmers report high (>5%) observed abortion rates. Given these figures, veterinary practitioners and farmers tend to use investigation thresholds close to these values, ≥5 and ≥3%, respectively. Most of the risk factors for abortion are animal-level factors (e.g. parity), but there are also herd-level factors (e.g. enterprise type). Of the many risk factors for bovine abortion, only a small number are modifiable. While the causes of bovine abortion are often classified as noninfectious or infectious, in reality, this means diagnosis not reached (DNR) or infectious. Approximately 40% of abortions are diagnosed as infectious and the remaining 60% as DNR; DNR includes both infectious and noninfectious causes not diagnosed. Increasingly, genetic causes are being diagnosed and changes to current national genetic selection indices may be warranted. Of the infectious causes, Neospora caninum is now the most commonly diagnosed abortifacient internationally, followed by Trueperella pyogenes, BVDv and fungi. Both national eradication programmes and effective vaccination programmes can reduce the burden of some infectious abortifacients, but the control of sporadic, noninfectious and Neospora-associated abortions remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Mee
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Fermoy, Ireland
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11
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Özgen EK, Yanmaz B, Bağatir PŞ. Investigation of virulence factors, phylogenetic grouping, multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolated from aborted bovine fetal tissue. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad100. [PMID: 37660240 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important microorganism for cattle breeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of phylogenetic groups, virulence factors, genotyping with multi-locus variable tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents in E. coli strains isolated from aborted bovine fetal samples. In this study, phylogrouping and various virulence genes were analyzed by PCR in E. coli strains isolated from 637 bovine fetal tissue samples. Consequently, E. coli was isolated and identified in 24 samples in culture. Of the 24 isolates identified as positive, 12.5% were defined as group A, 83.3% as B1, and 4.2% as group B2. Of the E. coli isolates, virulence factor fimH was identified in eight (33.3%), traT in 15 (62.5%), ompT in five (20.8%), CNF1 in one (4.16%), and CNF2 in six (25%). Seven genotypic groups were determined as a result of the analysis with the MLVA 10 method. According to the antimicrobial susceptibility test results, high resistance was determined against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and oxytetracycline. In conclusion, strains of E. coli containing CNF1, CNF2, fimH, traT, and ompT virulence factors can be associated with bovine abortions. It is noteworthy that the dominant phylogenetic group B1 has been observed in cases of cattle abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediz Kağan Özgen
- Erzurum Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Erzurum 25080, Turkey
| | - Berna Yanmaz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur 15030, Turkey
| | - Perihan Şerifoğlu Bağatir
- Erzurum Veterinary Control Institute, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Erzurum 25080, Turkey
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12
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Modise BM, Mpoloka SW, Settypalli TBK, Hyera J, Natale A, Ceglie L, Gcebe N, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Viljoen GJ, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. A novel multiplex qPCR‑HRM assay for the simultaneous detection of four abortive zoonotic agents in cattle, sheep, and goats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12282. [PMID: 37507444 PMCID: PMC10382562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abortifacient pathogens induce substantial economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide, and many of these pathogens are zoonotic, impacting human health. As Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp., and Listeria monocytogenes cause abortion, rapid differential molecular diagnostic tests are needed to facilitate early and accurate detection of abortion to establish effective control measures. However, the available molecular methods are laborious, time-consuming, or costly. Therefore, we developed and validated a novel multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method based on high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis to simultaneously detect and differentiate four zoonotic abortifacient agents in cattle, goats, and sheep. Our HRM assay generated four well-separated melting peaks allowing the differentiation between the four zoonotic abortifacients. Out of 216 DNA samples tested, Brucella spp. was detected in 45 samples, Coxiella burnetii in 57 samples, Leptospira spp. in 12 samples, and Listeria monocytogenes in 19 samples, co-infection with Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii in 41 samples, and 42 samples were negative. This assay demonstrated good analytical sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. This is a valuable rapid, cost-saving, and reliable diagnostic tool for detecting individual and co-infections for zoonotic abortifacient agents in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boitumelo M Modise
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Sununguko W Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tirumala B K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Hyera
- Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Letizia Ceglie
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università, 10, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Nomakorinte Gcebe
- Agricultural Research Council-Bacteriology and Zoonotic Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Gerrit J Viljoen
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Mee JF, Hayes C, Stefaniak T, Jawor P. Review: Bovine foetal mortality - risk factors, causes, immune responses and immuno-prophylaxis. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100774. [PMID: 37567672 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review of bovine foetal mortality (>42 d gestation) concluded that while the majority of risk factors associated with sporadic loss operate at animal-level, e.g. foetal plurality, those that operate at herd-level, e.g. some foetopathogenic infections, are more likely to result in abortion outbreaks. While the causes of foetal mortality have traditionally been classified as infectious and non-infectious, in fact, the latter category is a diagnosis of exclusion, generally without determination of the non-infectious cause. This review has also established that the traditional dichotomisation of infectious agents into primary and secondary pathogens is based on a flawed premise and these terms should be discontinued. The delicate balance of the maternal gestational immune system between not rejecting the allograft (conceptus) but rejecting (attacking) foetopathogens is stage-of-pregnancy-dependent thus the timing of infection determines the clinical outcome which may result in persistent infection or foetal mortality. Utilisation of our knowledge of the materno-foetal immune responses to foetopathogenic infection has resulted in the development of numerous mono- and polyvalent vaccines for metaphylactic or prophylactic control of bovine foetal mortality. While some of these have been shown to significantly contribute to reducing the risk of both infection and foetal mortality, others have insufficient, or conflicting evidence, on efficacy. However, recent developments in vaccinology, in particular the development of subunit vaccines and those that stimulate local genital tract immunity, show greater promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mee
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Fermoy P61P302, Ireland.
| | - C Hayes
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Model Farm Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - T Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - P Jawor
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Marian L, Withoeft JA, Costa LDS, Ribeiro LR, Melo IC, Alves RS, Baumbach LF, Pinto MGL, Snak A, Miletti LC, Ferraz SM, Sfaciotte RAP, Canal CW, Casagrande RA. Causes of fetal death in the Flemish cattle herd in Brazil. Vet World 2023; 16:766-772. [PMID: 37235167 PMCID: PMC10206958 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.766-772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Flemish cattle in Brazil are on the brink of extinction and are found only in one herd in Lages, Santa Catarina State. This study aimed to uncover the reasons for the recurring abortions in the Flemish cattle herd. Materials and Methods Seventeen Flemish fetuses underwent postmortem examinations, with samples collected for histopathology and microbiology culture tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for Neospora caninum, and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) test for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) from 2015 to 2020. Results Of the 17 fetuses, N. caninum was the most common diagnosis and was found in 88% (15/17). One fetus (5.8%) had a coinfection with N. caninum and Citrobacter amalonaticus, leading to fibrinonecrotic pericarditis. All fetuses tested negative for BVDV by RT-PCR. Of the 107 dams tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay, 26 (25.2%) were anti-N. caninum seropositive, with 17 (65.4%) aborting and 5 (19.2%) having estrus repetition. Reverse transcription-PCR results showed that 9 (8.4%) of the serum samples collected from dams tested positive, which tested follow-up test 3 months later, indicating a BVDV transient infection. The factors that contributed to neosporosis included dogs' access to pastures and improper disposal of fetal remains, which made it easier for dogs to consume them. Conclusion This study warns the occurrence of N. caninum as a cause of reproductive disorders that can lead to abortion in the studied Flemish cattle herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Marian
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aline Withoeft
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leonardo da Silva Costa
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiza Ramos Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Isadora Cristina Melo
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva Alves
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Baumbach
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Snak
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, UDESC, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Hemoparasites and Vectors, UDESC, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Ferraz
- Center for Animal Microbiological Diagnosis, UDESC, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Hille MM, Sillman SJ, Brodersen BW. The Role of Histopathology in Ruminant Diagnostics. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:73-91. [PMID: 36732001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Histopathology remains an important tool for ruminant disease diagnostic investigations. Some ruminant diseases require histopathology to make a definitive diagnosis. Clinical history, proper tissue sampling and handling, and proper fixation all increase the efficiency of a histopathologic examination and the likelihood of an accurate diagnosis. This article discusses some of the main organ systems of ruminants and highlights common ruminant diseases encountered by diagnosticians where histopathology is particularly important. Where applicable, correlative gross lesions, special considerations regarding tissue sampling, and histologic report interpretation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hille
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North, 115N NVDC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA.
| | - Sarah J Sillman
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North, 115N NVDC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA
| | - Bruce W Brodersen
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North, 115N NVDC, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907, USA
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16
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Loy JD, Clawson ML, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR. Current and Emerging Diagnostic Approaches to Bacterial Diseases of Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:93-114. [PMID: 36732002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic approaches and methods to detect bacterial pathogens in ruminants are discussed, with a focus on cattle. Conventional diagnostic methods using culture, isolation, and characterization are being replaced or supplemented with new methods. These include molecular diagnostics such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and whole-genome sequencing. In addition, methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry enable rapid identification and enhanced pathogen characterization. These emerging diagnostic tools can greatly enhance the ability to detect and characterize pathogens, but performance and interpretation vary greatly across sample and pathogen types, disease syndromes, assay performance, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Michael L Clawson
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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17
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Jonker A, Michel AL. Optimization and Application of Real-Time qPCR Assays in Detection and Identification of Chlamydiales in Products of Domestic Ruminant Abortion. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020290. [PMID: 36839562 PMCID: PMC9965055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic ruminant abortions due to infectious agents represent an important cause of economic losses in the agricultural industry. This study aimed to optimise and apply qPCR assays for detection of Chlamydiales in domestic ruminant abortion cases. Primers and probes for detection of the order Chlamydiales, Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia pecorum, Parachlamydia acanthamoeba and Waddlia chondrophila were taken from the literature to create one singleplex and two duplex assays and the assays were optimised. Placentitis and pneumonia are pathological lesions associated with Chlamydiales infection. In a previous study, twenty-five clinical cases had pathological lesions of placentitis or pneumonia. These cases were investigated further by application of the qPCR assays in this study. Chlamydiales were detected in 16 cases. C. abortus, P. acanthamoeba and W. chondrophila were detected in bovine; and C. pecorum and W. chondrophila in ovine and caprine cases. Chlamydiales were detected in three previously inconclusive cases. Identification was improved from genus to species level (C. pecorum). Four cases remained inconclusive. In conclusion, detection of Chlamydiales and differentiation to species level was improved. This study reports the first detection of P. acanthamoeba and W. chondrophila in abortion cases in South Africa, indicating a potentially significant role in abortions in this country.
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18
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Jonker A, Thompson PN, Michel AL. Approaches to increase recovery of bacterial and fungal abortion agents in domestic ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2023; 90:e1-e10. [PMID: 36744493 PMCID: PMC9900296 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v90i1.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abortions in domestic ruminants cause significant economic losses to farmers. Determining the cause of an abortion is important for control efforts, but it can be challenging. All available diagnostic methods in the bacteriology laboratory should be employed in every case due to the many limiting factors (autolysis, lack of history, range of samples) that complicate the investigation process. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the recovery of diagnostically significant isolates from domestic ruminant abortion cases could be increased through the use of a combination of the existing aerobic culture and Brucella selective method with methods that are commonly recommended in the literature reporting abortion investigations. These methods are examination of wet preparations and impression smears stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method, anaerobic, microaerophilic, Leptospira, Mycoplasma and fungal culture. Samples of placenta and aborted foetuses from 135 routine clinical abortion cases of cattle (n = 88), sheep (n = 25) and goats (n = 22) were analysed by the new combination of methods. In 46 cases, bacteria were identified as aetiological agents and in one case a fungus. Isolation of Brucella species increased to 7.4% over two years compared with the previous 10 years (7.3%), as well as Campylobacter jejuni (n = 2) and Rhizopus species (n = 1). Salmonella species (5.9%) and Trueperella pyogenes (4.4%) were also isolated more often. In conclusion, the approach was effective in removing test selection bias in the bacteriology laboratory. The importance of performing an in-depth study on the products of abortion by means of an extensive, combination of conventional culture methods was emphasised by increased isolation of Brucella abortus and isolation of C. jejuni. The combination of methods that yielded the most clinically relevant isolates was aerobic, microaerophilic, Brucella and fungal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelize Jonker
- Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter N. Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anita L. Michel
- Tuberculosis and Brucellosis Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Henker LC, Lorenzett MP, Lopes BC, Dos Santos IR, Bandinelli MB, Bassuino DM, Juffo GD, Antoniassi NAB, Pescador CA, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Pathological and etiological characterization of cases of bovine abortion due to sporadic bacterial and mycotic infections. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:2251-2262. [PMID: 36303022 PMCID: PMC9679116 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic bacteria and fungi are commonly reported causes of bovine abortion in a small percentage of fetal losses of infectious etiology in cattle. The objective of this study was to characterize the pathological and etiological findings in fetuses aborted due to secondary bacterial and fungal infections submitted for postmortem examination between 2004 and 2019 in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Nineteen cases of bacterial etiology and five cases of fungal etiology were assessed. In cases of bacterial etiology, gross changes were uncommon and two different microscopic patterns were observed: (1) primary bronchopneumonia with occasional dissemination in cases of Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Mannheimia haemolytica infections; and (2) systemic disease with sepsis in cases of Escherichia coli and Listeria sp. infections. Aspergillus sp. was the main fungal agent identified, and cases of mycotic abortion were characterized by placentitis, dermatitis, and pneumonia. Fetal membranes were available for examination in less than half of the submissions (11/24), and placental lesions were observed in all cases. This study reaffirms the importance of postmortem examinations in the determination of causes of fetal loss in cattle and highlights pathological findings commonly observed in fetuses aborted due to sporadic bacterial and fungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Cleber Henker
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Marina Paula Lorenzett
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Correa Lopes
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Igor Ribeiro Dos Santos
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Marcele Bettim Bandinelli
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Daniele Mariath Bassuino
- Universidade de Cruz Alta (UNICRUZ), Bairro Educacional, Rodovia Municipal Della Campus Mea, Cruz Alta, RS, 98020290, Brazil
| | | | - Nadia Aline Bobbi Antoniassi
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenida Alexandre Ferronato - de 992 a 1000, Sinop, MT, 78557-267, Brazil
| | - Caroline Argenta Pescador
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, 78069-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Prédio 42.505, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, 91540-000, Brazil
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Causes of Mortality of Dairy Cattle Diagnosed by Complete Necropsy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213001. [PMID: 36359125 PMCID: PMC9657458 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Necropsy of dairy cattle is an important diagnostic tool, often more definitive or differing from the perceptions of dairy farm personnel in diagnosing the cause of death. This retrospective case series summarized the primary causes of death in all dairy animals diagnosed at necropsy from Utah and other states, mostly in the Intermountain West of the U.S. Some fatal diseases in dairy cattle that might be expected to be diagnosed ante-mortem were detected. Necropsy diagnosis is a guide to changes in management or preventive practices to reduce the rate of deaths in dairy herds. Abstract This retrospective case series summarized the primary causes of death in 857 dairy cattle necropsied from 2008 to 2019 at the Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, from dairy farms in Utah (76%), Idaho (16%) or other states (8%), primarily in the U.S. Intermountain West. Of cattle with age provided, 74% matched with body weight based estimates for those with no age stated. Cattle ranged from fetuses at 60 days of gestation to 9 years old. Primary cause of mortality was diagnosed in 833 cattle (97%); no cause was evident in 24 cattle (3%). Sexes were female 620 (72%), male 214 (25%), not recorded 23 (3%). Seven diseases killed 80% of the animals: gastrointestinal disease (most enteritis/colitis) 318 (37%); pneumonia 166 (19%); abortion 96 (11%), peritonitis 30 (4%), omphalophlebitis (navel ill) 27 (3%), abomasitis 23 (3%), and metritis 23 (3%). Etiologic agents and specific causes varied with age categories of the animals. Young calves that died from dystocia, omphalophlebitis, or congenital abnormality often presented with no suspicion of those causes by the owners because of no external signs. Some important fatal diseases of adult dairy cows that are often diagnosed ante-mortem were diagnosed at necropsy with no suspicion by those submitting the carcasses: metritis, hardware disease, and displaced abomasum. Multicentric lymphoma was a relatively important cause of death in cows more than 4 years old. Despite use of a toxicology laboratory, toxicity was only diagnosed as causing 1% of the deaths across all ages of dairy cattle. There were numerous other causes of mortality diagnosed as well. Necropsy is a vital tool to diagnose causes of death in dairy cattle and can guide changes in management or preventive practices to reduce the rate of deaths in dairy herds.
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21
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Jonker A, Thompson PN, Michel AL. Approaches to increase recovery of bacterial and fungal abortion agents in domestic ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2022. [DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v89i1.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Bovine Polyomavirus-1 (Epsilonpolyomavirus bovis): An Emerging Fetal Pathogen of Cattle That Causes Renal Lesions Resembling Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy of Humans. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092042. [PMID: 36146848 PMCID: PMC9502773 DOI: 10.3390/v14092042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine polyomavirus-1 (BoPyV-1, Epsilonpolyomavirus bovis) is widespread in cattle and has been detected in commercialized beef at supermarkets in the USA and Germany. BoPyV-1 has been questioned as a probable zoonotic agent with documented increase in seropositivity in people exposed to cattle. However, to date, BoPyV-1 has not been causally associated with pathology or disease in any animal species, including humans. Here we describe and illustrate pathological findings in an aborted bovine fetus naturally infected with BoPyV-1, providing evidence of its pathogenicity and probable abortigenic potential. Our results indicate that: (i) BoPyV-1 can cause severe kidney lesions in cattle, including tubulointerstitial nephritis with cytopathic changes and necrosis in tubular epithelial cells, tubular and interstitial inflammation, and interstitial fibroplasia; (ii) lesions are at least partly attributable to active viral replication in renal tubular epithelial cells, which have abundant intranuclear viral inclusions; (iii) BoPyV-1 large T (LT) antigen, resulting from early viral gene expression, can be detected in infected renal tubular epithelial cells using a monoclonal antibody raised against Simian Virus-40 polyomavirus LT antigen; and (iv) there is productive BoPyV-1 replication and virion assembly in the nuclei of renal tubular epithelial cells, as demonstrated by the ultrastructural observation of abundant arrays of viral particles with typical polyomavirus morphology. Altogether, these lesions resemble the “cytopathic-inflammatory pathology pattern” proposed in the pathogenesis of Human polyomavirus-1-associated nephropathy in immunocompromised people and kidney allograft recipients. Additionally, we sequenced the complete genome of the BoPyV-1 infecting the fetus, which represents the first whole genome of a BoPyV-1 from the Southern Hemisphere. Lastly, the BoPyV-1 strain infecting this fetus was isolated, causing a cytopathic effect in Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. We conclude that BoPyV-1 is pathogenic to the bovine fetus under natural circumstances. Further insights into the epidemiology, biology, clinical relevance, and zoonotic potential of BoPyV-1 are needed.
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23
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Causes of abortion in Iranian sheep flocks and associated risk factors. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:1227-1238. [PMID: 36066737 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Abortion is a major issue in sheep husbandry. It can result in significant economic losses and a severe public health risk. This survey assessed the infectious and non-infectious causes of abortion in Iranian sheep flocks and determined the main risk factors. In this cross-sectional survey, causes of abortion were evaluated in 757 sheep flocks, and risk factors were analysed. A checklist containing general animal information for each abortion outbreak evaluated was filled in. Data were analysed using univariate tests and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. In this sense, parity, gestational age of the aborted fetus, vaccination protocol, mineral supplementation and history of stillbirth showed significant associations with abortion. Infectious agents such as Coxiella burnetti (22.7%), Chlamydia abortus (12.3%) and Brucella melitensis (10.4%) were the most frequently isolated in the investigated flocks, with more than 2% of abortion rates. On the other hand, non-infectious agents such as trauma, pregnancy toxaemia and vitamin E/Se deficiency were involved in those flocks with low abortion rates (less than 10%). Results revealed multiple causes of abortion outbreaks among Iranian sheep flocks, which need careful investigation to identify possible aetiology and risk factors. Further studies are necessary to evaluate if these factors are similar to other countries in the same region.
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Cantón GJ, Moreno F, Fiorentino MA, Hecker YP, Spetter M, Fiorani F, Monterubbianesi MG, García JA, Altamiranda EG, Cirone KM, Louge Uriarte EL, Verna AE, Marin M, Cheuquepán F, Malena R, Morsella C, Paolicchi FA, Morrell EL, Moore DP. Spatial-temporal trends and economic losses associated with bovine abortifacients in central Argentina. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:242. [PMID: 35907064 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this work are, firstly, to provide the geolocalization of cases of bovine abortion with definitive diagnosis and, secondly, to estimate the economic losses due to the most frequent abortifacients diagnosed agents in cattle in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The total beef and dairy cattle population at risk of abortion is 8,358,186 and 538,076, respectively. In beef cattle, the overall risk of abortion was estimated at 4.5% for all pregnancies, where 27.9% are due to Campylobacter fetus, Neospora caninum, Leptospira spp., Brucella abortus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus with economic losses of US$ 440 per abortion, being the annual loss to the beef industry of US$ 50,144,101. In dairy cattle, there was an 8.0% risk of suffering abortion, 26.1% produced by the same abortigenic agents. The economic losses were estimated at US$ 1,415 per abortion, which equals a total loss of US$ 17,298,498 for the dairy industry in the region. The results of this study show that infectious causes are highly prevalent in Buenos Aires province, and they caused severe economic impacts in the dairy and beef industries. Furthermore, changes in temporal trends of infectious abortion occurrence were detected, probably related to the inclusion of molecular diagnostic techniques with more sensitivity or different epidemiological or husbandry conditions in the region analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán J Cantón
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.
| | - Fabiana Moreno
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María A Fiorentino
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Yanina P Hecker
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Spetter
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Franco Fiorani
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María G Monterubbianesi
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Juan A García
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Erika González Altamiranda
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Karina M Cirone
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Andrea E Verna
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Maia Marin
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Felipe Cheuquepán
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Rosana Malena
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Claudia Morsella
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Fernando A Paolicchi
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Eleonora L Morrell
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Dadin P Moore
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7620, Balcarce, Argentina
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Protection of Cattle against Epizootic Bovine Abortion (EBA) Using a Live Pajaroellobacter abortibovis Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020335. [PMID: 35214793 PMCID: PMC8874702 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic bovine abortion (EBA) is an arthropod-borne bacterial disease that causes significant economic loss for cattle producers in the western United States. The etiologic agent, Pajaroellobacter abortibovis, is an intracellular pathogen that has yet to be cultivated in vitro, thereby requiring novel methodologies for vaccine development. A vaccine candidate, using live P. abortibovis-infected cells (P.a-LIC) harvested from mouse spleens, was tested in beef cattle. Over the course of two safety studies and four efficacy trials, safety risks were evaluated, and dosage and potencies refined. No incidence of anaphylaxis, recognized health issues or significant impact upon conception rates were noted. Vaccination did result in subclinical skin reactions. Early fetal losses were noted in two trials and were significant when the vaccine was administered within 21 days prior to conception. Administration of the EBA agent (EBAA) vaccine as a single dose, at a potency of 500 P.a–LIC, 56 days prior to breeding, provided 100% protection with no early fetal losses. Seroconversion occurred in all animals following EBAA vaccination and corresponded well with protection of the fetus from epizootic bovine abortion.
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Cherry CC, Sureda MEN, Gibbins JD, Hale CR, Stapleton GS, Jones ES, Nichols MC. Large animal veterinarians' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding livestock abortion-associated zoonoses in the United States indicate potential occupational health risk. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:780-788. [PMID: 35175930 PMCID: PMC9524364 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.09.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand large animal veterinarians' knowledge of select zoonotic diseases that cause livestock abortions and identify barriers to using personal protective equipment (PPE). SAMPLE A convenience sample of 469 veterinarians currently working with livestock. PROCEDURES We sent an electronic survey invitation to large animal veterinarians through various veterinary organizations. Respondents answered questions addressing knowledge and prior experience with select abortion-associated zoonotic diseases, resources available for infection control, attitudes and barriers to PPE use, and demographics. RESULTS Median participant age was 49 years (range, 22 to 82 years), and 54% (235/438) were male. Half of veterinarians (185/348) were contacted 5 or fewer times per year to consult on livestock abortions. No veterinarians surveyed answered all questions on zoonotic disease transmission correctly. Personal protective equipment access varied, from 99% (289/290) having access to gloves to 20% (59/290) having access to respirators. Concerns for spreading disease to other animals (136/289 [47%]) and to other humans (108/287 [38%]) ranked as the most common reported motivators for PPE use. Reported barriers to PPE use among survey participants were the inconvenience of taking PPE into the field (101/286 [35%]) and the inconvenience of wearing PPE (97/286 [34%]). Access to PPE was not correlated with PPE use. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surveyed veterinarians had limited knowledge of transmission of select abortion-associated zoonotic diseases. Incomplete understanding might lead to inappropriate PPE selection, preventable disease exposure, or missed opportunities for client education. Inconvenience was a primary reason PPE was not used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C. Cherry
- Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - María E. Negrón Sureda
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - John D. Gibbins
- Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Christa R. Hale
- Western States Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, Denver, CO
| | - G. Sean Stapleton
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN,Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Emma S. Jones
- Office of the Director, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Megin C. Nichols
- Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA,Corresponding author: Dr. Nichols (Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329; )
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27
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Sağlam YS, Yildirim S, Özkaraca M, Altun S. Investigation of leptospiral antigen with immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods in cattle kidney. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rabaza A, Macías-Rioseco M, Fraga M, Uzal FA, Eisler MC, Riet-Correa F, Giannitti F. Coxiella burnetii abortion in a dairy farm selling artisanal cheese directly to consumers and review of Q fever as a bovine abortifacient in South America and a human milk-borne disease. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2511-2520. [PMID: 34405372 PMCID: PMC8578271 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a highly transmissible intracellular bacterium with a low infective dose that causes Q fever (coxiellosis), a notifiable zoonotic disease distributed worldwide. Livestock are the main source of C. burnetii transmission to humans, which occurs mostly through the aerogenous route. Although C. burnetii is a major abortifacient in small ruminants, it is less frequently diagnosed in aborting cattle. We report a case of C. burnetii abortion in a lactating Holstein cow from a dairy farm producing and selling artisanal cheese directly to consumers in Uruguay, and review the literature on coxiellosis as a bovine abortifacient in South America and as a milk-borne disease. The aborted cow had severe necrotizing placentitis with abundant intratrophoblastic and intralesional C. burnetii confirmed by immunohistochemistry and PCR. After primo-infection in cattle, C. burnetii remains latent in the lymph nodes and mammary glands, with milk being a significant and persistent excretion route. Viable C. burnetii has been found in unpasteurized milk and cheeses after several months of maturing. The risk of coxiellosis after the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, including cheese, is not negligible. This report raises awareness on bovine coxiellosis as a potential food safety problem in on-farm raw cheese manufacturing and sales. The scant publications on abortive coxiellosis in cattle in South America suggest that the condition has probably gone underreported in all countries of this subcontinent except for Uruguay. Therefore, we also discuss the diagnostic criteria for laboratory-based confirmation of C. burnetii abortion in ruminants as a guideline for veterinary diagnosticians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rabaza
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | - Melissa Macías-Rioseco
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
- California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) Laboratory, University of California At Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martín Fraga
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) Laboratory, University of California At Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark C Eisler
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, UK
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciência Animal Nos Trópicos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay.
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Golender N, Bumbarov V, Kovtunenko A, David D, Guini-Rubinstein M, Sol A, Beer M, Eldar A, Wernike K. Identification and Genetic Characterization of Viral Pathogens in Ruminant Gestation Abnormalities, Israel, 2015-2019. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112136. [PMID: 34834943 PMCID: PMC8619439 DOI: 10.3390/v13112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents including viruses are important abortifacients and can cause fetal abnormalities in livestock animals. Here, samples that had been collected in Israel from aborted or malformed ruminant fetuses between 2015 and 2019 were investigated for the presence of the following viruses: the reoviruses bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), the flaviviruses bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), the peribunyaviruses Shuni virus (SHUV) and Akabane virus (AKAV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Domestic (cattle, sheep, goat) and wild/zoo ruminants were included in the study. The presence of viral nucleic acid or antigen could be confirmed in 21.8 % of abnormal pregnancies (213 out of 976 investigated cases), with peribunyaviruses, reoviruses and pestiviruses being the most prevalent. At least four different BTV serotypes were involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in Israel. The subtyping of pestiviruses revealed the presence of two BDV and several distinct BVDV type 1 strains. The peribunyaviruses AKAV and SHUV were identified annually throughout the study period, however, variation in the extent of virus circulation could be observed between the years. In 2018, AKAV even represented the most detected pathogen in cases of small domestic ruminant gestation abnormalities. In conclusion, it was shown that various viruses are involved in abnormal courses of pregnancy in ruminants in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3968-8949; Fax: +972-3968-1788
| | - Velizar Bumbarov
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Anita Kovtunenko
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Dan David
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Marisol Guini-Rubinstein
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Asaf Sol
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
| | - Avi Eldar
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (V.B.); (A.K.); (D.D.); (M.G.-R.); (A.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.B.); (K.W.)
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30
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Van Loo H, Pascottini OB, Ribbens S, Hooyberghs J, Pardon B, Opsomer G. Retrospective study of factors associated with bovine infectious abortion and perinatal mortality. Prev Vet Med 2021; 191:105366. [PMID: 33930623 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abortion and perinatal mortality, leading causes of economic loss in cattle industry, are the consequence of both non-infectious and a wide range of infectious causes. However, the relative contribution of pathogens to bovine abortion and perinatal mortality is poorly documented, since available studies involved only a limited number of pathogens. Therefore, the objectives of the present monitoring study were to determine the prevalence of infectious agents associated with bovine abortion and perinatal mortality, and to identify differences in production type, gestation length, parity and seasonality by using mixed effect models (logistic regression). A pre-established sampling protocol based on the collection of the aborted fetus/calf and a corresponding maternal blood sample, involving diagnostic testing for 10 pathogens, was performed. At least one potential causal agent of the abortion or perinatal mortality was detected in 39 % of cases. In these diagnosed cases, Neospora caninum was the most detected pathogen, followed by Trueperella pyogenes, BVDv, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Neospora caninum [odds ratio (OR): 0.4; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.3-0.7] and Aspergillus fumigatus (OR: 0.1; 95 % CI: 0.1-0.3) were detected less in late versus early gestation. Aspergillus fumigatus was less common in dairy in comparison to beef abortion cases (OR: 0.2; 95 % CI: 0.1-0.6). Winter was associated with a lower positivity for Neospora caninum and BVDv in comparison to warmer seasons. Despite extensive diagnostic testing, an etiological diagnosis was not reached in 61 % of cases, highlighting the need for even more extensive (non-)infectious disease testing or more accurate tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Van Loo
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - O Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Gamete Research Center, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Ribbens
- Animal Health Services Flanders (DGZ Vlaanderen), Industrielaan 29, 8820, Torhout, Belgium
| | - J Hooyberghs
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Kruidtuinlaan 55, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Moore DP, Cantón GJ, Louge Uriarte EL. Editorial: Infectious Diseases Affecting Reproduction and the Neonatal Period in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:679007. [PMID: 33969046 PMCID: PMC8100021 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.679007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dadín P Moore
- Animal Production Department, Institute of Innovation for Agricultural Production and Sustainable Development (IIPADS), Balcarce, Argentina.,Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Germán J Cantón
- Animal Production Department, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Animal Production Department, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Balcarce, Argentina
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Mee JF, Jawor P, Stefaniak T. Role of Infection and Immunity in Bovine Perinatal Mortality: Part 1. Causes and Current Diagnostic Approaches. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1033. [PMID: 33917506 PMCID: PMC8067527 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While non-infectious causes are more commonly diagnosed in cases of bovine perinatal mortality (PM), the proportion caused by infections is highly variable between studies (~5-35%); the reasons for this variation, and possible underestimation, are discussed. The most important pathogen-specific infectious causes of PM are bacteria (in particular, Bacillus licheniformis and Leptospira spp.), viruses (in particular BVDv) and a parasite (Neospora caninum). However, co-infection may occur in a small proportion of cases and in many cases no single pathogen is detected but gross or microscopic lesions of an inflammatory response are identified. Diagnosis is complicated by the criteria required to establish exposure, infection and causation. Additionally, pathogens can be classified as primary or secondary though such differentiation can be arbitrary. The majority of infectious cases of PM are due to in utero infections but postnatal infections (0-2 days) can also cause PM. Diagnosis of infectious PM is based on a systematic investigation of the herd health history and dam and cohort sampling and examination of the perinate and its placenta. Gross and histopathologic examinations and maternal/herd and perinate serology form the basis of current infectious PM investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, P61 P302 Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Paulina Jawor
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (P.J.); (T.S.)
| | - Tadeusz Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (P.J.); (T.S.)
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Wolf-Jäckel GA, Strube ML, Schou KK, Schnee C, Agerholm JS, Jensen TK. Bovine Abortions Revisited-Enhancing Abortion Diagnostics by 16S rDNA Amplicon Sequencing and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:623666. [PMID: 33708810 PMCID: PMC7940352 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abortion in cattle causes significant economic losses for cattle farmers worldwide. The diversity of abortifacients makes abortion diagnostics a complex and challenging discipline that additionally is restrained by time and economy. Microbial culture has traditionally been an important method for the identification of bacterial and mycotic abortifacients. However, it comes with the inherent bias of favoring the easy-to-culture species, e.g., those that do not require cell culture, pre-enrichment, a variety of selective growth media, or different oxygen levels for in vitro growth. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing have been established as alternatives to traditional microbial culturing methods in several diagnostic fields including abortion diagnostics. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a bridging microscopy technique that combines molecular accuracy with culture independence, and spatial resolution of the pathogen-lesion relation, is also gaining influence in several diagnostic fields. In this study, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, and FISH were applied separately and in combination in order to (i) identify potentially abortifacient bacteria without the bias of culturability, (ii) increase the diagnostic rate using combined molecular methods, (iii) investigate the presence of the difficult-to-culture zoonotic agents Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia spp., and Leptospira spp. in bovine abortions in Denmark. Tissues from 162 aborted or stillborn bovine fetuses and placentas submitted for routine diagnostics were screened for pathogenic bacteria using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Lesion association of fungal elements, as well as of selection of bacterial abortifacients, was assessed using specific FISH assays. The presence of Chlamydia spp. and chlamydia-like organisms was assessed using qPCR. The study focused on bacterial and fungal abortifacients, because Danish cattle is free from most viral abortifacients. The 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing-guided FISH approach was suitable for enhancing abortion diagnostics, i.e., the diagnostic rate for cases with tissue lesions (n = 115) was increased from 46 to 53% when compared to routine diagnostic methods. Identification of Bacillus licheniformis, Escherichia coli, and Trueperella pyogenes accounted for the majority of additional cases with an established etiology. No evidence for emerging or epizootic bacterial pathogens was found. The difficult-to-culture abortifacients were either not detected or not identified as abortifacients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikael Lenz Strube
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Jørgen S Agerholm
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Tim Kåre Jensen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Struthers JD, Lim A, Ferguson S, Lee JK, Chako C, Okwumabua O, Cuneo M, Valle AMD, Brower A. Meningoencephalitis, Vasculitis, and Abortions Caused by Chlamydia pecorum in a Herd of Cattle. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:549-557. [PMID: 33590807 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A cow dairy (n = 2000) in close proximity to a sheep flock had third-trimester abortions and fatalities in cows and calves over a 14-month period. Eighteen of 33 aborted fetuses (55%) had multifocal random suppurative or mononuclear meningoencephalitis with vasculitis. Seventeen of these affected fetuses had intracytoplasmic bacteria in endothelial cells, and 1 fetus with pericarditis had similar bacteria within mesothelial cells or macrophages. Immunohistochemistry for Chlamydia spp. or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Chlamydia pecorum or both, performed on brain or pooled tissue, were positive in all 14 tested fetuses that had meningoencephalitis and in 4/4 calves and in 3/4 tested cows that had meningoencephalitis and thrombotic vasculitis. In 1 calf and 11/11 fetuses, C. pecorum PCR amplicon sequences were 100% homologous to published C. pecorum sequences. Enzootic chlamydiosis due to C. pecorum was the identified cause of the late term abortions and the vasculitis and meningoencephalitis in fetuses, calves, and cows. C. pecorum, an uncommon bovine abortogenic agent, is a differential diagnosis in late-term aborted fetuses with meningoencephalitis, vasculitis, and polyserositis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA
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Nayeri T, Sarvi S, Moosazadeh M, Daryani A. Global prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the aborted fetuses and ruminants that had an abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol 2021; 290:109370. [PMID: 33550003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a zoonotic apicomplexan protozoan that can cause reproductive losses in ruminants across the world. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the worldwide prevalence of T. gondii infection in the aborted fetuses and stillbirths of sheep, goat, and cattle. Moreover, it attempted to evaluate the prevalence rate of T. gondii infection in ruminants that had abortions using serological methods. Based on the keywords, a systematic search of six databases was conducted to retrieve cross-sectional articles in English-language. Data were synthesized to calculate the overall prevalence of T. gondii infection worldwide using the random-effects model with a 95 % confidence interval (CI). Moreover, the present study includes sensitivity analysis, publication bias test, and quality assessment of the studies. The final analyses included 37, 19, and 8 studies conducted on sheep (4383 aborted fetuses and stillbirths as well as 1940 abortive sheep), goat (248 aborted fetuses and stillbirths and 533 abortive goats), and cattle (460 aborted fetuses and stillbirths and 165 abortive cattle). The overall prevalence rates of T. gondii infection in aborted fetuses and stillbirths globally were 42 % (95 % CI: 17 %-67 %), and 31 % (95 % CI: 11 %-51 %) using molecular methods for sheep and goats, as well as 16 % (95 % CI: 11 %-22 %) and 27 % (95 % CI: 1 %-54 %) using serological tests for sheep and goats, respectively. In addition, the overall prevalence rates of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats that had abortions were 56 % (95 % CI: 35 %-76 %) and 50 % (95 % CI: 6 %-94 %), respectively. These analyses could not be performed in cattle due to the small number of studies and the small number of animals under study. According to the high prevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats that had an abortion, T. gondii could be a potential factor of causing reproductive failures in ruminants worldwide. So, effective control measures and strategies are needed to reduce the rate of abortion in sheep and goats as well as reduce the economic damage to the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooran Nayeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Jonker A, Michel AL. Retrospective study of bacterial and fungal causes of abortion in domestic ruminants in northern regions of South Africa (2006-2016). Aust Vet J 2020; 99:66-71. [PMID: 33184848 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This initial retrospective study presents information on bacterial and fungal causes of abortion in domestic ruminants in South Africa over 10 years (2006-2016). A complete set of data was collected at the Faculty of Veterinary Science through a keyword search of pathology and bacteriology laboratory registers. Additional electronic data were received from an external laboratory. A total of 288 cases were recorded from six provinces. Overall diagnostic rate was 35.1%. In 14.6% of cases, histological evidence of an infectious process was found, but no aetiological agent was detected. Several cases did not include aetiological diagnoses because applicable diagnostic techniques were not available or not applied when necessary. Increased submission of placenta, as well as additional conventional and molecular diagnostic methods, can contribute to an improved diagnostic rate. In addition, the study highlights the superior significance of Brucella abortus as a major bovine pathogen in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jonker
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - A L Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Mee JF. Investigation of bovine abortion and stillbirth/perinatal mortality - similar diagnostic challenges, different approaches. Ir Vet J 2020; 73:20. [PMID: 32944225 PMCID: PMC7487920 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-020-00172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This pracademic paper reviews current bovine foetopathy (abortion and stillbirth) case definitions, reporting and triage, and causes and time-of-death and proposes veterinary practitioner-focused investigative standard operating procedures (SOPs). Issues of under- and over-triage and intra-institutional SOP harmonisation are also discussed. It is proposed that an ‘observable abortion’ (120–260 days of gestation) is a more practitioner-friendly definition of abortion for reporting and benchmarking purposes and that the term ‘peristillbirth’ can replace stillbirth and perinatal mortality. Diagnosis of bovine foetopathy involves an investigative triad of the farmer, veterinary practitioner and the veterinary diagnostic laboratory. However, the poor sensitivity of abortion reporting undermines the value of currently adopted scanning/passive surveillance; parallel active surveillance/sentinel herd models should also be employed. The approach to abortion investigation differs from that of peristillbirth. The former should include collecting a herd and case history, examination and sampling of dam and cohorts and sampling of the foetus and placenta. A sample selection decision tree is provided to assist test selection. In peristillbirths, non-infectious and periparturient causes-of-death are more important hence the anamnesis must focus on peristillbirth risk factors and calving management. The foetopsy, while including the sampling menu appropriate to aborted foetuses, must also include a detailed internal and external examination of the carcass for lesions indicative of periparturient causes-of-death. In addition, for aborted foetuses the time-of-death is not important as the foetus is generally not viable; however, for the peristillbirth the time-of-death is critical as it provides useful information for the farmer to address modifiable risk factors and to alter their perinatal management. Reporting of the ultimate cause-of-death is more useful to prevent future abortions and peristillbirths though the proximate cause-of-death is often reported in the absence of a complete clinical anamnesis. Finally, the common reasons for diagnosis not reached (DNR) and the limitations of current investigative approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork Ireland
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Vaccine Candidate Brucella melitensis 16M ΔvjbR Is Safe in a Pregnant Sheep Model and Confers Protection. mSphere 2020; 5:5/3/e00120-20. [PMID: 32404509 PMCID: PMC7227765 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00120-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural host species for Brucella melitensis, pregnant sheep offer an ideal model to evaluate vaccine candidates for safety. B. melitensis strain Rev. 1 has been used almost exclusively to prevent brucellosis in small ruminants, but it causes abortions when given to pregnant animals. To evaluate the comparative safety of the candidate Brucella melitensis 16MΔvjbR, pregnant sheep (n = 6) were vaccinated subcutaneously with 1 × 1010 CFU/ml of 16MΔvjbR or 1 × 109 CFU/ml Rev. 1 at a highly susceptible stage of gestation (approximately 70 days). 16MΔvjbR resulted in only 1 abortion (1 of 6) compared with 4 of 6 (66.7%) abortions in the Rev. 1 cohort. The placenta was evaluated by culture to determine if vaccination resulted in colonization. As another measure of safety, effects of B. melitensis on the fetus/offspring (vertical transmission) was evaluated by culture and histopathology of fetal tissues to determine if vaccination prevented infection of the fetus. Vaccination with 16MΔvjbR resulted in less vertical transmission than Rev. 1. To determine if vaccination was efficacious and could reduce tissue colonization in sheep, the same cohort of sheep were challenged 5 weeks postpartum by conjunctival inoculation with 1 × 107 CFU/ml B. melitensis Protection was similar between Rev. 1 and 16MΔvjbR, with no statistical difference in colonization in the target organs. Overall, the 16MΔvjbR vaccine was considered safer than Rev. 1 based on a reduced number of abortions and limited infection in the offspring. Future experiments are needed to further refine the vaccine dose to increase the safety margin and to evaluate protection in pregnant ewes.IMPORTANCE Brucellosis is one of the most commonly reported zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. Of the 12 Brucella species, Brucella melitensis is considered the most virulent and causes reproductive failure (abortions/stillbirths) in small ruminants, which can spread the disease to other animals or to humans. Vaccination of small ruminants is a key measure used to protect both human and animal health. However, the commercially available live-attenuated vaccine for Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 retains virulence and can cause disease in animals and humans. In order to evaluate the safety and efficacy in sheep, we vaccinated pregnant sheep with 16MΔvjbR Our results indicate that 16MΔvjbR was safer for use during pregnancy, provided a similar level of protection as Rev. 1, and could be considered an improved candidate for future vaccine trials.
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Macías-Rioseco M, Silveira C, Fraga M, Casaux L, Cabrera A, Francia ME, Robello C, Maya L, Zarantonelli L, Suanes A, Colina R, Buschiazzo A, Giannitti F, Riet-Correa F. Causes of abortion in dairy cows in Uruguay. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: A case series study was conducted to determine the frequency of causes of abortion in dairy cattle in Uruguay. The sample size of 102 cases was composed of 53 fetuses, 35 fetuses with placentas, and 14 placentas without an associated fetus. All cases underwent gross and microscopic pathologic examinations as well as microbiological and serological testing. The etiology was determined in 54 (53%) of cases, 51 of which were caused by infectious agents. Within the observed 102 cases, 30 (29%) were caused by Neospora caninum, six (6%) by Coxiella burnetii and two (2%) by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis. Bovine Parainfluenza-3 virus and Salmonella enterica serovar Newport caused one abortion each. Opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Mannheimia sp., Trueperella pyogenes, and Providencia stuartii) were associated with 11 abortions. In two cases the fetal death was attributed to dystocia, and in one case the fetus had a congenital mesothelioma. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was identified in three fetuses; two of which were co-infected with and had typical lesions of N. caninum. No lesions were observed in the other fetus infected by BVDV. Leptospira interrogans was identified in one fetus without lesions. Despite the relatively low overall success rate in establishing an etiological diagnosis in cases of abortion in cattle, a systemic workup of bovine abortion is necessary to establish prevention and control strategies. This also facilitates monitoring and surveillance of reproductive diseases in dairy cattle, some of which represent a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Macías-Rioseco
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay; Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
| | - Caroline Silveira
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay; Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
| | - Martin Fraga
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay
| | - Laura Casaux
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay; Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | - Leticia Zarantonelli
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay; Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay
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Szeredi L, Dán Á, Malik P, Jánosi S, Hornyák Á. Low incidence of Schmallenberg virus infection in natural cases of abortion in domestic ruminants in Hungary. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:105-111. [PMID: 32384062 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An epizootic caused by a new orthobunyavirus called Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was recognised in European ruminants in 2011 and 2012. The re-emergence of the infection was reported in several countries in the subsequent years. Although the main clinical sign of SBV infection is abortion, the impact of SBV in natural cases of abortion in domestic ruminants had not been systematically examined before this study. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of SBV infection and to compare it to the importance of other causes of abortion by examining 537 natural cases of abortion that had occurred between 2011 and 2017 in Hungary. The cause of abortion was determined in 165 (31%) cases. An infectious cause was proved in 88 (16%) cases. SBV infection was found only in a total of four cases (0.8%) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Three of them proved to be inapparent SBV infection, and one case was attributed to SBV-induced abortion by detecting non-purulent encephalitis and SBV nucleoprotein by immunohistochemistry in a brain tissue sample. According to the results, SBV played a minor role in natural cases of domestic ruminant abortion in Hungary during the 7-year period following the first SBV outbreak in 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Szeredi
- 1Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dán
- 1Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
- 2Present adress: SCG Diagnostics Ltd., Délegyháza, Hungary
| | - Péter Malik
- 1Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Jánosi
- 1Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Hornyák
- 1Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
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Wolf-Jäckel GA, Hansen MS, Larsen G, Holm E, Agerholm JS, Jensen TK. Diagnostic studies of abortion in Danish cattle 2015-2017. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:1. [PMID: 31900210 PMCID: PMC6942357 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abortion is a major source of economic losses in cattle breeding. Abortion occurs due to a wide range of causes, but infections are the most frequently diagnosed. However, establishing an aetiological diagnosis remains challenging due to the large variety of bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi that have been associated with abortion in cattle. Economic restraints limit the range of diagnostic methods available for routine diagnostics, and decomposition of the conceptus or lack of proper fetal and/or maternal samples further restrict the diagnostic success. In this study, we report recent diagnostic findings from bovine abortions in Denmark, a country that has a large dairy sector and is free from most infectious agents causing epizootic abortion in cattle. The aims of the study were: (i) to identify infectious causes of bovine abortion in Denmark, (ii) to categorise the diagnostic findings based on the level of diagnostic certainty, and (iii) to assess the diagnostic rate. Due to economic restraints, only a limited panel of routine diagnostic methods were available. Placentas and/or fetuses from mid- to late-term abortions and stillbirths (n = 162) were submitted to the Danish National Veterinary Institute between January 2015 and June 2017. The aborted materials were examined macroscopically, histologically, and by bacterial culture. Maternal blood samples were tested for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) antibodies. Results The likely aetiology of the abortion was diagnosed in 52 cases, resulting in a diagnostic rate of 33%. The most common cause was protozoal infection (19%) followed by infection with Trueperella pyogenes (3%), Staphylococcus aureus (2%), and non-haemolytic Escherichia coli (2%). Lesions in fetuses with a protozoal infection were consistent with neosporosis. In many cases (38%), inflammatory changes were found in the placenta and/or fetal organs but no specific aetiology was identified. Neither infection with Brucella spp. nor maternal BVDV antibodies were detected. The majority of submitting herds (92%) were each represented by fewer than three abortion cases over the study period. Conclusions Protozoal infection, most likely neosporosis, was the most commonly diagnosed cause of abortion and the only one associated with potential epizootic abortion events. Despite using a reduced number of diagnostic methods in comparison to other abortion studies, the diagnostic rate of this study was within the range reported in an earlier Danish study, as well as in recent international studies. The low number of submitted cases per herd and the sparse anamnestic information provided at submission hampered conclusions on the potential epizootic character of the abortion events in question.
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Isolation of Arcobacter species and other neglected opportunistic agents from aborted bovine and caprine fetuses. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:257. [PMID: 31340816 PMCID: PMC6651951 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious abortion in ruminants is a problem in animal husbandry worldwide. It is important to obtain a diagnosis, to make sure that proper control measures can be instituted, but most abortion cases remain without an etiologic diagnosis. This report describes the presence of Arcobacter species and several neglected opportunistic abortifacient agents in ruminant abortion cases showing or not co-infections among at least one of the major recognized protozoal, fungal, bacterial and viral abortifacient agents. Results A total of 67 fetuses (55 cattle and 12 goats) and just one placenta (cattle) were considered. Among the most common abortive agents, Neospora caninum (19,4%), followed by Chlamydophila abortus (4,5%), Listeria monocytogenes 1/2a (2,98%), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus type 1b (2,98%), Bovine herpesvirus 4 (2,98%), and Aspergillus spp. (2,98%) were detected. The isolated neglected opportunistic bacteria include Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus suis, Trueperella pyogenes, Mannheimia haemolytica, Bacillus cereus and Nocardia spp. Other bacterial species, not associated with abortion by literature, but described as causes of diseases occurring sporadically both in humans and animals, were also detected. Three Arcobacter strains, namely two A. skirrowii and one A. cryaerophilus, were isolated from 3 bovine aborted fetuses, and A. butzleri was isolated from the placenta. Conclusions A not negligible isolation of Arcobacter species and other neglected abortifacient agents has to be mentioned, with prevalences that seem to be emerging and replacing or co-placing the major infectious players in bovine and caprine reproductive failure due to abortion disease, even if further studies investigating the aetiological power and transmission routes are needed in order to define the role of these microrganisms in ruminant abortion.
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Macías-Rioseco M, Riet-Correa F, Miller MM, Sondgeroth K, Fraga M, Silveira C, Uzal FA, Giannitti F. Bovine abortion caused by Coxiella burnetii: report of a cluster of cases in Uruguay and review of the literature. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:634-639. [PMID: 31179891 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719856394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A cluster of 4 bovine abortions caused by Coxiella burnetii occurred in a dairy herd in Uruguay during a 2-mo period. Case 1 consisted of a placenta from an aborted cow; cases 2-4 were fetuses and their placentas. Grossly, the placenta from one aborted cow had moderate, diffuse reddening of the cotyledons and loss of translucency of the intercotyledonary areas. No gross lesions were observed in the other 3 placentas. Microscopically, 2 of 4 placentas had fibrinonecrotizing placentitis with abundant intratrophoblastic gram-negative coccobacilli. C. burnetii was identified intralesionally by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in all 4 placentas, and by PCR and DNA sequencing in 3 placentas analyzed by these techniques. One fetus had mild neutrophilic alveolitis with multinucleate syncytial cells; no gross or microscopic lesions were observed in the other 2 fetuses examined. The lungs of the 3 fetuses were negative for C. burnetii by IHC. Tests performed to investigate other possible causes of abortions in the 4 cases were negative. C. burnetii causes Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in animals. Clusters of abortions in cattle by C. burnetii have not been reported previously, to our knowledge; this bacterium has been considered an opportunistic pathogen associated only with sporadic abortion in cattle. We present herein a cluster of 4 bovine abortions caused by C. burnetii in a dairy farm during a period of 2 mo and a review of the literature on C. burnetii infection in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Macías-Rioseco
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa, Fraga, Silveira, Giannitti).,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal).,Wyoming State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Miller, Sondgeroth).,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa, Fraga, Silveira, Giannitti).,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal).,Wyoming State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Miller, Sondgeroth).,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Myrna M Miller
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa, Fraga, Silveira, Giannitti).,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal).,Wyoming State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Miller, Sondgeroth).,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Kerry Sondgeroth
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa, Fraga, Silveira, Giannitti).,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal).,Wyoming State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Miller, Sondgeroth).,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Martin Fraga
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa, Fraga, Silveira, Giannitti).,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal).,Wyoming State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Miller, Sondgeroth).,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Caroline Silveira
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa, Fraga, Silveira, Giannitti).,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal).,Wyoming State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Miller, Sondgeroth).,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa, Fraga, Silveira, Giannitti).,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal).,Wyoming State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Miller, Sondgeroth).,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa, Fraga, Silveira, Giannitti).,Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay (Macías-Rioseco, Riet-Correa).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA (Uzal).,Wyoming State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY (Miller, Sondgeroth).,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN (Giannitti)
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Vidal S, Brandt BW, Dettwiler M, Abril C, Bressan J, Greub G, Frey CF, Perreten V, Rodriguez-Campos S. Limited added value of fungal ITS amplicon sequencing in the study of bovine abortion. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00915. [PMID: 30426108 PMCID: PMC6222074 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mycotic abortion is sporadic and caused by different ubiquitous and opportunistic fungi. Recently, a broad spectrum of bacterial opportunists involved in bovine abortion was revealed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We hypothesized that fungal organisms potentially involved in bovine abortion also might remain undetected by conventional culture. In this retrospective study, we therefore applied fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region amplicon sequencing to 74 cases of bovine abortion submitted to our diagnostic service. The investigation was complemented by fungal culture and, retrospectively, by data from bacteriological, virological and parasitological analyses and histopathological examination of placentas. Fungal DNA was found in both the placentas and abomasal contents, with 92 fungal genera identified. In 18 cases, >75% of the reads belonged to one specific fungal genus: Candida (n = 7), Malassezia (n = 4), Cryptococcus (n = 3), unidentified Capnodiales (n = 3), Actinomucor (n = 1), Cystofilobasidium (n = 1), Penicillium (n = 1), Verticillum (n = 1) and Zymoseptoria (n = 1) with one case harboring two different genera. By culture, in contrast, fungal agents were detected in only 6 cases. Inflammatory and/or necrotizing lesions were found in 27/40 histologically assessed placentas. However, no lesion-associated fungal structures were detected in HE- and PAS-stained specimens. Complementary data revealed the presence of one or more non-fungal possible abortifacient: Chlamydiales, Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp., Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pluranimalium, Bacillus licheniformis, Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, Serratia marcescens, Trueperella pyogenes, Schmallenbergvirus, Neospora caninum. The mycobiota revealed by sequencing did not differ between cases with or without a possible infectious etiology. Our study suggests that amplicon sequencing of the ITS2 region from DNA isolated from bovine abortion does not provide additional information or new insight into mycotic abortion and without complementary analyses may easily lead to a false interpretation of the role of fungal organisms in bovine abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vidal
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernd W. Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martina Dettwiler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Abril
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jenny Bressan
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Bugnon 48, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline F. Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Reichel MP, Wahl LC, Hill FI. Review of Diagnostic Procedures and Approaches to Infectious Causes of Reproductive Failures of Cattle in Australia and New Zealand. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:222. [PMID: 30333984 PMCID: PMC6176146 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious causes of reproductive failure in cattle are important in Australia and New Zealand, where strict biosecurity protocols are in place to prevent the introduction and spread of new diseases. Neospora caninum ranks highly as an important cause of reproductive wastage along with fungal and bacterial infections. Brucella, a leading cause of abortion elsewhere in the world, is foreign, following successful programs to control and eradicate the disease. Leptospirosis in cattle is largely controlled by vaccination, while Campylobacter and Tritrichomonas infections occur at low rates. In both countries, Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection rates as the second most economically important disease of cattle and one that also has an effect on reproduction. Effective disease control strategies require rapid diagnoses at diagnostic laboratories. To facilitate this process, this review will discuss the infectious causes of reproductive losses present in both countries, their clinical presentation and an effective pathway to a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Reichel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lloyd C Wahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fraser I Hill
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Macías-Rioseco M, Mirazo S, Uzal FA, Fraga M, Silveira C, Maya L, Riet-Correa F, Arbiza J, Colina R, Anderson ML, Giannitti F. Fetal Pathology in an Aborted Holstein Fetus Infected With Bovine Parainfluenza Virus-3 Genotype A. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:277-281. [PMID: 30244663 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818798117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV-3) is a recognized respiratory pathogen of cattle, and it has also been identified in aborted fetuses. However, little is known of this agent as a reproductive pathogen and detailed descriptions of fetal pathology on natural cases are lacking in the scientific literature. This article describes and illustrates lesions in a fetus spontaneously aborted by a first-calving Holstein heifer, naturally infected with BPIV-3 genotype A, broadening the current knowledge on fetal pathology by this virus. Fetal autopsy revealed diffusely reddened, rubbery and unexpanded lungs. Histologically, there was necrotizing bronchiolitis/alveolitis with intraluminal fibrin exudate and syncytial cells in the bronchiolar/alveolar spaces, and non-suppurative peribronchiolitis and perivascular interstitial pneumonia. In the small intestine there was multifocal necrotizing cryptitis and occasional necrotic syncytial enterocytes. Intralesional and extralesional BPIV-3 antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry in the lung and small intestine, and BPIV-3a was identified in fetal tissues by RT-PCR and sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Macías-Rioseco
- 1 Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- 3 California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Martín Fraga
- 1 Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Caroline Silveira
- 1 Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Leticia Maya
- 4 Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- 1 Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Juan Arbiza
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- 4 Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Mark L Anderson
- 3 California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS), University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Federico Giannitti
- 1 Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay.,5 Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Sebastiani C, Curcio L, Ciullo M, Cruciani D, Crotti S, Pesca C, Torricelli M, Sebastianelli M, Felici A, Biagetti M. A multi-screening Fast qPCR approach to the identification of abortive agents in ruminants. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 148:12-17. [PMID: 29574004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abortion in ruminants represents an important economic concern for farmers. Microbial agents, such as Brucella spp., Chlamydia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp., Neospora caninum, Salmonella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, are among the main infectious causes of abortion and require rapid and reliable diagnosis. This study describes the development of a multi-screening assay using Fast Real-Time PCR (Fast qPCR) that allows, in a single test, the simultaneous identification of the above-mentioned abortive agents. This multi-screening approach is characterized by a mean diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 97%, respectively; it has a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 5 × 103 to 4 × 104 genomic copies/g of tissue and a very good concordance with traditional end-point PCR assays used in routine diagnostic activity. The proposed method represents a rapid approach to the simultaneous detection of the main abortive agents in ruminants that allows to make an accurate diagnosis and to set up appropriate control measures in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sebastiani
- R&D Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ludovica Curcio
- R&D Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcella Ciullo
- R&D Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Deborah Cruciani
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Pesca
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Torricelli
- R&D Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Sebastianelli
- R&D Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Felici
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Biagetti
- R&D Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche - Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Vidal S, Kegler K, Posthaus H, Perreten V, Rodriguez-Campos S. Amplicon sequencing of bacterial microbiota in abortion material from cattle. Vet Res 2017; 48:64. [PMID: 29017611 PMCID: PMC5633877 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Abortions in cattle have a significant economic impact on animal husbandry and require prompt diagnosis for surveillance of epizootic infectious agents. Since most abortions are not epizootic but sporadic with often undetected etiologies, this study examined the bacterial community present in the placenta (PL, n = 32) and fetal abomasal content (AC, n = 49) in 64 cases of bovine abortion by next generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S rRNA gene. The PL and AC from three fetuses of dams that died from non-infectious reasons were included as controls. All samples were analyzed by bacterial culture, and 17 were examined by histopathology. We observed 922 OTUs overall and 267 taxa at the genus level. No detectable bacterial DNA was present in the control samples. The microbial profiles of the PL and AC differed significantly, both in their composition (PERMANOVA), species richness and Chao-1 (Mann-Whitney test). In both organs, Pseudomonas was the most abundant genus. The combination of NGS and culture identified opportunistic pathogens of interest in placentas with lesions, such as Vibrio metschnikovii, Streptococcus uberis, Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli. In placentas with lesions where culturing was unsuccessful, Pseudomonas and unidentified Aeromonadaceae were identified by NGS displaying high number of reads. Three cases with multiple possible etiologies and placentas presenting lesions were detected by NGS. Amplicon sequencing has the potential to uncover unknown etiological agents. These new insights on cattle abortion extend our focus to previously understudied opportunistic abortive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vidal
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristel Kegler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Derdour SY, Hafsi F, Azzag N, Tennah S, Laamari A, China B, Ghalmi F. Prevalence of The Main Infectious Causes of Abortion in Dairy Cattle in Algeria. J Vet Res 2017; 61:337-343. [PMID: 29978092 PMCID: PMC5894425 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Abortion in cattle is a major source of economic losses for the agriculture sector. It can be due to infectious or non-infectious factors. Among infectious factors, parasites, bacteria, viruses, and fungi can be involved. The present work investigated the prevalence of the main infectious agents of abortion in Algerian cattle. Material and Methods Altogether 278 non-aborting and 82 aborting cows were analysed. Results The prevalence ranged from 0% for Tritrichomonas foetus to 15% for Neospora caninum. Additionally, a case-control study was performed to find the association between the presence of the pathogens and the occurrence of abortion in cows. The odds ratios were significant for Neospora caninum, bovine herpes virus 4, BVD virus, Brucella abortus, Salmonella Dublin, Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo, and Coxiella burnetii. Conclusions The pathogens enumerated here could be major causes of abortion among Algerian cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima-Yamina Derdour
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources, Higher National Veterinary School, El Alia, Oued Smar, 1615 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fella Hafsi
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources, Higher National Veterinary School, El Alia, Oued Smar, 1615 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Naouelle Azzag
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources, Higher National Veterinary School, El Alia, Oued Smar, 1615 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Safia Tennah
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources, Higher National Veterinary School, El Alia, Oued Smar, 1615 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdelouahab Laamari
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources, Higher National Veterinary School, El Alia, Oued Smar, 1615 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Bernard China
- Scientific Institute for Public Health, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Farida Ghalmi
- Research Laboratory Management of Local Animal Resources, Higher National Veterinary School, El Alia, Oued Smar, 1615 Algiers, Algeria
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Tibary A. Grand Challenge Animal Reproduction-Theriogenology: From the Bench to Application to Animal Production and Reproductive Medicine. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:114. [PMID: 28770218 PMCID: PMC5511824 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tibary
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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