1
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Zhang ZR, Chen Y, Wang ZW, Hu CY, Hu Y, Xu X. Examination of primary aromatic amines content in polylactic acid straws and migration into food simulants using SERS with LC-MS. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2025; 324:124997. [PMID: 39173322 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) straws hold eco-friendly potential; however, residual diisocyanates used to enhance the mechanical strength can generate carcinogenic primary aromatic amines (PAAs), posing health risks. Herein, we present a rapid, comprehensive strategy to detecting PAAs in 18 brands of food-grade PLA straws and assessing their migration into diverse food simulants. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was conducted to rapidly screen straws for PAAs. Subsequently, qualitative determination of migrating PAAs into various food simulants (4 % acetic acid, 10 % ethanol, 50 % ethanol) occurred at 70 °C for 2 h using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three PAAs including 4,4'-methylenedianiline, 2,4'-methylenedianiline, and 2,4-diaminotoluene were detected in all straws. Specifically, 2,4-diaminotoluene in 50 % ethanol exceeded specific migration limit of 2 μg/kg, raising safety concerns. Notably, PAAs migration to 10 % and 50 % ethanol surpassed that to 4 % acetic acid within a short 2-hour period. Moreover, PLA straws underwent varying degrees of shape changes before and after migration. Straws with poly(butylene succinate) resisted deformation compared to those without, indicating enhanced heat resistance, while poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) improved hydrolysis resistance. Importantly, swelling study unveiled swelling effect wasn't the primary factor contributing to the increased PAAs migration in ethanol food simulant, as there was no significant disparity in swelling degrees across different food simulants. FT-IR and DSC analysis revealed higher PAAs content in 50 % ethanol were due to highly concentrated polar ethanol disrupting hydrogen bonds and van der Waal forces holding PLA molecules together. Overall, minimizing contact between PLA straws and alcoholic foods is crucial to avoid potential safety risks posed by PAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Qianshan Road 206, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Qianshan Road 206, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Qianshan Road 206, Zhuhai 519070, China; Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu West Avenue 601, Guangzhou City 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Qianshan Road 206, Zhuhai 519070, China.
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2
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Lisiecki M, Belé TGA, Ügdüler S, Fiorio R, Astrup TF, De Meester S, Ragaert K. Mechanical recycling of printed flexible plastic packaging: The role of binders and pigments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134375. [PMID: 38691991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), extensively employed in flexible plastic packaging, often undergoes printing with inks. However, during the mechanical recycling of post-consumer waste, these inks act as contaminants, subsequently compromising the quality and usability of recycled material. To understand better exactly which ink components cause which effects, this study comprehensively assesses the thermal behavior of three organic pigments and two commonly utilised binders, correlated with the impact on the mechanical recycling of LDPE-based flexible plastic packaging. In this regard, the study focuses on four pivotal factors: processability, mechanical properties, aesthetic attributes, and volatile organic compound profiles. The results indicate that nitrocellulose, used as a binder, degrades during reprocessing, resulting in film discoloration and the emission of potentially odorous compounds. Conversely, pigments are found to be dispersed within droplets of polyurethane binder in LDPE recyclates, whilst reprocessing printed samples detrimentally affects film properties, notably dart drop impact resistance, strain at break, and the number of inclusions. Additionally, it is shown that both inks comprise components that emit volatile compounds during reprocessing: non-thermally stable components, nitrocellulose and pigment yellow PY13, as well as low-molecular weight molecules from polyurethane and by-products from wax, plasticisers, and additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lisiecki
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Tiago G A Belé
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Henkestraße 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - S Ügdüler
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - R Fiorio
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T F Astrup
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; Ramboll, Hannemanns Allé 53, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S De Meester
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - K Ragaert
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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3
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Liu Y, Dang X, Zhang S, Hu Y, Chen H. Migration detection of six aromatic amines in polyamide food contact materials by HPLC after molecularly imprinted polymer pipette tip solid phase extraction. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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4
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Büyüktaş D, Ghaani M, Rovera C, Carullo D, Olsson RT, Korel F, Farris S. A screen-printed electrode modified with gold nanoparticles/cellulose nanocrystals for electrochemical detection of 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diamine. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15327. [PMID: 37096008 PMCID: PMC10121457 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing simple, cost-effective, easy-to-use, and reliable analytical devices if of utmost importance for the food industry for rapid in-line checks of their products that must comply with the provisions set by the current legislation. The purpose of this study was to develop a new electrochemical sensor for the food packaging sector. More specifically, we propose a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the quantification of 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA), which is one of the most important PAAs that can transfer from food packaging materials into food stuffs. The electrochemical performance of the proposed sensor (AuNPs/CNCs/SPE) in the presence of 4,4'-MDA was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The modified AuNPs/CNCs/SPE showed the highest sensitivity for 4,4'-MDA detection, with a peak current of 9.81 μA compared with 7.08 μA for the bare SPE. The highest sensitivity for 4,4'-MDA oxidation was observed at pH = 7, whereas the detection limit was found at 57 nM and the current response of 4,4'-MDA rose linearly as its concentration increased from 0.12 μM to 100 μM. Experiments using real packaging materials revealed that employing nanoparticles dramatically improved both the sensitivity and the selectivity of the sensor, which can be thus considered as a new analytical tool for quick, simple, and accurate measurement of 4,4'-MDA during converting operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Büyüktaş
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Gülbahçe Köyü, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2 – I, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Masoud Ghaani
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2 – I, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Rovera
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2 – I, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Carullo
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2 – I, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard T. Olsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Figen Korel
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Gülbahçe Köyü, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Stefano Farris
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2 – I, 20133, Milan, Italy
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit University of Milan, via Celoria 2 – I, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author. DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2 – I, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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5
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Ghaani M, Büyüktaş D, Carullo D, Farris S. Development of a New Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Biopolymer for Determination of 4,4'-Methylene Diphenyl Diamine. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:s23010046. [PMID: 36616643 PMCID: PMC9824447 DOI: 10.3390/s23010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was proposed to determine 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA) using molecularly imprinted polymer-multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (MIP/MWCNTs/GCE). GCE was coated by MWCNTs (MWCNTs/GCE) because of their antifouling qualities and in order to improve the sensor sensitivity. To make the whole sensor, a polymeric film made up of chitosan nanoparticles was electrodeposited by the cyclic voltammetry method on the surface of MWCNTs/GCE in the presence of MDA as a template. Different parameters such as scan cycles, elution time, incubation time, molar ratio of template molecules to functional monomers, and pH were optimized to increase the performance of the MIP sensor. With a detection limit of 15 nM, a linear response to MDA was seen in the concentration range of 0.5-100 µM. The imprinting factor (IF) of the proposed sensor was also calculated at around 3.66, demonstrating the extremely high recognition performance of a MIP/MWCNT-modified electrode. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good reproducibility and selectivity. Finally, the proposed sensor was efficiently used to determine MDA in real samples with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 94.10% to 106.76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghaani
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Duygu Büyüktaş
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Köyü, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Daniele Carullo
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Farris
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences, Food Packaging Lab., University of Milan, via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
- INSTM, National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit University of Milan, Via Celoria 2—I, 20133 Milan, Italy
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6
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Urbaniak M, Chinthakindi S, Martinez A, Hornbuckle KC, Kannan K. Occurrence of primary aromatic amines and nicotine in sediments collected from the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158102. [PMID: 35987249 PMCID: PMC10116586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive use of primary aromatic amines (AAs) in consumer products, little is known about their occurrence in the environment. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of 14 AAs and nicotine in 75 sediment samples collected from seven estuarine and freshwater ecosystems in the Unites States. Additionally, risk quotients (RQs) were calculated to assess potential risks of these chemicals to aquatic organisms. Of the 14 AAs analyzed, seven of them were found in sediments. The sum concentrations of seven AAs in sediments were in the range of 10.2 to 1810 ng/g, dry wt (mean: 388 ng/g). Aniline was the most abundant compound, accounting for, on average, 53 % of the total concentrations. Nicotine was found in sediments at a concentration range of <LOQ to 1340 ng/g, dry wt (mean: 119 ng/g). Among the seven sampling locations studied, AAs and nicotine concentrations were the highest in sediment from Altavista wastewater lagoon in Virginia (AV, mean: 1700 ng/g) followed in descending order by Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (CSSC, mean: 807 ng/g), Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC, mean: 698 ng/g) and New Bedford Harbor (NBH, mean: 482 ng/g). Sediments from the upper Mississippi River (MISS, mean: 63.4 ng/g) and Tittabawassee River (TBR, mean: 52.3 ng/g) contained the lowest concentrations. The RQ values for AAs in sediment ranged from 0 to 733 and that for nicotine ranged from 0 to 2060. Among AAs, the highest RQ value was found for 4-chloroaniline. Nicotine exhibited notable RQ values, which suggested risk from this chemical to aquatic organisms. This is the first study to report the occurrence of AAs in sediments and our results suggest the need for further investigations on the sources and ecological impacts of these chemicals in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Urbaniak
- UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sridhar Chinthakindi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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7
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Ma JJ, Wang ZW, Xu J, Hu CY, Qiu TC, Huang ZY. Effect of autoclave sterilization, gamma irradiation and high-pressure processing on the migration of 4,4’-MDA and its isomers in laminated food packaging bags. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Chinthakindi S, Kannan K. Variability in urinary concentrations of primary aromatic amines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154768. [PMID: 35341833 PMCID: PMC9167796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite their known carcinogenic potential, primary aromatic amines (AAs) continue to be used in various consumer products. Human exposure to AAs is a subject of current concern. Although urinary measurements are used in the assessment of exposure, little is known about within- and between-individual temporal variability in urinary concentrations of AAs. In this study, we determined the concentrations of 30 AAs, nicotine and cotinine in 213 first morning void (FMV) urine samples collected longitudinally for over a five-week period from 15 participants residing in the Albany area of New York State, USA. Eight AAs, namely, aniline, 2-naphthylamine (2-NA), p-cresidine (p-CD), p-toluidine (p-TD), o/m-toluidine (o/m-TD), 4-chloroaniline (4-CA), 4,4'-methylenedi-o-toluidine (4,4'-MDA), and 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA) were found in urine at a detection frequency (DF) in the range of 68-100%. Aniline and 2,6-DMA were the predominant compounds found at median concentrations of 6.0 and 3.81 ng/mL, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of all urinary AA concentrations, except for 4-CA, showed moderate to poor predictability (ICC values ranged 0.248-0.697). Gender and ethnicity-related variations in ∑8AA concentrations were significant. Spearman's correlations among AA concentrations suggested that the sources of exposure were not related to tobacco smoke. No significant correlations existed between AAs concentrations and oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs). The estimated daily intakes of AAs calculated based on urinary concentrations were several orders of magnitude below the tolerable daily intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Chinthakindi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Ge K, Hu Y, Li G. Fabrication of branched gold copper nanoalloy doped mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride hybrid membrane for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis of carcinogens. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128742. [PMID: 35338931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogens in food samples show great potential threat to human health due to their wide distribution and high carcinogenicity. In this work, branched AuCu nanoalloy doped mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride hybrid membrane (mpg-C3N4/AuCu) was fabricated for SERS analysis of carcinogens including benzidine and zearalenone in food. The AuCu was in-situ grown on mpg-C3N4 to form mpg-C3N4/AuCu composites. The as-fabricated mpg-C3N4/AuCu membrane can effectively combined synergistic effect of localized surface plasmon resonance properties of branched AuCu nanoalloy and semiconductor characteristics of mpg-C3N4. The limit of detection for crystal violet is 1.0 ng/L with enhancement factor of 3.7 × 108. The mechanism of high SERS activity of mpg-C3N4/AuCu membrane was investigated by density functional theory simulations. The mpg-C3N4/AuCu membrane was used for direct determination of benzidine, and indirect determination of zearalenone with 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine as markers in food. The limits of detection of SERS method were 0.14 and 0.03 μg/L for benzidine and zearalenone, respectively. It provides a new strategy for design and fabrication of high-quality SERS substrates for carcinogens analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ge
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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10
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Luo RJ, Lin QB, Zhu L, Yan JW, Li Z. Detection of primary aromatic amines content in food packaging ink and migration from printed plastic bags. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Galbiati E, Tietz T, Zellmer S, Merkel S. Risk Assessment of Food Contact Materials II. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200408. [PMID: 35634565 PMCID: PMC9131608 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Tietz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Germany
| | | | - Stefan Merkel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Germany
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12
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Chinthakindi S, Kannan K. Urinary and fecal excretion of aromatic amines in pet dogs and cats from the United States. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107208. [PMID: 35366557 PMCID: PMC9035069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Several primary aromatic amines (AAs) are known or suspected carcinogens. Despite this, the exposure of pet animals to this class of chemicals is unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of 30 AAs and two tobacco chemical markers (nicotine and cotinine) in 63 pet urine (42 dog and 21 cat) and 77 pet feces (37 dog and 40 cat) samples collected from the Albany area of New York State. Eight of the 30 AAs (∑8AAs) were found in > 38% of dog and cat urine samples, at median concentrations of 7.99 (range: 0.42-52.3 ng/mL) and 31.4 (2.63-75.9) ng/mL, respectively. Nine of the 30 AAs (∑9AAs) were found in > 73% of dog and cat feces samples, at median concentrations of 278 (range: 61.7-613 ng/g) and 240 (55.4-645) ng/g dry wt, respectively. Among the 30 AAs, 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA) accounted for the highest median concentrations in both urine and fecal samples. Median concentrations of nicotine and cotinine were below 0.92 ng/mL in urine and below 3.86 ng/g in feces of both dogs and cats. No significant relationship was found between AA concentrations and pet age or gender. The lack of significant Spearman's rank correlation between the concentrations of AA and nicotine in pet urine/feces suggested that sources other than tobacco smoke contributed to AA exposure in pets. Furthermore, the calculated fecal excretion rates of AAs were higher than the intake rates (estimated through reverse dosimetry), which indicates that cats and dogs are exposed to AA precursors such as azo dyes. Concentrations in urine and feces reflected exposure to direct and indirect exposure sources, respectively, of AAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Chinthakindi
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, de Juan-de Juan P, Bressan C, Vázquez-Espinosa M, González-de-Peredo AV, Santos FJ, Moyano E. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for the migration studies of primary aromatic amines from food contact materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3137-3151. [PMID: 35233696 PMCID: PMC8934768 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 23 primary aromatic amines (PAAs) that can potentially migrate from food contact materials. The chromatographic separation was performed in a pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFPP) column achieving the separation of all PAAs in less than 6.5 min using water to acetonitrile (0.1% acetic acid in both solvents) as mobile phase and a gradient elution. The feasibility of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) was evaluated as alternative to electrospray ionization (ESI) for the analysis of PAAs. Results showed that for most of the compounds, better responses were obtained with APCI, which shows the advantage of being less susceptible to matrix effects. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation studies of [M + H]+ allowed for the selection of the two most characteristic and abundant product ions of the 23 PAAs which led to the development of a selective and sensitive UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS method with limits of detection ranging from 0.2 to 2 μg kg-1. Moreover, intra-day and inter-day precisions of the method in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD%) were lower than 10% and 15%, while trueness as relative error was <15% for most of the compounds. The UHPLC-APCI-MS/MS method was applied to the analysis of twenty black Nylon kitchenware samples that were submitted to migration tests using food simulant B (3% acetic acid, w/v), and the presence of PAAs were detected in eighteen samples at concentrations above the legislated limit (2 μg kg-1 of food or food simulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pedro de Juan-de Juan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Bressan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Vázquez-Espinosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of CádizIVAGROPuerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana V González-de-Peredo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of CádizIVAGROPuerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F Javier Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnación Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Faraji M, Afsharsaveh Z, Shirani M. Application of vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on a new deep eutectic solvent for microextraction of aromatic amines from simulant of kitchenware samples by HPLC-UV. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Faraji M, Ghanati K, Kamankesh M, Aryanasab F, Mohammadi A. New and efficient magnetic nanocomposite extraction using multifunctional deep eutectic solvent based on ferrofluid and vortex assisted-liquid-liquid microextraction: Determining primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in tetra-packed fruit juices. Food Chem 2022; 386:132822. [PMID: 35366633 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel magnetic nanocomposite solvent (MNCS) based on ferrofluid and multifunctional deep eutectic solvent (MDES) was synthesized and applied in vortex assisted-liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-LLME). The ferrofluid has been composed from zirconium phosphate (modified magnetic graphene oxide) and tetrabutylammonium bromide-octanoic acid deep eutectic solvent (MGO/α-ZrP@TBAB-OA). This efficient method was employed to determine primary aromatic amines including aniline, 4-methoxyanniline, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, orthotoluidine, 2,6-dimethylaniline, 2-naphtylamine in tetra-packed juice samples. The proposed method showed the excellent extraction efficiency of PAAs according to strong interactions of new extraction solvent including electrostatic, π-π, and hydrogen bonding attractions. The found levels of PAAs are lower than the limit of quantifications (2.0 µg L-1). Therefore, the migration of PAAs from packaging to the juice samples is lower than permitted level (<10 µg kg-1). The results indicated high potential use of the offered method to analyze aromatic amine compounds in foodstuff and biologic samples in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faraji
- Food, Halal and Agricultural Products Research Group, Food Technology and Agricultural Products Research Center, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj P.O. Box 31745-139, Iran.
| | - Kiandokht Ghanati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- School of Pharmacy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Fezzeh Aryanasab
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering, Standard Research Institute (SRI), P.O. Box 31745‑139, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Ouyang X, Hu Y, Li G. Integrated sample-pretreatment strategy for separation and enrichment of microplastics and primary aromatic amines in the migration of teabag. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:929-937. [PMID: 34932260 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an integrated sample-pretreatment strategy for the separation and enrichment of microplastics and primary aromatic amines from the migration of teabag was developed. The migration solution of teabag was passed through a homemade device. The microplastics were firstly captured by a silver membrane, and then the primary aromatic amines were enriched by a solid-phase extraction column. The microplastics migrated from teabag were detected by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and Raman spectroscopy. The data showed the character, the number of particles, area ratio, and morphology of microplastics migrated from the teabag. Subsequently, after the enrichment procedure, a sensitive analytical method for primary aromatic amines was established followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method showed wide linear ranges with R2 greater than 0.9915, low limits of detection (2-18 ng/L), and low limits of quantification (8-50 ng/L). The developed method was adopted to analyze microplastics and primary aromatic amines migrated from nylon and polyethylene terephthalate teabag under different temperatures and times. The integrated sample-pretreatment strategy displayed promising potentials in the one-step preparation of the microplastics and hazardous molecules in the sample of environment and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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17
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The application of ion mobility time of flight mass spectrometry to elucidate neo-formed compounds derived from polyurethane adhesives used in champagne cork stoppers. Talanta 2021; 234:122632. [PMID: 34364441 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane adhesives are used to bond agglomerated cork and natural disk cork to produce cork stoppers that are used in champagne bottles. These adhesives are manufactured by reacting polyols with an excess of diisocyanates. Isocyanates are highly reactive compounds that have a propensity to form non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in the end product. In this work, ion mobility-time of flight-mass spectrometry was used to elucidate such NIAS, through the comparison of accurate mass spectra with the fragmentation patterns of proposed candidates. Twelve neo-formed compounds, including amines, amides and urethanes, resulting from the reaction of isocyanates with acetic acid and ethanol used as food simulants, were identified. Additionally, markers from champagne vs. champagne after its exposure to the adhesive were investigated using the supervised multivariate analysis method of Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structures - Discriminant Analysis. Four neo-formed compounds, resulting from the reaction of diisocyanates with malic acid or tartaric acid contained in the champagne, were identified for the first time in this work. All of the compounds identified were subsequently quantified using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Limits of detection were below 5 μg/kg in the food simulants and below 30 μg/kg in champagne samples. Migration levels ranged from 70 to 721 μg/kg, with most of them exceeding the specific migration limit established for Cramer class III compound (90 μg/kg).
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18
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Development of a nano-modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of 2,6-diaminotoluene (TDA). Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Galbiati E, Jacxsens L, De Meulenaer B. Hazard prioritisation of substances in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1608-1626. [PMID: 34372753 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1954701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of intentionally added substances can be used in printing inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging. Some of them can be transferred to foodstuffs through a phenomenon called migration, arising concerns on the potential adverse health effects derived from the exposure to chemicals that have not yet been assessed for their risks to humans. The large number of the substances concerned and the lack of prioritisation strategies hamper the work of control authorities, since it is not clear which substances should be monitored as first priority. In this study, a hazard prioritisation strategy is proposed. An inventory listing more than 6,000 substances used in inks and adhesives applied to plastic food packaging was compiled and filtered using several exclusion criteria aimed to set apart those substances for which there is no apparent need for further evaluation or because fall into one of the exclusion categories of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach. Additionally, substances with a molecular weight >1,000 Da were removed. Approximately 2,300 substances were retained, for which a comprehensive hazard profiling was conducted based on the general scheme for the application of the TTC approach. First, structural alerts for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity were investigated. If a substance was neither genotoxic nor belonging to the chemical classes of organophosphates and carbamates, the Cramer classification was used. Furthermore, the substances were searched for their presence in three so-called 'Substances of Concern' lists and RASFF notifications. Groups of high, medium and low priority substances were established, resulting in 1,660 substances classified as high and medium priority. A panel of five experts evaluated these substances with respect to their relevance for further risk evaluations. By applying this hazard prioritisation strategy, 696 substances were identified as 'Very High Priority Substances' (VHPS) for which further assessments should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Galbiati
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- NutriFOODchem Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Kato LS, Conte-Junior CA. Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2077. [PMID: 34202594 PMCID: PMC8271870 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several food contact materials (FCMs) contain non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), and most of the substances that migrate from plastic food packaging are unknown. This review aimed to situate the main challenges involving unknown NIAS in plastic food packaging in terms of identification, migration tests, prediction, sample preparation, determination methods and risk assessment trials. Most studies have identified NIAS in plastic materials as polyurethane adhesives (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester coatings, polypropylene materials (PP), multilayers materials, plastic films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), recycled materials, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Degradation products are almost the primary source of NIAS in plastic FCMs, most from antioxidants as Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, following by oligomers and side reaction products. The NIAS assessment in plastics FCMs is usually made by migration tests under worst-case conditions using food simulants. For predicted NIAS, targeted analytical methods are applied using GC-MS based methods for volatile NIAS and GC-MS and LC-MS based methods for semi- and non-volatile NIAS; non-targeted methods to analyze unknown NIAS in plastic FCMs are applied using GC and LC techniques combined with QTOF mass spectrometry (HRMS). In terms of NIAS risk assessment and prioritization, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept is the most applied tool for risk assessment. Bioassays with sensitive analytical techniques seem to be an efficient method to identify NIAS and their hazard to human exposure; the combination of genotoxicity testing with analytical chemistry could allow the Cramer class III TTC application to prioritize unknown NIAS. The scientific justification for implementing a molecular weight-based cut-off (<1000 Da) in the risk assessment of FCMs should be reevaluated. Although official guides and opinions are being issued on the subject, the whole chain's alignment is needed, and more specific legislation on the steps to follow to get along with NIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Seiko Kato
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói 24220-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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21
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Selin E, Svensson K, Gravenfors E, Giovanoulis G, Iida M, Oskarsson A, Lundqvist J. Food contact materials: an effect-based evaluation of the presence of hazardous chemicals in paper and cardboard packaging. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1594-1607. [PMID: 34157954 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1930200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Food contact materials (FCMs) can contain hazardous chemicals that may have the potential to migrate into food and pose a health hazard for humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on plastic materials, while data on packaging materials made from paper and cardboard are limited. We used a panel of cell-based bioassays to investigate the presence and impact of bioactive chemicals on human relevant endpoints like oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, xenobiotic metabolism and endocrine system effects in extracts made from paper and cardboard. In total, 23 methanol extracts of commonly used paper and cardboard available on the Swedish market were extracted as a whole product using methanol to retrieve polar substances, and tested at concentrations 0.3-10 mg/mL and 0.2-6 mg/mL. At the highest concentration bioactivities were observed in a high proportion of the samples: oxidative stress (52%), genotoxicity (100%), xenobiotic metabolism (74%), antiandrogenic- (52%) and antioestrogenic receptor (39%). Packages of potential concern included cake/pastry boxes/mats, boxes for infant formula/skimmed milk, pizza boxes, pizza slice trays and bag of cookies. It should be noted that the extraction for packages like cake/pastry boxes can be considered exaggerated, as the exposure usually is shorter. It can be hypothesised that the observed responses may be explained by inks, coatings, contaminants and/or naturally occurring compounds within the material. To summarise, an effect-based approach enables hazard identification of chemicals within FCMs, which is a valuable tool for ensuring safe use of FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Selin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kettil Svensson
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Gravenfors
- Development of Legislation and Other Instruments, Swedish Chemical Agency, Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - Georgios Giovanoulis
- Environmental Intelligence Unit, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mitsura Iida
- Hiyoshi Corporation, HIRO Biotech, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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22
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SZABÓ BS, JAKAB PP, HEGEDŰS J, KIRCHKESZNER C, PETROVICS N, NYIRI Z, BODAI Z, RIKKER T, EKE Z. Determination of 24 primary aromatic amines in aqueous food simulants by combining solid phase extraction and salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Perez MÂF, Daniel D, Padula M, do Lago CL, Bottoli CBG. Determination of primary aromatic amines from cooking utensils by capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 362:129902. [PMID: 34175690 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a fast, sensitive, environment-friendly method for the determination of 19 primary aromatic amines (PAAs) in cooking utensils by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The best electrophoretic separation of PAAs was obtained in 0.1 mol l-1 formic acid (pH 2.4) as the background electrolyte, fused silica capillary (67 cm) with a run time below 6 min. The proposed method presented a linear calibration with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 and reproducibility in a range of 1-25%. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.2-1.3 μg kg-1 and recoveries were in a range of 85-120% for all the PAAs. The validated method was employed to determine PAAs on 36 samples of cooking utensils using acetic simulant. The results showed that 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and aniline being the most frequently found PAAs in these samples and 28% of cooking utensils were not compliant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ângela Favaro Perez
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Packaging Technology Center (Cetea), Av. Brasil, 2880 13070-178 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Daniel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Padula
- Institute of Food Technology (Ital), Packaging Technology Center (Cetea), Av. Brasil, 2880 13070-178 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudimir Lucio do Lago
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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24
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Bhuiyan MNH, Kang H, Choi J, Lim S, Kho Y, Choi K. Effects of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 4,4'-methylenedianiline (4,4'-MDA) on sex hormone regulation and reproduction of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128768. [PMID: 33153842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 4,4'-methylenedianiline (4,4'-MDA) have been widely used in manufacture of many industrial and consumer products, and hence often detected in aquatic environment. Reproductive toxicity of aniline and its derivatives in aquatic organisms has been suggested, however, knowledge on the endocrine disruption potentials and toxicological consequences of both anilines are not well understood, especially in fish. In this study, we aimed to understand the effects of 3,4-DCA and 4,4'-MDA on sex hormone regulation and reproduction of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Following 21 d exposure, significant decreases of the reproduction were observed at 0.38 mg/L 3,4-DCA, and 4.6 mg/L 4,4'-MDA. Moreover, plasma concentrations of testosterone (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) level were significantly decreased in both male and female fish following the exposure. The sex hormone changes could be explained by the regulatory changes of the genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, including significant down-regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star) and cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A (cyp19a) genes in the gonad. Moreover, inhibition of gonadotropin hormone signaling and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (ptgs2) gene expression were observed, suggesting potential disruption of oocyte maturation and ovulation by the exposure. Our observations indicate that 3,4-DCA and 4,4'-MDA can impair reproduction of zebrafish potentially through disruption of steroid hormone synthesis and ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Huda Bhuiyan
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Habyeong Kang
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Lim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Devreux V, Combet S, Clabaux E, Gueneau ED. From pigments to coloured napkins: comparative analyses of primary aromatic amines in cold water extracts of printed tissues by LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1985-2010. [PMID: 32960150 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1802068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to understand the correlation between pigments purity profile (primary aromatic amine content of the pigments) and the behaviour of these PAAs during cold water extraction (CWE) tests according to EN 645. From a selection of organic pigments based on seven colour indexes (PR122, PR184, PO13, PY74, PY111, PY138 and PY155), the pigment purity profile was established according to European Resolution AP (89) 1, then mono-pigmented inks were prepared and napkins printed with these inks. In a second step, cold water extraction and PAA determination were performed by two independent laboratories. In one laboratory, an analytical method based on LC-MS/MS was used, whereas in the other laboratory a method based on LC-HRMS using Orbitrap technology was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 35 PAAs. Good qualitative results were obtained if we consider that at significant levels the PAAs were positively detected in both laboratories, except for 3-amino-4-methoxybenzanilide and 8-amino-2-methyl-quinoline, for which inter-laboratory differences were observed. It was also shown that no contamination from unexpected PAAs was detected. The comparison between pigment analysis and CWE results shows that if the pigment purity profile is of major importance, other parameters such as pigment surface treatment, ink grinding process or ink formulation could have an important influence on the CWE results. For such sensitive applications, for example napkins or other Food Contact Materials (FCM), it is therefore recommended not only to select a pigment with a good purity profile but also to test the pigment in the final application. Finally, this work highlights the difficulty of validating a product on a single analysis and shows the importance of a multilevel global assessment on worst case application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Devreux
- R&D Department, Ferro Performance Pigments Belgium , Menen, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Combet
- Analytical Laboratory, Siegwerk France , Annemasse, France
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26
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Cai G, Ge K, Ouyang X, Hu Y, Li G. Thin-layer chromatography combined with surface-enhanced Raman scattering for rapid detection of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl in migration from food contact materials based on gold nanoparticle doped metal-organic framework. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2834-2841. [PMID: 32306540 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a rapid and sensitive thin-layer chromatography combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy method was established for rapid detection of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl in migration from food contact materials based on Au nanoparticle doped metal-organic framework. Benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl were firstly separated by thin-layer chromatography to solve the limitation of their overlapping Raman peaks. Then the target molecules were monitored by adding AuNPs/MIL-101(Cr) on the sample spots. Under the optimum conditions, the concentration of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl can be quantitatively measured in the range of 2.0-20.0 and1.0-15.0 μg/L, respectively with good linear relationship, and the limits of detection were 0.21 and 0.23 μg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the developed method was applied to analyze benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl in migration of different food contact materials. The recoveries of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl for migration of food contact materials, including paper cups, polypropylene food containers, and polyethylene glycol terephthalate bottles, were 80.6-116.0 and 80.7-118% with relative standard deviations of 1.1-9.1 and 3.1-9.9%, respectively. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection was performed conveniently in the on-plate mode without additional elution process. The method shows great potential in rapid monitoring of hazardous substances with overlapping characteristic Raman peaks in food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Cai
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kun Ge
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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27
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Ubeda S, Aznar M, Rosenmai AK, Vinggaard AM, Nerín C. Migration studies and toxicity evaluation of cyclic polyesters oligomers from food packaging adhesives. Food Chem 2020; 311:125918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Huda Bhuiyan MN, Kang H, Kim JH, Kim S, Kho Y, Choi K. Endocrine disruption by several aniline derivatives and related mechanisms in a human adrenal H295R cell line and adult male zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:326-332. [PMID: 31100596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aniline and aniline derivatives have been widely used in the production of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic, dyes, rubber, and adhesives products. These chemicals can easily be released into the environment through industrial and municipal discharges or as degradation byproducts. Several studies have suggested that aniline and some of its derivatives could cause reproductive toxicity in aquatic organisms. However, knowledge on the endocrine disruption potentials of these chemicals is limited only to aniline and associated mechanisms are rarely investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of major aniline derivatives, i.e., 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), 1-naphthylamine (1-NPA), and 4,4'-methylenedianiline (4,4'-MDA), to disrupt sex steroid production and other biological processes. For this purpose, the human adrenal H295R cell line and adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used. In the H295R cell line, all tested aniline derivatives decreased testosterone (T) levels. Regulatory changes of several steroidogenic genes, i.e., down-regulation of StAR or CYP17 genes, and up-regulation of CYP19A, observed in the H295R cells could explain the sex hormone disruption. In male zebrafish, generally similar directions of changes, i.e., decreases in T levels and increased E2/T ratios, were observed. Again, down-regulation of key steroidogenic genes such as cyp17 or 3β-hsd, but slight up-regulation of cyp19a gene observed in the fish could explain the sex hormone changes. The results of our study demonstrate that all tested aniline derivatives could influence steroidogenesis and disrupt sex hormone balance toward reduced androgenicity. Consequences of anti-androgenicity following long-term exposure warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Huda Bhuiyan
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Habyeong Kang
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Perez MÂF, Padula M, Moitinho D, Bottoli CBG. Primary aromatic amines in kitchenware: Determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:217-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Raghunanan LC, Fernandez-Prieto S, Martínez I, Valencia C, Sánchez MC, Franco JM. Molecular insights into the mechanisms of humidity-induced changes on the bulk performance of model castor oil derived polyurethane adhesives. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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