1
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Ednacot EMQ, Nabhani A, Dinh DM, Morehouse BR. Pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling in immunity. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108653. [PMID: 38679204 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are important signaling molecules that play many critical physiological roles including controlling cell fate and development, regulation of metabolic processes, and responding to changes in the environment. Cyclic nucleotides are also pivotal regulators in immune signaling, orchestrating intricate processes that maintain homeostasis and defend against pathogenic threats. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways within the realm of immunity. Beginning with an overview of the fundamental roles of cAMP and cGMP as ubiquitous second messengers, this review delves into the complexities of their involvement in immune responses. Special attention is given to the challenges associated with modulating these signaling pathways for therapeutic purposes, emphasizing the necessity for achieving cell-type specificity to avert unintended consequences. A major focus of the review is on the recent paradigm-shifting discoveries regarding specialized cyclic nucleotide signals in the innate immune system, notably the cGAS-STING pathway. The significance of cyclic dinucleotides, exemplified by 2'3'-cGAMP, in controlling immune responses against pathogens and cancer, is explored. The evolutionarily conserved nature of cyclic dinucleotides as antiviral agents, spanning across diverse organisms, underscores their potential as targets for innovative immunotherapies. Findings from the last several years have revealed a striking diversity of novel bacterial cyclic nucleotide second messengers which are involved in antiviral responses. Knowledge of the existence and precise identity of these molecules coupled with accurate descriptions of their associated immune defense pathways will be essential to the future development of novel antibacterial therapeutic strategies. The insights presented herein may help researchers navigate the evolving landscape of immunopharmacology as it pertains to cyclic nucleotides and point toward new avenues or lines of thinking about development of therapeutics against the pathways they regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirene Marie Q Ednacot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ali Nabhani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David M Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Benjamin R Morehouse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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2
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Wenzl SJ, de Oliveira Mann CC. How enzyme-centered approaches are advancing research on cyclic oligo-nucleotides. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:839-863. [PMID: 38453162 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are the most diversified category of second messengers and are found in all organisms modulating diverse pathways. While cAMP and cGMP have been studied over 50 years, cyclic di-nucleotide signaling in eukaryotes emerged only recently with the anti-viral molecule 2´3´cGAMP. Recent breakthrough discoveries have revealed not only the astonishing chemical diversity of cyclic nucleotides but also surprisingly deep-rooted evolutionary origins of cyclic oligo-nucleotide signaling pathways and structural conservation of the proteins involved in their synthesis and signaling. Here we discuss how enzyme-centered approaches have paved the way for the identification of several cyclic nucleotide signals, focusing on the advantages and challenges associated with deciphering the activation mechanisms of such enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Wenzl
- Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Carina C de Oliveira Mann
- Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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3
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Balczon R, Lin MT, Voth S, Nelson AR, Schupp JC, Wagener BM, Pittet JF, Stevens T. Lung endothelium, tau, and amyloids in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:533-587. [PMID: 37561137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelia in the arteries, capillaries, and veins are heterogeneous in structure and function. Lung capillaries in particular represent a unique vascular niche, with a thin yet highly restrictive alveolar-capillary barrier that optimizes gas exchange. Capillary endothelium surveys the blood while simultaneously interpreting cues initiated within the alveolus and communicated via immediately adjacent type I and type II epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes. This cell-cell communication is necessary to coordinate the immune response to lower respiratory tract infection. Recent discoveries identify an important role for the microtubule-associated protein tau that is expressed in lung capillary endothelia in the host-pathogen interaction. This endothelial tau stabilizes microtubules necessary for barrier integrity, yet infection drives production of cytotoxic tau variants that are released into the airways and circulation, where they contribute to end-organ dysfunction. Similarly, beta-amyloid is produced during infection. Beta-amyloid has antimicrobial activity, but during infection it can acquire cytotoxic activity that is deleterious to the host. The production and function of these cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are the subject of this review. Lung-derived cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are a recently discovered mechanism of end-organ dysfunction, including neurocognitive dysfunction, during and in the aftermath of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Balczon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Mike T Lin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Sarah Voth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Jonas C Schupp
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Brant M Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
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4
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Gutiérrez-Rodelo C, Martínez-Tolibia SE, Morales-Figueroa GE, Velázquez-Moyado JA, Olivares-Reyes JA, Navarrete-Castro A. Modulating cyclic nucleotides pathways by bioactive compounds in combatting anxiety and depression disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7797-7814. [PMID: 37486442 PMCID: PMC10460744 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression disorders are highly prevalent neurological disorders (NDs) that impact up to one in three individuals during their lifetime. Addressing these disorders requires reducing their frequency and impact, understanding molecular causes, implementing prevention strategies, and improving treatments. Cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs) like cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic uridine monophosphate (cUMP), and cyclic cytidine monophosphate (cCMP) regulate the transcription of genes involved in neurotransmitters and neurological functions. Evidence suggests that cNMP pathways, including cAMP/cGMP, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and Protein kinase A (PKA), play a role in the physiopathology of anxiety and depression disorders. Plant and mushroom-based compounds have been used in traditional and modern medicine due to their beneficial properties. Bioactive compound metabolism can activate key pathways and yield pharmacological outcomes. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of bioactive compounds from plants and mushrooms in modulating cNMP pathways. Understanding these processes will support current treatments and aid in the development of novel approaches to reduce the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders, contributing to improved outcomes and the prevention of associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlaly Gutiérrez-Rodelo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, ZIP 04510, Mexico.
| | | | - Guadalupe Elide Morales-Figueroa
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences of the Center for Research, Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, ZIP, 07360, Mexico
| | - Josué Arturo Velázquez-Moyado
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, ZIP 04510, Mexico
| | - J Alberto Olivares-Reyes
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN) Mexico City, Mexico City, ZIP 07360, Mexico
| | - Andrés Navarrete-Castro
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, ZIP 04510, Mexico.
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5
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Yang CS, Ko TP, Chen CJ, Hou MH, Wang YC, Chen Y. Crystal structure and functional implications of cyclic di-pyrimidine-synthesizing cGAS/DncV-like nucleotidyltransferases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5078. [PMID: 37604815 PMCID: PMC10442399 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine-containing nucleotide second messengers regulate diverse cellular activities. Cyclic di-pyrimidines mediate anti-phage functions in bacteria; however, the synthesis mechanism remains elusive. Here, we determine the high-resolution structures of cyclic di-pyrimidine-synthesizing cGAS/DncV-like nucleotidyltransferases (CD-NTases) in clade E (CdnE) in its apo, substrate-, and intermediate-bound states. A conserved (R/Q)xW motif controlling the pyrimidine specificity of donor nucleotide is identified. Mutation of Trp or Arg from the (R/Q)xW motif to Ala rewires its specificity to purine nucleotides, producing mixed purine-pyrimidine cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs). Preferential binding of uracil over cytosine bases explains the product specificity of cyclic di-pyrimidine-synthesizing CdnE to cyclic di-UMP (cUU). Based on the intermediate-bound structures, a synthetic pathway for cUU containing a unique 2'3'-phosphodiester linkage through intermediate pppU[3'-5']pU is deduced. Our results provide a framework for pyrimidine selection and establish the importance of conserved residues at the C-terminal loop for the specificity determination of CD-NTases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shin Yang
- Genomics BioSci & Tech Co. Ltd., New Taipei, 221, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hui Hou
- Genomics BioSci & Tech Co. Ltd., New Taipei, 221, Taiwan
| | | | - Yeh Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
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6
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Wang J, Song W, Chai J. Structure, biochemical function, and signaling mechanism of plant NLRs. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:75-95. [PMID: 36415130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To counter pathogen invasion, plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors, including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). Our knowledge about PRR and NLR signaling mechanisms has expanded significantly over the past few years. Plant NLRs form multi-protein complexes called resistosomes in response to pathogen effectors, and the signaling mediated by NLR resistosomes converges on Ca2+-permeable channels. Ca2+-permeable channels important for PRR signaling have also been identified. These findings highlight a crucial role of Ca2+ in triggering plant immune signaling. In this review, we first discuss the structural and biochemical mechanisms of non-canonical NLR Ca2+ channels and then summarize our knowledge about immune-related Ca2+-permeable channels and their roles in PRR and NLR signaling. We also discuss the potential role of Ca2+ in the intricate interaction between PRR and NLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261000, China.
| | - Wen Song
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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7
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Seifert R, Schirmer B. cCMP and cUMP come into the spotlight, finally. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:461-463. [PMID: 35031198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
cCMP and cUMP have been identified in numerous biological systems and proposed to serve as second messengers. However, this proposal remained controversial because of the base-promiscuity of generators, effectors, phosphodiesterases, and bacterial toxins. With the identification of specific cytidylyl and uridylyl cyclases, cCMP and cUMP research enters a new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bastian Schirmer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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8
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Braun F, Recalde A, Bähre H, Seifert R, Albers SV. Putative Nucleotide-Based Second Messengers in the Archaeal Model Organisms Haloferax volcanii and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:779012. [PMID: 34880846 PMCID: PMC8646023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.779012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on nucleotide-based second messengers began in 1956 with the discovery of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (3′,5′-cAMP) by Earl Wilbur Sutherland and his co-workers. Since then, a broad variety of different signaling molecules composed of nucleotides has been discovered. These molecules fulfill crucial tasks in the context of intracellular signal transduction. The vast majority of the currently available knowledge about nucleotide-based second messengers originates from model organisms belonging either to the domain of eukaryotes or to the domain of bacteria, while the archaeal domain is significantly underrepresented in the field of nucleotide-based second messenger research. For several well-stablished eukaryotic and/or bacterial nucleotide-based second messengers, it is currently not clear whether these signaling molecules are present in archaea. In order to shed some light on this issue, this study analyzed cell extracts of two major archaeal model organisms, the euryarchaeon Haloferax volcanii and the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, using a modern mass spectrometry method to detect a broad variety of currently known nucleotide-based second messengers. The nucleotides 3′,5′-cAMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (3′,5′-cGMP), 5′-phosphoadenylyl-3′,5′-adenosine (5′-pApA), diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) as well as the 2′,3′-cyclic isomers of all four RNA building blocks (2′,3′-cNMPs) were present in both species. In addition, H. volcanii cell extracts also contain cyclic cytosine monophosphate (3′,5′-cCMP), cyclic uridine monophosphate (3′,5′-cUMP) and cyclic diadenosine monophosphate (3′,5′-c-di-AMP). The widely distributed bacterial second messengers cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (3′,5′-c-di-GMP) and guanosine (penta-)/tetraphosphate [(p)ppGpp] could not be detected. In summary, this study gives a comprehensive overview on the presence of a large set of currently established or putative nucleotide-based second messengers in an eury- and a crenarchaeal model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Braun
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alejandra Recalde
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike Bähre
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Cyclic Nucleotide (cNMP) Analogues: Past, Present and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312879. [PMID: 34884683 PMCID: PMC8657615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are important second messengers involved in cellular events, and analogues of this type of molecules are promising drug candidates. Some cyclic nucleotide analogues have become standard tools for the investigation of biochemical and physiological signal transduction pathways, such as the Rp-diastereomers of adenosine and guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate, which are competitive inhibitors of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases. Next generation analogues exhibit a higher membrane permeability, increased resistance against degradation, and improved target specificity, or are caged or photoactivatable for fast and/or targeted cellular imaging. Novel specific nucleotide analogues activating or inhibiting cyclic nucleotide-dependent ion channels, EPAC/GEF proteins, and bacterial target molecules have been developed, opening new avenues for basic and applied research. This review provides an overview of the current state of the field, what can be expected in the future and some practical considerations for the use of cyclic nucleotide analogues in biological systems.
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10
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Cyclic pyrimidines jump on the anti-phage bandwagon. Cell 2021; 184:5691-5693. [PMID: 34767773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic pyrimidines cCMP and cUMP were known to be present in a variety of organisms and cell types, but their biological roles remained mysterious. Tal et al. show that bacteria use cCMP and cUMP as second messengers that function in anti-phage defense.
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Tal N, Morehouse BR, Millman A, Stokar-Avihail A, Avraham C, Fedorenko T, Yirmiya E, Herbst E, Brandis A, Mehlman T, Oppenheimer-Shaanan Y, Keszei AFA, Shao S, Amitai G, Kranzusch PJ, Sorek R. Cyclic CMP and cyclic UMP mediate bacterial immunity against phages. Cell 2021; 184:5728-5739.e16. [PMID: 34644530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic pyrimidines 3',5'-cyclic cytidine monophosphate (cCMP) and 3',5'-cyclic uridine monophosphate (cUMP) have been reported in multiple organisms and cell types. As opposed to the cyclic nucleotides 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which are second messenger molecules with well-established regulatory roles across all domains of life, the biological role of cyclic pyrimidines has remained unclear. Here we report that cCMP and cUMP are second messengers functioning in bacterial immunity against viruses. We discovered a family of bacterial pyrimidine cyclase enzymes that specifically synthesize cCMP and cUMP following phage infection and demonstrate that these molecules activate immune effectors that execute an antiviral response. A crystal structure of a uridylate cyclase enzyme from this family explains the molecular mechanism of selectivity for pyrimidines as cyclization substrates. Defense systems encoding pyrimidine cyclases, denoted here Pycsar (pyrimidine cyclase system for antiphage resistance), are widespread in prokaryotes. Our results assign clear biological function to cCMP and cUMP as immunity signaling molecules in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Tal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Benjamin R Morehouse
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adi Millman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Avigail Stokar-Avihail
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Carmel Avraham
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Taya Fedorenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Erez Yirmiya
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ehud Herbst
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7670001, Israel
| | - Tevie Mehlman
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7670001, Israel
| | | | | | - Sichen Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gil Amitai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rotem Sorek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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12
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Nitration of protein kinase G-Iα modulates cyclic nucleotide crosstalk via phosphodiesterase 3A: Implications for acute lung injury. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100946. [PMID: 34252457 PMCID: PMC8342797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) selectively cleaves the phosphodiester bond of cAMP and is inhibited by cGMP, making it an important regulator of cAMP–cGMP signaling crosstalk in the pulmonary vasculature. In addition, the nitric oxide–cGMP axis is known to play an important role in maintaining endothelial barrier function. However, the potential role of protein kinase G-Iα (PKG-Iα) in this protective process is unresolved and was the focus of our study. We describe here a novel mechanism regulating PDE3A activity, which involves a PKG-Iα–dependent inhibitory phosphorylation of PDE3A at serine 654. We also show that this phosphorylation is critical for maintaining intracellular cAMP levels in the pulmonary endothelium and endothelial barrier integrity. In an animal model of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by challenging mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an increase in PDE3 activity and a decrease in cAMP levels in lung tissue was associated with reduced PKG activity upon PKG-Iα nitration at tyrosine 247. The peroxynitrite scavenger manganese (III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin prevented this increase in PDE3 activity in LPS-exposed lungs. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis of PDE3A to replace serine 654 with alanine yielded a mutant protein that was insensitive to PKG-dependent regulation. Taken together, our data demonstrate a novel functional link between nitrosative stress induced by LPS during ALI and the downregulation of barrier-protective intracellular cAMP levels. Our data also provide new evidence that PKG-Iα is critical for endothelial barrier maintenance and that preservation of its catalytic activity may be efficacious in ALI therapy.
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13
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Mollick T, Laín S. Modulating pyrimidine ribonucleotide levels for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Metab 2020; 8:12. [PMID: 33020720 PMCID: PMC7285601 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-020-00218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By providing the necessary building blocks for nucleic acids and precursors for cell membrane synthesis, pyrimidine ribonucleotides are essential for cell growth and proliferation. Therefore, depleting pyrimidine ribonucleotide pools has long been considered as a strategy to reduce cancer cell growth. Here, we review the pharmacological approaches that have been employed to modulate pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis and degradation routes and discuss their potential use in cancer therapy. New developments in the treatment of myeloid malignancies with inhibitors of pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis justify revisiting the literature as well as discussing whether targeting this metabolic pathway can be effective and sufficiently selective for cancer cells to warrant an acceptable therapeutic index in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Mollick
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 65, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonia Laín
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 65, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Li C, Mishra B, Kashyap M, Weng Z, Andrabi SA, Mukhtar SM, Kim AL, Bickers DR, Kopelovich L, Athar M. Patched1 haploinsufficiency severely impacts intermediary metabolism in the skin of Ptch1 +/-/ODC transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13072. [PMID: 31506465 PMCID: PMC6737076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49470-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of dominantly heritable cancers has provided insights about tumor development. Gorlin syndrome (GS) is an autosomal dominant disorder wherein affected individuals develop multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) of the skin. We developed a murine model of Ptch1 haploinsufficiency on an ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) transgenic background (Ptch1+/−/ODCt/C57BL/6) that is more sensitive to BCCs growth as compared with Ptch1+/+/ODCt/C57BL/6 littermates. Ptch1+/−/ODCt/C57BL/6 mice show an altered metabolic landscape in the phenotypically normal skin, including restricted glucose availability, restricted ribose/deoxyribose flow and NADPH production, an accumulation of α-ketoglutarate, aconitate, and citrate that is associated with reversal of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, coupled with increased ketogenic/lipogenic activity via acetyl-CoA, 3-hydroybutyrate, and cholesterol metabolites. Also apparent was an increased content/acetylation of amino-acids, glutamine and glutamate, in particular. Accordingly, metabolic alterations due to a single copy loss of Ptch1 in Ptch1+/−/ODCt/C57BL/6 heterozygous mice may provide insights about the cancer prone phenotype of BCCs in GS patients, including biomarkers/targets for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bharat Mishra
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mahendra Kashyap
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shaida A Andrabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shahid M Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Arianna L Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David R Bickers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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15
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Diether M, Nikolaev Y, Allain FHT, Sauer U. Systematic mapping of protein-metabolite interactions in central metabolism of Escherichia coli. Mol Syst Biol 2019; 15:e9008. [PMID: 31464375 PMCID: PMC6706640 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20199008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolite binding to proteins regulates nearly all cellular processes, but our knowledge of these interactions originates primarily from empirical in vitro studies. Here, we report the first systematic study of interactions between water-soluble proteins and polar metabolites in an entire biological subnetwork. To test the depth of our current knowledge, we chose to investigate the well-characterized Escherichia coli central metabolism. Using ligand-detected NMR, we assayed 29 enzymes towards binding events with 55 intracellular metabolites. Focusing on high-confidence interactions at a false-positive rate of 5%, we detected 98 interactions, among which purine nucleotides accounted for one-third, while 50% of all metabolites did not interact with any enzyme. In contrast, only five enzymes did not exhibit any metabolite binding and some interacted with up to 11 metabolites. About 40% of the interacting metabolites were predicted to be allosteric effectors based on low chemical similarity to their target's reactants. For five of the eight tested interactions, in vitro assays confirmed novel regulatory functions, including ATP and GTP inhibition of the first pentose phosphate pathway enzyme. With 76 new candidate regulatory interactions that have not been reported previously, we essentially doubled the number of known interactions, indicating that the presently available information about protein-metabolite interactions may only be the tip of the iceberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Diether
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Life Science Zurich PhD Program on Systems BiologyZurichSwitzerland
| | - Yaroslav Nikolaev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiophysicsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Frédéric HT Allain
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiophysicsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Uwe Sauer
- Institute of Molecular Systems BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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16
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Zhou DR, Eid R, Miller KA, Boucher E, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Intracellular second messengers mediate stress inducible hormesis and Programmed Cell Death: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:773-792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Bassler J, Schultz JE, Lupas AN. Adenylate cyclases: Receivers, transducers, and generators of signals. Cell Signal 2018; 46:135-144. [PMID: 29563061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Class III adenylate cyclases (ACs) are widespread signaling proteins, which translate diverse intracellular and extracellular stimuli into a uniform intracellular signal. They are typically composed of an N-terminal array of input domains and transducers, followed C-terminally by a catalytic domain, which, as a dimer, generates the second messenger cAMP. The input domains, which receive stimuli, and the transducers, which propagate the signals, are often found in other signaling proteins. The nature of stimuli and the regulatory mechanisms of ACs have been studied experimentally in only a few cases, and even in these, important questions remain open, such as whether eukaryotic ACs regulated by G protein-coupled receptors can also receive stimuli through their own membrane domains. Here we survey the current knowledge on regulation and intramolecular signal propagation in ACs and draw comparisons to other signaling proteins. We highlight the pivotal role of a recently identified cyclase-specific transducer element located N-terminally of many AC catalytic domains, suggesting an intramolecular signaling capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bassler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abt. Proteinevolution, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim E Schultz
- Pharmazeutisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andrei N Lupas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abt. Proteinevolution, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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18
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Pavlaki N, Nikolaev VO. Imaging of PDE2- and PDE3-Mediated cGMP-to-cAMP Cross-Talk in Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5010004. [PMID: 29367582 PMCID: PMC5872352 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are important second messengers that regulate cardiovascular function and disease by acting in discrete subcellular microdomains. Signaling compartmentation at these locations is often regulated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Some PDEs are also involved in the cross-talk between the two second messengers. The purpose of this review is to summarize and highlight recent findings about the role of PDE2 and PDE3 in cardiomyocyte cyclic nucleotide compartmentation and visualization of this process using live cell imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Pavlaki
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Schneider EH, Seifert R. Inactivation of Non-canonical Cyclic Nucleotides: Hydrolysis and Transport. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:169-205. [PMID: 28204955 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_5004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This chapter addresses cNMP hydrolysis by phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and export by multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRPs). Both mechanisms are well-established for the canonical cNMPs, cAMP, and cGMP. Increasing evidence shows that non-canonical cNMPs (specifically cCMP, cUMP) are also PDE and MRP substrates. Hydrolysis of cUMP is achieved by PDE 3A, 3B, and 9A, which possibly explains the cUMP-degrading activities previously reported for heart, adipose tissue, and brain. Regarding cCMP, the only known "conventional" (class I) PDE that hydrolyzes cCMP is PDE7A. Older reports describe cCMP-degrading PDE-like activities in mammalian tissues, bacteria, and plants, but the molecular identity of these enzymes is not clear. High K M and V max values, insensitivity to common inhibitors, and unusually broad substrate specificities indicate that these activities probably do not represent class I PDEs. Moreover, the older results have to be interpreted with caution, since the historical analytical methods were not as reliable as modern highly sensitive and specific techniques like HPLC-MS/MS. Besides PDEs, the transporters MRP4 and 5 are of major importance for cAMP and cGMP disposal. Additionally, both MRPs also export cUMP, while cCMP is only exported by MRP5. Much less data are available for the non-canonical cNMPs, cIMP, cXMP, and cTMP. None of these cNMPs has been examined as MRP substrate. It was shown, however, that they are hydrolyzed by several conventional class I PDEs. Finally, this chapter reveals that there are still large gaps in our knowledge about PDE and MRP activities for canonical and non-canonical cNMPs. Future research should perform a comprehensive characterization of the known PDEs and MRPs with the physiologically most important cNMP substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich H Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Schlossmann J, Wolfertstetter S. Identification of cCMP and cUMP Substrate Proteins and Cross Talk Between cNMPs. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:149-167. [PMID: 26721673 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
cCMP and cUMP are pyrimidine cyclic nucleotides which are present in several types of cells. These molecules could exert diverse cellular functions and might act as second messengers. In the last years, diverse approaches were performed to analyze possible cellular substrates and signaling pathways of cCMP and cUMP. In this review these approaches are summarized, and probable cross talk of these signaling molecules is described. These analyses might lead to the (patho)physiological and pharmacological relevance of these noncanonical cyclic nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schlossmann
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Wolfertstetter
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Lorenz R, Bertinetti D, Herberg FW. cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase and cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase as Cyclic Nucleotide Effectors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:105-122. [PMID: 27885524 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) are homologous enzymes with different binding and activation specificities for cyclic nucleotides. Both enzymes harbor conserved cyclic nucleotide-binding (CNB) domains. Differences in amino acid composition of these CNB domains mediate cyclic nucleotide selectivity in PKA and PKG, respectively. Recently, the presence of the noncanonical cyclic nucleotides cCMP and cUMP in eukaryotic cells has been proven, while the existence of cellular cIMP and cXMP remains unclear. It was shown that the main effectors of cyclic nucleotide signaling, PKA and PKG, can be activated by each of these noncanonical cyclic nucleotides. With unique effector proteins still missing, such cross-activation effects might have physiological relevance. Therefore, we approach PKA and PKG as cyclic nucleotide effectors in this chapter. The focus of this chapter is the general cyclic nucleotide-binding properties of both kinases as well as the selectivity for cAMP or cGMP, respectively. Furthermore, we discuss the binding affinities and activation potencies of noncanonical cyclic nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lorenz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Daniela Bertinetti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are well-characterized second messenger molecules regulating many important intracellular processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The latter is a highly regulated process of programmed cell death wherein several regulatory proteins, like those belonging to the Bcl-2 family, are involved. The initiation of apoptosis is regulated by three different pathways: the intrinsic or mitochondrial, the extrinsic, and the ER stress pathway. Recently, it has been published that the pyrimidine cyclic nucleotides cCMP and cUMP also function as second messenger molecules, and additionally have an effect on apoptosis signaling pathways. cCMP induced PKA-independent apoptosis via the intrinsic and ER-stress pathway in S49 mouse lymphoma cells, and cCMP as well as cUMP induced apoptosis in human HEL cells via the intrinsic pathway. However, in human K-562 cells, which are known to be multidrug-resistant, cCMP and cUMP had no effect. Summarized in this chapter are the initiation of apoptosis by cCMP and cUMP regarding the various apoptotic pathways, the enzymes involved in apoptosis, as well as the most relevant methods for the detection and examination of apoptosis and the corresponding signaling pathways.
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23
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VanSchouwen B, Melacini G. Regulation of HCN Ion Channels by Non-canonical Cyclic Nucleotides. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:123-133. [PMID: 28181007 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-modulated (HCN) proteins are cAMP-regulated ion channels that play a key role in nerve impulse transmission and heart rate modulation in neuronal and cardiac cells, respectively. Although they are regulated primarily by cAMP, other cyclic nucleotides such as cGMP, cCMP, and cUMP serve as partial agonists for the HCN2 and HCN4 isoforms. By competing with cAMP for binding, these non-canonical ligands alter ion channel gating, and in turn, modulate the cAMP-dependent activation profiles. The partial activation of non-canonical cyclic nucleotides can be rationalized by either a partial reversal of a two-state inactive/active conformational equilibrium, or by sampling of a third conformational state with partial activity. Furthermore, different mechanisms and degrees of activation have been observed upon binding of non-canonical cyclic nucleotides to HCN2 versus HCN4, suggesting that these ligands control HCN ion channels in an isoform-specific manner. While more work remains to be done to achieve a complete understanding of ion channel modulation by non-canonical cyclic nucleotides, it is already clear that such knowledge will ultimately prove invaluable in achieving a more complete understanding of ion channel signaling in vivo, as well as in the development of therapeutics designed to selectively modulate ion channel gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan VanSchouwen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4M1
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4M1. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4M1.
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24
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cCMP and cUMP Across the Tree of Life: From cCMP and cUMP Generators to cCMP- and cUMP-Regulated Cell Functions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:3-23. [PMID: 28181008 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic purine nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are well-established second messenger molecules that are generated by distinct nucleotidyl cyclases (NCs) and regulate numerous cell functions via specific effector molecules. In contrast, the existence of the cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides cCMP and cUMP has been controversial for many years. The development of highly specific and sensitive mass spectrometry methods has enabled the unequivocal detection and quantitation of cCMP and cUMP in biological systems. These cNMPs occur broadly in numerous mammalian cell lines and primary cells. cCMP has also been detected in mouse organs, and both cCMP and cUMP occur in various developmental stages of the zebrafish Danio rerio. So far, the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) have been identified as cCMP and cUMP generators. Dissociations in the expression patterns of sAC and sGC relative to cCMP and cUMP abundance may point to the existence of hitherto unidentified cCMP- and cUMP-generating NCs. The broad occurrence of cCMP and cUMP in vertebrates and the distinct cNMP patterns suggest specific roles of these cNMPs in the regulation of numerous cell functions.
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25
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Grundmann M, Kostenis E. Holistic Methods for the Analysis of cNMP Effects. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:339-357. [PMID: 26721676 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs) typify the archetype second messenger in living cells and serve as molecular switches with broad functionality. cAMP and cGMP are the best-described cNMPs; however, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that also cCMP and cUMP play a substantial role in signal transduction. Despite research efforts, to date, relatively little is known about the biology of these noncanonical cNMPs, which is due, at least in part, to methodological issues in the past entailing setbacks of the entire field. Only recently, with the use of state-of-the-art techniques, it was possible to revive noncanonical cNMP research. While high-sensitive detection methods disclosed relevant levels of cCMP and cUMP in mammalian cells, knowledge about the biological effectors and their physiological interplay is still incomplete. Holistic biophysical readouts capture cell responses label-free and in an unbiased fashion with the advantage to detect concealed aspects of cell signaling that are arduous to access via traditional biochemical assay approaches. In this chapter, we introduce the dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) technology to explore cell signaling beyond established receptor-controlled mechanisms. Both common and distinctive features in the signaling structure of cCMP and cUMP were identified. Moreover, the integrated response of whole live cells revealed a hitherto undisclosed additional effector of the noncanonical cNMPs. Future studies will show how holistic methods will become integrated into the methodological arsenal of contemporary cNMP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grundmann
- Molecular-, Cellular- and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Molecular-, Cellular- and Pharmacobiology Section, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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26
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Marondedze C, Wong A, Thomas L, Irving H, Gehring C. Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates in Plants and Plant Signaling. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:87-103. [PMID: 26721677 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs) and the enzymes that can generate them are of increasing interest in the plant sciences. Arguably, the major recent advance came with the release of the complete Arabidopsis thaliana genome that has enabled the systematic search for adenylate (ACs) or guanylate cyclases (GCs) and did eventually lead to the discovery of a number of GCs in higher plants. Many of these proteins have complex domain architectures with AC or GC centers moonlighting within cytosolic kinase domains. Recent reports indicated the presence of not just the canonical cNMPs (i.e., cAMP and cGMP), but also the noncanonical cCMP, cUMP, cIMP, and cdTMP in plant tissues, and this raises several questions. Firstly, what are the functions of these cNMPs, and, secondly, which enzymes can convert the substrate triphosphates into the respective noncanonical cNMPs? The first question is addressed here by comparing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) response of cAMP and cGMP to that elicited by the noncanonical cCMP or cIMP. The results show that particularly cIMP can induce significant ROS production. To answer, at least in part, the second question, we have evaluated homology models of experimentally confirmed plant GCs probing the substrate specificity by molecular docking simulations to determine if they can conceivably catalytically convert substrates other than ATP or GTP. In summary, molecular modeling and substrate docking simulations can contribute to the evaluation of cyclases for noncanonical cyclic mononucleotides and thereby further our understanding of the molecular mechanism that underlie cNMP-dependent signaling in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Marondedze
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aloysius Wong
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ludivine Thomas
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen Irving
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris Gehring
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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27
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Bacterial Nucleotidyl Cyclase Inhibits the Host Innate Immune Response by Suppressing TAK1 Activation. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00239-17. [PMID: 28652310 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00239-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exoenzyme Y (ExoY) is a type III secretion system effector found in 90% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Although it is known that ExoY is a soluble nucleotidyl cyclase that increases the cytoplasmic levels of nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates (cNMPs) to mediate endothelial Tau phosphorylation and permeability, its functional role in the innate immune response is still poorly understood. Transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is critical for mediating Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and subsequent activation of NF-κB and AP-1, which are transcriptional activators of innate immunity. Here, we report that ExoY inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production through suppressing the activation of TAK1 as well as downstream NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Mice infected with ExoY-deficient P. aeruginosa had higher levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), more neutrophil recruitment, and a lower bacterial load in lung tissue than mice infected with wild-type P. aeruginosa Taken together, our findings identify a previously unknown mechanism by which P. aeruginosa ExoY inhibits the host innate immune response.
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28
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Abstract
The possibility of an RNA World is based on the notion that life on Earth passed through a primitive phase without proteins, a time when all genomes and enzymes were composed of ribonucleic acids. Numerous apparent vestiges of this ancient RNA World remain today, including many nucleotide-derived coenzymes, self-processing ribozymes, metabolite-binding riboswitches, and even ribosomes. Many of the most common signaling molecules and second messengers used by modern organisms are also formed from RNA nucleotides or their precursors. For example, nucleotide derivatives such as cAMP, ppGpp, and ZTP, as well as the cyclic dinucleotides c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP, are intimately involved in signaling diverse physiological or metabolic changes in bacteria and other organisms. We describe the potential diversity of this "lost language" of the RNA World and speculate on whether additional components of this ancient communication machinery might remain hidden though still very much relevant to modern cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Nelson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ronald R Breaker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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29
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Schwarz RJ, Richert C. A four-helix bundle DNA nanostructure with binding pockets for pyrimidine nucleotides. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7047-7054. [PMID: 28327725 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00094d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Designed DNA nanostructures of impressive size have been described, but designed structures of the size of protein enzymes that bind organic ligands with high specificity are rare. Here we report a four-helix motif consisting of three synthetic strands with 65 base pairs and 165 nucleotides in total that folds well. Furthermore, we show that in the interior of this small folded DNA nanostructure, cavities can be set up that bind pyrimidine nucleotides with micromolar affinity. Base-specific binding for both thymidine and cytidine derivatives is demonstrated. The binding affinity depends on the position in the structure, as expected for recognition beyond simple base pairing. The folding motif reported here can help to expand DNA nanotechnology into the realm of selective molecular recognition that is currently dominated by protein-based enzymes and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Joachim Schwarz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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30
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Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS, Conti M, Dove S, Seifert R. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CI. Structures and Small Molecule Modulators of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:93-139. [PMID: 28255005 PMCID: PMC5394921 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Mammalian cells express nine transmembrane AC (mAC) isoforms (AC1-9) and a soluble AC (sAC, also referred to as AC10). This review will largely focus on mACs. mACs are activated by the G-protein Gαs and regulated by multiple mechanisms. mACs are differentially expressed in tissues and regulate numerous and diverse cell functions. mACs localize in distinct membrane compartments and form signaling complexes. sAC is activated by bicarbonate with physiologic roles first described in testis. Crystal structures of the catalytic core of a hybrid mAC and sAC are available. These structures provide detailed insights into the catalytic mechanism and constitute the basis for the development of isoform-selective activators and inhibitors. Although potent competitive and noncompetitive mAC inhibitors are available, it is challenging to obtain compounds with high isoform selectivity due to the conservation of the catalytic core. Accordingly, caution must be exerted with the interpretation of intact-cell studies. The development of isoform-selective activators, the plant diterpene forskolin being the starting compound, has been equally challenging. There is no known endogenous ligand for the forskolin binding site. Recently, development of selective sAC inhibitors was reported. An emerging field is the association of AC gene polymorphisms with human diseases. For example, mutations in the AC5 gene (ADCY5) cause hyperkinetic extrapyramidal motor disorders. Overall, in contrast to the guanylyl cyclase field, our understanding of the (patho)physiology of AC isoforms and the development of clinically useful drugs targeting ACs is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Marco Conti
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Stefan Dove
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Roland Seifert
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
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31
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Berrisch S, Ostermeyer J, Kaever V, Kälble S, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Seifert R, Schneider EH. cUMP hydrolysis by PDE3A. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 390:269-280. [PMID: 27975297 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As previously reported, the cardiac phosphodiesterase PDE3A hydrolyzes cUMP. Moreover, cUMP-degrading activity was detected in cow and dog hearts several decades ago. Our aim was to characterize the enzyme kinetic parameters of PDE3A-mediated cUMP hydrolysis and to investigate whether cUMP and cUMP-hydrolyzing PDEs are present in cardiomyocytes. PDE3A-mediated cUMP hydrolysis was characterized in time course, inhibitor, and Michaelis-Menten kinetics experiments. Intracellular cyclic nucleotide (cNMP) concentrations and the mRNAs of cUMP-degrading PDEs were quantitated in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and murine HL-1 cardiomyogenic cells. Moreover, we investigated cUMP degradation in HL-1 cell homogenates and intact cells. Educts (cNMPs) and products (NMPs) of the PDE reactions were detected by HPLC-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. PDE3A degraded cUMP (measurement of UMP formation) with a K M value of ~143 μM and a V max value of ~42 μmol/min/mg. PDE3A hydrolyzed cAMP with a K M value of ~0.7 μM and a V max of ~1.2 μmol/min/mg (determination of AMP formation). The PDE3 inhibitor milrinone inhibited cUMP hydrolysis (determination of UMP formation) by PDE3A (K i = 57 nM). Significant amounts of cUMP as well as of PDE3A mRNA (in addition to PDE3B and PDE9A transcripts) were detected in HL-1 cells and NRCMs. Although HL-1 cell homogenates contain a milrinone-sensitive cUMP-hydrolyzing activity, intact HL-1 cells may use additional PDE3-independent mechanisms for cUMP disposal. PDE3A is a low-affinity and high-velocity PDE for cUMP. Future studies should investigate biological effects of cUMP in cardiomyocytes and the role of PDE3A in detoxifying high intracellular cUMP concentrations under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Berrisch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Ostermeyer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Solveig Kälble
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner
- Molecular Cardiology Research Group, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erich H Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
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32
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Brescia M, Zaccolo M. Modulation of Compartmentalised Cyclic Nucleotide Signalling via Local Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1672. [PMID: 27706091 PMCID: PMC5085705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are the only enzymes that degrade the cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP, and play a key role in modulating the amplitude and duration of the signal delivered by these two key intracellular second messengers. Defects in cyclic nucleotide signalling are known to be involved in several pathologies. As a consequence, PDEs have long been recognized as potential drug targets, and they have been the focus of intense research for the development of therapeutic agents. A number of PDE inhibitors are currently available for the treatment of disease, including obstructive pulmonary disease, erectile dysfunction, and heart failure. However, the performance of these drugs is not always satisfactory, due to a lack of PDE-isoform specificity and their consequent adverse side effects. Recent advances in our understanding of compartmentalised cyclic nucleotide signalling and the role of PDEs in local regulation of cAMP and cGMP signals offers the opportunity for the development of novel strategies for therapeutic intervention that may overcome the current limitation of conventional PDE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Brescia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TP, UK.
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TP, UK.
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33
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Liu A, Yu Y, Sheng Q, Zheng XY, Yang JY, Li PY, Shi M, Zhou BC, Zhang YZ, Chen XL. Identification of Four Kinds of 2',3'-cNMPs in Escherichia coli and a Method for Their Preparation. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2414-9. [PMID: 27409357 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Four kinds of 2',3'-cNMPs have been identified in animals and plants, and their physiological roles are also suggested. However, in prokaryotes, while 2',3'-cCMP and 2',3'-cUMP are reported, 2',3'-cGMP or 2',3'-cAMP have never been identified from bacteria or archaea. In addition, there has been no biological method to prepare these cyclic nucleotides. During the study of a novel gene LfliZ from deep-sea bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913, we found that the recombinant LfliZ oligomers contained endogenous substrates, which were then identified to be 2',3'-cCMP, 2',3'-cUMP, 2',3'-cGMP, and 2',3'-cAMP, showing the first evidence for the biological existence of four kinds of 2',3'-cNMPs in prokaryotes. In addition, we further developed a biological method to simultaneously prepare four kinds of 2',3'-cNMPs from Escherichia coli through expressing LfliZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Cyclic Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Bind to the HCN2 Ion Channel and Variably Promote C-Terminal Domain Interactions and Opening. Structure 2016; 24:1629-1642. [PMID: 27568927 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP is thought to facilitate the opening of the HCN2 channel by binding to a C-terminal domain and promoting or inhibiting interactions between subunits. Here, we correlated the ability of cyclic nucleotides to promote interactions of isolated HCN2 C-terminal domains in solution with their ability to facilitate channel opening. Cyclic IMP, a cyclic purine nucleotide, and cCMP, a cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide, bind to a C-terminal domain containing the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain but, in contrast to other cyclic nucleotides examined, fail to promote its oligomerization, and produce only modest facilitation of opening of the full-length channel. Comparisons between ligand bound structures identify a region between the sixth and seventh β strands and the distal C helix as important for facilitation and tight binding. We propose that promotion of interactions between the C-terminal domains by a given ligand contribute to its ability to facilitate opening of the full-length channel.
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Seifert R. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology under new editorship: change and continuity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:667-70. [PMID: 27222234 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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36
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Dittmar F, Wolter S, Seifert R. Regulation of apoptosis by cyclic nucleotides in human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells and human myelogenous leukemia (K-562) cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 112:13-23. [PMID: 27157412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides cCMP and cUMP have been recently identified in numerous mammalian cell lines, in primary cells and in intact organs, but very little is still known about their biological function. A recent study of our group revealed that the membrane-permeable cCMP analog cCMP-acetoxymethylester (cCMP-AM) induces apoptosis in mouse lymphoma cells independent of protein kinase A via an intrinsic and mitochondria-dependent pathway. In our present study, we examined the effects of various cNMP-AMs in human tumor cell lines. In HEL cells, a human erythroleukemia cell line, cCMP-AM effectively reduced the number of viable cells, effectively induced apoptosis by altering the mitochondrial membrane potential and thereby caused changes in the cell cycle. cCMP itself was biologically inactive, indicating that membrane penetration is required to trigger intracellular effects. cCMP-AM did not induce apoptosis in K-562 cells, a human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, due to rapid export via multidrug resistance-associated proteins. The biological effects of cCMP-AM differed from those of other cNMP-AMs. In conclusion, cCMP effectively induces apoptosis in HEL cells, cCMP export prevents apoptosis of K-562 cells and cNMPs differentially regulate various aspects of apoptosis, cell growth and mitochondrial function. In a broader perspective, our data support the concept of distinct second messenger roles of cAMP, cGMP, cCMP and cUMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Dittmar
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sabine Wolter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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37
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Schneider E, Wolter S, Dittmar F, Fernández G, Seifert R. Differentiation between first and second messenger effects of cGMP. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2015. [PMCID: PMC4565094 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-16-s1-a84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Morrow KA, Seifert R, Kaever V, Britain AL, Sayner SL, Ochoa CD, Cioffi EA, Frank DW, Rich TC, Stevens T. Heterogeneity of pulmonary endothelial cyclic nucleotide response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoY infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1199-207. [PMID: 26386118 PMCID: PMC4652153 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00165.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we tested the hypothesis that a promiscuous bacterial cyclase synthesizes purine and pyrimidine cyclic nucleotides in the pulmonary endothelium. To test this hypothesis, pulmonary endothelial cells were infected with a strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa that introduces only exoenzyme Y (PA103 ΔexoUexoT::Tc pUCPexoY; ExoY(+)) via a type III secretion system. Purine and pyrimidine cyclic nucleotides were simultaneously detected using mass spectrometry. Pulmonary artery (PAECs) and pulmonary microvascular (PMVECs) endothelial cells both possess basal levels of four different cyclic nucleotides in the following rank order: cAMP > cUMP ≈ cGMP ≈ cCMP. Endothelial gap formation was induced in a time-dependent manner following ExoY(+) intoxication. In PAECs, intercellular gaps formed within 2 h and progressively increased in size up to 6 h, when the experiment was terminated. cGMP concentrations increased within 1 h postinfection, whereas cAMP and cUMP concentrations increased within 3 h, and cCMP concentrations increased within 4 h postinfection. In PMVECs, intercellular gaps did not form until 4 h postinfection. Only cGMP and cUMP concentrations increased at 3 and 6 h postinfection, respectively. PAECs generated higher cyclic nucleotide levels than PMVECs, and the cyclic nucleotide levels increased earlier in response to ExoY(+) intoxication. Heterogeneity of the cyclic nucleotide signature in response to P. aeruginosa infection exists between PAECs and PMVECs, suggesting the intracellular milieu in PAECs is more conducive to cNMP generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Morrow
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - R Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - V Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - A L Britain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - S L Sayner
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - C D Ochoa
- Physician-Scientist Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Physician-Scientist Training Program, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - E A Cioffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - D W Frank
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - T C Rich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - T Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama;
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Temporal and organ-specific detection of cNMPs including cUMP in the zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:708-12. [PMID: 26551461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides cCMP and cUMP occur in mammalian cell lines. Recently, cCMP was also identified in mouse organs. Due to technical difficulties, it has not been possible to detect cUMP in organs or tissues yet. Here, we have generated a temporal profile of the occurrence of nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates during different developmental stages of embryogenesis and in different organs of the adult zebrafish Danio rerio. Cyclic nucleotides were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. The identity of cCMP and cUMP in the zebrafish was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We show for the first time that cUMP can be detected during embryogenesis and in adult organs of this vertebrate model system.
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40
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Matange N. Revisiting bacterial cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: cyclic AMP hydrolysis and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv183. [PMID: 26424768 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a universal second messenger that regulates vital activities in bacteria and eukaryotes. Enzymes that hydrolyze cAMP, called phosphodiesterases (PDEs), negatively regulate the levels of this messenger molecule and are therefore crucial for signal 'termination'. In this minireview, I shall summarize the available literature on bacterial cAMP-PDEs, with particular emphasis on enzymes belonging to the ubiquitously encoded Class III PDE family exemplified by CpdA from Escherichia coli and Rv0805 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using available biochemical, structural and biological information, I shall make a case for re-examining the functions of these enzymes as merely regulators of intrabacterial cAMP levels and suggest that some members of this class may have evolved cAMP-independent functions as well. Finally, I shall highlight the major lacunae in our understanding of these enzymes and present unanswered questions in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishad Matange
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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41
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Wolter S, Kloth C, Golombek M, Dittmar F, Försterling L, Seifert R. cCMP causes caspase-dependent apoptosis in mouse lymphoma cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:119-31. [PMID: 26300059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
cCMP is a cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide which binds to and activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). In S49 lymphoma cells, cAMP induces apoptosis via PKA. In our present study, we examined the effect of cCMP on apoptosis in S49 mouse lymphoma cells and in PKA-deficient S49kin(-)cells. These two cell lines also lack PKG, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels 2 and 4 (HCN2 and HCN4) as assessed by real-time PCR. The cell-permeable analog cCMP-AM induced PKA- and PKG-independent apoptosis in S49 cells. In contrast, exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) activation did not induce apoptosis. cCMP induced caspase-dependent apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway, led to cytochrome c release from mitochondria and also activated the ER stress pathway. On the contrary, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway was not involved. Autophagy was not detectable after treatment with cCMP-AM in both cell lines. cAMP-AM, cGMP-AM, cUMP-AM as well as the cyclic nucleotides lacking the acetoxymethylester (AM)-group had no effect. cCMP-AM altered gene expression of the apoptotic-relevant gene Gadd45α and the immediate early response genes cFos and Nr4A1 in S49 wild-type (wt) cells. In conclusion, cCMP induces apoptosis of S49 lymphoma cells, independently of hitherto known cCMP target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wolter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christina Kloth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Marina Golombek
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Fanni Dittmar
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa Försterling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Bähre H, Hartwig C, Munder A, Wolter S, Stelzer T, Schirmer B, Beckert U, Frank DW, Tümmler B, Kaever V, Seifert R. cCMP and cUMP occur in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:909-14. [PMID: 25838203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells contain the cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides cCMP and cUMP. It is unknown whether these tentative new second messenger molecules occur in vivo. We used high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic monophosphates. cCMP was detected in all organs studied, most notably pancreas, spleen and the female reproductive system. cUMP was not detected in organs, probably due to the intrinsically low sensitivity of mass spectrometry to detect this molecule and organ matrix effects. Intratracheal infection of mice with recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa harboring the nucleotidyl cyclase toxin ExoY massively increased cUMP in lung. The identity of cCMP and cUMP in organs was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. cUMP also appeared in serum, urine and faeces following infection. Taken together, this report unequivocally shows for the first time that cCMP and cUMP occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Bähre
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christina Hartwig
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Antje Munder
- Clinic for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sabine Wolter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Tane Stelzer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bastian Schirmer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Beckert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Dara W Frank
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Burkhard Tümmler
- Clinic for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Seifert R, Schneider EH, Bähre H. From canonical to non-canonical cyclic nucleotides as second messengers: pharmacological implications. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:154-84. [PMID: 25527911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes our knowledge on the non-canonical cyclic nucleotides cCMP, cUMP, cIMP, cXMP and cTMP. We place the field into a historic context and discuss unresolved questions and future directions of research. We discuss the implications of non-canonical cyclic nucleotides for experimental and clinical pharmacology, focusing on bacterial infections, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders and reproduction medicine. The canonical cyclic purine nucleotides cAMP and cGMP fulfill the criteria of second messengers. (i) cAMP and cGMP are synthesized by specific generators, i.e. adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases, respectively. (ii) cAMP and cGMP activate specific effector proteins, e.g. protein kinases. (iii) cAMP and cGMP exert specific biological effects. (iv) The biological effects of cAMP and cGMP are terminated by phosphodiesterases and export. The effects of cAMP and cGMP are mimicked by (v) membrane-permeable cyclic nucleotide analogs and (vi) bacterial toxins. For decades, the existence and relevance of cCMP and cUMP have been controversial. Modern mass-spectrometric methods have unequivocally demonstrated the existence of cCMP and cUMP in mammalian cells. For both, cCMP and cUMP, the criteria for second messenger molecules are now fulfilled as well. There are specific patterns by which nucleotidyl cyclases generate cNMPs and how they are degraded and exported, resulting in unique cNMP signatures in biological systems. cNMP signaling systems, specifically at the level of soluble guanylyl cyclase, soluble adenylyl cyclase and ExoY from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are more promiscuous than previously appreciated. cUMP and cCMP are evolutionary new molecules, probably reflecting an adaption to signaling requirements in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Erich H Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Bähre
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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44
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Report on the Third Symposium "cCMP and cUMP as New Second Messengers". Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:1-3. [PMID: 25471064 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic pyrimidine nucleotides cytidine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cCMP) and uridine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cUMP) have been unequivocally identified in mammalian cells using the most advanced mass spectrometry methods. On October 10, 2014, leading experts in the field met at the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, to discuss the latest findings in this emerging field of research. Generators, effectors, biological functions, inactivation mechanisms, and model systems for cCMP and cUMP were discussed. Pseudomonas aeruginosa nucleotidyl cyclase toxin ExoY, effectively producing cUMP, was a central topic of the meeting. cCMP and cUMP fulfill the criteria for second messengers. Future research directions in the field will include the identification of specific effector proteins of cCMP and cUMP, new cCMP- and cUMP-generating bacterial toxins, the analysis of new model organisms such as the zebra fish, and elucidation of the function of other noncanonical cyclic nucleotides such as inosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cIMP).
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