1
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Weiss R, Mostageer M, Eichhorn T, Huber S, Egger D, Spittler A, Tripisciano C, Kasper C, Weber V. The fluorochrome-to-protein ratio is crucial for the flow cytometric detection of tissue factor on extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6419. [PMID: 38494537 PMCID: PMC10944842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have crucial roles in hemostasis and coagulation. They sustain coagulation by exposing phosphatidylserine and initiate clotting by surface expression of tissue factor (TF) under inflammatory conditions. As their relevance as biomarkers of coagulopathy is increasingly recognized, there is a need for the sensitive and reliable detection of TF+ EVs, but their flow cytometric analysis is challenging and has yielded controversial findings for TF expression on EVs in the vascular system. We investigated the effect of different fluorochrome-to-protein (F/P) ratios of anti-TF-fluorochrome conjugates on the flow cytometric detection of TF+ EVs from activated monocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and in COVID-19 plasma. Using a FITC-labeled anti-TF antibody (clone VD8), we show that the percentage of TF+ EVs declined with decreasing F/P ratios. TF was detected on 7.6%, 5.4%, and 1.1% of all EVs derived from activated monocytes at F/P ratios of 7.7:1, 6.6:1, and 5.2:1. A similar decline was observed for EVs from MSCs and for EVs in plasma, whereas the detection of TF on cells remained unaffected by different F/P ratios. We provide clear evidence that next to the antibody clone, the F/P ratio affects the flow cytometric detection of TF+ EVs and should be carefully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Weiss
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Marwa Mostageer
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Tanja Eichhorn
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Silke Huber
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Egger
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry & Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carla Tripisciano
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Institute of Cell and Tissue Culture Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, University for Continuing Education Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.
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2
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Sun S, Campello E, Zou J, Konings J, Huskens D, Wan J, Fernández DI, Reutelingsperger CPM, ten Cate H, Toffanin S, Bulato C, de Groot PG, de Laat B, Simioni P, Heemskerk JWM, Roest M. Crucial roles of red blood cells and platelets in whole blood thrombin generation. Blood Adv 2023; 7:6717-6731. [PMID: 37648671 PMCID: PMC10651426 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets contribute to the coagulation capacity in bleeding and thrombotic disorders. The thrombin generation (TG) process is considered to reflect the interactions between plasma coagulation and the various blood cells. Using a new high-throughput method capturing the complete TG curve, we were able to compare TG in whole blood and autologous platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma to redefine the blood cell contributions to the clotting process. We report a faster and initially higher generation of thrombin and shorter coagulation time in whole blood than in platelet-rich plasma upon low concentrations of coagulant triggers, including tissue factor, Russell viper venom factor X, factor Xa, factor XIa, and thrombin. The TG was accelerated with increased hematocrit and delayed after prior treatment of RBC with phosphatidylserine-blocking annexin A5. RBC treatment with ionomycin increased phosphatidylserine exposure, confirmed by flow cytometry, and increased the TG process. In reconstituted blood samples, the prior selective blockage of phosphatidylserine on RBC with annexin A5 enhanced glycoprotein VI-induced platelet procoagulant activity. For patients with anemia or erythrocytosis, cluster analysis revealed high or low whole-blood TG profiles in specific cases of anemia. The TG profiles lowered upon annexin A5 addition in the presence of RBCs and thus were determined by the extent of phosphatidylserine exposure of blood cells. Profiles for patients with polycythemia vera undergoing treatment were similar to that of control subjects. We concluded that RBC and platelets, in a phosphatidylserine-dependent way, contribute to the TG process. Determination of the whole-blood hypo- or hyper-coagulant activity may help to characterize a bleeding or thrombosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Sun
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Campello
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Jinmi Zou
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Konings
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dana Huskens
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Wan
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Delia I. Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Chris P. M. Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo ten Cate
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bas de Laat
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Johan W. M. Heemskerk
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Roest
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Eustes AS, Dayal S. The Role of Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Immune-Mediated Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7837. [PMID: 35887184 PMCID: PMC9320310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) play important roles in hemostasis and thrombosis. There are three major types of PEVs described based on their size and characteristics, but newer types may continue to emerge owing to the ongoing improvement in the methodologies and terms used to define various types of EVs. As the literature on EVs is growing, there are continuing attempts to standardize protocols for EV isolation and reach consensus in the field. This review provides information on mechanisms of PEV production, characteristics, cellular interaction, and their pathological role, especially in autoimmune and infectious diseases. We also highlight the mechanisms through which PEVs can activate parent cells in a feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia S. Eustes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Sanjana Dayal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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4
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Zhang X, Tang J, Kou X, Huang W, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Yang K, Li C, Hao M, Qu Y, Ma L, Chen C, Shi S, Zhou Y. Proteomic analysis of MSC-derived apoptotic vesicles identifies Fas inheritance to ameliorate haemophilia a via activating platelet functions. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12240. [PMID: 36856683 PMCID: PMC9927920 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) are apoptotic cell-derived nanosized vesicles that play a crucial role in multiple pathophysiological settings. However, their detailed characteristics, specific surface markers, and biological properties are not fully elucidated. In this study, we compared mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived apoVs and exosomes from three different types of MSCs including human bone marrow MSCs (hBMSCs), human adipose MSCs (hASCs), and mouse bone marrow MSCs (mBMSCs). We established a unique protein map of MSC-derived apoVs and identified the differences between apoVs and exosomes in terms of functional protein cargo and surface markers. Furthermore, we identified 13 proteins specifically enriched in apoVs compared to exosomes, which can be used as apoV-specific biomarkers. In addition, we showed that apoVs inherited apoptotic imprints such as Fas to ameliorate haemophilia A in factor VIII knockout mice via binding to the platelets' FasL to activate platelet functions, and therefore rescuing the blood clotting disorder. In summary, we systemically characterized MSC-derived apoVs and identified their therapeutic role in haemophilia A treatment through a previously unknown Fas/FasL linkage mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental MaterialsBeijing100081China,South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell ResearchHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Jianxia Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral HealthXiangya School of Stomatology, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha410000China,South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell ResearchHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell ResearchHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat‐Sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
| | - Weiying Huang
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell ResearchHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental MaterialsBeijing100081China
| | - Yuhe Jiang
- Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental MaterialsBeijing100081China
| | - Kunkun Yang
- Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental MaterialsBeijing100081China
| | - Can Li
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell ResearchHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Meng Hao
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell ResearchHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yan Qu
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell ResearchHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Lan Ma
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell ResearchHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
| | - Chider Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and PharmacologyUniversity of Pennsylvania, School of Dental MedicinePhiladelphiaPA 19104USA
| | - Songtao Shi
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell ResearchHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat‐Sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhou510080China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental MaterialsBeijing100081China
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5
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Ekholm M, Kahan T. The Impact of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System on Inflammation, Coagulation, and Atherothrombotic Complications, and to Aggravated COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:640185. [PMID: 34220496 PMCID: PMC8245685 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered a disease caused by a chronic inflammation, associated with endothelial dysfunction, and several mediators of inflammation are up-regulated in subjects with atherosclerotic disease. Healthy, intact endothelium exhibits an antithrombotic, protective surface between the vascular lumen and vascular smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between anti- and prooxidants, with a subsequent increase of reactive oxygen species, leading to tissue damage. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is of vital importance in the pathobiology of vascular disease. Convincing data indicate that angiotensin II accelerates hypertension and augments the production of reactive oxygen species. This leads to the generation of a proinflammatory phenotype in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells by the up-regulation of adhesion molecules, chemokines and cytokines. In addition, angiotensin II also seems to increase thrombin generation, possibly via a direct impact on tissue factor. However, the mechanism of cross-talk between inflammation and haemostasis can also contribute to prothrombotic states in inflammatory environments. Thus, blocking of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system might be an approach to reduce both inflammatory and thrombotic complications in high-risk patients. During COVID-19, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may be activated. The levels of angiotensin II could contribute to the ongoing inflammation, which might result in a cytokine storm, a complication that significantly impairs prognosis. At the outbreak of COVID-19 concerns were raised about the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blocker drugs in patients with COVID-19 and hypertension or other cardiovascular comorbidities. However, the present evidence is in favor of continuing to use of these drugs. Based on experimental evidence, blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system might even exert a potentially protective influence in the setting of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ekholm
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Kahan
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Hell L, Däullary T, Burghart V, Mauracher LM, Grilz E, Moser B, Kramer G, Schmid JA, Ay C, Pabinger I, Thaler J. Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Tissue Factor Activity in Prostate Cancer Patients with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071487. [PMID: 33804899 PMCID: PMC8036918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) may occur in patients with advanced prostate cancer. In the present study, we detected elevated extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated tissue factor (TF) activity in the plasma of prostate cancer patients with DIC compared with matched prostate cancer patients without DIC and healthy individuals. TF-exposing EVs from DIC patients were highly coagulant in a clotting assay. In in vitro co-culture experiments, EV-TF activity was increased by interactions between a TF-exposing prostate cancer cell line (DU145), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and platelets. Data from this study contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of prostate cancer-related DIC. Abstract Patients with advanced prostate cancer may develop fulminant disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs)-exposing tissue factor (TF), the initiator of the coagulation cascade, may play an important role. We included 7 prostate cancer patients with DIC, 10 age- and stage-matched cancer controls without DIC, and 10 age-matched healthy male individuals. EV-TF activity was highly elevated in prostate cancer patients with DIC (11.40 pg/mL; range: 4.34–27.06) compared with prostate cancer patients without DIC (0.09 pg/mL; range: 0.00–0.30, p = 0.001) and healthy controls (0.18 pg/mL; range: 0.09–0.54; p = 0.001). Only EVs from patients with DIC reduced fibrin clot formation time of pooled plasma in a TF-dependent manner. Next, we performed in vitro co-culture experiments including EVs derived from a prostate cancer cell line with high (DU145) and low (LNCaP) TF expression, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and platelets. Co-incubation of DU145 EVs with PBMCs and platelets significantly increased EV-TF activity in conditioned medium and induced TF activity on monocytes. No such effects were seen in co-culture experiments with LNCaP EVs. In conclusion, the findings indicate that elevated EV-TF activity plays a role in the development of prostate-cancer-related DIC and may result from interactions between tumor-derived EVs, monocytes, and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hell
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.H.); (T.D.); (V.B.); (L.-M.M.); (E.G.); (C.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Thomas Däullary
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.H.); (T.D.); (V.B.); (L.-M.M.); (E.G.); (C.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Vanessa Burghart
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.H.); (T.D.); (V.B.); (L.-M.M.); (E.G.); (C.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Lisa-Marie Mauracher
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.H.); (T.D.); (V.B.); (L.-M.M.); (E.G.); (C.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Ella Grilz
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.H.); (T.D.); (V.B.); (L.-M.M.); (E.G.); (C.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (B.M.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Gero Kramer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Johannes A. Schmid
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (B.M.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Cihan Ay
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.H.); (T.D.); (V.B.); (L.-M.M.); (E.G.); (C.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Ingrid Pabinger
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.H.); (T.D.); (V.B.); (L.-M.M.); (E.G.); (C.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Johannes Thaler
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.H.); (T.D.); (V.B.); (L.-M.M.); (E.G.); (C.A.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Wan J, Konings J, de Laat B, Hackeng TM, Roest M. Added Value of Blood Cells in Thrombin Generation Testing. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1574-1587. [PMID: 33742437 DOI: 10.1055/a-1450-8300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of blood to form thrombin is a critical determinant of coagulability. Plasma thrombin generation (TG), a test that probes the capacity of plasma to form thrombin, has improved our knowledge of the coagulation system and shows promising utility in coagulation management. Although plasma TG gives comprehensive insights into the function of pro- and anticoagulation drivers, it does not measure the role of blood cells in TG. In this literature review, we discuss currently available continuous TG tests that can reflect the involvement of blood cells in coagulation, in particular the fluorogenic assays that allow continuous measurement in platelet-rich plasma and whole blood. We also provide an overview about the influence of blood cells on blood coagulation, with emphasis on the direct influence of blood cells on TG. Platelets accelerate the initiation and velocity of TG by phosphatidylserine exposure, granule content release and surface receptor interaction with coagulation proteins. Erythrocytes are also major providers of phosphatidylserine, and erythrocyte membranes trigger contact activation. Furthermore, leukocytes and cancer cells may be important players in cell-mediated coagulation because, under certain conditions, they express tissue factor, release procoagulant components and can induce platelet activation. We argue that testing TG in the presence of blood cells may be useful to distinguish blood cell-related coagulation disorders. However, it should also be noted that these blood cell-dependent TG assays are not clinically validated. Further standardization and validation studies are needed to explore their clinical usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wan
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Konings
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Laat
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Roest
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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8
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Mechanisms and biomarkers of cancer-associated thrombosis. Transl Res 2020; 225:33-53. [PMID: 32645431 PMCID: PMC8020882 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated thrombosis is a leading cause of non-cancer death in cancer patients and is comprised of both arterial and venous thromboembolism (VTE). There are multiple risk factors for developing VTE, including cancer type, stage, treatment, and other medical comorbidities, which suggests that the etiology of thrombosis is multifactorial. While cancer-associated thrombosis can be treated with anticoagulation, benefits of therapy must be balanced with the increased bleeding risks seen in patients with cancer. Although risk models exist for primary and recurrent VTE, additional predictors are needed to improve model performance and discrimination of high-risk patients. This review will outline the diverse mechanisms driving thrombosis in cancer patients, as well as provide an overview of biomarkers studied in thrombosis risk and important considerations when selecting candidate biomarkers.
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9
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Zarà M, Guidetti GF, Camera M, Canobbio I, Amadio P, Torti M, Tremoli E, Barbieri SS. Biology and Role of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in the Pathogenesis of Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112840. [PMID: 31212641 PMCID: PMC6600675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are well-established mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can be released by every cell type and they can be classified into three major groups according to their biogenesis, dimension, density, and predominant protein markers: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. During their formation, EVs associate with specific cargo from their parental cell that can include RNAs, free fatty acids, surface receptors, and proteins. The biological function of EVs is to maintain cellular and tissue homeostasis by transferring critical biological cargos to distal or neighboring recipient cells. On the other hand, their role in intercellular communication may also contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases, including thrombosis. More recently, their physiological and biochemical properties have suggested their use as a therapeutic tool in tissue regeneration as well as a novel option for drug delivery. In this review, we will summarize the impact of EVs released from blood and vascular cells in arterial and venous thrombosis, describing the mechanisms by which EVs affect thrombosis and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zarà
- Unit of Heart-Brain Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Marina Camera
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Unit of Cell and Molecular Biology in Cardiovascular Diseases, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Canobbio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Amadio
- Unit of Heart-Brain Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mauro Torti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Scientific Direction, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy.
| | - Silvia Stella Barbieri
- Unit of Heart-Brain Axis: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy.
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10
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Østerud B, Bouchard BA. Detection of tissue factor in platelets: why is it so troublesome? Platelets 2019; 30:957-961. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1624708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Østerud
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research Center (TREC), Deparment of Medical Biology, UiT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Beth A. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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11
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Han Y, Shang Q, Yao J, Ji Y. Hydrogen sulfide: a gaseous signaling molecule modulates tissue homeostasis: implications in ophthalmic diseases. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:293. [PMID: 30926772 PMCID: PMC6441042 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) serves as a gasotransmitter in the regulation of organ development and maintenance of homeostasis in tissues. Its abnormal levels are associated with multiple human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease, myocardial injury, and ophthalmic diseases. Excessive exposure to H2S could lead to cellular toxicity, orchestrate pathological process, and increase the risk of various diseases. Interestingly, under physiological status, H2S plays a critical role in maintaining cellular physiology and limiting damages to tissues. In mammalian species, the generation of H2S is catalyzed by cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), 3-mercapto-methylthio pyruvate aminotransferase (3MST) and cysteine aminotransferase (CAT). These enzymes are found inside the mammalian eyeballs at different locations. Their aberrant expression and the accumulation of substrates and intermediates can change the level of H2S by orders of magnitude, causing abnormal structures or functions in the eyes. Detailed investigations have demonstrated that H2S donors' administration could regulate intraocular pressure, protect retinal cells, inhibit oxidative stress and alleviate inflammation by modulating the function of intra or extracellular proteins in ocular tissues. Thus, several slow-releasing H2S donors have been shown to be promising drugs for treating multiple diseases. In this review, we discuss the biological function of H2S metabolism and its application in ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Qianwen Shang
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Yao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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12
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13
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Fager AM, Machlus KR, Ezban M, Hoffman M. Human platelets express endothelial protein C receptor, which can be utilized to enhance localization of factor VIIa activity. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1817-1829. [PMID: 29879294 PMCID: PMC6166658 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Factor VIIa binds activated platelets to promote hemostasis in hemophilia patients with inhibitors. The interactions and sites responsible for platelet-FVIIa binding are not fully understood. Endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) is expressed on activated human platelets. EPCR binding enhances the efficacy of a FVIIa variant and could impact design of new therapeutics. SUMMARY Background High-dose factor VIIa (FVIIa) is routinely used as an effective bypassing agent to treat hemophilia patients with inhibitory antibodies that compromise factor replacement. However, the mechanism by which FVIIa binds activated platelets to promote hemostasis is not fully understood. FVIIa-DVQ is an analog of FVIIa with enhanced tissue factor (TF)-independent activity and hemostatic efficacy relative to FVIIa. Our previous studies have shown that FVIIa-DVQ exhibits greater platelet binding, thereby suggesting that features in addition to lipid composition contribute to platelet-FVIIa interactions. Objectives Endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) also functions as a receptor for FVIIa on endothelial cells. We therefore hypothesized that an interaction with EPCR might play a role in platelet-FVIIa binding. Methods/results In the present study, we used flow cytometric analyses to show that platelet binding of both FVIIa and FVIIa-DVQ is partially inhibited in the presence of excess protein C or an anti-EPCR antibody. This decreased binding results in a corresponding decrease in the activity of both molecules in FXa and thrombin generation assays. Enhanced binding to EPCR was sufficient to account for the increased platelet binding of FVIIa-DVQ compared with wild-type FVIIa. As EPCR protein expression has not previously been shown in platelets, we confirmed the presence of EPCR in platelets using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry. Conclusions This work represents the first demonstration that human platelets express EPCR and suggests that modulation of EPCR binding could be utilized to enhance the hemostatic efficacy of rationally designed FVIIa analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fager
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - K R Machlus
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Ezban
- Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - M Hoffman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Klaihmon P, Lertthammakiat S, Anurathapan U, Pakakasama S, Sirachainan N, Hongeng S, Pattanapanyasat K. Activated platelets and leukocyte activations in young patients with β-thalassemia/HbE following bone marrow transplantation. Thromb Res 2018; 169:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Grover SP, Mackman N. Tissue Factor: An Essential Mediator of Hemostasis and Trigger of Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:709-725. [PMID: 29437578 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the high-affinity receptor and cofactor for factor (F)VII/VIIa. The TF-FVIIa complex is the primary initiator of blood coagulation and plays an essential role in hemostasis. TF is expressed on perivascular cells and epithelial cells at organ and body surfaces where it forms a hemostatic barrier. TF also provides additional hemostatic protection to vital organs, such as the brain, lung, and heart. Under pathological conditions, TF can trigger both arterial and venous thrombosis. For instance, atherosclerotic plaques contain high levels of TF on macrophage foam cells and microvesicles that drives thrombus formation after plaque rupture. In sepsis, inducible TF expression on monocytes leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation. In cancer patients, tumors release TF-positive microvesicles into the circulation that may contribute to venous thrombosis. TF also has nonhemostatic roles. For instance, TF-dependent activation of the coagulation cascade generates coagulation proteases, such as FVIIa, FXa, and thrombin, which induce signaling in a variety of cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors. This review will focus on the roles of TF in protective hemostasis and pathological thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Grover
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Nigel Mackman
- From the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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Canzano P, Rossetti L, Ferri N, Balduini A, Abbonante V, Boselli D, De Marco L, Di Minno M, Toschi V, Corsini A, Tremoli E, Brambilla M, Facchinetti L, Camera M. Human megakaryocytes confer tissue factor to a subset of shed platelets to stimulate thrombin generation. Thromb Haemost 2017; 114:579-92. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-10-0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTissue factor (TF), the main activator of the blood coagulation cascade, has been shown to be expressed by platelets. Despite the evidence that both megakaryocytes and platelets express TF mRNA, and that platelets can make de novo protein synthesis, the main mechanism thought to be responsible for the presence of TF within platelets is through the uptake of TF positive microparticles. In this study we assessed 1) whether human megakaryocytes synthesise TF and transfer it to platelets and 2) the contribution of platelet-TF to the platelet hemostatic capacity. In order to avoid the cross-talk with circulating microparticles, we took advantage from an in vitro cultured megakaryoblastic cell line (Meg-01) able to differentiate into megakaryocytes releasing platelet-like particles. We show that functionally active TF is expressed in human megakaryoblasts, increased in megakaryocytes, and is transferred to a subset of shed platelets where it contributes to clot formation. These data were all confirmed in human CD34pos- derived megakaryocytes and in their released platelets. The effect of TF silencing in Meg-megakaryoblasts resulted in a significant reduction of TF expression in these cells and also in Meg-megakaryocytes and Meg-platelets. Moreover, the contribution of platelet-TF to the platelet hemostatic capacity was highlighted by the significant delay in the kinetic of thrombin formation observed in platelets released by TF-silenced megakaryocytes. These findings provide evidences that TF is an endogenously synthesised protein that characterises megakaryocyte maturation and that it is transferred to a subset of newly-released platelets where it is functionally active and able to trigger thrombin generation.
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Platelet-neutrophil interactions as drivers of inflammatory and thrombotic disease. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:567-576. [PMID: 29178039 PMCID: PMC5820397 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are well known for their role in infection and inflammatory disease and are first responders at sites of infection or injury. Platelets have an established role in hemostasis and thrombosis and are first responders at sites of vascular damage. However, neutrophils are increasingly recognized for their role in thrombosis, while the immunemodulatory properties of platelets are being increasingly studied. Platelets and neutrophils interact during infection, inflammation and thrombosis and modulate each other’s functions. This review will discuss the consequences of platelet–neutrophil interactions in infection, thrombosis, atherosclerosis and tissue injury and repair.
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Shupp JW, Prior SM, Jo DY, Moffatt LT, Mann KG, Butenas S. Analysis of factor XIa, factor IXa and tissue factor activity in burn patients. Burns 2017; 44:436-444. [PMID: 29032977 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An elevated procoagulant activity observed in trauma patients is, in part, related to tissue factor (TF) located on blood cells and microparticles. However, analysis of trauma patient plasma indicates that there are other contributor(s) to the procoagulant activity. We hypothesize that factor (F)XIa and FIXa are responsible for an additional procoagulant activity in burn patients. METHODS Multiple time-point plasma samples from 56 burn patients (total number of samples was 471; up to 20 time-points/patient collected in 3 weeks following admission) were evaluated in a thrombin generation assay using inhibitory antibodies to TF, FIXa and FXIa. RESULTS Due to the limited volume of some samples, not all were analyzed for all three proteins. At admission, 10 of 53 patients (19%) had active TF, 53 of 55 (96%) had FXIa and 48 of 55 (87%) had FIXa in their plasma. 34 patients of 56 enrolled (61%) showed TF activity at one or more time-points. All patients had FXIa and 96% had FIXa at one or more time-points. Overall, TF was observed in 99 of 455 samples analyzed (22%), FXIa in 424 of 471 (90%) and FIXa in 244 of 471 (52%). The concentration of TF was relatively low and varied between 0 and 2.1pM, whereas that of FXIa was higher, exceeding 100pM in some samples. The majority of samples with FIXa had it at sub-nanomolar concentrations. No TF, FXIa and FIXa activity was detected in plasma from healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS For the first time reported, the majority of plasma samples from burn patients have active FXIa and FIXa, with a significant fraction of them having active TF. The concentration of all three proteins varies in a wide range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Shupp
- Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Shannon M Prior
- University of Vermont, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Daniel Y Jo
- Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Lauren T Moffatt
- Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Kenneth G Mann
- Haematologic Technologies, Inc., Essex Junction, VT, United States.
| | - Saulius Butenas
- University of Vermont, Department of Biochemistry, Burlington, VT, United States.
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Correlation between factor (F)XIa, FIXa and tissue factor and trauma severity. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 82:1073-1079. [PMID: 28328676 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been observed that trauma patients often display elevated procoagulant activity that could be caused, in part, by tissue factor (TF). We previously observed that trauma patients with thermal, blunt, and penetrating injuries have active FIXa and FXIa in their plasma. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of injury severity, with or without accompanying shock, on the frequency and concentration of TF, FIXa, and FXIa in plasma from trauma patients. METHODS Eighty trauma patients were enrolled and divided equally into four groups based on their Injury Severity Score and base deficit:Blood was collected at a 0 time-point (first blood draw upon arrival at hospital) and citrate plasma was prepared, frozen, and stored at -80 °C. FXIa, FIXa, and TF activity assays were based on a response of thrombin generation to corresponding monoclonal inhibitory antibodies. RESULTS The frequency and median concentrations of TF were relatively low in non-severe injury groups (17.5% and 0 pM, respectively) but were higher in those with severe injury (65% and 0.5 pM, respectively). Although FXIa was observed in 91% of samples and was high across all four groups, median concentrations were highest (by approximately fourfold) in groups with shock. FIXa was observed in 80% of plasma samples and concentrations varied in a relatively narrow range between all four groups. No endogenous activity was observed in plasma from healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS (1) Frequency and concentration of TF is higher in patients with a higher trauma severity. (2) Concentration of FXIa is higher in patients with shock. (3) For the first time reported, the vast majority of plasma samples from trauma patients contain active FIXa and FXIa. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic/epidemiological study, level II.
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20
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Tripisciano C, Weiss R, Eichhorn T, Spittler A, Heuser T, Fischer MB, Weber V. Different Potential of Extracellular Vesicles to Support Thrombin Generation: Contributions of Phosphatidylserine, Tissue Factor, and Cellular Origin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6522. [PMID: 28747771 PMCID: PMC5529579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells release diverse types of vesicles constitutively or in response to proliferation, injury, inflammation, or stress. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial in intercellular communication, and there is emerging evidence for their roles in inflammation, cancer, and thrombosis. We investigated the thrombogenicity of platelet-derived EVs, which constitute the majority of circulating EVs in human blood, and assessed the contributions of phosphatidylserine and tissue factor exposure on thrombin generation. Addition of platelet EVs to vesicle-free human plasma induced thrombin generation in a dose-dependent manner, which was efficiently inhibited by annexin V, but not by anti-tissue factor antibodies, indicating that it was primarily due to the exposure of phosphatidylserine on platelet EVs. Platelet EVs exhibited higher thrombogenicity than EVs from unstimulated monocytic THP-1 cells, but blockade of contact activation significantly reduced thrombin generation by platelet EVs. Stimulation of monocytic cells with lipopolysaccharide enhanced their thrombogenicity both in the presence and in the absence of contact activation, and thrombin generation was efficiently blocked by anti-tissue factor antibodies. Our study provides evidence that irrespective of their cellular origin, EVs support the propagation of coagulation via the exposure of phosphatidylserine, while the expression of functional tissue factor on EVs appears to be limited to pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Tripisciano
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - René Weiss
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Tanja Eichhorn
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry & Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Heuser
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bernhard Fischer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria. .,Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.
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Brambilla M, Rossetti L, Zara C, Canzano P, Giesen PL, Tremoli E, Camera M. Do methodological differences account for the current controversy on tissue factor expression in platelets? Platelets 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1327653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara Zara
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Elena Tremoli
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Camera
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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22
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Kiouptsi K, Reinhardt C. Protein disulfide-isomerase – a trigger of tissue factor-dependent thrombosis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 64:279-286. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-168106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Interest in cell-derived extracellular vesicles and their physiological and pathological implications is constantly growing. Microvesicles, also known as microparticles, are small extracellular vesicles released by cells in response to activation or apoptosis. Among the different microvesicles present in the blood of healthy individuals, platelet-derived microvesicles (PMVs) are the most abundant. Their characterization has revealed a heterogeneous cargo that includes a set of adhesion molecules. Similarly to platelets, PMVs are also involved in thrombosis through support of the coagulation cascade. The levels of circulatory PMVs are altered during several disease manifestations such as coagulation disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and infections, pointing to their potential contribution to disease and their development as a biomarker. This review highlights recent findings in the field of PMV research and addresses their contribution to both healthy and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene Melki
- a Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculty of Medicine , Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Université Laval , Quebec City , QC , Canada
| | - Nicolas Tessandier
- a Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculty of Medicine , Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Université Laval , Quebec City , QC , Canada
| | - Anne Zufferey
- a Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculty of Medicine , Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Université Laval , Quebec City , QC , Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- a Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculty of Medicine , Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Université Laval , Quebec City , QC , Canada
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Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a highly pathogenic bacterial strain capable of causing watery or bloody diarrhea, the latter termed hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is defined as the simultaneous development of non-immune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. The mechanism by which EHEC bacteria colonize and cause severe colitis, followed by renal failure with activated blood cells, as well as neurological symptoms, involves the interaction of bacterial virulence factors and specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns with host cells as well as the host response. The innate immune host response comprises the release of antimicrobial peptides as well as cytokines and chemokines in addition to activation and/or injury to leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes and activation of the complement system. Some of the bacterial interactions with the host may be protective in nature, but, when excessive, contribute to extensive tissue injury, inflammation, and thrombosis, effects that may worsen the clinical outcome of EHEC infection. This article describes aspects of the host response occurring during EHEC infection and their effects on specific organs.
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25
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Chou ML, Lin LT, Devos D, Burnouf T. Nanofiltration to remove microparticles and decrease the thrombogenicity of plasma: in vitro feasibility assessment. Transfusion 2015; 55:2433-44. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - David Devos
- Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, EA 1046, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Service de Neurologie, CHRU de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France; Lille France
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
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Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have revealed that modification of the levels of individual components of the hemostatic system may have effects on the development of thrombosis or hemorrhage. To maintain the necessary equilibrium, the hemostatic system is finely regulated. It is known that acquired factors and/or alterations in genes (single-nucleotide polymorphisms or mutations) may be the cause of interindividual differences or exacerbated levels of hemostatic proteins in plasma, but there are still many non-characterized factors that provoke such variations. The search for new elements, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), a family of small non-coding RNAs that are novel regulators of protein expression, may reveal an additional layer at which to investigate the causes of hemostatic diseases. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in research into the role of miRNAs in the regulation of several hemostatic factors, and the potential use of miRNAs as prognostic or diagnostic tools in hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Teruel-Montoya
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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27
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Platelet microparticle: A sensitive physiological “fine tuning” balancing factor in health and disease. Transfus Apher Sci 2015; 52:12-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Bode MF, Mackman N. Protective and pathological roles of tissue factor in the heart. Hamostaseologie 2014; 35:37-46. [PMID: 25434707 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-09-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue factor (TF) is expressed in the heart where it is required for haemostasis. High levels of TF are also expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and likely contribute to atherothrombosis after plaque rupture. Indeed, risk factors for atherothrombosis, such as diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking and hypertension, are associated with increased TF expression in circulating monocytes, microparticles and plasma. Several therapies that reduce atherothrombosis, such as statins, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers and anti-platelet drugs, are associated with reduced TF expression. In addition to its haemostatic and pro-thrombotic functions, the TF : FVIIa complex and downstream coagulation proteases activate cells by cleavage of protease-activated receptors (PARs). In mice, deficiencies in either PAR-1 or PAR-2 reduce cardiac remodelling and heart failure after ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This suggests that inhibition of coagulation proteases and PARs may be protective in heart attack patients. In contrast, the TF/thrombin/PAR-1 pathway is beneficial in a mouse model of Coxsackievirus B3-induced viral myocarditis. We found that stimulation of PAR-1 increases the innate immune response by enhancing TLR3-dependent IFN-β expression. Therefore, inhibition of the TF/thrombin/PAR-1 pathway in patients with viral myocarditis could have detrimental effects. CONCLUSION The TF : FVIIa complex has both protective and pathological roles in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Mackman
- Nigel Mackman, Ph.D., FAHA, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, 111 Mason Farm Road, 2312B Medical Biomolecular Research Bldg., CB #7126, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA, E-mail:
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29
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Hess K. The vulnerable blood. Coagulation and clot structure in diabetes mellitus. Hamostaseologie 2014; 35:25-33. [PMID: 25418205 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-09-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. While arteriosclerotic lesions have long been recognized as the underlying cause more recent studies suggest that alterations of the blood are also critically involved. Following plaque rupture, adherence of platelets is followed by the formation of a cross-linked fibrin clot. Patients with diabetes exhibit a prothrombotic milieu consisting of hyper reactive platelets, a tight and rigid clot structure which is due to up-regulation of coagulation factors and prolongation of clot lysis. Metabolic alterations as well as inflammatory processes, which are up-regulated in diabetes, are thought to be the main underlying causes. More recently, the complement cascade has emerged as a potential new player in this context with several complement components directly influencing both platelet function and coagulation. This review provides an overview concerning the changes that lead to alterations of platelet function and clot structure in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hess
- Dr. Katharina Hess, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Tel. +49/(0)241/803 71 28, Fax +49/(0)241/808 25 45, E-mail:
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30
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Cowan PJ, Cooper DKC, d'Apice AJF. Kidney xenotransplantation. Kidney Int 2014; 85:265-75. [PMID: 24088952 PMCID: PMC3946635 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using pigs as donors offers the possibility of eliminating the chronic shortage of donor kidneys, but there are several obstacles to be overcome before this goal can be achieved. Preclinical studies have shown that, while porcine renal xenografts are broadly compatible physiologically, they provoke a complex rejection process involving preformed and elicited antibodies, heightened innate immune cell reactivity, dysregulated coagulation, and a strong T cell-mediated adaptive response. Furthermore, the susceptibility of the xenograft to proinflammatory and procoagulant stimuli is probably increased by cross-species molecular defects in regulatory pathways. To balance these disadvantages, xenotransplantation has at its disposal a unique tool to address particular rejection mechanisms and incompatibilities: genetic modification of the donor. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of porcine renal xenograft rejection, and on the significant genetic, pharmacological, and technical progress that has been made to prolong xenograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cowan
- 1] Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J F d'Apice
- 1] Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Platelets do not express the oxidized or reduced forms of tissue factor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1188-93. [PMID: 24361609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of tissue factor (TF) antigen and activity in platelets is controversial and dependent upon the laboratory and reagents used. Two forms of TF were described: an oxidized functional form and a reduced nonfunctional form that is converted to the active form through the formation of an allosteric disulfide. This study tests the hypothesis that the discrepancies regarding platelet TF expression are due to differential expression of the two forms. METHODS Specific reagents that recognize both oxidized and reduced TF were used in flow cytometry of unactivated and activated platelets and western blotting of whole platelet lysates. TF-dependent activity measurements were used to confirm the results. RESULTS Western blotting analyses of placental TF demonstrated that, in contrast to anti-TF#5, which is directed against the oxidized form of TF, a sheep anti-human TF polyclonal antibody recognizes both the reduced and oxidized forms. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that the sheep antibody did not react with the surface of unactivated platelets or platelets activated with thrombin receptor agonist peptide, PAR-1. This observation was confirmed using biotinylated active site-blocked factor (F)VIIa: no binding was observed. Likewise, neither form of TF was detected by western blotting of whole platelet lysates with sheep anti-hTF. Consistent with these observations, no FXa or FIXa generation by FVIIa was detected at the surface of these platelets. Similarly, no TF-related activity was observed in whole blood using thromboelastography. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Platelets from healthy donors do not express either oxidized (functional) or reduced (nonfunctional) forms of TF.
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Kelm DJ, Valerio-Rojas JC, Cabello-Garza J, Gajic O, Cartin-Ceba R. Predictors of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Patients with Septic Shock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/219048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The goal of this study was to identify potential clinical predictors for the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in patients with septic shock. Material and Methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of adult (>18 years of age) patients with septic shock admitted to a medical ICU in a tertiary care hospital from July 2005 until September 2007. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the association of risk factors with overt DIC. Results. In this study, a total of 390 patients with septic shock were analyzed, of whom 66 (17%) developed overt DIC. Hospital mortality was significantly greater in patients who developed overt DIC (68% versus 38%, P<0.001). A delay in the timing of antibiotics was associated with an increased risk of the development of overt DIC (P<0.001). Patients on antiplatelet therapy prior to hospital admission and who that received adequate early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) were associated with a decreased risk of overt DIC (P<0.001). Conclusions. In our cohort of patients with septic shock, there was a risk reduction for overt DIC in patients on antiplatelet therapy and adequate EGDT, while there was an increased risk of DIC with antibiotic delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J. Kelm
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Valerio-Rojas
- Multidisciplinary Epidemiology and Translational Research in Intensive Care (METRIC), Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Javier Cabello-Garza
- Multidisciplinary Epidemiology and Translational Research in Intensive Care (METRIC), Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ognjen Gajic
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Multidisciplinary Epidemiology and Translational Research in Intensive Care (METRIC), Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cartin-Ceba
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Multidisciplinary Epidemiology and Translational Research in Intensive Care (METRIC), Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Mackman N, Luther T. Platelet tissue factor: to be or not to be. Thromb Res 2013; 132:3-5. [PMID: 23731564 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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