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Gao M, Guo H, Dong X, Wang Z, Yang Z, Shang Q, Wang Q. Regulation of inflammation during wound healing: the function of mesenchymal stem cells and strategies for therapeutic enhancement. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1345779. [PMID: 38425646 PMCID: PMC10901993 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1345779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A wound takes a long time to heal and involves several steps. Following tissue injury, inflammation is the primary cause of tissue regeneration and repair processes. As a result, the pathophysiological processes involving skin damage, healing, and remodeling depend critically on the control of inflammation. The fact that it is a feasible target for improving the prognosis of wound healing has lately become clear. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an innovative and effective therapeutic option for wound healing due to their immunomodulatory and paracrine properties. By controlling the inflammatory milieu of wounds through immunomodulation, transplanted MSCs have been shown to speed up the healing process. In addition to other immunomodulatory mechanisms, including handling neutrophil activity and modifying macrophage polarization, there may be modifications to the activation of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, several studies have shown that pretreating MSCs improves their ability to modulate immunity. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about how MSCs influence local inflammation in wounds by influencing immunity to facilitate the healing process. We also provide an overview of MSCs optimizing techniques when used to treat wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiying Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Huang Y, Lee S, Liu W, Takayama S, Jia S. OctoShaker: A versatile robotic biomechanical agitator for cellular and organoid research. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:124104. [PMID: 38126811 PMCID: PMC10746356 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces have increasingly been recognized as a key regulator in the fate of cellular development and functionality. Different mechanical transduction methods, such as substrate stiffness and magnetic bead vibration, have been experimented with to understand the interaction between the biophysical cues and cellular outcome. In the exploration and utilization of the intrinsic cellular mechanism, bio-shakers, traditionally invented for stirring liquid, have garnered more interest as a tool to provide precise mechanical stimuli to aid in this study. Nonetheless, despite the usefulness of current bio-shaking technology, each type of shaker often offers a single mode of motion, insufficient for generating complex force dynamics needed to resemble the actual physical condition that occurs inside living organisms. In this study, we present OctoShaker, a robotic instrument capable of creating a multitude of motions that could be sequenced or programmed to mimic sophisticated hemodynamics in vivo. We demonstrated the programmed motion of circular convection and investigated its influence on micro-particle distribution in 96-well culture microplates. Biological samples, including HeLa cells and organoids, were tested, and unique resultant patterns were observed. We anticipate the open-source dissemination of OctoShaker in diverse biological applications, encompassing biomechanical studies for cellular and organoid research, as well as other disciplines that demand dynamic mechanical force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Soojung Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | | | - Shu Jia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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3
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Piñeiro-Ramil M, Sanjurjo-Rodríguez C, Rodríguez-Fernández S, Hermida-Gómez T, Blanco-García FJ, Fuentes-Boquete I, Vaamonde-García C, Díaz-Prado S. Generation of human immortalized chondrocytes from osteoarthritic and healthy cartilage : a new tool for cartilage pathophysiology studies. Bone Joint Res 2023; 12:46-57. [PMID: 36647698 PMCID: PMC9872042 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.121.bjr-2022-0207.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS After a few passages of in vitro culture, primary human articular chondrocytes undergo senescence and loss of their phenotype. Most of the available chondrocyte cell lines have been obtained from cartilage tissues different from diarthrodial joints, and their utility for osteoarthritis (OA) research is reduced. Thus, the goal of this research was the development of immortalized chondrocyte cell lines proceeded from the articular cartilage of patients with and without OA. METHODS Using telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and SV40 large T antigen (SV40LT), we transduced primary OA articular chondrocytes. Proliferative capacity, degree of senescence, and chondrocyte surface antigen expression in transduced chondrocytes were evaluated. In addition, the capacity of transduced chondrocytes to synthesize a tissue similar to cartilage and to respond to interleukin (IL)-1β was assessed. RESULTS Coexpression of both transgenes (SV40 and hTERT) were observed in the nuclei of transduced chondrocytes. Generated chondrocyte cell lines showed a high proliferation capacity and less than 2% of senescent cells. These cell lines were able to form 3D aggregates analogous to those generated by primary articular chondrocytes, but were unsuccessful in synthesizing cartilage-like tissue when seeded on type I collagen sponges. However, generated chondrocyte cell lines maintained the potential to respond to IL-1β stimulation. CONCLUSION Through SV40LT and hTERT transduction, we successfully immortalized chondrocytes. These immortalized chondrocytes were able to overcome senescence in vitro, but were incapable of synthesizing cartilage-like tissue under the experimental conditions. Nonetheless, these chondrocyte cell lines could be advantageous for OA investigation since, similarly to primary articular chondrocytes, they showed capacity to upregulate inflammatory mediators in response to the IL-1β cytokine.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(1):46-57.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Piñeiro-Ramil
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Clara Sanjurjo-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Tamara Hermida-Gómez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain,Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco-García
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Isaac Fuentes-Boquete
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Vaamonde-García
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Silvia Díaz-Prado
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain, Silvia Díaz-Prado. E-mail:
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Majood M, Shakeel A, Agarwal A, Jeevanandham S, Bhattacharya R, Kochhar D, Singh A, Kalyanasundaram D, Mohanty S, Mukherjee M. Hydrogel Nanosheets Confined 2D Rhombic Ice: A New Platform Enhancing Chondrogenesis. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36044885 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement within flexible interfaces is a key step towards exploiting confinement effects in several biological and technological systems wherein flexible 2D materials are frequently utilized but are arduous to prepare. Hitherto unreported, the synthesis of 2D Hydrogel nanosheets (HNS) using a template- and catalyst-free process is developed representing a fertile ground for fundamental structure-property investigations. In due course of time, nucleating folds propagating along the edges trigger co-operative deformations of HNS generating regions of nanoconfinement within trapped water islands. These severely constricting surfaces force water molecules to pack within the nanoscale regime of HNS almost parallel to the surface bringing about phase transition into puckered rhombic ice with AA and AB Bernal stacking pattern, which was mostly restricted to Molecular dynamics (MD) studies so far. Interestingly, under high lateral pressure and spatial inhomogeneity within nanoscale confinement, bilayer rhombic ice structures were formed with an in-plane lattice spacing of 0.31 nm. In this work, a systematic exploration of rhombic ice formation within HNS has been delineated using High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and its ultrathin morphology was examined using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images revealed high porosity while mechanical testing presented young's modulus of 155 kPa with ~84% deformation, whereas contact angle suggested high hydrophilicity. The combinations of nanosheets, porosity, nanoconfinement, hydrophilicity, and mechanical strength, motivated us to explore their application as a scaffold for cartilage regeneration, by inducing chondrogenesis of human Wharton Jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ MSCs). HNS promoted the formation of cell aggregates giving higher number of spheroid formation and a marked expression of chondrogenic markers (ColI, ColII, ColX, ACAN and S-100), thereby providing some cues for guiding chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misba Majood
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Adeeba Shakeel
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aakanksha Agarwal
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | | | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aarti Singh
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Cardio-Thoracic Sciences Centre, Orbo Building, first floor,, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, INDIA
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5
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Fuentes P, Torres MJ, Arancibia R, Aulestia F, Vergara M, Carrión F, Osses N, Altamirano C. Dynamic Culture of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell Spheroids and Secretion of Paracrine Factors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:916229. [PMID: 36046670 PMCID: PMC9421039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.916229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, conditioned medium (CM) obtained from the culture of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to effectively promote tissue repair and modulate the immune response in vitro and in different animal models, with potential for application in regenerative medicine. Using CM offers multiple advantages over the implantation of MSCs themselves: 1) simpler storage, transport, and preservation requirements, 2) avoidance of the inherent risks of cell transplantation, and 3) potential application as a ready-to-go biologic product. For these reasons, a large amount of MSCs research has focused on the characterization of the obtained CM, including soluble trophic factors and vesicles, preconditioning strategies for enhancing paracrine secretion, such as hypoxia, a three-dimensional (3D) environment, and biochemical stimuli, and potential clinical applications. In vitro preconditioning strategies can increase the viability, proliferation, and paracrine properties of MSCs and therefore improve the therapeutic potential of the cells and their derived products. Specifically, dynamic cultivation conditions, such as fluid flow and 3D aggregate culture, substantially impact cellular behaviour. Increased levels of growth factors and cytokines were observed in 3D cultures of MSC grown on orbital or rotatory shaking platforms, in stirred systems, such as spinner flasks or stirred tank reactors, and in microgravity bioreactors. However, only a few studies have established dynamic culture conditions and protocols for 3D aggregate cultivation of MSCs as a scalable and reproducible strategy for CM production. This review summarizes significant advances into the upstream processing, mainly the dynamic generation and cultivation of MSC aggregates, for de CM manufacture and focuses on the standardization of the soluble factor production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Fuentes
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María José Torres
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Arancibia
- Cellus Medicina Regenerativa S.A., Santiago, Chile
- Cellus Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de León, León, Spain
| | - Francisco Aulestia
- Cellus Medicina Regenerativa S.A., Santiago, Chile
- Cellus Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de León, León, Spain
| | - Mauricio Vergara
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Flavio Carrión
- Cellus Medicina Regenerativa S.A., Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Investigación, Postgrado y Educación Continua (DIPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Alba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson Osses
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- CREAS, Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables, Valparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Claudia Altamirano,
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Man K, Mekhileri NV, Lim KS, Jiang LH, Woodfield TBF, Yang XB. MI192 induced epigenetic reprogramming enhances the therapeutic efficacy of human bone marrows stromal cells for bone regeneration. Bone 2021; 153:116138. [PMID: 34339909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) have been extensively utilised for bone tissue engineering applications. However, they are associated with limitations that hinder their clinical utility for bone regeneration. Cell fate can be modulated via altering their epigenetic functionality. Inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes have been reported to promote osteogenic differentiation, with HDAC3 activity shown to be causatively associated with osteogenesis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of using an HDAC2 & 3 selective inhibitor - MI192 to induce epigenetic reprogramming of hBMSCs and enhance its therapeutic efficacy for bone formation. Treatment with MI192 caused a time-dose dependant reduction in hBMSCs viability. MI192 was also found to substantially alter hBMSCs epigenetic function through reduced HDAC activity and increased histone acetylation. hBMSCs were pre-treated with MI192 (50 μM) for 48 h prior to osteogenic induction. MI192 pre-treatment significantly upregulated osteoblast-related gene/protein expression (Runx2, ALP, Col1a and OCN) and enhanced alkaline phosphatase specific activity (ALPSA) (1.43-fold) (P ≤ 0.001). Moreover, MI192 substantially increased hBMSCs extracellular matrix calcium deposition (1.4-fold) (P ≤ 0.001) and mineralisation when compared to the untreated control. In 3D microtissue culture, MI192 significantly promoted hBMSCs osteoblast-related gene expression and ALPSA (> 2.41-fold) (P ≤ 0.001). Importantly, MI192 substantially enhanced extracellular matrix deposition (ALP, Col1a, OCN) and mineralisation (1.67-fold) (P ≤ 0.001) within the bioassembled-microtissue (BMT) construct. Following 8-week intraperitoneal implantation within nude mice, MI192 treated hBMSCs exhibited enhanced extracellular matrix deposition and mineralisation (2.39-fold) (P ≤ 0.001) within the BMT when compared to the untreated BMT construct. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MI192 effectively altered hBMSCs epigenetic functionality and is capable of promoting hBMSCs osteogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo, indicating the potential of using epigenetic reprogramming to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of hBMSCs for bone augmentation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Man
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Group, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Naveen V Mekhileri
- CReaTE Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Khoon S Lim
- CReaTE Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim B F Woodfield
- CReaTE Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Xuebin B Yang
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Group, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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7
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Piñeiro-Ramil M, Sanjurjo-Rodríguez C, Rodríguez-Fernández S, Castro-Viñuelas R, Hermida-Gómez T, Blanco-García FJ, Fuentes-Boquete I, Díaz-Prado S. Generation of Mesenchymal Cell Lines Derived from Aged Donors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10667. [PMID: 34639008 PMCID: PMC8508916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and multi-differentiation, and for this reason they are considered a potential cellular source in regenerative medicine of cartilage and bone. However, research on this field is impaired by the predisposition of primary MSCs to senescence during culture expansion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to generate and characterize immortalized MSC (iMSC) lines from aged donors. Methods: Primary MSCs were immortalized by transduction of simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Proliferation, senescence, phenotype and multi-differentiation potential of the resulting iMSC lines were analyzed. Results: MSCs proliferate faster than primary MSCs, overcome senescence and are phenotypically similar to primary MSCs. Nevertheless, their multi-differentiation potential is unbalanced towards the osteogenic lineage. There are no clear differences between osteoarthritis (OA) and non-OA iMSCs in terms of proliferation, senescence, phenotype or differentiation potential. Conclusions: Primary MSCs obtained from elderly patients can be immortalized by transduction of SV40LT and hTERT. The high osteogenic potential of iMSCs converts them into an excellent cellular source to take part in in vitro models to study bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Piñeiro-Ramil
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - Clara Sanjurjo-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - Rocío Castro-Viñuelas
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - Tamara Hermida-Gómez
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (UDC-CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (UDC-CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Isaac Fuentes-Boquete
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Díaz-Prado
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Challenges and advances in clinical applications of mesenchymal stromal cells. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:24. [PMID: 33579329 PMCID: PMC7880217 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have been intensely investigated for clinical applications within the last decades. However, the majority of registered clinical trials applying MSC therapy for diverse human diseases have fallen short of expectations, despite the encouraging pre-clinical outcomes in varied animal disease models. This can be attributable to inconsistent criteria for MSCs identity across studies and their inherited heterogeneity. Nowadays, with the emergence of advanced biological techniques and substantial improvements in bio-engineered materials, strategies have been developed to overcome clinical challenges in MSC application. Here in this review, we will discuss the major challenges of MSC therapies in clinical application, the factors impacting the diversity of MSCs, the potential approaches that modify MSC products with the highest therapeutic potential, and finally the usage of MSCs for COVID-19 pandemic disease.
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9
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Comparison of 2- and 3-Dimensional Cultured Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells; a Pilot Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the characteristics of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) cultured using 3-dimensional (3D) versus conventional 2-dimensional (2D) methods. PDLSCs were cultured in either a 3D culture with a non-adhesive culture plate (Stemfit 3D®) or a conventional 2D culture using a 6-well plate. Morphology, viability, proliferation ability, and osteogenic differentiation were analyzed to characterize the differences induced in identical PDLSCs by 3D and 2D culture environments. In addition, gene expression was analyzed using RNA sequencing to further characterize the functional differences. The diameter and the viability of the 3D-cultured PDLSCs decreased over time, but the shape of the spheroid was maintained for 20 days. Although osteogenic differentiation occurred in both the 2D- and 3D-cultured PDLSCs, compared to the control group it was 20.8 and 1.6 higher in the 3D- and 2D-cultured cells, respectively. RNA sequencing revealed that PDLSCs cultured using 2D and 3D methods have different gene expression profiles. The viability of the 3D-cultured cells was decreased, but they showed superior osteogenic differentiation compared to 2D-cultured cells. Within the limitations of this study, the results demonstrate that the structure and function of PDLSCs are influenced by the cell culture method.
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10
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Kang SM, Kim D, Lee JH, Takayama S, Park JY. Engineered Microsystems for Spheroid and Organoid Studies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001284. [PMID: 33185040 PMCID: PMC7855453 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
3D in vitro model systems such as spheroids and organoids provide an opportunity to extend the physiological understanding using recapitulated tissues that mimic physiological characteristics of in vivo microenvironments. Unlike 2D systems, 3D in vitro systems can bridge the gap between inadequate 2D cultures and the in vivo environments, providing novel insights on complex physiological mechanisms at various scales of organization, ranging from the cellular, tissue-, to organ-levels. To satisfy the ever-increasing need for highly complex and sophisticated systems, many 3D in vitro models with advanced microengineering techniques have been developed to answer diverse physiological questions. This review summarizes recent advances in engineered microsystems for the development of 3D in vitro model systems. The relationship between the underlying physics behind the microengineering techniques, and their ability to recapitulate distinct 3D cellular structures and functions of diverse types of tissues and organs are highlighted and discussed in detail. A number of 3D in vitro models and their engineering principles are also introduced. Finally, current limitations are summarized, and perspectives for future directions in guiding the development of 3D in vitro model systems using microengineering techniques are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joong Yull Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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11
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Niibe K, Ohori-Morita Y, Zhang M, Mabuchi Y, Matsuzaki Y, Egusa H. A Shaking-Culture Method for Generating Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Spheroids With Enhanced Multipotency in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:590332. [PMID: 33195156 PMCID: PMC7641632 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.590332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), which generally expand into adherent monolayers, readily lose their proliferative and multilineage potential following repeated passages. Floating culture systems can be used to generate MSC spheroids, which are expected to overcome limitations associated with conventional adherent cultures while facilitating scaffold-free cell transplantation. However, the phenotypic characteristics of spheroids after long-term culture are unknown. In addition, regenerative therapies require new culture systems to maintain their undifferentiated state. In this study, we established a novel culture method employing three-dimensional (3D) “shaking” to generate MSC spheroids using bone marrow derived MSCs. Floating 3D cultures of mouse or human MSCs formed spheroids after shaking (85–95 rpm), within 1 month. These spheroids maintained their osteogenic-, adipogenic-, and chondrogenic-differentiation capacity. The adipogenic-differentiation capacity of adherent cultured mouse and human MSCs, which is lost following several passages, was remarkedly restored by shaking-culture. Notably, human MSC spheroids exhibited a renewable “undifferentiated MSC-pool” property, wherein undifferentiated MSCs grew from spheroids seeded repeatedly on a plastic culture dish. These data suggest that the shaking-culture method maintains and restores multipotency that is lost following monolayer expansion and thereby shows potential as a promising strategy for regenerative therapies with mesenchymal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunimichi Niibe
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yumi Ohori-Morita
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Center for Advanced Stem Cell and Regenerative Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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12
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Immortalizing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Aged Donors While Keeping Their Essential Features. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5726947. [PMID: 32612662 PMCID: PMC7315279 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5726947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from aged patients are prone to senesce and diminish their differentiation potential, therefore limiting their usefulness for osteochondral regenerative medicine approaches or to study age-related diseases, such as osteoarthiritis (OA). MSCs can be transduced with immortalizing genes to overcome this limitation, but transduction of primary slow-dividing cells has proven to be challenging. Methods for enhancing transduction efficiency (such as spinoculation, chemical adjuvants, or transgene expression inductors) can be used, but several parameters must be adapted for each transduction system. In order to develop a transduction method suitable for the immortalization of MSCs from aged donors, we used a spinoculation method. Incubation parameters of packaging cells, speed and time of centrifugation, and valproic acid concentration to induce transgene expression have been adjusted. In this way, four immortalized MSC lines (iMSC#6, iMSC#8, iMSC#9, and iMSC#10) were generated. These immortalized MSCs (iMSCs) were capable of bypassing senescence and proliferating at a higher rate than primary MSCs. Characterization of iMSCs showed that these cells kept the expression of mesenchymal surface markers and were able to differentiate towards osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Nevertheless, alterations in the CD105 expression and a switch of cell fate-commitment towards the osteogenic lineage have been noticed. In conclusion, the developed transduction method is suitable for the immortalization of MSCs derived from aged donors. The generated iMSC lines maintain essential mesenchymal features and are expected to be useful tools for the bone and cartilage regenerative medicine research.
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13
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Kronemberger GS, Matsui RAM, Miranda GDASDCE, Granjeiro JM, Baptista LS. Cartilage and bone tissue engineering using adipose stromal/stem cells spheroids as building blocks. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:110-122. [PMID: 32184936 PMCID: PMC7062040 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold-free techniques in the developmental tissue engineering area are designed to mimic in vivo embryonic processes with the aim of biofabricating, in vitro, tissues with more authentic properties. Cell clusters called spheroids are the basis for scaffold-free tissue engineering. In this review, we explore the use of spheroids from adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a model in the developmental engineering area in order to mimic the developmental stages of cartilage and bone tissues. Spheroids from adult mesenchymal stromal/stem cells lineages recapitulate crucial events in bone and cartilage formation during embryogenesis, and are capable of spontaneously fusing to other spheroids, making them ideal building blocks for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Here, we discuss data from ours and other labs on the use of adipose stromal/stem cell spheroids in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro. Overall, recent studies support the notion that spheroids are ideal "building blocks" for tissue engineering by “bottom-up” approaches, which are based on tissue assembly by advanced techniques such as three-dimensional bioprinting. Further studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate spheroid fusion are now crucial to support continued development of bottom-up tissue engineering approaches such as three-dimensional bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Kronemberger
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Renata Akemi Morais Matsui
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Almeida Santos de Castro e Miranda
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Campus Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói 25255-030 Brazil
| | - Leandra Santos Baptista
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biological Research (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Campus Duque de Caxias, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25245-390, Brazil
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14
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Zhang J, Yun S, Du Y, Zannettino ACW, Zhang H. Fabrication of a Cartilage Patch by Fusing Hydrogel-Derived Cell Aggregates onto Electrospun Film. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:863-871. [PMID: 32008467 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Irregular defects at sites of degenerative cartilage often accompany osteoarthritis (OA). The development of novel cell-/biomaterial-based cartilage tissue engineering methods to address these defects may provide a durable approach to hinder the development of OA. In this study, we fabricated a neocartilage patch by fusing cell aggregates onto a biodegradable nanofiber film for degenerative cartilage repair. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) aggregates were prepared and induced for chondrogenesis in a thermosensitive hydrogel, poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid (p(NIPAAm-AA)). Cell migration mediated the formation of cell aggregates in the thermosensitive hydrogel and led to a cell-dense hollow shell structure. The chondrocytes derived from MSC aggregates in the hydrogel were evidenced by the expression of chondrogenesis-related genes and extracellular matrices. They were fused onto an electrospun film by mechanical force and spatial confinement to generate a neo-cartilage patch. The fabricated neocartilage patches may be able to integrate into the irregular defects under compressive stresses and achieve cartilage regeneration in vivo. Impact statement The formation of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells aggregates in thermosensitive hydrogels was mechanistically examined. These in situ formed cell aggregates with enhanced chondrogenesis were bioengineered into a neocartilage patch for regeneration of superficial irregular cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Seonho Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yuguang Du
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California, USA
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15
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Up-Regulation of Superoxide Dismutase 2 in 3D Spheroid Formation Promotes Therapeutic Potency of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010066. [PMID: 31940867 PMCID: PMC7023074 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) are accessible, available in abundance, and have been shown to be a promising source that can regenerate cartilage in patients with osteoarthritis or other orthopedic diseases. Recently, a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system was developed to mimic the naive tissue microenvironment. However, the efficacy of cells generated from the 3D spheroid culture system has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrate the changes in superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) gene expression, an indicator of oxidative stress, on 3D spheroid MSCs. Moreover, siRNA transfection and neutralizing antibody investigations were performed to confirm the function of SOD2 and E-cadherin. Overall, we found that SOD2 siRNA transfection in the spheroid form of MSCs increases the expression of apoptotic genes and decreases the clearance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a result, we confirm that 3D spheroid formation increases E-cadherin and SOD2 expression, ultimately regulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K/pAkt/pNrf2 and pERK/pNrf2 signaling pathway. Additionally, we show that SOD2 expression on 3D spheroid MSCs affects the regeneration rates of destructive cartilage in an osteoarthritic model. We postulate that the impact of SOD2 expression on 3D spheroid MSCs reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis, and also promotes cartilage regeneration.
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16
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Park IS, Choi YJ, Kim HS, Park SH, Choi BH, Kim JH, Song BR, Min BH. Development of three-dimensional articular cartilage construct using silica nano-patterned substrate. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208291. [PMID: 31048887 PMCID: PMC6497223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for cartilage cell therapy are mostly based on the use of autologous chondrocytes. However, these cells have limitations of a small number of cells available and of low chondrogenic ability, respectively. Many studies now suggest that fetal stem cells are more plastic than adult stem cells and can therefore more efficiently differentiate into target tissues. This study introduces, efficiency chondrogenic differentiation of fetal cartilage-derived progenitor cells (FCPCs) to adult cells can be achieved using a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture method based on silica nanopatterning techniques. In evaluating the issue of silica nano-particle size (Diameter of 300, 750, 1200 nm), each particle size was coated into the well of a 6-well tissue culture plate. FCPCs (2 x 105 cells/well in 6-well plate) were seeded in each well with chondrogenic medium. In this study, the 300 nm substrate that formed multi-spheroids and the 1200 nm substrate that showed spreading were due to the cell-cell adhesion force(via N-cadherin) and cell-substrate(via Integrin) force, the 750 nm substrate that formed the mass-aggregation can be interpreted as the result of cell monolayer formation through cell-substrate force followed by cell-cell contact force contraction. We conclude that our 3D spheroid culture system contributes to an optimization for efficient differentiation of FCPC, offers insight into the mechanism of efficient differentiation of engineered 3D culture system, and has promise for wide applications in regeneration medicine and drug discovery fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Su Park
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ye Ji Choi
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sop Kim
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Department of Physiology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Song
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Hyun Min
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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17
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Noronha NDC, Mizukami A, Caliári-Oliveira C, Cominal JG, Rocha JLM, Covas DT, Swiech K, Malmegrim KCR. Priming approaches to improve the efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapies. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:131. [PMID: 31046833 PMCID: PMC6498654 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been widely explored for cell-based therapy of immune-mediated, inflammatory, and degenerative diseases, due to their immunosuppressive, immunomodulatory, and regenerative potentials. Preclinical studies and clinical trials have demonstrated promising therapeutic results although these have been somewhat limited. Aspects such as low in vivo MSC survival in inhospitable disease microenvironments, requirements for ex vivo cell overexpansion prior to infusions, intrinsic differences between MSC and different sources and donors, variability of culturing protocols, and potency assays to evaluate MSC products have been described as limitations in the field. In recent years, priming approaches to empower MSC have been investigated, thereby generating cellular products with improved potential for different clinical applications. Herein, we review the current priming approaches that aim to increase MSC therapeutic efficacy. Priming with cytokines and growth factors, hypoxia, pharmacological drugs, biomaterials, and different culture conditions, as well as other diverse molecules, are revised from current and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia de Cássia Noronha
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Amanda Mizukami
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Juçara Gastaldi Cominal
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José Lucas M Rocha
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Graduate Program on Basic and Applied Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Swiech
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Kelen C R Malmegrim
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. .,Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14010-903, Brazil.
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18
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Studying Heterotypic Cell⁻Cell Interactions in the Human Brain Using Pluripotent Stem Cell Models for Neurodegeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040299. [PMID: 30939814 PMCID: PMC6523455 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide novel tools for recapitulating the cytoarchitecture of the human brain and for studying biological mechanisms of neurological disorders. However, the heterotypic interactions of neurovascular units, composed of neurons, pericytes (i.e., the tissue resident mesenchymal stromal cells), astrocytes, and brain microvascular endothelial cells, in brain-like tissues are less investigated. In addition, most cortical organoids lack a microglia component, the resident immune cells in the brain. Impairment of the blood-brain barrier caused by improper crosstalk between neural cells and vascular cells is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with a phenotype overlapping with pericytes, have promotion effects on neurogenesis and angiogenesis, which are mainly attributed to secreted growth factors and extracellular matrices. As the innate macrophages of the central nervous system, microglia regulate neuronal activities and promote neuronal differentiation by secreting neurotrophic factors and pro-/anti-inflammatory molecules. Neuronal-microglia interactions mediated by chemokines signaling can be modulated in vitro for recapitulating microglial activities during neurodegenerative disease progression. In this review, we discussed the cellular interactions and the physiological roles of neural cells with other cell types including endothelial cells and microglia based on iPSC models. The therapeutic roles of MSCs in treating neural degeneration and pathological roles of microglia in neurodegenerative disease progression were also discussed.
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19
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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy based 3D spheroid culture for drug discovery studies. Talanta 2019; 191:390-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Kim E, Kim JC, Min K, Goh M, Tae G. Rapid and Versatile Cell Aggregate Formation Using Lipid-Conjugated Heparin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24431-24439. [PMID: 29953811 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell aggregates hold significant therapeutic promise for in vitro cell analysis, ex vivo tissue models, and in vivo cell therapy and tissue engineering. Traditional methods of making cell aggregates require long incubation times and can only produce three-dimensional-spheroid-shaped aggregates. We propose a novel method of making cell aggregates of diverse sizes and shapes using lipid-conjugated heparin. Shaking the cell suspension containing a small amount of lipid-conjugated heparin for approximately 30 min produced cell aggregates. This approach can be applied to any cell type, including stem cells, fibroblast cells, and T lymphocytes. The shape of biocompatible templates could modulate the shape of cell aggregates. In addition to layered, multicompartmental cell aggregates on template, template-free, tube-shaped cell aggregates could also be made. The cell aggregates formed were alive and maintained biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsol Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chul Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoon Min
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - MeeiChyn Goh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Giyoong Tae
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
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21
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Egger D, Tripisciano C, Weber V, Dominici M, Kasper C. Dynamic Cultivation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:E48. [PMID: 29921755 PMCID: PMC6026937 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as primary candidates for cell-based therapies due to their multiple effects in regenerative medicine. Pre-conditioning of MSCs under physiological conditions—such as hypoxia, three-dimensional environments, and dynamic cultivation—prior to transplantation proved to optimize their therapeutic efficiency. When cultivated as three-dimensional aggregates or spheroids, MSCs display increased angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects as well as improved stemness and survival rates after transplantation, and cultivation under dynamic conditions can increase their viability, proliferation, and paracrine effects, alike. Only few studies reported to date, however, have utilized dynamic conditions for three-dimensional aggregate cultivation of MSCs. Still, the integration of dynamic bioreactor systems, such as spinner flasks or stirred tank reactors might pave the way for a robust, scalable bulk expansion of MSC aggregates or MSC-derived extracellular vesicles. This review summarizes recent insights into the therapeutic potential of MSC aggregate cultivation and focuses on dynamic generation and cultivation techniques of MSC aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Egger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Carla Tripisciano
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy.
- Technopole of Mirandola TPM, 41037 Mirandola, Modena, Italy.
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Scheinpflug J, Pfeiffenberger M, Damerau A, Schwarz F, Textor M, Lang A, Schulze F. Journey into Bone Models: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E247. [PMID: 29748516 PMCID: PMC5977187 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex tissue with a variety of functions, such as providing mechanical stability for locomotion, protection of the inner organs, mineral homeostasis and haematopoiesis. To fulfil these diverse roles in the human body, bone consists of a multitude of different cells and an extracellular matrix that is mechanically stable, yet flexible at the same time. Unlike most tissues, bone is under constant renewal facilitated by a coordinated interaction of bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells. It is thus challenging to recreate bone in its complexity in vitro and most current models rather focus on certain aspects of bone biology that are of relevance for the research question addressed. In addition, animal models are still regarded as the gold-standard in the context of bone biology and pathology, especially for the development of novel treatment strategies. However, species-specific differences impede the translation of findings from animal models to humans. The current review summarizes and discusses the latest developments in bone tissue engineering and organoid culture including suitable cell sources, extracellular matrices and microfluidic bioreactor systems. With available technology in mind, a best possible bone model will be hypothesized. Furthermore, the future need and application of such a complex model will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheinpflug
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Moritz Pfeiffenberger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Damerau
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Textor
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Schulze
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Baptista LS, Kronemberger GS, Côrtes I, Charelli LE, Matsui RAM, Palhares TN, Sohier J, Rossi AM, Granjeiro JM. Adult Stem Cells Spheroids to Optimize Cell Colonization in Scaffolds for Cartilage and Bone Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1285. [PMID: 29693604 PMCID: PMC5983745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Top-down tissue engineering aims to produce functional tissues using biomaterials as scaffolds, thus providing cues for cell proliferation and differentiation. Conversely, the bottom-up approach aims to precondition cells to form modular tissues units (building-blocks) represented by spheroids. In spheroid culture, adult stem cells are responsible for their extracellular matrix synthesis, re-creating structures at the tissue level. Spheroids from adult stem cells can be considered as organoids, since stem cells recapitulate differentiation pathways and also represent a promising approach for identifying new molecular targets (biomarkers) for diagnosis and therapy. Currently, spheroids can be used for scaffold-free (developmental engineering) or scaffold-based approaches. The scaffold promotes better spatial organization of individual spheroids and provides a defined geometry for their 3D assembly in larger and complex tissues. Furthermore, spheroids exhibit potent angiogenic and vasculogenic capacity and serve as efficient vascularization units in porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. An automated combinatorial approach that integrates spheroids into scaffolds is starting to be investigated for macro-scale tissue biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Santos Baptista
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Xerém, 25245-390 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Post-graduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Soares Kronemberger
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Xerém, 25245-390 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Post-graduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Isis Côrtes
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Xerém, 25245-390 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Emiliano Charelli
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Xerém, 25245-390 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata Akemi Morais Matsui
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Xerém, 25245-390 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Nunes Palhares
- Brazilian Center for Physics Research, Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jerome Sohier
- Laboratory of tissue biology and therapeutic engineering-UMR 5305, CNRS, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Alexandre Malta Rossi
- Brazilian Center for Physics Research, Xavier Sigaud 150, 22290-180 Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Post-graduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Clinical Research in Odontology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), 24020-140 Niterói, Brazil.
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24
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Zhang J, Yun S, Bi J, Dai S, Du Y, Zannettino ACW, Zhang H. Enhanced multi-lineage differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells within poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylic acid) microgel-formed three-dimensional constructs. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1799-1814. [PMID: 32254252 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) are a potential cell source of stem cell therapy for many serious diseases and hMSC spheroids have emerged to replace single cell suspensions for cell therapy. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds or hydrogels which can mimic properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been widely explored for their application in tissue regeneration. However, there are considerably less studies on inducing differentiation of hMSC spheroids using 3D scaffolds or hydrogels. This study is the first to explore multi-lineage differentiation of a stem cell line and primary stem cells within poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (p(NIPAAm))-based thermosensitive microgel-formed constructs. We first demonstrated that poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (p(NIPAAm-AA)) was not toxic to hMSCs and the microgel-formed constructs facilitated formation of uniform stem cell spheroids. Due to functional enhancement of cell spheroids, hMSCs within the 3D microgel-formed constructs were induced for multi-lineage differentiation as evidenced by significant up-regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of chondrogenic and osteogenic genes even in the absence of induction media on day 9. When induction media were in situ supplied on day 9, mRNA expression of chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic genes within the microgel-formed constructs were significantly higher than that in the pellet and 2D cultures, respectively, on day 37. In addition, histological and immunofluorescent images also confirmed successful multi-lineage differentiation of hMSCs within the 3D microgel-formed constructs. Hence, the thermosensitive p(NIPAAm-AA) microgel can be potentially used in an in vitro model for cell differentiation or in vivo transplantation of pre-differentiated human mesenchymal stromal cells into patients for specific lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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25
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Schäfer S, Urban K, Gerber M, Dekiff M, Dirksen D, Plate U. Dynamic behavior of different quantities of osteoblasts during formation of micromass cultures. Cytometry A 2018; 93:458-463. [PMID: 29493890 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of micromass cultures of osteoblastic cells offers the possibility of scaffold free tissue engineering for example, regeneration of bone defects. However, the details of cell dynamics during the formation of these micromasses are still not well understood. This study aims to investigate and clarify the extent to which cell quantity influences the dynamics of micromass formation of osteoblastic cell cultures. For this purpose, the migration and aggregation during this process are investigated by optical inspection employing image processing software that allows for automated tracking of cell groups using digital image correlation. An exponential time behavior is observed with respect to the velocity of the cells and the distance of the cells to their common center of gravity. Characteristic time constants are derived as quantitative measures of the cell dynamics. The results indicate that the time constants strongly depend on the quantity of cells, that is, will decrease with increasing cell quantity. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schäfer
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Muenster, Waldeyer Str. 30, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Kent Urban
- Department of Periodontology and Restorative Dentistry, University of Muenster, Waldeyer Str. 30, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Maria Gerber
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Muenster, Waldeyer Str. 30, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Markus Dekiff
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials, University of Muenster, Waldeyer Str. 30, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Dieter Dirksen
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials, University of Muenster, Waldeyer Str. 30, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Ulrich Plate
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Muenster, Waldeyer Str. 30, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
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26
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Zhang S, Buttler-Buecher P, Denecke B, Arana-Chavez VE, Apel C. A comprehensive analysis of human dental pulp cell spheroids in a three-dimensional pellet culture system. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 91:1-8. [PMID: 29621667 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods are of high importance to studies of biological processes. This is particularly the case with spheroid cultures, which create 3D cell aggregates without the use of exogenous materials. Compared to conventional monolayer cultures, cellular spheroid cultures have been demonstrated to improve multilineage potential and extracellular matrix production. To address this issue in depth, we present a more comprehensive analysis of 3D human dental pulp cell (hDPC) spheroids. DESIGN hDPC spheroids were fabricated by the pellet culture method and were cultured without adding any reagent to induce differentiation. The gene-expression profiles of the 3D and two-dimensional (2D) cultured hDPCs were compared by complementary DNA microarray analysis. Odontoblastic and osteoblastic differentiation marker gene expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to examine the morphology of hDPC spheroids and extracellular matrix components. RESULTS Compared with 2D monolayer culture, microarray analysis identified 405 genes and 279 genes with twofold or greater differential expression after 3 days and 28 days of 3D culture, respectively. In 3D hDPC spheroids, gene ontology analysis revealed upregulation of extracellular matrix-related genes and downregulation of cell growth-related genes. RT-qPCR analysis showed higher expression levels of osteocalcin, dentin sialophosphoprotein, and alkaline phosphatase. TEM revealed the morphological characteristics of the fibrillar collagen-rich matrix and cell-cell interactions. CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide clues to understanding the mechanisms of pellet-cultured hDPCs and contribute to future research in the comparative studies of different 3D culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Buttler-Buecher
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Victor E Arana-Chavez
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Apel
- Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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27
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Mostafavi-Pour Z, Ashrafi MR, Talaei-Khozani T. Down regulation of ITGA4 and ITGA5 genes after formation of 3D spherules by human Wharton's jelly stem cells (hWJSCs). Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:245-252. [PMID: 29411210 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJSCs) are multipotent stem cells that could be aggregated into 3D spherules. ITGA4 and ITGA5 genes encode α4 and α5 subunits of integrins, respectively. In this study, we analyzed expression levels of ITGA4 and ITGA5 gene mRNAs in undifferentiated and 3D spherules forming hWJSCs in order to determine their expression pattern for possible future treatment of cancer cells in a co-culture fashion. For the purpose of obtaining hWJSCs, umbilical cords were collected from patients with caesarian section at full term delivery. The cells were then characterized according to cell surface markers using flow cytometry. Furthermore pluripotency of the obtained cells was verified. Subsequently the cells were aggregated in 3D spherules using hanging drop cultures. Expression levels of ITGA4 and ITGA5 gene mRNAs were determined by RT-PCR and Real time PCR, both in the initial undifferentiated cells and those aggregated in the spherules. The obtained hWJSCs demonstrated pluripotency, differentiating to adipogenic and osteogenic cells. They also expressed mesenchymal stem cell surface markers. Following the aggregation of these cells and formation of 3D spherules, mRNA expression levels of both genes were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) compared with the initial undifferentiated state. The results of this study demonstrated that aggregation of hWJSCs into spherules alters their expression of ITGA4 and ITGA5. The implications of such an alteration would require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour
- Recombinant Protein Laboratory, School of Advance Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Ashrafi
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Talaei-Khozani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Tissue Engineering Lab, Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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28
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Balikov DA, Crowder SW, Lee JB, Lee Y, Ko UH, Kang ML, Kim WS, Shin JH, Sung HJ. Aging Donor-Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Exhibit Reduced Reactive Oxygen Species Loads and Increased Differentiation Potential Following Serial Expansion on a PEG-PCL Copolymer Substrate. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020359. [PMID: 29370101 PMCID: PMC5855581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been widely studied for therapeutic development in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. They can be harvested from human donors via tissue biopsies, such as bone marrow aspiration, and cultured to reach clinically relevant cell numbers. However, an unmet issue lies in the fact that the hMSC donors for regenerative therapies are more likely to be of advanced age. Their stem cells are not as potent compared to those of young donors, and continue to lose healthy, stemness-related activities when the hMSCs are serially passaged in tissue culture plates. Here, we have developed a cheap, scalable, and effective copolymer film to culture hMSCs obtained from aged human donors over several passages without loss of reactive oxygen species (ROS) handling or differentiation capacity. Assays of cell morphology, reactive oxygen species load, and differentiation potential demonstrate the effectiveness of copolymer culture on reduction in senescence-related activities of aging donor-derived hMSCs that could hinder the therapeutic potential of autologous stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Balikov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Spencer W Crowder
- Department of Materials and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Yunki Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Ung Hyun Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Mi-Lan Kang
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Won Shik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Jennifer H Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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29
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Lee JK, Link JM, Hu JCY, Athanasiou KA. The Self-Assembling Process and Applications in Tissue Engineering. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a025668. [PMID: 28348174 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering strives to create neotissues capable of restoring function. Scaffold-free technologies have emerged that can recapitulate native tissue function without the use of an exogenous scaffold. This review will survey, in particular, the self-assembling and self-organization processes as scaffold-free techniques. Characteristics and benefits of each process are described, and key examples of tissues created using these scaffold-free processes are examined to provide guidance for future tissue-engineering developments. We aim to explore the potential of self-assembly and self-organization scaffold-free approaches, detailing the recent progress in the in vitro tissue engineering of biomimetic tissues with these methods toward generating functional tissue replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jarrett M Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jerry C Y Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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30
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Egger D, Schwedhelm I, Hansmann J, Kasper C. Hypoxic Three-Dimensional Scaffold-Free Aggregate Cultivation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Stirred Tank Reactor. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020047. [PMID: 28952526 PMCID: PMC5590473 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive expansion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cell-based therapies remains challenging since long-term cultivation and excessive passaging in two-dimensional conditions result in a loss of essential stem cell properties. Indeed, low survival rate of cells, alteration of surface marker profiles, and reduced differentiation capacity are observed after in vitro expansion and reduce therapeutic success in clinical studies. Remarkably, cultivation of MSCs in three-dimensional aggregates preserve stem cell properties. Hence, the large scale formation and cultivation of MSC aggregates is highly desirable. Besides other effects, MSCs cultivated under hypoxic conditions are known to display increased proliferation and genetic stability. Therefore, in this study we demonstrate cultivation of adipose derived human MSC aggregates in a stirred tank reactor under hypoxic conditions. Although aggregates were exposed to comparatively high average shear stress of 0.2 Pa as estimated by computational fluid dynamics, MSCs displayed a viability of 78-86% and maintained their surface marker profile and differentiation potential after cultivation. We postulate that cultivation of 3D MSC aggregates in stirred tank reactors is valuable for large-scale production of MSCs or their secreted compounds after further optimization of cultivation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Egger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ivo Schwedhelm
- Translational Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Translational Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Cornelia Kasper
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Bardsley K, Deegan AJ, El Haj A, Yang Y. Current State-of-the-Art 3D Tissue Models and Their Compatibility with Live Cell Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1035:3-18. [PMID: 29080127 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67358-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells grow within a complex three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment where multiple cells are organized and surrounded by extracellular matrix (ECM). The quantity and types of ECM components, alongside cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions dictate cellular differentiation, proliferation and function in vivo. To mimic natural cellular activities, various 3D tissue culture models have been established to replace conventional two dimensional (2D) culture environments. Allowing for both characterization and visualization of cellular activities within possibly bulky 3D tissue models presents considerable challenges due to the increased thickness and subsequent light scattering features of such 3D models. In this chapter, state-of-the-art methodologies used to establish 3D tissue models are discussed, first with a focus on both scaffold-free and scaffold-based 3D tissue model formation. Following on, multiple 3D live cell imaging systems, mainly optical imaging modalities, are introduced. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed, with the aim of stimulating more research in this highly demanding research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Bardsley
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Anthony J Deegan
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Alicia El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK.
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Ito K, Sakuma S, Kimura M, Takebe T, Kaneko M, Arai F. Temporal Transition of Mechanical Characteristics of HUVEC/MSC Spheroids Using a Microfluidic Chip with Force Sensor Probes. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E221. [PMID: 30404392 PMCID: PMC6189739 DOI: 10.3390/mi7120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the mechanical characterization of co-cultured spheroids of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) (HUVEC/MSC spheroids). HUVEC/MSC spheroids aggregate during culture, thereby decreasing in size. Since this size decrease can be caused by the contractility generated by the actomyosin of MSCs, which are intracellular frames, we can expect that there is a temporal transition for the mechanical characteristics, such as stiffness, during culture. To measure the mechanical characteristics, we use a microfluidic chip that is integrated with force sensor probes. We show the details of the measurement configuration and the results of mechanical characterization of the HUVEC/MSC spheroids. To evaluate the stiffness of the spheroids, we introduce the stiffness index, which essentially shows a spring constant per unit size of the spheroid at a certain time during measurement. From the measurement results, we confirmed that the stiffness index firstly increased during the days of culture, although after four days of culture, the stiffness index decreased. We confirmed that the proposed system can measure the stiffness of HUVEC/MSC spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Ito
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Shinya Sakuma
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kaneko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan.
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Bellotti C, Duchi S, Bevilacqua A, Lucarelli E, Piccinini F. Long term morphological characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells 3D spheroids built with a rapid method based on entry-level equipment. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2479-2490. [PMID: 27023795 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroids of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been demonstrated to improve a wide range of MSC features, such as multilineage potential, secretion of therapeutic factors, and resistance against hypoxic condition. Accordingly, they represent a promising tool in regenerative medicine for several biological and clinical applications. Many approaches have been proposed to generate MSC spheroids. They usually require specific generation systems, such as rotatory bioreactors or low-attachment plates, and each approach has its own disadvantages. Furthermore, an over-time analysis of morphological homogeneity and architectural stability of the spheroids generated is rarely provided. In this work we adapted the "pellet culture" method to obtain homogenous spheroids of MSC and maintain them in vitro for long term studies. We analysed their outer and inner structure over a 2-month period to provide morphological and architectural information regarding the spheroids generated. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained using brightfield and confocal microscope imaging coupled to a computational analysis to estimate volume, sphericity, and jagging degree. In addition, histological evaluation was performed to more thoroughly assess the cellular composition and the internal architecture of the 3D spheroids. The results provided show that MSC spheroids generated with the proposed approach are homogeneous and stable, from both morphological and architectural points of view, for a period of at least 15 days, approximately between day 15 and day 30 after their generation. Accordingly, the approach proposed serves as a rapid, cost-effective, and efficient method to generate and maintain MSC spheroids using common entry-level laboratory equipment only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellotti
- Osteoarticular Regeneration Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Duchi
- Osteoarticular Regeneration Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bevilacqua
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems for Information and Communication Technologies "E. De Castro" (ARCES), University of Bologna, Via Toffano 2/2, 40125, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering (DISI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Osteoarticular Regeneration Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Piccinini
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems for Information and Communication Technologies "E. De Castro" (ARCES), University of Bologna, Via Toffano 2/2, 40125, Bologna, Italy.
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Dang PN, Dwivedi N, Yu X, Phillips L, Bowerman C, Murphy WL, Alsberg E. Guiding Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis with Mineral-Coated Hydroxyapatite and BMP-2 Incorporated within High-Density hMSC Aggregates for Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 2:30-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong N. Dang
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden
218, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Neha Dwivedi
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden
218, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Room 5405, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lauren Phillips
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden
218, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Caitlin Bowerman
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Wickenden
218, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - William L. Murphy
- Departments
of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Wisconsin
Institute for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Room 5405, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Departments
of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Suenaga H, Furukawa KS, Suzuki Y, Takato T, Ushida T. Bone regeneration in calvarial defects in a rat model by implantation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell spheroids. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:254. [PMID: 26449444 PMCID: PMC4598349 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) condensation contributes to membrane ossification by enhancing their osteodifferentiation. We investigated bone regeneration in rats using the human bone marrow-derived MSC-spheroids prepared by rotation culture, without synthetic or exogenous biomaterials. Bilateral calvarial defects (8 mm) were created in nude male rats; the left-sided defects were implanted with MSC-spheroids, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) granules, or β-TCP granules + MSC-spheroids, while the right-sided defects served as internal controls. Micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemical staining for osteocalcin/osteopontin indicated formation of new, full-thickness bones at the implantation sites, but not at the control sites in the MSC-spheroid group. Raman spectroscopy revealed similarity in the spectral properties of the repaired bone and native calvarial bone. Mechanical performance of the bones in the MSC-implanted group was good (50 and 60% those of native bones, respectively). All tests showed poor bone regeneration in the β-TCP and β-TCP + MSC-spheroid groups. Thus, significant bone regeneration was achieved with MSC-spheroid implantation into bone defects, justifying further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Suenaga
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Katsuko S Furukawa
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Suzuki
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takato
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Division of Tissue Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ushida
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Cha HM, Kim SM, Choi YS, Kim DI. Scaffold-free three-dimensional culture systems for mass production of periosteum-derived progenitor cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:218-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Occhetta P, Centola M, Tonnarelli B, Redaelli A, Martin I, Rasponi M. High-Throughput Microfluidic Platform for 3D Cultures of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Towards Engineering Developmental Processes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10288. [PMID: 25983217 PMCID: PMC4650750 DOI: 10.1038/srep10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of in vitro models to screen the effect of different concentrations, combinations and temporal sequences of morpho-regulatory factors on stem/progenitor cells is crucial to investigate and possibly recapitulate developmental processes with adult cells. Here, we designed and validated a microfluidic platform to (i) allow cellular condensation, (ii) culture 3D micromasses of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) under continuous flow perfusion, and (ii) deliver defined concentrations of morphogens to specific culture units. Condensation of hBM-MSCs was obtained within 3 hours, generating micromasses in uniform sizes (56.2 ± 3.9 μm). As compared to traditional macromass pellet cultures, exposure to morphogens involved in the first phases of embryonic limb development (i.e. Wnt and FGF pathways) yielded more uniform cell response throughout the 3D structures of perfused micromasses (PMMs), and a 34-fold higher percentage of proliferating cells at day 7. The use of a logarithmic serial dilution generator allowed to identify an unexpected concentration of TGFβ3 (0.1 ng/ml) permissive to hBM-MSCs proliferation and inductive to chondrogenesis. This proof-of-principle study supports the described microfluidic system as a tool to investigate processes involved in mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiation, towards a 'developmental engineering' approach for skeletal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Occhetta
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Centola
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Tonnarelli
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Redaelli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivan Martin
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Tsai AC, Liu Y, Yuan X, Ma T. Compaction, fusion, and functional activation of three-dimensional human mesenchymal stem cell aggregate. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1705-19. [PMID: 25661745 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are primary candidates in cell therapy and tissue engineering and are being tested in clinical trials for a wide range of diseases. Originally isolated and expanded as plastic adherent cells, hMSCs have intriguing properties of in vitro self-assembly into three-dimensional (3D) aggregates that improve a range of biological properties, including multilineage potential, secretion of therapeutic factors, and resistance against ischemic condition. While cell-cell contacts and cell-extracellular matrix interactions mediate 3D cell aggregation, the adaptive changes of hMSC cytoskeleton during self-assembly and associated metabolic reconfiguration may also influence aggregate properties and functional activation. In this study, we investigated the role of actin in regulating 3D hMSC aggregate compaction, fusion, spreading and functional activation. Individual hMSC aggregates with controlled initial cell number were formed by seeding a known number of hMSCs (500, 2000, and 5000 cells/well) in multi-well plates of an ultra-low adherent surface to form multicellular aggregates in individual wells. To assess the influence of actin-mediated contractility on hMSC aggregation and properties, actin modulators, including cytochalasin D (cytoD), nocodazole, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and Y-27632, were added at different stages of aggregation and their impacts on hMSC aggregate compaction and apoptosis were monitored. The results suggest that actin-mediated contractility influences hMSC aggregation, compaction, fusion, and spreading on adherent surface. Formation of multi-cellular aggregates significantly upregulated caspase 3/7 expression, expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4), cell migration, secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and resistance to in vitro ischemic stress. The functional enhancement, however, is dependent on caspase activation, because treatment with Q-VD-OPh, a pan-caspase inhibitor, attenuated CXCR-4 and cytokine secretion. Importantly, comparable ATP/cell levels and significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in aggregates of different sizes suggest that altered mitochondria bioenergetics on 3D aggregation is the primary inducer for apoptosis. Together, the results suggest multicellular aggregation as an effective and nongenetic strategy for hMSC functional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang-Chen Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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The osteogenic properties of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in cultures on TiO₂ sol-gel-derived biomaterial. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:651097. [PMID: 25710015 PMCID: PMC4331160 DOI: 10.1155/2015/651097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The biocompatibility of the bone implants is a crucial factor determining the successful tissue regeneration. The aim of this work was to compare cellular behavior and osteogenic properties of rat adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells (ASCs) and bone marrow multipotent stromal cells (BMSCs) cultured on metallic substrate covered with TiO2 sol-gel-derived nanolayer. The morphology, proliferation rate, and osteogenic differentiation potential of both ASCs and BMSCs propagated on the biomaterials were examined. The potential for osteogenic differentiation of ASCs and BMSCs was determined based on the presence of specific markers of osteogenesis, that is, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCL). Additionally, the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular matrix was determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Obtained results showed that TiO2 layer influenced proliferation activity of ASCs, which manifested by shortening of population doubling time and increase of OPN secretion. However, characteristic features of cells morphology and growth pattern of cultures prompted us to conclude that ultrathin TiO2 layer might also enhance osteodifferentiation of BMSCs. Therefore in our opinion, both populations of MSCs should be used for biological evaluation of biomaterials compatibility, such results may enhance the area of investigations related to regenerative medicine.
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Deegan AJ, Aydin HM, Hu B, Konduru S, Kuiper JH, Yang Y. A facile in vitro model to study rapid mineralization in bone tissues. Biomed Eng Online 2014; 13:136. [PMID: 25224355 PMCID: PMC4228101 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-13-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mineralization in bone tissue involves stepwise cell-cell and cell-ECM interaction. Regulation of osteoblast culture microenvironments can tailor osteoblast proliferation and mineralization rate, and the quality and/or quantity of the final calcified tissue. An in vitro model to investigate the influencing factors is highly required. Methods We developed a facile in vitro model in which an osteoblast cell line and aggregate culture (through the modification of culture well surfaces) were used to mimic intramembranous bone mineralization. The effect of culture environments including culture duration (up to 72 hours for rapid mineralization study) and aggregates size (monolayer culture as control) on mineralization rate and mineral quantity/quality were examined by osteogenic gene expression (PCR) and mineral markers (histological staining, SEM-EDX and micro-CT). Results Two size aggregates (on average, large aggregates were 745 μm and small 79 μm) were obtained by the facile technique with high yield. Cells in aggregate culture generated visible and quantifiable mineralized matrix within 24 hours, whereas cells in monolayer failed to do so by 72 hours. The gene expression of important ECM molecules for bone formation including collagen type I, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin, varied temporally, differed between monolayer and aggregate cultures, and depended on aggregate size. Monolayer specimens stayed in a proliferation phase for the first 24 hours, and remained in matrix synthesis up to 72 hours; whereas the small aggregates were in the maturation phase for the first 24 and 48 hour cultures and then jumped to a mineralization phase at 72 hours. Large aggregates were in a mineralization phase at all these three time points and produced 36% larger bone nodules with a higher calcium content than those in the small aggregates after just 72 hours in culture. Conclusions This study confirms that aggregate culture is sufficient to induce rapid mineralization and that aggregate size determines the mineralization rate. Mineral content depended on aggregate size and culture duration. Thus, our culture system may provide a good model to study regulation factors at different development phases of the osteoblastic lineage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-925X-13-136) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ying Yang
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
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Akiyama M. Identification of UACA, EXOSC9, and ΤΜX2 in bovine periosteal cells by mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5805-13. [PMID: 24696107 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inspection of patient-derived cells used in transplantation is non-invasive. Therefore, proteomics analysis using supernatants of cells cultured before transplantation is informative. In order to investigate the cell niche of bovine periosteal cells, supernatants of these cultured cells were subjected to 2-D electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry, which identified type 1 collagen and the C-terminus of type 3 collagen. Only the C-terminal peptide from type 3 collagen was found in supernatants. It is known that type 3 collagen may be expressed intra- or extra-cellularly. Paraffin sections of the cultured cells were next examined by immunohistochemistry, which revealed that type 3 collagen regions besides the C-terminal peptide were present around the bovine periosteal cells but were not found in supernatants. Full-length type 3 collagen was closely associated with the cells, and only the C-terminal peptide was detectable in culture supernatants. Mass spectrometry analysis of partial peptide data combined with immunohistochemistry also indicated that uveal autoantigen with coiled coil domains and ankyrin repeats (UACA), exosome complex component RRP45 (EXOSC9), and thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 2 (TMX2) were expressed in bovine periosteal cells. Results of this study indicate that analysis of culture supernatants before cell transplantation can provide useful biomarkers indicating the niche of cells used for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Akiyama
- Department of Biomaterials, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan,
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Maia FR, Lourenço AH, Granja PL, Gonçalves RM, Barrias CC. Effect of cell density on mesenchymal stem cells aggregation in RGD-alginate 3D matrices under osteoinductive conditions. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:759-71. [PMID: 24585449 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular activities in 3D are differentially affected by several matrix-intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study highlights the relevance of optimizing initial cell densities when establishing 3D cultures for specific applications. Independently of the entrapping density, MSCs cultured within RGD-alginate hydrogels showed steady-state levels of metabolic activity and were in a nearly non-proliferative state, but recovered "normal" activity levels when retrieved from 3D matrices and re-cultured as monolayers. Importantly, high-densities promoted the establishment of cell-cell contacts with formation of multicellular clusters stabilized by endogenous ECM, and also stimulated MSCs osteogenic differentiation. These MSC-ECM microtissues may be used as building blocks for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Raquel Maia
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Rua do Campo Alegre, no. 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Engineering, Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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Yamamoto M, Kawashima N, Takashino N, Koizumi Y, Takimoto K, Suzuki N, Saito M, Suda H. Three-dimensional spheroid culture promotes odonto/osteoblastic differentiation of dental pulp cells. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 59:310-7. [PMID: 24581854 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture is a method for creating 3D aggregations of cells and their extracellular matrix without a scaffold mimicking the actual tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3D spheroid culture on the phenotype of immortalized mouse dental papilla cells (MDPs) that have the ability to differentiate into odontoblasts. METHODS We cultured MDPs for 1, 3, 7, and 14 days in 96-well low-attachment culture plates for 3D spheroid culture or flat-bottomed plates for two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3, respectively. Hypoxia was measured by the hypoxia probe LOX-1. Odonto/osteoblastic differentiation marker gene expression was evaluated by quantitative PCR. We also determined mineralized nodule formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and dentine matrix protein-1 (DMP1) expression. Vinculin and integrin signalling-related proteins were detected immunohistochemically. RESULTS Odonto/osteoblastic marker gene expression and mineralized nodule formation were significantly up-regulated in 3D spheroid-cultured MDPs compared with those in 2D monolayer-cultured MDPs (p<0.05). Histologically, 3D spheroid colonies consisted of two compartments: a cell-dense peripheral zone and cell-sparse core zone. Proliferating cells with high ALP activity and DMP1 expression were found mainly in the peripheral zone that also showed strong expression of vinculin and integrin signalling-related proteins. In contrast, apoptotic and hypoxic cells were detected in the core zone. CONCLUSION 3D spheroid culture promotes odonto/osteoblastic differentiation of MDPs, which may be mediated by integrin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mioko Yamamoto
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kawashima
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Nami Takashino
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Yu Koizumi
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Koyo Takimoto
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
| | - Masahiro Saito
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideaki Suda
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Sart S, Tsai AC, Li Y, Ma T. Three-dimensional aggregates of mesenchymal stem cells: cellular mechanisms, biological properties, and applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:365-80. [PMID: 24168395 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are primary candidates in cell therapy and tissue engineering and are being tested in clinical trials for a wide range of diseases. Originally isolated and expanded as plastic adherent cells, MSCs have intriguing properties of in vitro self-assembly into three-dimensional (3D) aggregates reminiscent of skeletal condensation in vivo. Recent studies have shown that MSC 3D aggregation improved a range of biological properties, including multilineage potential, secretion of therapeutic factors, and resistance against ischemic condition. Hence, the formation of 3D MSC aggregates has been explored as a novel strategy to improve cell delivery, functional activation, and in vivo retention to enhance therapeutic outcomes. This article summarizes recent reports of MSC aggregate self-assembly, characterization of biological properties, and their applications in preclinical models. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying MSC aggregate formation and functional activation are discussed, and the areas that warrant further investigation are highlighted. These analyses are combined to provide perspectives for identifying the controlling mechanisms and refining the methods of aggregate fabrication and expansion for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Sart
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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Xiang L, Ma L, Wang T, Wei N, Gong P. Proper size of the 3-dimensional periodontal ligament stem cell (3D PDLSC) sphere is vital for cell viability. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 117:121-2. [PMID: 23992959 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiang
- Faculty, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Dental Implant Center, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Third Section, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Li Ma
- Faculty, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Dental Implant Center, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Third Section, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Faculty, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Dental Implant Center, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Third Section, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Na Wei
- Faculty, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Dental Implant Center, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Third Section, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Faculty, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Dental Implant Center, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Third Section, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Athanasiou KA, Eswaramoorthy R, Hadidi P, Hu JC. Self-organization and the self-assembling process in tissue engineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 15:115-36. [PMID: 23701238 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071812-152423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the tissue engineering paradigm has shifted to include a new and growing subfield of scaffoldless techniques that generate self-organizing and self-assembling tissues. This review aims to cogently describe this relatively new research area, with special focus on applications toward clinical use and research models. Particular emphasis is placed on providing clear definitions of self-organization and the self-assembling process, as delineated from other scaffoldless techniques in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Significantly, during formation, self-organizing and self-assembling tissues display biological processes similar to those that occur in vivo. These processes help lead to the recapitulation of native tissue morphological structure and organization. Notably, functional properties of these engineered tissues, some of which are already in clinical trials, also approach native tissue values. This review endeavors to provide a cohesive summary of work in this field and to highlight the potential of self-organization and the self-assembling process for providing cogent solutions to currently intractable problems in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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West NX, Lussi A, Seong J, Hellwig E. Scaffold-free microtissues: differences from monolayer cultures and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 17:9-17. [PMID: 22695872 PMCID: PMC3585766 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cell-based therapies for bone augmentation after tooth loss and for the treatment of periodontal defects improve healing defects. Usually, osteogenic cells or stem cells are cultivated in 2D primary cultures, before they are combined with scaffold materials, even though this means a loss of the endogenous 3D microenvironment for the cells. Moreover, the use of single-cell suspensions for the inoculation of scaffolds or for the direct application into an area of interest has the disadvantages of low initial cell numbers and susceptibility to unwanted cellular distribution, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS We addressed the question whether an alternative to monolayer cultures, namely 3D microtissues, has the potential to improve osteogenic tissue engineering and its clinical outcome. RESULTS By contrast, to monolayer cultures, osteogenic differentiation of 3D microtissues is enhanced by mimicking in vivo conditions. It seems that the osteogenic differentiation in microtissues is enhanced by strong integrin-extracellular matrix interaction and by stronger autocrine BMP2 signaling. Moreover, microtissues are less prone to wash out by body fluids and allow the precise administration of large cell numbers. CONCLUSION Microtissue cultures have closer characteristics with cells in vivo and their enhanced osteogenic differentiation makes scaffold-free microtissues a promising concept in osteogenic tissue engineering. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Microtissues are particularly suitable for tissue engineering because they improve seeding efficiency of biomaterials by increasing the cell load of a scaffold. This results in accelerated osteogenic tissue formation and could contribute to earlier implant stability in mandibular bone augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. X. West
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - A. Lussi
- />Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Seong
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - E. Hellwig
- />Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital Dentistry, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Singhatanadgit W, Varodomrujiranon M. Osteogenic potency of a 3-dimensional scaffold-free bonelike sphere of periodontal ligament stem cells in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 116:e465-72. [PMID: 22901658 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the osteogenic potency of scaffold-free 3-dimensional (3D) spheres of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). STUDY DESIGN The osteogenic potency of PDLSC spheres was determined by the ability to form mineralization and to express key osteogenesis-associated genes. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the protein content of PDLSC spheres were also measured. RESULTS The 3D sphere developed its osteogenic potency in a time-dependent manner, containing approximately 10-fold higher mineralization, 5-fold higher protein content, and 4-fold greater ALP activity than those in the controls. The expression of key osteogenic genes was also upregulated in the 3D PDLSC spheres. Cellular outgrowth was observed when reintroduced into 2D culture. CONCLUSIONS PDLSCs were able to undergo osteogenic differentiation in a scaffold-free 3D culture, producing bonelike mineralization in vitro. This suggests, at least in vitro, the osteogenic potency of the 3D PDLSC spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Singhatanadgit
- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Klong, Luang, Pathum-Thani, Thailand.
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West NX, Lussi A, Seong J, Hellwig E. Scaffold-free microtissues: differences from monolayer cultures and their potential in bone tissue engineering. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17 Suppl 1:S9-19. [PMID: 22695872 PMCID: PMC3585766 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The paper’s aim is to review dentin hypersensitivity (DHS), discussing pain mechanisms and aetiology. Materials and methods Literature was reviewed using search engines with MESH terms, DH pain mechanisms and aetiology (including abrasion, erosion and periodontal disease). Results The many hypotheses proposed for DHS attest to our lack of knowledge in understanding neurophysiologic mechanisms, the most widely accepted being the hydrodynamic theory. Dentin tubules must be patent from the oral environment to the pulp. Dentin exposure, usually at the cervical margin, is due to a variety of processes involving gingival recession or loss of enamel, predisposing factors being periodontal disease and treatment, limited alveolar bone, thin biotype, erosion and abrasion. Conclusions The current pain mechanism of DHS is thought to be the hydrodynamic theory. The initiation and progression of DHS are influenced by characteristics of the teeth and periodontium as well as the oral environment and external influences. Risk factors are numerous often acting synergistically and always influenced by individual susceptibility. Clinical relevance Whilst the pain mechanism of DHS is not well understood, clinicians need to be mindful of the aetiology and risk factors in order to manage patients’ pain and expectations and prevent further dentin exposure with subsequent sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. X. West
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - A. Lussi
- />Department of Operative Dentistry, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J. Seong
- />Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oral and Dental Sciences, Bristol Dental Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY UK
| | - E. Hellwig
- />Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental School and Hospital Dentistry, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Generation and differentiation of microtissues from multipotent precursor cells for use in tissue engineering. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:1726-35. [PMID: 22011655 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes an effective method for the production of spherical microtissues (microspheres), which can be used for a variety of tissue-engineering purposes. The obtained microtissues are well suited for the study of osteogenesis in vitro when multipotent stem cells are used. The dimensions of the microspheres can easily be adjusted according to the cell numbers applied in an individual experiment. Thus, microspheres allow for the precise administration of defined cell numbers at well-defined sites. Here we describe a detailed workflow for the production of microspheres using unrestricted somatic stem cells from human umbilical cord blood and adapted protocols for the use of these microspheres in histological analysis. RNA extraction methods for mineralized microtissues are specifically modified for optimum yields. The duration of running the complete protocol without preparatory cell culture but including 2 weeks of microsphere incubation, histological staining and RNA isolation is about 3 weeks.
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