1
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Yildiz SN, Entezari M, Paskeh MDA, Mirzaei S, Kalbasi A, Zabolian A, Hashemi F, Hushmandi K, Hashemi M, Raei M, Goharrizi MASB, Aref AR, Zarrabi A, Ren J, Orive G, Rabiee N, Ertas YN. Nanoliposomes as nonviral vectors in cancer gene therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e583. [PMID: 38919334 PMCID: PMC11199024 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonviral vectors, such as liposomes, offer potential for targeted gene delivery in cancer therapy. Liposomes, composed of phospholipid vesicles, have demonstrated efficacy as nanocarriers for genetic tools, addressing the limitations of off-targeting and degradation commonly associated with traditional gene therapy approaches. Due to their biocompatibility, stability, and tunable physicochemical properties, they offer potential in overcoming the challenges associated with gene therapy, such as low transfection efficiency and poor stability in biological fluids. Despite these advancements, there remains a gap in understanding the optimal utilization of nanoliposomes for enhanced gene delivery in cancer treatment. This review delves into the present state of nanoliposomes as carriers for genetic tools in cancer therapy, sheds light on their potential to safeguard genetic payloads and facilitate cell internalization alongside the evolution of smart nanocarriers for targeted delivery. The challenges linked to their biocompatibility and the factors that restrict their effectiveness in gene delivery are also discussed along with exploring the potential of nanoliposomes in cancer gene therapy strategies by analyzing recent advancements and offering future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Department of Medical Convergence SciencesFarhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Department of Medical Convergence SciencesFarhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceIslamic Azad UniversityScience and Research BranchTehranIran
| | - Alireza Kalbasi
- Department of PharmacyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Department of OrthopedicsShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Clinical Sciences InstituteNephrology and Urology Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Advanced Science and TechnologyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Department of Medical Convergence SciencesFarhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of HealthBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer ScienceDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Translational SciencesXsphera Biosciences Inc.BostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesIstinye UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesDepartment of CardiologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research GroupSchool of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology ‐ UIRMI (UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua)Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research GroupVitoria‐GasteizSpain
- The AcademiaSingapore Eye Research InstituteSingaporeSingapore
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey
- ERNAM—Nanotechnology Research and Application CenterErciyes UniversityKayseriTurkey
- UNAM−National Nanotechnology Research CenterBilkent UniversityAnkaraTurkey
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2
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Chen G, Deng H, Li M, Fang X, He C, Shu Y, Wang F. The role of long non-coding RNA in Crohn's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32606. [PMID: 38961978 PMCID: PMC11219967 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has illuminated the pivotal role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in orchestrating immunological functions and autoimmune responses. In the context of Crohn's disease (CD), an array of novel lncRNAs has been identified in the plasma and intestinal tissues of afflicted individuals, suggesting a dualistic influence on the disease progression, either exacerbating or mitigating its course. Current research has demonstrated the involvement of lncRNAs in competitive endogenous RNA, the inflammation process, epithelial barrier function, gut microbiota imbalance, and epigenetic regulation. This review aims to encapsulate the current knowledge on the lncRNA contribution to CD and underscore potential avenues for future research. LncRNAs are increasingly recognized as significant biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, holding a key position in the pathogenesis of CD. Furthermore, the unique attributes of circulating lncRNAs, such as minimal side effects, combinational therapy potential, and personalized medicine, render them as promising therapeutic tools for individual health management in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Anhui Hospital affiliated Shanghai Shuguang Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Heng Deng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoli Fang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunrong He
- Hefei Haiheng Health Service Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yingzi Shu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
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3
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Motamedi H, Ari MM, Alvandi A, Abiri R. Principle, application and challenges of development siRNA-based therapeutics against bacterial and viral infections: a comprehensive review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1393646. [PMID: 38939184 PMCID: PMC11208694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
While significant progress has been made in understanding and applying gene silencing mechanisms and the treatment of human diseases, there have been still several obstacles in therapeutic use. For the first time, ONPATTRO, as the first small interfering RNA (siRNA) based drug was invented in 2018 for treatment of hTTR with polyneuropathy. Additionally, four other siRNA based drugs naming Givosiran, Inclisiran, Lumasiran, and Vutrisiran have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for clinical use by hitherto. In this review, we have discussed the key and promising advances in the development of siRNA-based drugs in preclinical and clinical stages, the impact of these molecules in bacterial and viral infection diseases, delivery system issues, the impact of administration methods, limitations of siRNA application and how to overcome them and a glimpse into future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Motamedi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhoushang Alvandi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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4
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Wang LL, Wu CQ, Zhang QL, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang WJ, Ye SL, Tian Y, Xu L. Chemically Cross-Linked Hammerhead Ribozyme as an Efficient RNA Interference Tool. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6665-6674. [PMID: 38412223 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
RNA-cleaving ribozymes are promising candidates as general tools of RNA interference (RNAi) in gene manipulation. However, compared with other RNA systems, such as siRNA and CRISPR technologies, the ribozyme tools are still far from broad applications on RNAi due to their poor performance in the cellular context. In this work, we report an efficient RNAi tool based on chemically modified hammerhead ribozyme (HHR). By the introduction of an intramolecular linkage into the minimal HHR to reconstruct the distal interaction within the tertiary ribozyme structure, this cross-linked HHR exhibits efficient RNA substrate cleavage activities with almost no sequence constraint. Cellular experiments suggest that both exogenous and endogenous RNA expression can be dramatically knocked down by this HHR tool with levels comparable to those of siRNA. Unlike the widely applied protein-recruiting RNA systems (siRNA and CRISPR), this ribozyme tool functions solely on RNA itself with great simplicity, which may provide a new approach for gene manipulation in both fundamental and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chao-Qun Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qiu-Long Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine of Fujian Province, Putian University, Putian 351100, China
| | - Yang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wen-Jian Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Sen-Lin Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Liang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Moccia M, Pascucci B, Saviano M, Cerasa MT, Terzidis MA, Chatgilialoglu C, Masi A. Advances in Nucleic Acid Research: Exploring the Potential of Oligonucleotides for Therapeutic Applications and Biological Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:146. [PMID: 38203317 PMCID: PMC10778772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nucleic acids have emerged as powerful biomaterials, revolutionizing the field of biomedicine. This review explores the multifaceted applications of nucleic acids, focusing on their pivotal role in various biomedical applications. Nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), possess unique properties such as molecular recognition ability, programmability, and ease of synthesis, making them versatile tools in biosensing and for gene regulation, drug delivery, and targeted therapy. Their compatibility with chemical modifications enhances their binding affinity and resistance to degradation, elevating their effectiveness in targeted applications. Additionally, nucleic acids have found utility as self-assembling building blocks, leading to the creation of nanostructures whose high order underpins their enhanced biological stability and affects the cellular uptake efficiency. Furthermore, this review delves into the significant role of oligonucleotides (ODNs) as indispensable tools for biological studies and biomarker discovery. ODNs, short sequences of nucleic acids, have been instrumental in unraveling complex biological mechanisms. They serve as probes for studying gene expression, protein interactions, and cellular pathways, providing invaluable insights into fundamental biological processes. By examining the synergistic interplay between nucleic acids as powerful biomaterials and ODNs as indispensable tools for biological studies and biomarkers, this review highlights the transformative impact of these molecules on biomedical research. Their versatile applications not only deepen our understanding of biological systems but also are the driving force for innovation in diagnostics and therapeutics, ultimately advancing the field of biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moccia
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Strada Provinciale 35d, n. 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (M.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Barbara Pascucci
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Strada Provinciale 35d, n. 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (M.M.); (B.P.)
| | - Michele Saviano
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, URT Caserta, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Cerasa
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Giovanni Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Michael A. Terzidis
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Sindos Campus, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
| | - Annalisa Masi
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Strada Provinciale 35d, n. 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy; (M.M.); (B.P.)
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6
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Motamedi H, Abiri R, Salari F, Jalili C, Alvandi A. Reduction of UreB and CagA expression level by siRNA construct in Helicobacter pylori strain SS1. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:401. [PMID: 38114907 PMCID: PMC10729366 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two important virulence factors, urease and cagA, play an important role in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) gastric cancer. Aim of this study was to investigate the expression level and function of ureB and cagA using small interfering RNAs (siRNA). METHODS SS1 strain of H. pylori was considered as host for natural transformation. siRNA designed for ureB and cagA genes were inserted in pGPU6/GFP/Neo siRNA plasmid vector to evaluate using phenotypic and genotypic approaches. Then, qPCR was performed for determining inhibition rate of ureB and cagA gene expression. RESULTS The expression levels of siRNA-ureB and siRNA-cagA in the recombinant strain SS1 were reduced by about 5000 and 1000 fold, respectively, compared to the native H. pylori strain SS1. Also, preliminary evaluation of siRNA-ureB in vitro showed inhibition of urea enzyme activity. These data suggest that siRNA may be a powerful new tool for gene silencing in vitro, and for the development of RNAi-based anti-H. pylori therapies. CONCLUSION Our results show that targeting ureB and cagA genes with siRNA seems to be a new strategy to inhibit urease enzyme activity, reduce inflammation and colonization rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Motamedi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Salari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amirhoushang Alvandi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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McCallister TX, Lim CKW, Terpstra WM, Alejandra Zeballos C M, Zhang S, Powell JE, Gaj T. A high-fidelity CRISPR-Cas13 system improves abnormalities associated with C9ORF72-linked ALS/FTD. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.571328. [PMID: 38168370 PMCID: PMC10760048 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.571328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
An abnormal expansion of a GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in the C9ORF72 gene is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), two debilitating neurodegenerative disorders driven in part by gain-of-function mechanisms involving transcribed forms of the repeat expansion. By utilizing a Cas13 variant with reduced collateral effects, we developed a high-fidelity RNA-targeting CRISPR-based system for C9ORF72-linked ALS/FTD. When delivered to the brain of a transgenic rodent model, this Cas13-based platform effectively curbed the expression of the GGGGCC repeat-containing RNA without affecting normal C9ORF72 levels, which in turn decreased the formation of RNA foci and reversed transcriptional deficits. This high-fidelity Cas13 variant possessed improved transcriptome-wide specificity compared to its native form and mediated efficient targeting in motor neuron-like cells derived from a patient with ALS. Our results lay the foundation for the implementation of RNA-targeting CRISPR technologies for C9ORF72-linked ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan X. McCallister
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Colin K. W. Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - William M. Terpstra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - M. Alejandra Zeballos C
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jackson E. Powell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Carels N, Sgariglia D, Junior MGV, Lima CR, Carneiro FRG, da Silva GF, da Silva FAB, Scardini R, Tuszynski JA, de Andrade CV, Monteiro AC, Martins MG, da Silva TG, Ferraz H, Finotelli PV, Balbino TA, Pinto JC. A Strategy Utilizing Protein-Protein Interaction Hubs for the Treatment of Cancer Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16098. [PMID: 38003288 PMCID: PMC10671768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a strategy for the development of a rational approach of neoplastic disease therapy based on the demonstration that scale-free networks are susceptible to specific attacks directed against its connective hubs. This strategy involves the (i) selection of up-regulated hubs of connectivity in the tumors interactome, (ii) drug repurposing of these hubs, (iii) RNA silencing of non-druggable hubs, (iv) in vitro hub validation, (v) tumor-on-a-chip, (vi) in vivo validation, and (vii) clinical trial. Hubs are protein targets that are assessed as targets for rational therapy of cancer in the context of personalized oncology. We confirmed the existence of a negative correlation between malignant cell aggressivity and the target number needed for specific drugs or RNA interference (RNAi) to maximize the benefit to the patient's overall survival. Interestingly, we found that some additional proteins not generally targeted by drug treatments might justify the addition of inhibitors designed against them in order to improve therapeutic outcomes. However, many proteins are not druggable, or the available pharmacopeia for these targets is limited, which justifies a therapy based on encapsulated RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Carels
- Platform of Biological System Modeling, Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.L.); (G.F.d.S.)
| | - Domenico Sgariglia
- Engenharia de Sistemas e Computação, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-972, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Marcos Guilherme Vieira Junior
- Computational Modeling of Biological Systems, Scientific Computing Program (PROCC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil or (M.G.V.J.); (F.A.B.d.S.)
| | - Carlyle Ribeiro Lima
- Platform of Biological System Modeling, Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.L.); (G.F.d.S.)
| | - Flávia Raquel Gonçalves Carneiro
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (F.R.G.C.); (R.S.)
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Ferreira da Silva
- Platform of Biological System Modeling, Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (C.R.L.); (G.F.d.S.)
| | - Fabricio Alves Barbosa da Silva
- Computational Modeling of Biological Systems, Scientific Computing Program (PROCC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil or (M.G.V.J.); (F.A.B.d.S.)
| | - Rafaela Scardini
- Center of Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (F.R.G.C.); (R.S.)
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, RJ, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 22290-255, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jack Adam Tuszynski
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy;
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada
| | - Cecilia Vianna de Andrade
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina Monteiro
- Laboratory of Osteo and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro 24210-201, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Guimarães Martins
- Chemical Engineering Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-594, RJ, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (T.G.d.S.); (H.F.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Talita Goulart da Silva
- Chemical Engineering Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-594, RJ, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (T.G.d.S.); (H.F.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Helen Ferraz
- Chemical Engineering Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-594, RJ, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (T.G.d.S.); (H.F.); (J.C.P.)
| | - Priscilla Vanessa Finotelli
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Biofuncional, Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Tiago Albertini Balbino
- Nanotechnology Engineering Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-594, RJ, Brazil;
| | - José Carlos Pinto
- Chemical Engineering Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-594, RJ, Brazil; (M.G.M.); (T.G.d.S.); (H.F.); (J.C.P.)
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9
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Keuthan CJ, Karma S, Zack DJ. Alternative RNA Splicing in the Retina: Insights and Perspectives. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041313. [PMID: 36690463 PMCID: PMC10547393 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a fundamental and highly regulated post-transcriptional process that enhances transcriptome and proteome diversity. This process is particularly important in neuronal tissues, such as the retina, which exhibit some of the highest levels of differentially spliced genes in the body. Alternative splicing is regulated both temporally and spatially during neuronal development, can be cell-type-specific, and when altered can cause a number of pathologies, including retinal degeneration. Advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies have facilitated investigations of the alternative splicing landscape of the retina in both healthy and disease states. Additionally, innovations in human stem cell engineering, specifically in the generation of 3D retinal organoids, which recapitulate many aspects of the in vivo retinal microenvironment, have aided studies of the role of alternative splicing in human retinal development and degeneration. Here we review these advances and discuss the ongoing development of strategies for the treatment of alternative splicing-related retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Keuthan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Sadik Karma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Neuroscience, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Luo T, Huo C, Zhou T, Xie S. Progress on RNA-based therapeutics for genetic diseases. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 52:406-416. [PMID: 37643975 PMCID: PMC10495251 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics inhibit the expression of specific proteins/RNAs by targeting complementary sequences of corresponding genes or encode proteins for the synthesis desired genes to treat genetic diseases. RNA-based therapeutics are categorized as oligonucleotide drugs (antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, RNA aptamers), and mRNA drugs. The antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA for treatment of genetic diseases have been approved by the FDA in the United States, while RNA aptamers and mRNA drugs are still in clinical trials. Chemical modifications can be applied to RNA drugs, such as pseudouridine modification of mRNA, to reduce immunogenicity and improve the efficacy. The secure and effective delivery systems such as lipid-based nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles, and virus-like particles are under development to address stability, specificity, and safety issues of RNA drugs. This article provides an overview of the specific molecular mechanisms of eleven RNA drugs currently used for treating genetic diseases, and discusses the research progress of chemical modifications and delivery systems of RNA drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chunxiao Huo
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Center for RNA Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jinhua 322000, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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11
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Abosalha AK, Ahmad W, Boyajian J, Islam P, Ghebretatios M, Schaly S, Thareja R, Arora K, Prakash S. A comprehensive update of siRNA delivery design strategies for targeted and effective gene silencing in gene therapy and other applications. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:149-161. [PMID: 36514963 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2155630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference (RNAi) using small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a promising strategy to control many genetic disorders by targeting the mRNA of underlying genes and degrade it. However, the delivery of siRNA to targeted organs is highly restricted by several intracellular and extracellular barriers. AREAS COVERED This review discusses various design strategies developed to overcome siRNA delivery obstacles. The applied techniques involve chemical modification, bioconjugation to specific ligands, and carrier-mediated strategies. Nanotechnology-based systems like liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles (PNs) are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although the mechanism of siRNA as a gene silencer is well-established, only a few products are available as therapeutics. There is a great need to develop and establish siRNA delivery systems that protects siRNAs and delivers them efficiently to the desired sitesare efficient and capable of targeted delivery. Several diseases are reported to be controlled by siRNA at their early stages. However, their targeted delivery is a daunting challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khaled Abosalha
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Technology department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Boyajian
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paromita Islam
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Merry Ghebretatios
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schaly
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rahul Thareja
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karan Arora
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University H3A 2B4, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abosalha AK, Boyajian J, Ahmad W, Islam P, Ghebretatios M, Schaly S, Thareja R, Arora K, Prakash S. Clinical pharmacology of siRNA therapeutics: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1327-1341. [PMID: 36251525 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2136166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has emerged as a powerful tool for post-transcriptional downregulation of multiple genes for various therapies. Naked siRNA molecules are surrounded by several barriers that tackle their optimum delivery to target tissues such as limited cellular uptake, short circulation time, degradation by endonucleases, glomerular filtration, and capturing by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). AREAS COVERED This review provides insights into studies that investigate various siRNA-based therapies, focusing on the mechanism, delivery strategies, bioavailability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics of naked and modified siRNA molecules. The clinical pharmacology of currently approved siRNA products is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Few siRNA-based products have been approved recently by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies after approximately twenty years following its discovery due to the associated limitations. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of siRNA therapeutics are highly restricted by several obstacles, resulting in rapid clearance of siRNA-based therapeutic products from systemic circulation before reaching the cytosol of targeted cells. The siRNA therapeutics however are very promising in many diseases, including gene therapy and SARS-COV-2 viral infection. The design of suitable delivery vehicles and developing strategies toward better pharmacokinetic parameters may solve the challenges of siRNA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khaled Abosalha
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Jacqueline Boyajian
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Paromita Islam
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Merry Ghebretatios
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sabrina Schaly
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Rahul Thareja
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Karan Arora
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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Ali LMA, Gary-Bobo M. Photochemical Internalization of siRNA for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153597. [PMID: 35892854 PMCID: PMC9331967 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this review is to focus on the different nanovectors capable of transporting genetic material such as small-interfering RNA (siRNA) in order to block the expression of genes responsible for the development of cancer. Usually, these nanovectors are internalized by cancer cells via the endo-lysosomal pathway. To increase the lysosomal cargo escape, excitation using a lamp or a laser, can be applied to induce a more efficient leakage of siRNA to the cytoplasm, which is the site of action of the siRNA to block the translation of RNA into proteins. This is the mechanism of photochemical internalization. Abstract In the race to design ever more effective therapy with ever more focused and controlled actions, nanomedicine and phototherapy seem to be two allies of choice. Indeed, the use of nanovectors making it possible to transport and protect genetic material is becoming increasingly important. In addition, the use of a method allowing the release of genetic material in a controlled way in space and time is also a strategy increasingly studied thanks to the use of lasers. In parallel, the use of interfering RNA and, more particularly, of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) has demonstrated significant potential for gene therapy. In this review, we focused on the design of the different nanovectors capable of transporting siRNAs and releasing them so that they can turn off the expression of deregulated genes in cancers through controlled photoexcitation with high precision. This mechanism, called photochemical internalization (PCI), corresponds to the lysosomal leakage of the cargo (siRNA in this case) after destabilization of the lysosomal membrane under light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Magali Gary-Bobo
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France;
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Roy P, Saha S, Chakraborty J. Looking into the possibilities of cure of the type 2 diabetes mellitus by nanoparticle-based RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 system: A review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Xie D, Wang J, Hu G, Chen C, Yang H, Ritter JK, Qu Y, Li N. Kidney-Targeted Delivery of Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Protein 2 Small Interfering RNA with Nanoparticles Alleviated Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:235-243. [PMID: 34103333 PMCID: PMC11047054 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) has been shown to protect against various kidney diseases. However, there are controversial reports on the effect of PHD inhibition in renoprotection. The present study determined whether delivery of PHD2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) using an siRNA carrier, folic acid (FA)-decorated polyamidoamine dendrimer generation 5 (G5-FA), would mainly target kidneys and protect against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). The renal I/R was generated by clipping the renal pedicle for 30 minutes in uninephrectomized mice. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours after I/R. Normal saline or G5-FA complexed with control or PHD2 siRNA was injected via tail vein 24 hours before ischemia. After the injection of near-infrared fluorescent dye-labeled G5-FA, the fluorescence was mainly detected in kidneys but not in other organs. The reduction of PHD2 mRNA and protein was only observed in kidneys but not in other organs after injection of PHD2-siRNA-G5-FA complex. The injection of PHD2-siRNA-G5-FA significantly alleviated renal I/R injury, as shown by the inhibition of increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, the blockade of increases in kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and the improvement of histologic damage compared with mice treated with control siRNA. PHD2 siRNA can be delivered specifically into kidneys using G5-FA, and that local knockdown of PHD2 gene expression within the kidney alleviates renal I/R injury. Therefore, G5-FA is an efficient siRNA carrier to deliver siRNA into the kidney, and that local inhibition of PHD2 within the kidney may be a potential strategy for the management of acute I/R injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Folic acid (FA)-decorated polyamidoamine dendrimer generation 5 (G5-FA) was demonstrated to be an effective carrier to deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) into kidneys. Delivery of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 siRNA with G5-FA effectively protected the kidneys against the acute renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengpiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Gaizun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Chaoling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
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Ow MC, Hall SE. piRNAs and endo-siRNAs: Small molecules with large roles in the nervous system. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105086. [PMID: 34082061 PMCID: PMC8286337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, small non-coding RNAs have emerged as powerhouses in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. In addition to guarding the integrity of the reproductive system, small non-coding RNAs play critical roles in the maintenance of the soma. Accumulating evidence indicates that small non-coding RNAs perform vital functions in the animal nervous system such as restricting the activity of deleterious transposable elements, regulating nerve regeneration, and mediating learning and memory. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the contribution of two major classes of small non-coding RNAs, piRNAs and endo-siRNAs, to the nervous system development and function, and present highlights on how the dysregulation of small non-coding RNA pathways can assist in understanding the neuropathology of human neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ow
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
| | - Sarah E Hall
- Biology Department, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
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Ewert KK, Scodeller P, Simón-Gracia L, Steffes VM, Wonder EA, Teesalu T, Safinya CR. Cationic Liposomes as Vectors for Nucleic Acid and Hydrophobic Drug Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1365. [PMID: 34575441 PMCID: PMC8465808 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic liposomes (CLs) are effective carriers of a variety of therapeutics. Their applications as vectors of nucleic acids (NAs), from long DNA and mRNA to short interfering RNA (siRNA), have been pursued for decades to realize the promise of gene therapy, with approvals of the siRNA therapeutic patisiran and two mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 as recent milestones. The long-term goal of developing optimized CL-based NA carriers for a broad range of medical applications requires a comprehensive understanding of the structure of these vectors and their interactions with cell membranes and components that lead to the release and activity of the NAs within the cell. Structure-activity relationships of lipids for CL-based NA and drug delivery must take into account that these lipids act not individually but as components of an assembly of many molecules. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the choice of the constituting lipids governs the structure of their CL-NA self-assemblies, which constitute distinct liquid crystalline phases, and the relation of these structures to their efficacy for delivery. In addition, we review progress toward CL-NA nanoparticles for targeted NA delivery in vivo and close with an outlook on CL-based carriers of hydrophobic drugs, which may eventually lead to combination therapies with NAs and drugs for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai K. Ewert
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, and Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (V.M.S.); (E.A.W.)
| | - Pablo Scodeller
- Laboratory of Precision- and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (P.S.); (L.S.-G.)
| | - Lorena Simón-Gracia
- Laboratory of Precision- and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (P.S.); (L.S.-G.)
| | - Victoria M. Steffes
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, and Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (V.M.S.); (E.A.W.)
| | - Emily A. Wonder
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, and Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (V.M.S.); (E.A.W.)
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Precision- and Nanomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (P.S.); (L.S.-G.)
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Cyrus R. Safinya
- Materials, Physics, and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Departments, and Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (V.M.S.); (E.A.W.)
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Doll L, Lackner J, Rönicke F, Nienhaus GU, Wagenknecht H. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) of Intracellular Transport by Means of Doubly Labelled siRNA Architectures. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2561-2567. [PMID: 34125482 PMCID: PMC8453559 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
For monitoring the intracellular pathway of small interfering RNA (siRNA), both strands were labelled at internal positions by two ATTO dyes as an interstrand Förster resonance energy transfer pair. siRNA double strands show red emission and a short donor lifetime as readout, whereas siRNA antisense single strands show green emission and a long donor lifetime. This readout signals if GFP silencing can be expected (green) or not (red). We attached both dyes to three structurally different alkyne anchors by postsynthetic modifications. There is only a slight preference for the ribofuranoside anchors with the dyes at their 2'-positions. For the first time, the delivery and fate of siRNA in live HeLa cells was tracked by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), which revealed a clear relationship between intracellular transport using different transfection methods and knockdown of GFP expression, which demonstrates the potential of our siRNA architectures as a tool for future development of effective siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Doll
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Organic ChemistryFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jens Lackner
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Applied PhysicsWolfgang-Gaede-Str. 176131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Franziska Rönicke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Organic ChemistryFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Applied PhysicsWolfgang-Gaede-Str. 176131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign1110 West Green StreetUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Hans‐Achim Wagenknecht
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Organic ChemistryFritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
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Wei Y, Sun Y, Wei J, Qiu X, Meng F, Storm G, Zhong Z. Selective transferrin coating as a facile strategy to fabricate BBB-permeable and targeted vesicles for potent RNAi therapy of brain metastatic breast cancer in vivo. J Control Release 2021; 337:521-529. [PMID: 34352315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases are a most disturbing situation for breast cancer patients as there is basically no adequate treatment available. Any potential drug formulation has to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and specific to metastatic brain tumors without causing unacceptable adverse effects. Here, we developed transferrin-functionalized chimeric polymersomes carrying siRNA against polo-like kinase 1 (Tf@TBP-CPs-siPLK1) for treating brain metastatic MDA-MB 231 triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenografts in mice. To facilitate the loading of siPLK1, chimaeric polymersomes (CPs) were designed with spermine in the watery core and transferrin-binding peptide (TBP) at the surface, enabling attachment of transferrin after the siRNA loading step and thereby circumventing interference of transferrin with siRNA loading. Tf@TBP-CPs-siPLK1 encapsulating 3.8 wt% siRNA had a mean size of about 50 nm and a neutral zeta potential in phosphate buffer (PB). By virtue of the presence of transferrin, Tf@TBP-CPs demonstrated greatly (ca. 5-fold) enhanced internalization in MDA-MB 231 cells and transcytosis in the endothelial (bEnd.3) monolayer model in vitro as well as markedly improved accumulation in the orthotopically xenografted MDA-MB 231 tumor in the brain in vivo compared with control CPs lacking transferrin, supporting that transferrin mediates efficient BBB penetration and high specificity towards MDA-MB 231 cells. As a result, Tf@TBP-CPs-siPLK1 effectively inhibited tumor progression and prolonged the lifespan of the mice significantly. Selective transferrin coating appears to be a particularly facile strategy to fabricate BBB-permeable and targeted vesicles for potent RNAi therapy of brain metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Wei
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Yinping Sun
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xinyun Qiu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biological Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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Lucas AT, Moody A, Schorzman AN, Zamboni WC. Importance and Considerations of Antibody Engineering in Antibody-Drug Conjugates Development from a Clinical Pharmacologist's Perspective. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34449544 PMCID: PMC8395454 DOI: 10.3390/antib10030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) appear to be in a developmental boom, with five FDA approvals in the last two years and a projected market value of over $4 billion by 2024. Major advancements in the engineering of these novel cytotoxic drug carriers have provided a few early success stories. Although the use of these immunoconjugate agents are still in their infancy, valuable lessons in the engineering of these agents have been learned from both preclinical and clinical failures. It is essential to appreciate how the various mechanisms used to engineer changes in ADCs can alter the complex pharmacology of these agents and allow the ADCs to navigate the modern-day therapeutic challenges within oncology. This review provides a global overview of ADC characteristics which can be engineered to alter the interaction with the immune system, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and therapeutic index of ADCs. In addition, this review will highlight some of the engineering approaches being explored in the creation of the next generation of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Lucas
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Amber Moody
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Allison N. Schorzman
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
| | - William C. Zamboni
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (A.T.L.); (A.N.S.)
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Glolytics, LLC, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
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21
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Pedroza DA, Ramirez M, Rajamanickam V, Subramani R, Margolis V, Gurbuz T, Estrada A, Lakshmanaswamy R. miRNome and Functional Network Analysis of PGRMC1 Regulated miRNA Target Genes Identify Pathways and Biological Functions Associated With Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:710337. [PMID: 34350123 PMCID: PMC8327780 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.710337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased expression of the progesterone receptor membrane component 1, a heme and progesterone binding protein, is frequently found in triple negative breast cancer tissue. The basis for the expression of PGRMC1 and its regulation on cellular signaling mechanisms remain largely unknown. Therefore, we aim to study microRNAs that target selective genes and mechanisms that are regulated by PGRMC1 in TNBCs. Methods To identify altered miRNAs, whole human miRNome profiling was performed following AG-205 treatment and PGRMC1 silencing. Network analysis identified miRNA target genes while KEGG, REACTOME and Gene ontology were used to explore altered signaling pathways, biological processes, and molecular functions. Results KEGG term pathway analysis revealed that upregulated miRNAs target specific genes that are involved in signaling pathways that play a major role in carcinogenesis. While multiple downregulated miRNAs are known oncogenes and have been previously demonstrated to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers. Overlapping miRNA target genes associated with KEGG term pathways were identified and overexpression/amplification of these genes was observed in invasive breast carcinoma tissue from TCGA. Further, the top two genes (CCND1 and YWHAZ) which are highly genetically altered are also associated with poorer overall survival. Conclusions Thus, our data demonstrates that therapeutic targeting of PGRMC1 in aggressive breast cancers leads to the activation of miRNAs that target overexpressed genes and deactivation of miRNAs that have oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Pedroza
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Ramirez
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Venkatesh Rajamanickam
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ramadevi Subramani
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Margolis
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Tugba Gurbuz
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Adriana Estrada
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States.,Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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22
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Yang C, Ma D, Lu L, Yang X, Xi Z. Synthesis of KUE-siRNA Conjugates for Prostate Cancer Cell-Targeted Gene Silencing. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2888-2895. [PMID: 34263529 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of siRNAs to selectively target cells poses a great challenge in RNAi-based cancer therapy. The lack of suitable cell-targeting methods seriously restricts the advance in delivering siRNAs to extrahepatic tissues. Based on prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting ligands, we have synthesized a series of lysine-urea-glutamate (KUE)-siRNA conjugates and verified their effective cell uptake and gene silencing properties in prostate cancers. The results indicated that the KUE-siRNA conjugates could selectively enter PSMA+ LNCaP cells, eventually down-regulating STAT3 expression. Based on post-synthesis modification and receptor-mediated endocytosis, this strategy of constructing ligand-siRNA conjugates might provide a general method of siRNA delivery for cell-targeted gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dejun Ma
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Liqing Lu
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xi
- Department of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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23
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Li D, Gao C, Kuang M, Xu M, Wang B, Luo Y, Teng L, Xie J. Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems of RNAi in Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:2380. [PMID: 33921892 PMCID: PMC8073355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) can mediate gene-silencing by knocking down the expression of a target gene via cellular machinery with much higher efficiency in contrast to other antisense-based approaches which represents an emerging therapeutic strategy for combating cancer. Distinct characters of nanoparticles, such as distinctive size, are fundamental for the efficient delivery of RNAi therapeutics, allowing for higher targeting and safety. In this review, we present the mechanism of RNAi and briefly describe the hurdles and concerns of RNAi as a cancer treatment approach in systemic delivery. Furthermore, the current nanovectors for effective tumor delivery of RNAi therapeutics are classified, and the characteristics of different nanocarriers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diedie Li
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (D.L.); (C.G.); (M.K.); (M.X.); (B.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chengzhi Gao
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (D.L.); (C.G.); (M.K.); (M.X.); (B.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Meiyan Kuang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (D.L.); (C.G.); (M.K.); (M.X.); (B.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Minhao Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (D.L.); (C.G.); (M.K.); (M.X.); (B.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ben Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (D.L.); (C.G.); (M.K.); (M.X.); (B.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (D.L.); (C.G.); (M.K.); (M.X.); (B.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lesheng Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (D.L.); (C.G.); (M.K.); (M.X.); (B.W.); (Y.L.)
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Paclitaxel loading in cationic liposome vectors is enhanced by replacement of oleoyl with linoleoyl tails with distinct lipid shapes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7311. [PMID: 33790325 PMCID: PMC8012651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid carriers of hydrophobic paclitaxel (PTX) are used in clinical trials for cancer chemotherapy. Improving their loading capacity requires enhanced PTX solubilization. We compared the time-dependence of PTX membrane solubility as a function of PTX content in cationic liposomes (CLs) with lipid tails containing one (oleoyl; DOPC/DOTAP) or two (linoleoyl; DLinPC/newly synthesized DLinTAP) cis double bonds by using microscopy to generate kinetic phase diagrams. The DLin lipids displayed significantly increased PTX membrane solubility over DO lipids. Remarkably, 8 mol% PTX in DLinTAP/DLinPC CLs remained soluble for approximately as long as 3 mol% PTX (the solubility limit, which has been the focus of most previous studies and clinical trials) in DOTAP/DOPC CLs. The increase in solubility is likely caused by enhanced molecular affinity between lipid tails and PTX, rather than by the transition in membrane structure from bilayers to inverse cylindrical micelles observed with small-angle X-ray scattering. Importantly, the efficacy of PTX-loaded CLs against prostate cancer cells (their IC50 of PTX cytotoxicity) was unaffected by changing the lipid tails, and toxicity of the CL carrier was negligible. Moreover, efficacy was approximately doubled against melanoma cells for PTX-loaded DLinTAP/DLinPC over DOTAP/DOPC CLs. Our findings demonstrate the potential of chemical modifications of the lipid tails to increase the PTX membrane loading while maintaining (and in some cases even increasing) the efficacy of CLs. The increased PTX solubility will aid the development of liposomal PTX carriers that require significantly less lipid to deliver a given amount of PTX, reducing side effects and costs.
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Egorov E, Pieters C, Korach-Rechtman H, Shklover J, Schroeder A. Robotics, microfluidics, nanotechnology and AI in the synthesis and evaluation of liposomes and polymeric drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:345-352. [PMID: 33585972 PMCID: PMC7882236 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanotechnology and personalised medicine is undergoing drastic changes in the approach and efficiency of experimentation. The COVID-19 pandemic has spiralled into mass stagnation of major laboratories around the globe and led to increased investment into remote systems for nanoparticle experiments. A significant number of laboratories now operate using automated systems; however, the extension to nanoparticle preparation and artificial intelligence–dependent databases holds great translational promise. The strive to combine automation with artificial intelligence (AI) grants the ability to optimise targeted therapeutic nanoparticles for unique cell types and patients. In this perspective, the current and future trends of automated approaches to nanomedicine synthesis are discussed and compared with traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Egorov
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Calvin Pieters
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hila Korach-Rechtman
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jeny Shklover
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
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26
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ITC for Characterization of Self-Assembly Process of Cationic Dendrons for siRNA Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2282:245-266. [PMID: 33928580 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1298-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
siRNAs are emerging as promising therapeutic agents due to their ability to inhibit specific genes in many diseases. However, these tools require specific vehicles in order to be safely delivered to the targeted site. Among different siRNA delivery systems, self-assembled nanomicelles based on amphiphilic cationic dendrons (ACDs) have recently outperformed nanovectors based on covalent carriers. This chapter describes how isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) can be exploited as one of the best techniques to investigate the self-assembly process of ACDs. Specifically, ITC can provide, as such or via specific analysis methods, a full thermodynamic characterization of these nanomicelles, including their critical micellar concentration, micelle aggregation number, degree of counterion binding, Gibbs free energy of micellization, and its enthalpic and entropic components.
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27
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Khalid K, Tan X, Mohd Zaid HF, Tao Y, Lye Chew C, Chu DT, Lam MK, Ho YC, Lim JW, Chin Wei L. Advanced in developmental organic and inorganic nanomaterial: a review. Bioengineered 2020; 11:328-355. [PMID: 32138595 PMCID: PMC7161543 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1736240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the unique properties such as high surface area to volume ratio, stability, inertness, ease of functionalization, as well as novel optical, electrical, and magnetic behaviors, nanomaterials have a wide range of applications in various fields with the common types including nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots, and fullerenes. With the aim of providing useful insights to help future development of efficient and commercially viable technology for large-scale production, this review focused on the science and applications of inorganic and organic nanomaterials, emphasizing on their synthesis, processing, characterization, and applications on different fields. The applications of nanomaterials on imaging, cell and gene delivery, biosensor, cancer treatment, therapy, and others were discussed in depth. Last but not least, the future prospects and challenges in nanoscience and nanotechnology were also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalisanni Khalid
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xuefei Tan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, PR China
| | - Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chien Lye Chew
- Sime Darby Plantation Research (Formerly Known as Sime Darby Research), R&D Centre – Carey Island, Pulau Carey, Malaysia
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univesiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Center for Urban Resource Sustainably, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia Lim
| | - Lai Chin Wei
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zeng X, Lu B, Wang F, Mao J, Deng L, Li Y, Hou L. The effect of Smad2- and Smad3-targeting RNA interference on extracellular matrix synthesis in rat fibroblasts of peritoneal adhesion tissues. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7420-7429. [PMID: 33312378 PMCID: PMC7724320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts migrating to peritoneum injuries play an important role in the development of postoperative peritoneal adhesions due to the excessive synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). This effect is mainly induced by the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Studies indicate that elevated TGF-β1 levels and TGF-β1/Smad signaling are both implicated in the formation of peritoneal adhesions. To confirm the effect of TGF-β1/Smad signaling interference in regulating excessive ECM synthesis, a total of four different R-Smad-targeting small interference RNA (siRNA) duplexes (Smad2-500, Smad2-956, Smad3-378, Smad3-1385) were tested in this study using a TGF-β1-stimulated adhesion tissue fibroblasts (ATFs) cell model. The in vitro assessments show that all proposed siRNAs are capable of significantly downregulating the mRNA and protein levels of Smad2 and Smad3 in ATFs. They also inhibit the phosphorylation of both Smads, which confirms their effect in blocking the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Moreover, the siRNA duplexes can appreciably lower the elevated levels of fibronectin and collagen 3 alpha 1 (COL3A1) in TGF-β1-stimulated ATFs, and the Smad3-378 siRNA can actually restore both molecules (fibronectin and COL3A1) to normal levels. Therefore, the Smad3-378 siRNA is suitable for both adhesion prevention and wound healing. Overall, our results indicate that postoperative adhesion prophylaxis may be achieved by temporarily blocking TGF-β1/Smad signaling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxin Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical Engineering, Foshan UniversityFoshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Medical College of Shaoguan UniversityShaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianwen Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances and School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances and School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical Engineering, Foshan UniversityFoshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianbing Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Supe S, Upadhya A, Singh K. Role of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in targeting ocular neovascularization: A review. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108329. [PMID: 33198953 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular neovascularization (NV) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various ocular diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinoblastoma, retinitis pigmentosa and may lead to loss of vision if not controlled in time. Several clinical trials elucidate the central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of the ocular neovascularization. The advent and extensive use of ocular anti-VEGF therapy heralded a new age in the treatment of retinal vascular and exudative diseases. RNA interference (RNAi) can be used to inhibit the in-vitro and in-vivo expression of specific genes and thus provides an extremely useful method for investigating gene activity with minimal toxicity. siRNA targeting VEGF overcomes many drawbacks associated with the conventional treatment available for the treatment of ocular neovascularization. However, delivery methods that protect the siRNA against degradation and are appropriate for long-term care will help increase the effectiveness of RNAi-based anti-VEGF ocular therapies. Several nanotechnology approaches have been explored by formulation scientists for delivery of siRNA to the eye; targeting particularly VEGF for the treatment of NV. This review mainly focuses on current updates in various pre-clinical and clinical siRNA strategies for targeting VEGF involved in the development of ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Supe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Upadhya
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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Small Interfering RNAs and RNA Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1229:369-381. [PMID: 32285425 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1671-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is being exploited and understood in its many aspects of function and structure for development of valuable tools in the therapeutics of various diseases such as cardiovascular etc. The expanded knowledge regarding function of RNA in the genomics and inside the cell has dramatically changed the therapeutic strategies in the past few years. RNA has become a spotlight of attention for developing novel therapeutic schemes and hence variety of therapeutic strategies is being coming into the picture that includes RNA interference, use of aptamers, role of microRNA (miRNA) that can alter the complex gene expression patterns. It is due to the fact that RNA offers various advantages in disease management as it can be edited and modified in its various forms such as secondary and tertiary structures. Although scientists are in process of manufacturing RNA-targeting therapies using variety of endogenous gene silencing regulators, Small interfering RNAs (Si RNAs), aptamers and microRNA for cardiovascular diseases yet the development of a novel, risk free therapeutic strategy is a major challenge and need of the hour in cardiovascular medicine. In this regard these agents are required to overcome pleothra of barriers such as stability of drug targets, immunogenicity, adequate binding, targeted delivery etc. to become effective drugs. Recent years have witnessed the progress of RNA therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular diseases that are likely to significantly expand the cardiovascular therapeutic repertoire within the next decade. The present manuscript has been compiled to summarize various approaches of siRNA based therapies in cardiovascular diseases along with the advantages, outcomes and limitations if any in this regard. In addition, the future prospects of RNA therapeutic modalities in cardiovascular diseases are summarized.
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Discovery of a novel deaminated metabolite of a single-stranded oligonucleotide in vivo by mass spectrometry. Bioanalysis 2020; 11:1955-1965. [PMID: 31829055 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A novel single-stranded deaminated oligonucleotide metabolite resulting from a REVERSIR™ oligonucleotide was discovered and identified in monkey liver after subcutaneous administration. Results & methodology: REVERSIR-A and its metabolites were extracted from biological matrices by solid phase extraction and analyzed using LC coupled with high-resolution MS under negative ionization mode. A novel 9-mer metabolite of REVERSIR-A, resulting from deamination of the 3' terminal 2'-O-methyl-adenosine nucleotide to 2'-O-methyl-inosine, was discovered at significant levels in monkey liver. The metabolite's identity was confirmed by LC-MS/MS. Conclusion: This report describes the first observation of a long-chain deaminated metabolite of a single-stranded REVERSIR oligonucleotide in vivo in monkey liver.
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Oligonucleotide quantification and metabolite profiling by high-resolution and accurate mass spectrometry. Bioanalysis 2020; 11:1967-1980. [PMID: 31829056 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Advancements in RNA interference therapeutics have triggered development of improved bioanalytical methods for oligonucleotide metabolite profiling and high-throughput quantification in biological matrices. Results & methodology: HPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) methods were developed to investigate the metabolism of a REVERSIR™ molecule in vivo. Plasma and tissue samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction followed by LC-HRMS analysis for metabolite profiling and quantification. The method was qualified from 10 to 5000 ng/ml (plasma) and 100 to 50000 ng/g (liver and kidney). In rat liver, intra and interday accuracy ranged from 80.9 to 118.5% and 88.4 to 111.9%, respectively, with acceptable precision (<20% CV). Conclusion: The LC-HRMS method can be applied for metabolite profiling and quantification of oligonucleotides in biological matrices.
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Rudra A, Li J, Shakur R, Bhagchandani S, Langer R. Trends in Therapeutic Conjugates: Bench to Clinic. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:462-473. [PMID: 31990184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, therapeutic conjugates have attracted considerable attention as a new class of drug due to their unique pharmacological properties, especially from the pharmaceutical community. Their molecular structure tunability, improved targeting specificity, and therapeutic efficacy have been demonstrated in a wide range of research and clinical applications. In this topical review, we summarize selected recent advances in bioconjugation strategies for the development of therapeutic conjugates, their emerging application in clinical settings, as well as perspectives on the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Rudra
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Junwei Li
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rameen Shakur
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sachin Bhagchandani
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Bajan S, Hutvagner G. RNA-Based Therapeutics: From Antisense Oligonucleotides to miRNAs. Cells 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 31936122 PMCID: PMC7016530 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first therapeutic nucleic acid, a DNA oligonucleotide, was approved for clinical use in 1998. Twenty years later, in 2018, the first therapeutic RNA-based oligonucleotide was United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved. This promises to be a rapidly expanding market, as many emerging biopharmaceutical companies are developing RNA interference (RNAi)-based, and RNA-based antisense oligonucleotide therapies. However, miRNA therapeutics are noticeably absent. miRNAs are regulatory RNAs that regulate gene expression. In disease states, the expression of many miRNAs is measurably altered. The potential of miRNAs as therapies and therapeutic targets has long been discussed and in the context of a wide variety of infections and diseases. Despite the great number of studies identifying miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets, only a handful of miRNA-targeting drugs (mimics or inhibitors) have entered clinical trials. In this review, we will discuss whether the investment in finding potential miRNA therapeutic targets has yielded feasible and practicable results, the benefits and obstacles of miRNAs as therapeutic targets, and the potential future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bajan
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Health and Sport Science, University of Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Gyorgy Hutvagner
- School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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Mobergslien A, Sioud M. Exploring 5'-Biotinylation of the Sense Strand to Improve siRNA Specificity and Potency. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2115:163-170. [PMID: 32006400 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0290-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although RNA interference is widely used for gene silencing, unintended gene modulation generated by off-target effects represents a major barrier to its applications in biology and medicine. Off-targeting can be induced by both the sense and antisense siRNA strands. An approach to minimizing off-target gene silencing by the sense strand would be the blockade of the 5'-end phosphorylation, thereby impeding its entry into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In this chapter, a biotin group at the 5'-end of the sense strand was used to inhibit its incorporation into RISC, thereby facilitating the antisense strand selection and enhancing siRNA cleavage potency. Biotin is a naturally occurring compound, and its presence in siRNA sequences will not induce additional side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mobergslien
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mouldy Sioud
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Obesity is a complex condition that is characterized by excessive fat accumulation, which can lead to the development of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. Evidence is accumulating that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) act as a new class of endocrine factor. These miRNAs are released by many types of tissue, including adipose tissues. miRNAs might serve as endocrine and paracrine messengers that facilitate communication between donor cells and tissues with receptor cells or target tissues, thereby potentially having important roles in metabolic organ crosstalk. Moreover, many miRNAs are closely associated with the differentiation of adipocytes and are dysregulated in obesity. As such, circulating miRNAs are attractive potential biomarkers and hold promise for the development of miRNA-based therapeutics (such as miRNA mimetics, anti-miRNA oligonucleotides and exosomes loaded with miRNA) for obesity and related disorders. Here we review the latest research progress on the roles of circulating miRNAs in metabolic organ crosstalk. In addition, we discuss the clinical potential of circulating miRNAs as feasible biomarkers for the assessment of future risk of metabolic disorders and as therapeutic targets in obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Ji
- Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China.
| | - Xirong Guo
- Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China.
- Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Syed A, Iftikhar R, Arif M, Mahmood A, Khan S, Rizwan M, Munir A. Computational approach to design potential siRNA for CDKN2A gene silencing in melanoma through RNA interference. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Improving the therapeutic efficiency of noncoding RNAs in cancers using targeted drug delivery systems. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:718-730. [PMID: 31758914 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of noncoding (nc)RNA to target cancer stem cells and metastatic tumors has shown many positive outcomes, resulting in improved and more efficient treatment strategies. The success of therapeutic RNA depends solely on passing cellular barriers to reach the target site, where it binds to the mRNA of the interest. By 2018, 20 clinical trials had been initiated, most focusing on cancer and diabetes, with some progressing to Phase II clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of small interfering (si)RNA. Many challenges limit RNA interference (RNAi) and miRNA usage in vivo; therefore, various approaches have been developed to promote ncRNA efficiency and stability. In this review, we focus on targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) via the modification of delivery systems utilizing nanotechnology-based delivery approaches.
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Bouxsein NF, Leal C, McAllister CS, Li Y, Ewert KK, Samuel CE, Safinya CR. 3D Columnar Phase of Stacked Short DNA Organized by Coherent Membrane Undulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11891-11901. [PMID: 31408350 PMCID: PMC6743479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the discovery of a new organized lipid-nucleic acid phase upon intercalation of blunt duplexes of short DNA (sDNA) within cationic multilayer fluid membranes. End-to-end interactions between sDNA leads to columnar stacks. At high membrane charge density, with the inter-sDNA column spacing (dsDNA) comparable but larger than the diameter of sDNA, a 2D columnar phase (i.e., a 2D smectic) is found similar to the phase in cationic liposome-DNA complexes with long lambda-phage DNA. Remarkably, with increasing dsDNA as the membrane charge density is lowered, a transition is observed to a 3D columnar phase of stacked sDNA. This occurs even though direct DNA-DNA electrostatic interactions across layers are screened by diffusing cationic lipids near the phosphate groups of sDNA. Softening of the membrane bending rigidity (κ), which further promotes membrane undulations, significantly enhances the 3D columnar phase. These observations are consistent with a model by Schiessel and Aranda-Espinoza where local membrane undulations, due to electrostatically induced membrane wrapping around sDNA columns, phase lock from layer-to-layer, thereby precipitating coherent "crystal-like" undulations coupled to sDNA columns with long-range position and orientation order. The finding that this new phase is stable at large dsDNA and enhanced with decreasing κ is further supportive of the model where the elastic cost of membrane deformation per unit area around sDNA columns (∝ κh2/dsDNA4, h2 = sum of square of amplitudes of the inner and outer monolayer undulations) is strongly reduced relative to the favorable electrostatic attractions of partially wrapped membrane around sDNA columns. The findings have broad implications in the design of membrane-mediated assembly of functional nanoparticles in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan F. Bouxsein
- Materials Department, Physics Department, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Cecília Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Christopher S. McAllister
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Youli Li
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Kai K. Ewert
- Materials Department, Physics Department, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Charles E. Samuel
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Cyrus R. Safinya
- Materials Department, Physics Department, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Targeting integrins for cancer management using nanotherapeutic approaches: Recent advances and challenges. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:325-336. [PMID: 31454671 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are the main cell surface receptors and execute multifaceted functions such as the bidirectional transmission of signals (i.e., inside-out and outside-in) and provide communication between cells and their microenvironments. Integrins are the key regulators of critical biological functions and contribute significantly to the promotion of cancer at almost every stage of disease progression from initial tumor formation to metastasis. Integrin expressions are frequently altered in different cancers, and consequently, several therapeutic strategies targeting integrins have been developed. Furthermore, nanotechnology-based approaches have been devised to overcome the intrinsic limitations of conventional therapies for cancer management, and have been shown to more precise, safer, and highly effective therapeutic tools. Although nanotechnology-based approaches have achieved substantial success for the management of cancer, certain obstacles remain such as inadequate knowledge of nano-bio interactions and the challenges associated with the three stages of clinical trials. This review highlights the different roles of integrins and of integrin-dependent signaling in various cancers and describes the applications of nanotherapeutics targeting integrins. In addition, we discuss RGD-based approaches and challenges posed to cancer management.
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Acharya R. The recent progresses in shRNA-nanoparticle conjugate as a therapeutic approach. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:109928. [PMID: 31500065 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent trend of gene therapy is using short hairpin RNA conjugated with different types of nanoparticles. shRNAs have a significant role in gene silencing and have a promising role in treating several genetic and infectious diseases. There are several drawbacks of delivering bare shRNA in the blood as they are fragile in nature and readily degradable. To overcome this problem shRNAs can be conjugated with nanoparticles for a safe deliver. In this article several nanoparticles are mentioned which play significant role in delivery of this payload. On one hand they protect the shRNA from degradation on the other they help to penetrate this large molecule in to the cell. Some of these nanoconjugates are in clinical trials and have a promising role in treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Acharya
- School of Bio-science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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Zhao W, Hou X, Vick OG, Dong Y. RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases. Biomaterials 2019; 217:119291. [PMID: 31255978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and rare diseases (GARDs) affect more than 350 million patients worldwide and remain a significant challenge in the clinic. Hence, continuous efforts have been made to bridge the significant gap between the supply and demand of effective treatments for GARDs. Recent decades have witnessed the impressive progress in the fight against GARDs, with an improved understanding of the genetic origins of rare diseases and the rapid development in gene therapy providing a new avenue for GARD therapy. RNA-based therapeutics, such as RNA interference (RNAi), messenger RNA (mRNA) and RNA-involved genome editing technologies, demonstrate great potential as a therapy tool for treating genetic associated rare diseases. In the meantime, a variety of RNA delivery vehicles were established for boosting the widespread applications of RNA therapeutics. Among all the RNA delivery platforms which enable the systemic applications of RNAs, non-viral RNA delivery biomaterials display superior properties and a few biomaterials have been successfully exploited for achieving the RNA-based gene therapies on GARDs. In this review article, we focus on recent advances in the development of novel biomaterials for delivery of RNA-based therapeutics and highlight their applications to treat GARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Zhao
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Xucheng Hou
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Olivia G Vick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Yizhou Dong
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States; The Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States.
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43
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Hu B, Weng Y, Xia XH, Liang XJ, Huang Y. Clinical advances of siRNA therapeutics. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3097. [PMID: 31069898 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) enables efficient target gene silencing by employing a RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism, which can compromise gene expression and regulate gene activity by cleaving mRNA or repressing its translation. Twenty years after the discovery of RNAi in 1998, ONPATTRO™ (patisiran) (Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), a lipid formulated siRNA modality, was approved for the first time by United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission in 2018. With this milestone achievement, siRNA therapeutics will soar in the coming years. Here, we review the discovery and the mechanisms of RNAi, briefly describe the delivery technologies of siRNA, and summarize recent clinical advances of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Weng
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, P. R. China
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Current Aspects of siRNA Bioconjugate for In Vitro and In Vivo Delivery. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122211. [PMID: 31200490 PMCID: PMC6631009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on siRNA delivery have seen intense growth in the past decades since siRNA has emerged as a new class of gene therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases. siRNA bioconjugate, as one of the major delivery strategies, offers the potential to enhance and broaden pharmacological properties of siRNA, while minimizing the heterogeneity and stability-correlated toxicology. This review summarizes the recent developments of siRNA bioconjugate, including the conjugation with antibody, peptide, aptamer, small chemical, lipidoid, cell-penetrating peptide polymer, and nanoparticle. These siRNA bioconjugate, either administrated alone or formulated with other agents, could significantly improve pharmacokinetic behavior, enhance the biological half-life, and increase the targetability while maintaining sufficient gene silencing activity, with a concomitant improvement of the therapeutic outcomes and diminishment of adverse effects. This review emphasizes the delivery application of these siRNA bioconjugates, especially the conjugation strategy that control the integrity, stability and release of siRNA bioconjugates. The limitations conferred by these conjugation strategies have also been covered.
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Aghamiri S, Jafarpour A, Gomari MM, Ghorbani J, Rajabibazl M, Payandeh Z. siRNA nanotherapeutics: a promising strategy for anti‐HBV therapy. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:457-463. [PMCID: PMC8676379 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is the most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis worldwide. In spite of the numerous advances in the treatment of CHB, drugs and vaccines have failed because of many factors like complexity, resistance, toxicity, and heavy cost. New RNA interference (RNAi)‐based technologies have developed innovative strategies to target Achilles' heel of the several hazardous diseases involving cancer, some genetic disease, autoimmune illnesses, and viral disorders particularly hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Naked siRNA delivery has serious challenges including failure to cross the cell membrane, susceptibility to the enzymatic digestion, and excretion by renal filtration, which ideally can be addressed by nanoparticle‐mediated delivery systems. cccDNA formation is a significant problem in obtaining HBV infections complete cure because of strength, durability, and lack of proper immune response. Nano‐siRNA drugs have a great potential to address this problem by silencing specific genes which are involved in cccDNA formation. In this article, the authors describe siRNA nanocarrier‐mediated delivery systems as a promising new strategy for HBV infections therapy. Simultaneously, the authors completely represent the clinical trials which use these strategies for treatment of the HBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Aghamiri
- Student research committeeDepartment of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ali Jafarpour
- Students' Scientific Research CenterVirology DivisionDepartment of PathobiologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Jaber Ghorbani
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell SciencesSchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Vahdat Lasemi F, Mahjoubin Tehran M, Aghaee-Bakhtiari SH, Jalili A, Jaafari MR, Sahebkar A. Harnessing nucleic acid-based therapeutics for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: state of the art. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1116-1131. [PMID: 30980904 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is one of the major but modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). Despite the accessibility of statins and other lipid-lowering drugs, the burden of ACVD is still high globally, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Nucleic acid-based technologies, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering (si)RNAs, miRNAs, and decoys, are emerging therapeutic modalities for the treatment of ACVD. These technologies aim to degrade gene mRNA transcripts to decrease the levels of atherogenic lipoproteins. Using gene-silencing approaches, the levels of atherogenic lipoproteins can be decreased by targeting proteins that have key roles in lipoprotein metabolism. Here, we highlight preclinical and clinical findings using these approaches for the development of novel therapies against ACVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vahdat Lasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin Tehran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamid Aghaee-Bakhtiari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Jalili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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47
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Abstract
Small-molecule and protein/antibody drugs mainly act on genome-derived proteins to exert pharmacological effects. RNA based therapies hold the promise to expand the range of druggable targets from proteins to RNAs and the genome, as evidenced by several RNA drugs approved for clinical practice and many others under active trials. While chemo-engineered RNA mimics have found their success in marketed drugs and continue dominating basic research and drug development, these molecules are usually conjugated with extensive and various modifications. This makes them completely different from cellular RNAs transcribed from the genome that usually consist of unmodified ribonucleotides or just contain a few posttranscriptional modifications. The use of synthetic RNA mimics for RNA research and drug development is also in contrast with the ultimate success of protein research and therapy utilizing biologic or recombinant proteins produced and folded in living cells instead of polypeptides or proteins synthesized in vitro. Indeed, efforts have been made recently to develop RNA bioengineering technologies for cost-effective and large-scale production of biologic RNA molecules that may better capture the structures, functions, and safety profiles of natural RNAs. In this article, we provide an overview on RNA therapeutics for the treatment of human diseases via RNA interference mechanisms. By illustrating the structural differences between natural RNAs and chemo-engineered RNA mimics, we focus on discussion of a novel class of bioengineered/biologic RNA agents produced through fermentation and their potential applications to RNA research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Chao Jian
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Allan H Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Mei-Juan Tu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Wang T, Zhang FS, Ye HY, An LZ, Xiong LL, Huang XB, Xu QQ. Targeting silencing androgen receptor gene by shRNA with low-intensity focused ultrasonic irradiation inhibits growth of prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:1295-1304. [PMID: 31933943 PMCID: PMC6947058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer, making it a potential therapeutic target. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) inhibits gene expression and offers a novel strategy to eradicate disease. Ultrasound-mediated gene transfection is a promising gene delivery method. This study sought to determine whether targeting silencing androgen receptor gene by shRNA with low-intensity focused ultrasonic irradiation could be used as effective therapy for prostate cancers in vivo. A plasmid-based short-hairpin RNA combined with low-intensity focused ultrasonic irradiation approach was used to specifically knock down the expression of AR in prostate cancer 22RV1 cells in vivo. The growth of 22RV1 tumors that had been subcutaneously xenografted was evaluated and expression level of AR was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The proliferative index (PI) and the apoptotic index (AI) were respectively derived from the percentage of positive cells by Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining and TUNEL assay. The plasmid-based AR shRNA administrated intravenously significantly inhibited the tumor growth and AR expression. These inhibitory effects of AR shRNA were augmented when the region of tumor received low-intensity focused ultrasound irradiation. Immunohistochemical staining and TUNEL assay confirmed AR shRNA with low-intensity focused ultrasonic irradiation exhibited growth-inhibitory, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects on prostate cancer xenografts. The authors showed for the first time that the knockdown of AR expression by plasmid-based AR shRNA with low-intensity focused ultrasonic irradiation significantly suppressed the tumor growth of prostate cancer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Shi Zhang
- Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yun Ye
- Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Li-Zhe An
- Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Quan Xu
- Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital Beijing, China
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Steinmeyer J, Walter HK, Bichelberger MA, Schneider V, Kubař T, Rönicke F, Olshausen B, Nienhaus K, Nienhaus GU, Schepers U, Elstner M, Wagenknecht HA. "siRNA traffic lights": arabino-configured 2'-anchors for fluorescent dyes are key for dual color readout in cell imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:3726-3731. [PMID: 29565089 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00417j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two fluorescent dyes covalently attached in diagonal interstrand orientation to siRNA undergo energy transfer and thereby enable a dual color fluorescence readout (red/green) for hybridization. Three different structural variations were carried out and compared by their optical properties, including (i) the base surrogate approach with an acyclic linker as a substitute of the 2-deoxyriboside between the phosphodiester bridges, (ii) the 2'-modification of conventional ribofuranosides and (iii) the arabino-configured 2'-modification. The double stranded siRNA with the latter type of modification delivered the best energy transfer efficiency, which was explained by molecular dynamics simulations that showed that the two dyes are more flexible at the arabino-configured sugars compared to the completely stacked situation at the ribo-configured ones. Single molecule fluorescence lifetime measurements indicate their application in fluorescence cell imaging, which reveals a red/green fluorescence contrast in particular for the arabino-configured 2'-modification by the two dyes, which is key for tracking of siRNA transport into HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Steinmeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Wagenknecht @kit.edu
| | - Heidi-Kristin Walter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Wagenknecht @kit.edu
| | - Mathilde A Bichelberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Violetta Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tomáš Kubař
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Rönicke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Wagenknecht @kit.edu
| | - Bettina Olshausen
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karin Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W. Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. Wagenknecht @kit.edu
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50
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Colombo S, Harmankaya N, Water JJ, Bohr A. Exploring the potential for rosacea therapeutics of siRNA dispersion in topical emulsions. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:261-269. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Necati Harmankaya
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Adam Bohr
- Umbed Pharmaceuticals; Frederiksberg Denmark
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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