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Liu S, Chen H, Chen X, Luo N, Peraramelli S, Gong X, Zhang MJ, Ou L. Utilizing noncatalytic ACE2 protein mutant as a competitive inhibitor to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365803. [PMID: 38646520 PMCID: PMC11032047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Angiotensin converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme catalyzing the conversion of angiotensin 2 into angiotensin 1-7. ACE2 also serves as the receptor of several coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, ACE2 could be utilized as a therapeutic target for treating these coronaviruses, ideally lacking enzymatic function. Methods Based on structural analysis, specific mutations were introduced to generate mutants of ACE2 and ACE2-Fc (fusion protein of ACE2 and Fc region of IgG1). The enzyme activity, binding affinity, and neutralization abilities were measured. Results and discussion As predicted, five mutants (AMI081, AMI082, AMI083, AMI084, AMI090) have completely depleted ACE2 enzymatic activities. More importantly, enzyme-linked receptor-ligand assay (ELRLA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results showed that 2 mutants (AMI082, AMI090) maintained binding activity to the viral spike proteins of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. In An in vitro neutralization experiment using a pseudovirus, SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein-packed lentivirus particles, was also performed, showing that AMI082 and AMI090 significantly reduced GFP transgene expression. Further, in vitro virulent neutralization assays using SARS-CoV-2 (strain name: USA-WA1/2020) showed that AMI082 and AMI090 had remarkable inhibitory effects, indicated by comparable IC50 to wildtype ACE2 (5.33 µg/mL). In addition to the direct administration of mutant proteins, an alternative strategy for treating COVID-19 is through AAV delivery to achieve long-lasting effects. Therefore, AAV5 encoding AMI082 and AMI090 were packaged and transgene expression was assessed. In summary, these ACE2 mutants represent a novel approach to prevent or treat COVID-19 and other viruses with the same spike protein.
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Kumar S, Delipan R, Chakraborty D, Kanjo K, Singh R, Singh N, Siddiqui S, Tyagi A, Jha V, Thakur KG, Pandey R, Varadarajan R, Ringe RP. Mutations in S2 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike strongly influence its conformation, fusogenicity, and neutralization sensitivity. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092223. [PMID: 37861334 PMCID: PMC10688319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00922-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Omicron subvariants have substantially evaded host-neutralizing antibodies and adopted an endosomal route of entry. The virus has acquired several mutations in the receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain of S1 subunit, but remarkably, also incorporated mutations in S2 which are fixed in Omicron sub-lineage. Here, we found that the mutations in the S2 subunit affect the structural and biological properties such as neutralization escape, entry route, fusogenicity, and protease requirement. In vivo, these mutations may have significant roles in tropism and replication. A detailed understanding of the effects of S2 mutations on Spike function, immune evasion, and viral entry would inform the vaccine design, as well as therapeutic interventions aiming to block the essential proteases for virus entry. Thus, our study has identified the crucial role of S2 mutations in stabilizing the Omicron spike and modulating neutralization resistance to antibodies targeting the S1 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rathina Delipan
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Kawkab Kanjo
- Molecular Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Nittu Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Samreen Siddiqui
- Max Super Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi, India
| | - Akansha Tyagi
- Max Super Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi, India
| | - Vinitaa Jha
- Max Super Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi, India
| | - Krishan G. Thakur
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | | | - Rajesh P. Ringe
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
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3
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de Oliveira DF. In silico identification of five binding sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and selection of seven ligands for such sites. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37921757 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2278077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
To contribute to the development of products capable of complexing with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and thus preventing the virus from entering the host cell, this work aimed at discovering binding sites in the whole protein structure, as well as selecting substances capable of binding efficiently to such sites. Initially, the three-dimensional structure of the protein, with all receptor binding domains in the closed state, underwent blind docking with 38 substances potentially capable of binding to this protein according to the literature. This allowed the identification of five binding sites. Then, those substances with more affinities for these sites underwent pharmacophoric search in the ZINC15 database. The 14,329 substances selected from ZINC15 were subjected to docking to the five selected sites of the spike protein. The ligands with more affinities for the protein sites, as well as the selected sites themselves, were used in the de novo design of new ligands that were also docked to the binding sites of the protein. The best ligands, regardless of their origins, were used to form complexes with the spike protein, which were subsequently used in molecular dynamics simulations and calculations of ligands affinities to the protein through the molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method (MMPBSA). Seven substances with good affinities to the spike protein (-12.9 to -20.6 kcal/mol), satisfactory druggability (Bioavailability score: 0.17 to 0.55), and low acute toxicity to mice (LD50: 751 to 1421 mg/kg) were selected as potentially useful for the future development of new products to manage COVID-19 infections.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Roessler J, Pich D, Krähling V, Becker S, Keppler OT, Zeidler R, Hammerschmidt W. SARS-CoV-2 and Epstein-Barr Virus-like Particles Associate and Fuse with Extracellular Vesicles in Virus Neutralization Tests. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2892. [PMID: 38001893 PMCID: PMC10669694 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful development of effective viral vaccines depends on well-known correlates of protection, high immunogenicity, acceptable safety criteria, low reactogenicity, and well-designed immune monitoring and serology. Virus-neutralizing antibodies are often a good correlate of protective immunity, and their serum concentration is a key parameter during the pre-clinical and clinical testing of vaccine candidates. Viruses are inherently infectious and potentially harmful, but we and others developed replication-defective SARS-CoV-2 virus-like-particles (VLPs) as surrogates for infection to quantitate neutralizing antibodies with appropriate target cells using a split enzyme-based approach. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-derived VLPs associate and fuse with extracellular vesicles in a highly specific manner, mediated by the respective viral fusion proteins and their corresponding host receptors. We highlight the capacity of virus-neutralizing antibodies to interfere with this interaction and demonstrate a potent application using this technology. To overcome the common limitations of most virus neutralization tests, we developed a quick in vitro diagnostic assay based on the fusion of SARS-CoV-2 VLPs with susceptible vesicles to quantitate neutralizing antibodies without the need for infectious viruses or living cells. We validated this method by testing a set of COVID-19 patient serum samples, correlated the results with those of a conventional test, and found good sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this serological assay can be adapted to a human herpesvirus, EBV, and possibly other enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Roessler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.R.); (R.Z.)
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Dagmar Pich
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Verena Krähling
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (V.K.); (S.B.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (V.K.); (S.B.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Keppler
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), LMU University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany; (J.R.); (R.Z.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany;
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Serretiello E, Ballini A, Smimmo A, Acunzo M, Raimo M, Cantore S, Di Domenico M. Extracellular Vesicles as a Translational Approach for the Treatment of COVID-19 Disease: An Updated Overview. Viruses 2023; 15:1976. [PMID: 37896755 PMCID: PMC10611252 DOI: 10.3390/v15101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic in the years 2020-2022. With a high prevalence, an easy route of transmission, and a long incubation time, SARS-CoV-2 spread quickly and affected public health and socioeconomic conditions. Several points need to be elucidated about its mechanisms of infection, in particular, its capability to evade the immune system and escape from neutralizing antibodies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer-delimited particles that are involved in cell-to-cell communication; they contain biological information such as miRNAs, proteins, nucleic acids, and viral components. Abundantly released from biological fluids, their dimensions are highly variable, which are used to divide them into exosomes (40 to 150 nm), microvesicles (40 to 10,000 nm), and apoptotic bodies (100-5000 nm). EVs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In this article, we report the latest evidence about EVs' roles in viral infections, focusing on the dual role of exosomes in promoting and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. The involvement of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived EVs in COVID-19 treatment, such as the use of translational exosomes as a diagnostical/therapeutic approach, is also investigated. These elucidations could be useful to better direct the discovery of future diagnostical tools and new exosome-derived COVID-19 biomarkers, which can help achieve optimal therapeutic interventions and implement future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Serretiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Annafrancesca Smimmo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Marina Acunzo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Mariarosaria Raimo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Stefania Cantore
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (E.S.); (A.S.); (M.A.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.D.D.)
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Sahranavard-Pirbazari P, Khoshghiafeh A, Kamali MJ, Esfandiar H, Bakhtiari M, Ahmadifard M. A comprehensive review of ACE2, ACE1, TMPRSS2 and IFITM3 gene polymorphisms and their effect on the severity of COVID-19. Adv Med Sci 2023; 68:450-463. [PMID: 37926001 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent events have raised concerns about the outbreak of a pandemic by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). An infection caused by a virus can provoke an inflammatory reaction, which can result in severe lung damage, failure of several organs, and death. The unique genetic makeup of each individual may be a component in the development of each of these responses. In this context, genetic variants of the genes linked to the invasion of the virus into the host's body can be analyzed. Various elements have a function in viral entry. ACE2 is used by SARS-CoV-2 as a receptor to enter the cell. TMPRSS2 is then responsible for cutting the virus into its components. In addition, lung damage occurs when there is an imbalance between ACE1 and ACE2. Another component that plays a significant role in virus penetration is called IFITM3, which is created as a reaction to interferon. This protein prevents viruses in the Coronaviridae family from entering cells. This study aimed to analyze DNA polymorphisms in the ACE2, ACE1, TMPRSS2, and IFITM3 genes. Findings showed certain polymorphisms appear to be associated with the severity of the disease, including respiratory, coronary, and neurological disorders. The results also indicated that certain polymorphisms were protective against this virus. Varying populations have a different frequency of high-risk polymorphisms, so different treatment and preventative techniques must be implemented. Additional population studies should be conducted in this region to reduce the incidence of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azin Khoshghiafeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Kamali
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hanieh Esfandiar
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Marzieh Bakhtiari
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Ahmadifard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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7
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Strine MS, Cai WL, Wei J, Alfajaro MM, Filler RB, Biering SB, Sarnik S, Chow RD, Patil A, Cervantes KS, Collings CK, DeWeirdt PC, Hanna RE, Schofield K, Hulme C, Konermann S, Doench JG, Hsu PD, Kadoch C, Yan Q, Wilen CB. DYRK1A promotes viral entry of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses in a kinase-independent manner. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002097. [PMID: 37310920 PMCID: PMC10263356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying host genes essential for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to reveal novel drug targets and further our understanding of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). We previously performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify proviral host factors for highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Few host factors were required by diverse coronaviruses across multiple cell types, but DYRK1A was one such exception. Although its role in coronavirus infection was previously undescribed, DYRK1A encodes Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A and is known to regulate cell proliferation and neuronal development. Here, we demonstrate that DYRK1A regulates ACE2 and DPP4 transcription independent of its catalytic kinase function to support SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry. We show that DYRK1A promotes DNA accessibility at the ACE2 promoter and a putative distal enhancer, facilitating transcription and gene expression. Finally, we validate that the proviral activity of DYRK1A is conserved across species using cells of nonhuman primate and human origin. In summary, we report that DYRK1A is a novel regulator of ACE2 and DPP4 expression that may dictate susceptibility to multiple highly pathogenic human coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison S. Strine
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Wesley L. Cai
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renata B. Filler
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Scott B. Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Sarnik
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ryan D. Chow
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ajinkya Patil
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kasey S. Cervantes
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clayton K. Collings
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter C. DeWeirdt
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Hanna
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christopher Hulme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Silvana Konermann
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - John G. Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick D. Hsu
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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8
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Meher G, Bhattacharjya S, Chakraborty H. Membrane cholesterol regulates the oligomerization and fusogenicity of SARS-CoV fusion peptide: implications in viral entry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7815-7824. [PMID: 36857640 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04741a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal residues (770-788) of the S2 glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) have been recognized as a potential fusion peptide that can be involved in the entry of the virus into the host cell. Membrane composition plays an important role in lipid-peptide interaction and the oligomeric status of the peptide. SARS-CoV fusion peptide (S2 fusion peptide) is known to undergo cholesterol-dependent oligomerization in the membrane; however, its significance in membrane fusion is still speculative. This study aimed to investigate the oligomerization of SARS-CoV fusion peptide in a membrane containing phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol, with varying concentrations of cholesterol, and to evaluate peptide-induced membrane fusion to correlate the importance of peptide oligomerization with membrane fusion. Peptide-induced modulation of membrane organization and dynamics was explored by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic measurements using depth-dependent probes. The results clearly demonstrated the induction of S2 fusion peptide oligomerization by membrane cholesterol and the higher efficiency of the oligomer in promoting membrane fusion compared to its monomeric counterpart. Cholesterol-dependent peptide oligomerization and membrane fusion are important aspects of viral infection since the cholesterol level can change with age as well as with the onset of various pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Meher
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768 019, India.
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768 019, India. .,Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha, 768 019, India
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Hillary VE, Ceasar SA. An update on COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 variants, antiviral drugs, and vaccines. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13952. [PMID: 36855648 PMCID: PMC9946785 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious and pathogenic virus that first appeared in late December 2019. This SARS-CoV-2 causes an infection of an acute respiratory disease called "coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organization (WHO) declared this SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a great pandemic on March 11, 2020. As of January 31, 2023, SARS-CoV-2 recorded more than 67 million cases and over 6 million deaths. Recently, novel mutated variants of SARS-CoV are also creating a serious health concern worldwide, and the future novel variant is still mysterious. As infection cases of SARS-CoV-2 are increasing daily, scientists are trying to combat the disease using numerous antiviral drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review that summarized the dynamic nature of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, SARS-CoV-2 variants (a variant of concern and variant of interest), antiviral drugs and vaccines utilized against SARS-CoV-2 at a glance. Hopefully, this review will enable the researcher to gain knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccines, which will also pave the way to identify efficient novel vaccines against forthcoming SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- Antiviral drugs
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus infectious disease-2019
- EUA, Emergency Use Authorization
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- RBD, Receptor-binding domain
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2 variants
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- VOC, Variants of Concern
- VOI, Variants of Interests
- Vaccines
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Varghese Edwin Hillary
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin, 683 104, Kerala, India
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Ghazy AA, Alrasheedi AN, Elashri M, Moussa HH, Rashwan EK, Amer I, El Sharawy S, Elgamal S, Tawfik S, Abdelnasser M, Elsheredy A. Relevance of HLA-DP/DQ and INF-λ4 Polymorphisms to COVID-19 Outcomes. Br J Biomed Sci 2023; 80:11044. [PMID: 36743382 PMCID: PMC9894893 DOI: 10.3389/bjbs.2023.11044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms provide information on individuals' potential reactions to environmental factors, infections, diseases, as well as various therapies. A study on SNPs that influence SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity may provide a predictive tool for COVID-19 outcomes and improve the customized coronavirus treatment. Aim: To evaluate the role of human leukocyte antigens DP/DQ and IFNλ4 polymorphisms on COVID-19 outcomes among Egyptian patients. Participants and Methods: The study involved 80 patients with severe COVID-19, 80 patients with mild COVID-19, and 80 non-infected healthy volunteers. Genotyping and allelic discrimination of HLA-DPrs3077 (G/A), HLA-DQrs7453920 (A/G), and IFNλ4 rs73555604 (C/T) SNPs were performed using real-time PCR. Results: Ages were 47.9 ± 8, 44.1 ± 12.1, and 45.8 ± 10 years in severe, mild and non-infected persons. There was a statistically significant association between severe COVID-19 and male gender (p = 0.002). A statistically significant increase in the frequency of HLA-DPrs3077G, HLA-DQrs7453920A, and IFNλ4rs73555604C alleles among severe COVID-19 patients when compared with other groups (p < 0.001). Coexistence of these alleles in the same individual increases the susceptibility to severe COVID-19 by many folds (p < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for the studied parameters showed that old age, male gender, non-vaccination, HLA-DQ rs7453920AG+AA, HLA-DPrs3077GA+GG, and IFNλ4rs73555604CT+CC genotypes are independent risk factors for severe COVID-19 among Egyptian patients. Conclusion: HLA-DQ rs7453920A, HLA-DPrs3077G, and IFNλ4rs73555604C alleles could be used as markers of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A. Ghazy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Division, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Amany A. Ghazy,
| | - Abdullah N. Alrasheedi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Elashri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Hany Hussein Moussa
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Eman K. Rashwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Amer
- Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Shimaa El Sharawy
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Elgamal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Salwa Tawfik
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amel Elsheredy
- Microbiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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11
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Nivetha R, Bhuvaragavan S, Muthu Kumar T, Ramanathan K, Janarthanan S. Inhibition of multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins by an antiviral biomolecule, seselin from Aegle marmelos deciphered using molecular docking analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11070-11081. [PMID: 34431451 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1955009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier experimental and computational report produced evidence on the antiviral nature of the compound seselin purified from the leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos against Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (BmNPV). In the pandemic situation of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus, an in silico effort to evaluate the potentiality of the seselin was made to test its efficacy against multiple targets of SARS-COV-2 such as spike protein S2, COVID-19 main protease and free enzyme of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) main protease. The ligand seselin showed the best interaction with receptors, spike protein S2, COVID-19 main protease and free enzyme of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) main protease with a binding energy of -6.3 kcal/mol, -6.9 kcal/mol and -6.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Docking analysis with three different receptors identified that all the computationally predicted lowest energy complexes were stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions. The amino acid residues involved in interactions were ASP1184, GLU1182, ARG1185 and SER943 for spike protein, SER1003, ALA958 and THR961 for COVID-19 main protease, and for SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) main protease, it was THR111, GLN110 and THR292. The MD simulation and MM/PBSA analysis showed that the compound seselin could effectively bind with the target receptors. The outcome of pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that the compound had favourable drugability properties. The results suggested that the seselin had inhibitory potential over multiple SARS-COV-2 targets and hold a high potential to work effectively as a novel drug for COVID-19 if evaluated in experimental setups in the foreseeable future. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thirunavukkarasu Muthu Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Karuppasamy Ramanathan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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12
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Boer JC, Pan Q, Holien JK, Nguyen TB, Ascher DB, Plebanski M. A bias of Asparagine to Lysine mutations in SARS-CoV-2 outside the receptor binding domain affects protein flexibility. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954435. [PMID: 36569921 PMCID: PMC9788125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 pandemic has been threatening public health and economic development worldwide for over two years. Compared with the original SARS-CoV-2 strain reported in 2019, the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529.1) is more transmissible. This variant has 34 mutations in its Spike protein, 15 of which are present in the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), facilitating viral internalization via binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor on endothelial cells as well as promoting increased immune evasion capacity. Methods Herein we compared SARS-CoV-2 proteins (including ORF3a, ORF7, ORF8, Nucleoprotein (N), membrane protein (M) and Spike (S) proteins) from multiple ancestral strains. We included the currently designated original Variant of Concern (VOC) Omicron, its subsequent emerged variants BA.1, BA2, BA3, BA.4, BA.5, the two currently emerging variants BQ.1 and BBX.1, and compared these with the previously circulating VOCs Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta, to better understand the nature and potential impact of Omicron specific mutations. Results Only in Omicron and its subvariants, a bias toward an Asparagine to Lysine (N to K) mutation was evident within the Spike protein, including regions outside the RBD domain, while none of the regions outside the Spike protein domain were characterized by this mutational bias. Computational structural analysis revealed that three of these specific mutations located in the central core region, contribute to a preference for the alteration of conformations of the Spike protein. Several mutations in the RBD which have circulated across most Omicron subvariants were also analysed, and these showed more potential for immune escape. Conclusion This study emphasizes the importance of understanding how specific N to K mutations outside of the RBD region affect SARS-CoV-2 conformational changes and the need for neutralizing antibodies for Omicron to target a subset of conformationally dependent B cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Boer
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Qisheng Pan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Computational Biology and Clinical Informatics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica K. Holien
- School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thanh-Binh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Computational Biology and Clinical Informatics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David B. Ascher
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Computational Biology and Clinical Informatics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Magdalena Plebanski,
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13
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Hönzke K, Obermayer B, Mache C, Fatykhova D, Kessler M, Dökel S, Wyler E, Baumgardt M, Löwa A, Hoffmann K, Graff P, Schulze J, Mieth M, Hellwig K, Demir Z, Biere B, Brunotte L, Mecate-Zambrano A, Bushe J, Dohmen M, Hinze C, Elezkurtaj S, Tönnies M, Bauer TT, Eggeling S, Tran HL, Schneider P, Neudecker J, Rückert JC, Schmidt-Ott KM, Busch J, Klauschen F, Horst D, Radbruch H, Radke J, Heppner F, Corman VM, Niemeyer D, Müller MA, Goffinet C, Mothes R, Pascual-Reguant A, Hauser AE, Beule D, Landthaler M, Ludwig S, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M, Gruber AD, Drosten C, Sander LE, Wolff T, Hippenstiel S, Hocke AC. Human lungs show limited permissiveness for SARS-CoV-2 due to scarce ACE2 levels but virus-induced expansion of inflammatory macrophages. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:2102725. [PMID: 35728978 PMCID: PMC9712848 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02725-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilises the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transmembrane peptidase as cellular entry receptor. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 in the alveolar compartment is strictly ACE2-dependent and to what extent virus-induced tissue damage and/or direct immune activation determines early pathogenesis is still elusive. METHODS Spectral microscopy, single-cell/-nucleus RNA sequencing or ACE2 "gain-of-function" experiments were applied to infected human lung explants and adult stem cell derived human lung organoids to correlate ACE2 and related host factors with SARS-CoV-2 tropism, propagation, virulence and immune activation compared to SARS-CoV, influenza and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) autopsy material was used to validate ex vivo results. RESULTS We provide evidence that alveolar ACE2 expression must be considered scarce, thereby limiting SARS-CoV-2 propagation and virus-induced tissue damage in the human alveolus. Instead, ex vivo infected human lungs and COVID-19 autopsy samples showed that alveolar macrophages were frequently positive for SARS-CoV-2. Single-cell/-nucleus transcriptomics further revealed nonproductive virus uptake and a related inflammatory and anti-viral activation, especially in "inflammatory alveolar macrophages", comparable to those induced by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but different from NL63 or influenza virus infection. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings indicate that severe lung injury in COVID-19 probably results from a macrophage-triggered immune activation rather than direct viral damage of the alveolar compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hönzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Contributed equally
| | - Benedikt Obermayer
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin, Germany
- Contributed equally
| | - Christin Mache
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Contributed equally
| | - Diana Fatykhova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjana Kessler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Dökel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and IRI Life Sciences, Institute for Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Morris Baumgardt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Löwa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Hoffmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Graff
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Schulze
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Mieth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Hellwig
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeynep Demir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, Westfaelische Wilhelms Universität, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Judith Bushe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Dohmen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hinze
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sefer Elezkurtaj
- Department of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Tönnies
- HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Department of Pneumology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chest Hospital Heckeshorn, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten T Bauer
- HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Department of Pneumology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chest Hospital Heckeshorn, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Eggeling
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Clinics Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hong-Linh Tran
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vivantes Clinics Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Schneider
- Department for Thoracic Surgery, DRK Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Neudecker
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens C Rückert
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Busch
- Clinic for Urology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Department of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Department of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Radke
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Heppner
- Institute for Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Goffinet
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronja Mothes
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Pascual-Reguant
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Erika Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Beule
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and IRI Life Sciences, Institute for Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Westfaelische Wilhelms Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif-Erik Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17 "Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses", Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Jana ID, Bhattacharya P, Mayilsamy K, Banerjee S, Bhattacharje G, Das S, Aditya S, Ghosh A, McGill AR, Srikrishnan S, Das AK, Basak A, Mohapatra SS, Chandran B, Bhimsaria D, Mohapatra S, Roy A, Mondal A. Targeting an evolutionarily conserved "E-L-L" motif in spike protein to identify a small molecule fusion inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac198. [PMID: 36712339 PMCID: PMC9802491 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 continue to pose major threats to global human health and economy, identifying novel druggable antiviral targets is the key toward sustenance. Here, we identify an evolutionarily conserved "Ex3Lx6L" ("E-L-L") motif present within the HR2 domain of all human and nonhuman coronavirus spike (S) proteins that play a crucial role in stabilizing its postfusion six-helix bundle (6-HB) structure and thus, fusion-mediated viral entry. Mutations within this motif reduce the fusogenicity of the S protein without affecting its stability or membrane localization. We found that posaconazole, an FDA-approved drug, binds to this "E-L-L" motif and impedes the formation of 6-HB, thus effectively inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells. While posaconazole exhibits high efficacy in blocking S protein-mediated viral entry, mutations within the "E-L-L" motif rendered the protein completely resistant to the drug, establishing its specificity toward this motif. Our data demonstrate that posaconazole restricts early stages of infection through specific inhibition of membrane fusion and viral genome release into the host cell and is equally effective toward all major variants of concerns of SARS-CoV-2, including Beta, Kappa, Delta, and Omicron. Together, we show that this conserved essential "E-L-L" motif is an ideal target for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Das Jana
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | | | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Saptarshi Banerjee
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Gourab Bhattacharje
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sayan Das
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Seemanti Aditya
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Anandita Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Andrew R McGill
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Syamanthak Srikrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Amit Basak
- Division of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Bala Chandran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Devesh Bhimsaria
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Arunava Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Arindam Mondal
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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15
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Role of Nanomaterials in COVID-19 Prevention, Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Vaccine Development. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing the deadly pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus all over the globe, it is crucial to devote efforts to fighting and preventing this infectious virus. Nanomaterials have gained much attention after the approval of lipid nanoparticle-based COVID-19 vaccines by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). In light of increasing demands for utilizing nanomaterials in the management of COVID-19, this comprehensive review focuses on the role of nanomaterials in the prevention, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine development of COVID-19. First, we highlight the variety of nanomaterials usage in the prevention of COVID-19. We discuss the advantages of nanomaterials as well as their uses in the production of diagnostic tools and treatment methods. Finally, we review the role of nanomaterials in COVID-19 vaccine development. This review offers direction for creating products based on nanomaterials to combat COVID-19.
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16
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented health crisis and economic burden worldwide. Its etiological agent SARS-CoV-2, a new virus in the coronavirus family, has infected hundreds of millions of people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 has evolved over the past 2 years to increase its transmissibility as well as to evade the immunity established by previous infection and vaccination. Nevertheless, strong immune responses can be elicited by viral infection and vaccination, which have proved to be protective against the emergence of variants, particularly with respect to hospitalization or severe disease. Here, we review our current understanding of how the virus enters the host cell and how our immune system is able to defend against cell entry and infection. Neutralizing antibodies are a major component of our immune defense and have been extensively studied for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Structures of these neutralizing antibodies have provided valuable insights into epitopes that are protective against the original ancestral virus and the variants that have emerged. The molecular characterization of neutralizing epitopes as well as epitope conservation and resistance are important for design of next-generation vaccines and antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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17
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Coenzyme Q10 + alpha lipoic acid for chronic COVID syndrome. Clin Exp Med 2022:10.1007/s10238-022-00871-8. [PMID: 35994177 PMCID: PMC9395797 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic COVID syndrome is characterized by chronic fatigue, myalgia, depression and sleep disturbances, similar to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia syndrome. Implementations of mitochondrial nutrients (MNs) with diet are important for the clinical effects antioxidant. We examined if use of an association of coenzyme Q10 and alpha lipoic acid (Requpero®) could reduce chronic covid symptoms. The Requpero study is a prospective observational study in which 174 patients, who had developed chronic-covid syndrome, were divided in two groups: The first one (116 patients) received coenzyme Q10 + alpha lipoic acid, and the second one (58 patients) did not receive any treatment. Primary outcome was reduction in Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) in treatment group compared with control group. complete FSS response was reached most frequently in treatment group than in control group. A FSS complete response was reached in 62 (53.5%) patients in treatment group and in two (3.5%) patients in control group. A reduction in FSS core < 20% from baseline at T1 (non-response) was observed in 11 patients in the treatment group (9.5%) and in 15 patients in the control group (25.9%) (p < 0.0001). To date, this is the first study that tests the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 and alpha lipoic acid in chronic Covid syndrome. Primary and secondary outcomes were met. These results have to be confirmed through a double blind placebo controlled trial of longer duration.
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18
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Bencheikh B, Cheriet M, Djemil R, Khatmi D. In Silico Study of Selected Natural Products as SARS-CoV-2 M Pro Binder: Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2097279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bochra Bencheikh
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Nanostructures, University May 8, 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Mouna Cheriet
- Medicinal Plants Research Unit (URPM.3000, Laghouat) Attached to the Biotechnology Research Center (CRBt 25000, Constantine), Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Rayenne Djemil
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Nanostructures, University May 8, 1945, Guelma, Algeria
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19
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Li T, Yu L, Sun J, Liu J, He X. Ionization of D571 Is Coupled with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Up/Down Equilibrium Revealing the pH-Dependent Allosteric Mechanism of Receptor-Binding Domains. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4828-4839. [PMID: 35736566 PMCID: PMC9236204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a type I viral fusion protein, SARS-CoV-2 spike undergoes a pH-dependent switch to mediate the endosomal positioning of the receptor-binding domain to facilitate viral entry into cells and immune evasion. Gaps in our knowledge concerning the conformational transitions and key intramolecular motivations have hampered the development of effective therapeutics against the virus. To clarify the pH-sensitive elements on spike-gating the receptor-binding domain (RBD) opening and understand the details of the RBD opening transition, we performed microsecond-time scale constant pH molecular dynamics simulations in this study. We identified the deeply buried D571 with a clear pKa shift, suggesting a potential pH sensor, and showed the coupling of ionization of D571 with spike RBD-up/down equilibrium. We also computed the free-energy landscape for RBD opening and identified the crucial interactions that influence RBD dynamics. The atomic-level characterization of the pH-dependent spike activation mechanism provided herein offers new insights for a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and infection and hence supports the discovery of novel therapeutics for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy,
China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009,
China
| | - Lan Yu
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical
University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingfang Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy,
China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009,
China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy,
China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009,
China
| | - Xiao He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular
Therapeutics and New Drug Development, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule
Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East
China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- New York University-East China Normal University
Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University
Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
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20
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Yu L, Wang R, Wen T, Liu L, Wang T, Liu S, Xu H, Wang C. Peptide Binder with High-Affinity for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28527-28536. [PMID: 35713340 PMCID: PMC9260728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid antigen detection tests are urgently needed for the early diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The discovery of a binder with high affinity and selectivity for the biomarkers presented by SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to the development of the rapid antigen detection method. We utilized the surface biopanning to identify a peptide binder R1 from a phage-displayed peptide library consisting of 109 independent phage recombinants. The R1 peptide exhibited high-affinity for specific binding with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with a dissociation constant KD of (7.5 ± 1.9) × 10-10 M, which maintained high binding affinity with the RBD derived from Gamma, Lambda, Delta, and Omicron variants. The composition and sequence dependence of binding characteristics in R1-RBD interactions was revealed by the binding affinity fluctuations between RBD and the scrambled sequences or single-site mutants of R1. The R1-functionalized gold nanoparticles possessed concentration-dependent response to RBD and selectivity over bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin. The peptide binder R1 shows the potential to be used for constructing a rapid detection method for the early-stage diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell
Ecosystem, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking
Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell
Ecosystem, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking
Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School
of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School
of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University
Civil Aviation School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School
of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Chenxuan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell
Ecosystem, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking
Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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21
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Abid R, Shahzad MK, Sulaman SM, Faheem M, Naeem M, Khan R, Khalil AAK, Haider A, Ahmad B, Gul R, Bukhari N, Jamal SB. Therapeutic significance of nano- and biosensor technology in combating SARS-CoV-2: a review. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022; 12:3127-3140. [PMID: 35677529 PMCID: PMC9162894 DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has gained the spotlight of the world's scientific community since December 2019 and it remains an important issue due to the emergence of novel variants around the globe. Early diagnosis of coronavirus is captious to prevent and hard to control. This pandemic can be eradicated by implementing suppressing strategies which can lead to better outcomes and more lives being saved. Therefore, the analysis showed that COVID-19 can only be managed by adopting public health measures, such as testing, isolation and social distancing. Much work has been done to diagnose coronavirus. Various testing technologies have been developed, opted and modified for rapid and accurate detection. The advanced molecular diagnosis relies on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 as it has been considered the main causative agent of this pandemic. Studies have shown that several molecular tests are considered essential for the confirmation of coronavirus infection. Various serology-based tests are also used in the detection and diagnosis of coronavirus including point-of-care assays and high-throughput enzyme immunoassays that aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Both these assays are time-consuming and have less diagnostic accuracy. Nanotechnology has the potential to develop new strategies to combat COVID-19 by developing diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we have focused on the nanotechnology-based detection techniques including nanoparticles and biosensors to obstruct the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameesha Abid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Faheem
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Raees Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Atif Ali Khan Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rukhsana Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KPK Pakistan
| | - Nausheen Bukhari
- Mohammad College of Medicine, Budni Road, Yaseen Abad, Peshawar, KPK Pakistan
| | - Syed Babar Jamal
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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22
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Chen Y, Zhang X, Zeng X, Xu T, Xiao W, Yang X, Zhan W, Zhan C, Lai K. Prevalence and risk factors for postinfectious cough in discharged patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Thorac Dis 2022; 14:2079-2088. [PMID: 35813767 PMCID: PMC9264067 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Cough is one of the most common symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the prevalence of persistent cough in recovered patients with COVID-19 during a longer follow-up remained unknown. This study aims to investigate the prevalence, and risk factors for postinfectious cough in COVID-19 patients after discharge. Methods We conducted a follow-up study for 129 discharged patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in two large hospitals located in Hubei Province, China from January 2020 to December 2020. Baseline demographics, comorbidities and smoking history were extracted from the medical record. Current symptoms and severity were recorded by a uniform questionnaire. Spirometry, diffuse function and chest computed tomography (CT) were performed on part of patients who were able to return to the outpatient department at follow-up. Results The median (interquartile range) follow-up time was 8.1 (7.9-8.5) months after discharge. The mean (standard deviation) age was 51.5 (14.9) years and 57 (44.2%) were male. A total of 27 (20.9%) patients had postinfectious cough (>3 weeks), 6 patients (4.7%) had persistent cough by the end of follow-up, including 3 patients with previous chronic respiratory diseases or current smoking. Other symptoms included dyspnea (6, 4.7%), sputum (4, 3.1%), fatigue (4, 3.1%), and anorexia (4, 3.1%) by the end of follow-up. Thirty-six of 41 (87.8%) patients showed impaired lung function or diffuse function, and 39 of 50 (78.0%) patients showed abnormal CT imaging. Patients with postinfectious cough demonstrated more severe and more frequent cough during hospitalization (P<0.001), and more chronic respiratory diseases (P=0.01). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, digestive symptoms during hospitalization [odds ratio (OR) 2.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-7.92] and current smoking (OR 6.95, 95% CI: 1.46-33.14) were significantly associated with postinfectious cough of COVID-19. Conclusions A small part of patients developed postinfectious cough after recovery from COVID-19, few patients developed chronic cough in spite of a higher proportion of impaired lung function and abnormal lung CT image. Current smoking and digestive symptoms during hospitalization were risk factors for postinfectious cough in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiansheng Zeng
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Yang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Gonçalves RL, Leite TCR, Dias BDP, Caetano CCDS, de Souza ACG, Batista UDS, Barbosa CC, Reyes-Sandoval A, Coelho LFL, Silva BDM. SARS-CoV-2 mutations and where to find them: an in silico perspective of structural changes and antigenicity of the spike protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:3336-3346. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1844052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lemes Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Túlio César Rodrigues Leite
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Paula Dias
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Carla da Silva Caetano
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Gomes de Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan da Silva Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Cavadas Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luiz Felipe Leomil Coelho
- Laboratório de Vacinas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Breno de Mello Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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24
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Roessler J, Pich D, Albanese M, Wratil PR, Krähling V, Hellmuth JC, Scherer C, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Becker S, Keppler OT, Brisson A, Zeidler R, Hammerschmidt W. Quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a virus-free, authentic test. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac045. [PMID: 36382127 PMCID: PMC9645495 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and their concentration in sera of convalescents and vaccinees are a correlate of protection from COVID-19. The antibody concentrations in clinical samples that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 are difficult and very cumbersome to assess with conventional virus neutralization tests (cVNTs), which require work with the infectious virus and biosafety level 3 containment precautions. Alternative virus neutralization tests currently in use are mostly surrogate tests based on direct or competitive enzyme immunoassays or use viral vectors with the spike protein as the single structural component of SARS-CoV-2. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a virus-free, safe and very fast (4.5 h) in vitro diagnostic test based on engineered yet authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus-like-particles (VLPs). They share all features of the original SARS-CoV-2 but lack the viral RNA genome and thus are non-infectious. NAbs induced by infection or vaccination, but also potentially neutralizing monoclonal antibodies can be reliably quantified and assessed with ease and within hours with our test, because they interfere and block the ACE2-mediated uptake of VLPs by recipient cells. Results from the VLP neutralization test (VLPNT) showed excellent specificity and sensitivity and correlated very well with a cVNT using fully infectious SARS-CoV-2. The results also demonstrated the reduced neutralizing capacity of COVID-19 vaccinee sera against variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 including omicron B.1.1.529, BA.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Roessler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Pich
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Albanese
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul R Wratil
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Krähling
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes C Hellmuth
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Scherer
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- COVID-19 Registry of the LMU Munich (CORKUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-INP, Pessac, France
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
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25
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Chen A, Zhao W, Li X, Sun G, Ma Z, Peng L, Shi Z, Li X, Yan J. Comprehensive Oncogenic Features of Coronavirus Receptors in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840785. [PMID: 35464443 PMCID: PMC9020264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has placed health systems under excessive pressure and especially elderly people with cancer. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor with an increasing incidence in elderly individuals, and thereby GBM patients are a vulnerable population during the COVID-19 outbreak. Accumulating studies have implied that SARS-CoV-2 might invade the brain directly via coronavirus receptors. However, little is known about SARS-CoV-2 infection in the clinical development of GBM. Here, we explored the oncogenic roles of six coronavirus receptors (ACE2, DPP4, ANPEP, AXL, TMPRSS2, and ENPEP) in GBM using bioinformatics and experimental approaches. We found that ANPEP and ENPEP were significantly increased at both the mRNA and protein levels in GBM compared with normal brain tissue. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression analysis demonstrated that high expressions of ANPEP and ENPEP are associated with poor prognosis and survival. Moreover, all receptors are positively correlated with the immune infiltration levels of monocyte. Furthermore, we identified 245 genes between COVID-19 and coronavirus receptors-correlated genes in GBM and performed a thorough analysis of their protein-protein interaction network, functional signaling pathway and molecular process. Our work explores for the first time the association of coronavirus receptors with GBM and suggests ANPEP and ENPEP as potential therapeutic targets of GBM irrespective of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Labotatory, Jinan, China
| | - Wenguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Labotatory, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Guangyu Sun
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoyin Ma
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lingyu Peng
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongyang Shi
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Brain Function Remodeling and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Labotatory, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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26
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Bertoldi G, Ravarotto V, Sgarabotto L, Davis PA, Gobbi L, Calò LA. Impaired ACE2 glycosylation and protease activity lowers COVID-19 susceptibility in Gitelman's and Bartter's syndromes. J Intern Med 2022; 291:522-524. [PMID: 34875124 PMCID: PMC9414342 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bertoldi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Verdiana Ravarotto
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Sgarabotto
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paul A Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Laura Gobbi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Calò
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Jana ID, Bhattacharya P, Mayilsamy K, Banerjee S, Bhattacharje G, Das S, Aditya S, Ghosh A, McGill AR, Srikrishnan S, Das AK, Basak A, Mohapatra SS, Chandran B, Bhimsaria D, Mohapatra S, Roy A, Mondal A. Targeting an evolutionarily conserved "E-L-L" motif in the spike protein to develop a small molecule fusion inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.03.16.484554. [PMID: 35313575 PMCID: PMC8936095 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.16.484554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 continue to pose major threats to global human health and economy, identifying novel druggable antiviral targets is the key towards sustenance. Here, we identify an evolutionary conserved E-L-L motif present within the HR2 domain of all human and non-human coronavirus spike (S) proteins that play a crucial role in stabilizing the post-fusion six-helix bundle (6-HB) structure and thus, fusion-mediated viral entry. Mutations within this motif reduce the fusogenicity of the S protein without affecting its stability or membrane localization. We found that posaconazole, an FDA-approved drug, binds to this E-L-L motif resulting in effective inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells. While posaconazole exhibits high efficacy towards blocking S protein-mediated viral entry, mutations within the E-L-L motif rendered the protein completely resistant to the drug, establishing its specificity towards this motif. Our data demonstrate that posaconazole restricts early stages of infection through specific inhibition of membrane fusion and viral genome release into the host cell and is equally effective towards all major variants of concerns of SARS-CoV-2 including beta, kappa, delta, and omicron. Together, we show that this conserved essential E-L-L motif is an ideal target for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Das Jana
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, USA
| | - Saptarshi Banerjee
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Gourab Bhattacharje
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sayan Das
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Seemanti Aditya
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Anandita Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Andrew R. McGill
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, USA
| | | | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Amit Basak
- Division of Chemical Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Shyam S. Mohapatra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, USA
| | - Bala Chandran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | | | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, James A Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, USA
| | - Arunava Roy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Arindam Mondal
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Jomhori M, Mosaddeghi H. Molecular modeling of natural and synthesized inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. RESEARCH ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [PMCID: PMC7779244 DOI: 10.1007/s42600-020-00122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Viral diseases increasingly endanger the world public health because of the transient efficacy of antiviral therapies. The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been recently identified as caused by a new type of coronaviruses. This type of coronavirus binds to the human receptor through the Spike glycoprotein (S) Receptor Binding Domain (RBD). The spike protein is found in inaccessible (closed) or accessible (open) conformations in which the accessible conformation causes severe infection. Thus, this receptor is a significant target for antiviral drug design. Methods An attempt was made to recognize 111 natural and synthesized compounds in order to utilize them against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein to inhibit Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using simulation methods, such as molecular docking. The FAF-Drugs3, Pan-Assay Interference Compounds (PAINS), ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) databases along with Lipinski’s rules were used to evaluate the drug-like properties of the identified ligands. In order to analyze and identify the residues critical in the docking process of the spike glycoprotein, the interactions of proposed ligands with both conformations of the spike glycoprotein was simulated. Results The results showed that among the available ligands, seven ligands had significant interactions with the binding site of the spike glycoprotein, in which angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is bounded. Out of seven candidate molecules, six ligands exhibited drug-like characteristics. The results also demonstrated that fluorophenyl and propane groups of ligands had optimal interactions with the binding site of the spike glycoprotein. Conclusion According to the results, our findings indicated the ability of six ligands to prevent the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein to its cognate receptor, providing novel compounds for the treatment of COVID-19. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42600-020-00122-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Mosaddeghi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111 Iran
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Missense variants in human ACE2 strongly affect binding to SARS-CoV-2 Spike providing a mechanism for ACE2 mediated genetic risk in Covid-19: A case study in affinity predictions of interface variants. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009922. [PMID: 35235558 PMCID: PMC8920257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Spike (Spike) binds to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the strength of this interaction could influence parameters relating to virulence. To explore whether population variants in ACE2 influence Spike binding and hence infection, we selected 10 ACE2 variants based on affinity predictions and prevalence in gnomAD and measured their affinities and kinetics for Spike receptor binding domain through surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 37°C. We discovered variants that reduce and enhance binding, including three ACE2 variants that strongly inhibited (p.Glu37Lys, ΔΔG = –1.33 ± 0.15 kcal mol-1 and p.Gly352Val, predicted ΔΔG = –1.17 kcal mol-1) or abolished (p.Asp355Asn) binding. We also identified two variants with distinct population distributions that enhanced affinity for Spike. ACE2 p.Ser19Pro (ΔΔG = 0.59 ± 0.08 kcal mol-1) is predominant in the gnomAD African cohort (AF = 0.003) whilst p.Lys26Arg (ΔΔG = 0.26 ± 0.09 kcal mol-1) is predominant in the Ashkenazi Jewish (AF = 0.01) and European non-Finnish (AF = 0.006) cohorts. We compared ACE2 variant affinities to published SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype infectivity data and confirmed that ACE2 variants with reduced affinity for Spike can protect cells from infection. The effect of variants with enhanced Spike affinity remains unclear, but we propose a mechanism whereby these alleles could cause greater viral spreading across tissues and cell types, as is consistent with emerging understanding regarding the interplay between receptor affinity and cell-surface abundance. Finally, we compared mCSM-PPI2 ΔΔG predictions against our SPR data to assess the utility of predictions in this system. We found that predictions of decreased binding were well-correlated with experiment and could be improved by calibration, but disappointingly, predictions of highly enhanced binding were unreliable. Recalibrated predictions for all possible ACE2 missense variants at the Spike interface were calculated and used to estimate the overall burden of ACE2 variants on Covid-19. One of the first things the SARS-CoV-2 virus does to invade human cells is bind to a cell surface receptor called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The virus attaches to this receptor through its Spike protein and knowledge from other viruses tells us that the strength of this interaction influences how infectious and or virulent it is. We hypothesised that the Spike-ACE2 affinity might vary in people who have different amino acids in the part of ACE2 where Spike binds and consequently might be protected–or more at risk–from the virus. To test this idea, we measured the affinity of several ACE2 mutants, representing different versions found in humans, for the Spike protein and we found that some strengthened the interactions alongside others that weakened it. Most of these variants are rare, but two are present in over 1 in 1,000 individuals in certain populations and so might be important for the epidemiology of COVID-19. We then used computational methods to predict the affinity of even more ACE2 mutants than we could test in the lab and again found many that might alter this interaction. These data may help identify people who are at higher or lower risk from COVID-19.
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Suh S, Lee S, Gym H, Yoon S, Park S, Cha J, Kwon DH, Yang Y, Jee SH. A systematic review on papers that study on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism that affects coronavirus 2019 severity. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:47. [PMID: 35022007 PMCID: PMC8753023 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become the most threatening issue to all populations around the world. It is, directly and indirectly, affecting all of us and thus, is an emerging topic dealt in global health. To avoid the infection, various studies have been done and are still ongoing. COVID-19 cases are reported all over the globe, and among the millions of cases, genetic similarity may be seen. The genetical common features seen within confirmed cases may help outline the tendency of infection and degree severity of the disease. Here, we reviewed multiple papers on SNPs related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and analyzed their results. Methods The PubMed databases were searched for papers discussing SNPs associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity. Clinical studies with human patients and statistically showing the relevance of the SNP with virus infection were included. Quality Assessment of all papers was done with Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results In the analysis, 21 full-text literature out of 2956 screened titles and abstracts, including 63,496 cases, were included. All were human-based clinical studies, some based on certain regions gathered patient data and some based on big databases obtained online. ACE2, TMPRSS2, and IFITM3 are the genes mentioned most frequently that are related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. 20 out of 21 studies mentioned one or more of those genes. The relevant genes according to SNPs were also analyzed. rs12252-C, rs143936283, rs2285666, rs41303171, and rs35803318 are the SNPs that were mentioned at least twice in two different studies. Conclusions We found that ACE2, TMPRSS2, and IFITM3 are the major genes that are involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mentioned SNPs were all related to one or more of the above-mentioned genes. There were discussions on certain SNPs that increased the infection and severity to certain groups more than the others. However, as there is limited follow-up and data due to a shortage of time history of the disease, studies may be limited.
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Galati D, Zanotta S, Capitelli L, Bocchino M. A bird's eye view on the role of dendritic cells in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: Perspectives for immune‐based vaccines. Allergy 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/all.15004
expr 869230256 + 930548950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics Istituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. Pascale Napoli Italy
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit Department of Hematology and Developmental Therapeutics Istituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. Pascale Napoli Italy
| | - Ludovica Capitelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Napoli Italy
| | - Marialuisa Bocchino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Napoli Italy
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Clinically available/under trial drugs and vaccines for treatment of SARS-COV-2. COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES FOR NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC DESIGNING TO MITIGATE SARS-COV-2 INFECTION 2022. [PMCID: PMC9300481 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91172-6.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Prior 2019 to work date entire world is seriously influenced by an appalling illness called COVID sickness [Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)] which is brought about by another strain of coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2. This pandemic was first seen in the Hubei area in Wuhan city of China. To date above 170 million individuals have been influenced by this infection and more than 3 million individuals died. The race of finding specific therapeutic drugs and efficacious vaccine candidates is still going on to tackle the pandemic-associated morbidities. This chapter discussed different clinically accessible medications (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, etc.) and immunizations (mRNA-1273, Sputanik, Pfizer, etc.) which are either in use or under trial for the treatment of COVID-19.
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The roles of cellular protease interactions in viral infections and programmed cell death: a lesson learned from the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and COVID-19 pandemic. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:1149-1165. [PMID: 35997950 PMCID: PMC9395814 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which leads to COVID-19, is threatening global health. Over the last 2 years, we have witnessed rapid progress in research focusing on developing new antiviral vaccines and drugs, as well as in academic and clinical efforts to understand the biology and pathology of COVID-19. The roles of proteases among master regulators of SARS-CoV-2 invasion and replication and their pivotal roles in host defence against this pathogen, including programmed cell death, have not been well established. Our understanding of protease function in health and disease has increased considerably over the last two decades, with caspases, matrix metalloproteases, and transmembrane serine proteases representing the most prominent examples. Therefore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, these enzymes have been investigated as potential molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. Proteases that are responsible for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and replication, such as TMPRSS2, ACE2 or cathepsins, are screened with inhibitor libraries to discover lead structures for further drug design that would prevent virus multiplication. On the other hand, proteases that orchestrate programmed cell death can also be harnessed to enhance the desired demise of infected cells through apoptosis or to attenuate highly inflammatory lytic cell death that leads to undesired cytokine storms, a major hallmark of severe COVID-19. Given the prominent role of proteases in SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death, we discuss the individual roles of these enzymes and their catalytic interactions in the pathology of COVID-19 in this article. We provide a rationale for targeting proteases participating in cell death as potential COVID-19 treatments and identify knowledge gaps that might be investigated to better understand the mechanism underlying SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death.
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Galati D, Zanotta S, Capitelli L, Bocchino M. A bird's eye view on the role of dendritic cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Perspectives for immune-based vaccines. Allergy 2022; 77:100-110. [PMID: 34245591 PMCID: PMC8441836 DOI: 10.1111/all.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a complex disorder caused by the pandemic diffusion of a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. Clinical manifestations vary from silent infection to severe pneumonia, disseminated thrombosis, multi-organ failure, and death. COVID-19 pathogenesis is still not fully elucidated, while increasing evidence suggests that disease phenotypes are strongly related to the virus-induced immune system's dysregulation. Indeed, when the virus-host cross talk is out of control, the occurrence of an aberrant systemic inflammatory reaction, named "cytokine storm," leads to a detrimental impairment of the adaptive immune response. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells able to support innate immune and promote adaptive responses. Besides, DCs play a key role in the anti-viral defense. The aim of this review is to focus on DC involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection to better understand pathogenesis and clinical behavior of COVID-19 and explore potential implications for immune-based therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Galati
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation UnitDepartment of Hematology and Developmental TherapeuticsIstituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Serena Zanotta
- Hematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation UnitDepartment of Hematology and Developmental TherapeuticsIstituto Nazionale Tumori‐ IRCCS‐ Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Ludovica Capitelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINapoliItaly
| | - Marialuisa Bocchino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINapoliItaly
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Current clinical testing approach of COVID. SENSING TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR COVID-19 2022. [PMCID: PMC9334984 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90280-9.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mizurini DM, Hottz ED, Bozza PT, Monteiro RQ. Fundamentals in Covid-19-Associated Thrombosis: Molecular and Cellular Aspects. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:785738. [PMID: 34977191 PMCID: PMC8718518 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.785738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is associated with a high incidence of coagulopathy and venous thromboembolism that may contribute to the worsening of the clinical outcome in affected patients. Marked increased D-dimer levels are the most common laboratory finding and have been repeatedly reported in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is followed by a massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which mediate the activation of endothelial cells, platelets, monocytes, and neutrophils in the vasculature. In this context, COVID-19-associated thrombosis is a complex process that seems to engage vascular cells along with soluble plasma factors, including the coagulation cascade, and complement system that contribute to the establishment of the prothrombotic state. In this review, we summarize the main findings concerning the cellular mechanisms proposed for the establishment of COVID-19-associated thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella M. Mizurini
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eugenio D. Hottz
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T. Bozza
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Q. Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Jean-Louis Kraus. Natural Products as Potential Antiviral Drugs: The Specific Case of Marine Biotoxins. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1127-1132. [PMID: 34931111 PMCID: PMC8675108 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
To fight against various viral infections researchers turned to new chemical structures resulting from natural medicinal plants and more recently from "marine origin" as sources of active molecules against viral infections. The present manuscript describes complex marine origin drugs, their chemical complex structure, their therapeutic use, and their antiviral properties. Emphasis is placed more particularly on the properties of ionic channels (Na+, K+, Ca2+) blockers compounds from marine origin, named Dinotoxins, derived from "dinoflagellates microalgae". These compounds are of particular pharmaceutical interest since ionic channels blockers could be used to fight against a wide diversity of viruses, including SARS-CoV2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Kraus
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), UMR-7288 CNRS Aix-Marseille University, 13288 Marseille Cedex, France
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Yadav DK, Adhikari VP, Ling Q, Liang T. Immunosuppressants in Liver Transplant Recipients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Capability or Catastrophe?-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:756922. [PMID: 34859012 PMCID: PMC8632009 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.756922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The probable impact of a maintenance immunosuppressant (IS) on liver transplant (LT) recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unexplored. Our specific aim was to approximate the prognosis of LT recipients with COVID-19 on the standard maintenance IS. Method: We searched separate databases for the qualified studies in between December 2019 and June 25, 2021. Ultimately, a meta-analysis was carried out using a fixed-effect or random-effect model based on the heterogeneity. Results: In a total of eight studies and 509 LT recipients with COVID-19, the pooled rates of severity and mortality during all the combined immunosuppressive therapies were 22.4 and 19.5%, respectively. Our study sufficiently showed that an immunosuppressive therapy in LT recipients with COVID-19 was significantly associated with a non-severe COVID-19 [odds ratio (OR): 11.49, 95% CI: 4.17–31.65; p < 0.001] and the survival of the patients (OR: 17.64, 95% CI: 12.85–24.22; p < 0.001). Moreover, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) typically had the lowest rate of severity and mortality compared to other ISs such as calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), steroids, and antimetabolites, i.e., severity (13.5 vs. 21.1, 24.7, and 26.3%) and mortality (8.3 vs. 15, 17.2, and 12.1%), respectively. Contrary to the general opinions, our meta-analysis showed comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiopulmonary disorders, chronic kidney disease (CKD), age >60, the duration of LT to the diagnosis of COVID-19, primary disease for LT, and obesity were not significantly associated with the severity and mortality in LT recipients with COVID-19 under an immunosuppressive therapy. However, our pooled analysis found that LT recipients with COVID-19 and without comorbidities have a less severe disease and low mortality rate compared to those with both COVID-19 and comorbidities. Conclusions: In conclusion, LT recipients with COVID-19 undergoing immunosuppressive therapies are not significantly associated with the severity and mortality. Therefore, taking the risk of organ rejection into a key consideration, a complete withdrawal of the IS may not be wise. However, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) might be discontinued or replaced from an immunosuppressive regimen with the CNIs- or mTORis-based immunosuppressive therapy in some selected LT recipients with COVID-19, depending upon the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vishnu Prasad Adhikari
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Ling
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Study of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Renn M, Bartok E, Zillinger T, Hartmann G, Behrendt R. Animal models of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107931. [PMID: 34171328 PMCID: PMC8219947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infections of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 continue to spread around the globe, causing Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. Infected people are at risk of developing acute interstitial pneumonia, which can result in lethal complications, particularly in patients with pre-existing co-morbidities. Novel prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are urgently needed to limit the infection-associated health risk for the population and to contain the pandemic. Animal models are indispensable to assessing the efficacy and safety of potential new antivirals, vaccines, and other innovative therapies, such as nucleic acid agonists of innate immune sensing receptors. In this review, we provide an overview of the commonly used animal models to study SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including a summary of their susceptibility to infection, the spectrum of symptoms elicited, and the potential for drug development in each model. We hope that this review will help researchers to decide on the right model organism to quickly address their specific scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Renn
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Unit of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Das A, Dutta S, Sharma D, Pal A, Ganguli N, Majumdar SS. An easy method for developing fusion enabled SARS-CoV2 virus fusion mimic (SCFM), bypassing the need of Bio Safety Level (BSL) facility. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4407-4419. [PMID: 34436976 PMCID: PMC8806791 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1955509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread infection due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has led to a global pandemic. Currently, various approaches are being taken up to develop vaccines and therapeutics to treat SARS-CoV2 infection. Consequently, the S protein has become an important target protein for developing vaccines and therapeutics against SARS-CoV2. However, the highly infective nature of SARS-CoV2 restricts experimentation with the virus to highly secure BSL3 facilities. The availability of fusion-enabled, nonreplicating, and nonbiohazardous mimics of SARS-CoV2 virus fusion, containing the viral S or S and M protein in their native conformation on mammalian cells, can serve as a useful substitute for studying viral fusion for testing various inhibitors of viral fusion. This would avoid the use of the BSL3 facility for fusion studies required to develop therapeutics. In the present study, we have developed SARS-CoV2 virus fusion mimics (SCFMs) using mammalian cells transfected with constructs coding for S or S and M protein. The fusogenic property of the mimic(s) and their interaction with the functional human ACE2 receptors was confirmed experimentally. We have also shown that such mimics can easily be used in an inhibition assay. These mimic(s) can be easily prepared on a large scale, and such SCFMs can serve as an invaluable resource for viral fusion inhibition assays and in vitro screening of antiviral agents, which can be shared/handled between labs/facilities without worrying about any biohazard while working under routine laboratory conditions, avoiding the use of BSL3 laboratory.Abbreviations :SCFM: SARS-CoV2 Virus Fusion Mimic; ACE2: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; hACE2: Human Angiotensin-Converting enzyme 2; MEF: Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts; HBSS: Hanks Balanced Salt Solution; FBS: Fetal Bovine Serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Das
- Gene and Protein Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satarupa Dutta
- Gene and Protein Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dewanshu Sharma
- Gene and Protein Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Amit Pal
- Gene and Protein Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nirmalya Ganguli
- Gene and Protein Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subeer S. Majumdar
- Gene and Protein Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
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Hillary VE, Ignacimuthu S, Ceasar SA. Potential of CRISPR/Cas system in the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:1179-1189. [PMID: 34409907 PMCID: PMC8607542 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1970535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging novel infectious diseases and persistent pandemics with potential to destabilize normal life remain a public health concern for the whole world. The recent outbreak of pneumonia caused by Coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) resulted in high mortality due to a lack of effective drugs or vaccines. With a constantly increasing number of infections with mutated strains and deaths across the globe, rapid, affordable and specific detections with more accurate diagnosis and improved health treatments are needed to combat the spread of this novel pathogen COVID-19. AREAS COVERED Researchers have started to utilize the recently invented clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas)-based tools for the rapid detection of novel COVID-19. In this review, we summarize the potential of CRISPR/Cas system for the diagnosis and enablement of efficient control of COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Multiple groups have demonstrated the potential of utilizing CRISPR-based diagnosis tools for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. In coming months, we expect more novel and rapid CRISPR-based kits for mass detection of COVID-19-infected persons within a fraction of a second. Therefore, we believe science will conquer COVID-19 in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Edwin Hillary
- Division of Biotechnology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - S. Antony Ceasar
- Department of Biosciences, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
- Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin, India
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42
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Faisal HMN, Katti KS, Katti DR. Binding of SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) and SARS-COV to human ACE2: Identifying binding sites and consequences on ACE2 stiffness. Chem Phys 2021; 551:111353. [PMID: 34511698 PMCID: PMC8420131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) that is causing the massive global pandemic exhibits similar human cell invasion mechanism as the coronavirus SARS-CoV, which had significantly lower fatalities. The cell membrane protein Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the initiation point for both the coronavirus infections in humans. Here, we model the molecular interactions and mechanical properties of ACE2 with both SARS-CoV and COVID-19 spike protein receptor-binding domains (RBD). We report that the COVID-19 spike RBD interacts with ACE2 more strongly and at only two protein residues, as compared to multi-residue interaction of the SARS-CoV. Although both coronaviruses stiffen the ACE2, the impact of COVID-19 is six times larger, which points towards differences in the severity of the reported respiratory distress. The recognition of specific residues of ACE2 attachments to coronaviruses is important as the residues suggest potential sites of intervention to inhibit attachment and subsequent entry of the COVID-19 into human host cells
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Nasrullah Faisal
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Kalpana S Katti
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States.,Center for Engineered Cancer Testbeds, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
| | - Dinesh R Katti
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States.,Center for Engineered Cancer Testbeds, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States
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Hu W, Zhang Y, Fei P, Zhang T, Yao D, Gao Y, Liu J, Chen H, Lu Q, Mudianto T, Zhang X, Xiao C, Ye Y, Sun Q, Zhang J, Xie Q, Wang PH, Wang J, Li Z, Lou J, Chen W. Mechanical activation of spike fosters SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. Cell Res 2021; 31:1047-1060. [PMID: 34465913 PMCID: PMC8406658 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) has caused a global COVID-19 pandemic. The spike protein of SARS2 (SARS2-S) recognizes host receptors, including ACE2, to initiate viral entry in a complex biomechanical environment. Here, we reveal that tensile force, generated by bending of the host cell membrane, strengthens spike recognition of ACE2 and accelerates the detachment of spike's S1 subunit from the S2 subunit to rapidly prime the viral fusion machinery. Mechanistically, such mechano-activation is fulfilled by force-induced opening and rotation of spike's receptor-binding domain to prolong the bond lifetime of spike/ACE2 binding, up to 4 times longer than that of SARS-S binding with ACE2 under 10 pN force application, and subsequently by force-accelerated S1/S2 detachment which is up to ~103 times faster than that in the no-force condition. Interestingly, the SARS2-S D614G mutant, a more infectious variant, shows 3-time stronger force-dependent ACE2 binding and 35-time faster force-induced S1/S2 detachment. We also reveal that an anti-S1/S2 non-RBD-blocking antibody that was derived from convalescent COVID-19 patients with potent neutralizing capability can reduce S1/S2 detachment by 3 × 106 times under force. Our study sheds light on the mechano-chemistry of spike activation and on developing a non-RBD-blocking but S1/S2-locking therapeutic strategy to prevent SARS2 invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yong Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Panyu Fei
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Center for Integrated Oncology and Precision Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Danmei Yao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yufei Gao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jia Liu
- grid.240324.30000 0001 2109 4251Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA ,grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Hui Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Lu
- grid.240324.30000 0001 2109 4251Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA ,grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Tenny Mudianto
- grid.240324.30000 0001 2109 4251Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Chuxuan Xiao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yang Ye
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiming Sun
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Jing Zhang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Qi Xie
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jun Wang
- grid.240324.30000 0001 2109 4251Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA ,grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753The Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY USA
| | - Zhenhai Li
- grid.39436.3b0000 0001 2323 5732Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jizhong Lou
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.508040.9Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Wei Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCollaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
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De A, Dash M, Tiwari A, Sinha A. Malaria, COVID-19 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: what does the available population data say? Open Biol 2021; 11:210213. [PMID: 34637655 PMCID: PMC8510699 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of COVID-19 and its differential geographic spread suggest some populations are apparently 'less affected' through many host-related factors that involve angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, which is also the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The role of ACE2 has been well studied in COVID-19 but not in the context of malaria and COVID-19. We have previously suggested how malaria might intersect with COVID-19 through ACE2 mutation and here we evaluate the currently available data that could provide a link between the two diseases. Based on the existing global and Indian data on malaria, COVID-19 and the suggested ACE2 mutation, the association could not be examined robustly, neither accepting nor refuting the suggested hypothesis. We strongly recommend targeted evaluation of this hypothesis through carefully designed robust molecular epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. De
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - M. Dash
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - A. Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - A. Sinha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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45
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Rashedi J, Mahdavi Poor B, Asgharzadeh M. Sodium Bicarbonate Nebulized Therapy in Patients with Confirmed COVID-19. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:397-398. [PMID: 34513614 PMCID: PMC8421625 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Rashedi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behroz Mahdavi Poor
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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46
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Chen J, Ali F, Khan I, Zhu YZ. Recent progress in the development of potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100057. [PMID: 34870155 PMCID: PMC8437701 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerged and highly pathogenic coronavirus, is identified as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease (2019) (COVID-19) in the late December 2019, in China. The virus has rapidly spread nationwide and spilled over to the other countries around the globe, resulting in more than 120 million infections and 2.6 million deaths until the time of this review. Unfortunately, there are still no specific drugs available against this disease, and it is very necessary to call upon more scientists to work together to stop a further spread. Hence, the recent progress in the development of drugs may help scientific community quickly understand current research status and further develop new effective drugs. Herein, we summarize the cellular entry and replication process of this virus and discuss the recent development of potential viral based drugs that target bio-macromolecules in different stages of the viral life cycle, especially S protein, 3CLPro, PLPro, RdRp and helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Technology, Putian University, No. 1133 Xueyuan Zhong Jie, 351100, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Laboratory Medicine (Putian University), No. 1133 Xueyuan Zhong Jie, 351100, Fujian Province University, Fujian, China
| | - Fayaz Ali
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
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47
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Valdés-Aguayo JJ, Garza-Veloz I, Badillo-Almaráz JI, Bernal-Silva S, Martínez-Vázquez MC, Juárez-Alcalá V, Vargas-Rodríguez JR, Gaeta-Velasco ML, González-Fuentes C, Ávila-Carrasco L, Martinez-Fierro ML. Mitochondria and Mitochondrial DNA: Key Elements in the Pathogenesis and Exacerbation of the Inflammatory State Caused by COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090928. [PMID: 34577851 PMCID: PMC8471487 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives. The importance of mitochondria in inflammatory pathologies, besides providing energy, is associated with the release of mitochondrial damage products, such as mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA), which may perpetuate inflammation. In this review, we aimed to show the importance of mitochondria, as organelles that produce energy and intervene in multiple pathologies, focusing mainly in COVID-19 and using multiple molecular mechanisms that allow for the replication and maintenance of the viral genome, leading to the exacerbation and spread of the inflammatory response. The evidence suggests that mitochondria are implicated in the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which forms double-membrane vesicles and evades detection by the cell defense system. These mitochondrion-hijacking vesicles damage the integrity of the mitochondrion’s membrane, releasing mt-DNA into circulation and triggering the activation of innate immunity, which may contribute to an exacerbation of the pro-inflammatory state. Conclusions. While mitochondrial dysfunction in COVID-19 continues to be studied, the use of mt-DNA as an indicator of prognosis and severity is a potential area yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J. Valdés-Aguayo
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - José I. Badillo-Almaráz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Sofia Bernal-Silva
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza 2405, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico;
| | - Maria C. Martínez-Vázquez
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Vladimir Juárez-Alcalá
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - José R. Vargas-Rodríguez
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - María L. Gaeta-Velasco
- Hospital General de Zacatecas “Luz González Cosío”, Circuito Ciudad Gobierno 410, Col. Ciudad Gobierno, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (M.L.G.-V.); (C.G.-F.)
| | - Carolina González-Fuentes
- Hospital General de Zacatecas “Luz González Cosío”, Circuito Ciudad Gobierno 410, Col. Ciudad Gobierno, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (M.L.G.-V.); (C.G.-F.)
| | - Lorena Ávila-Carrasco
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
| | - Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y C.S., Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (J.J.V.-A.); (I.G.-V.); (J.I.B.-A.); (M.C.M.-V.); (V.J.-A.); (J.R.V.-R.); (L.Á.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(492)-925669 (ext. 4511)
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Salva O, Alasino R, Giller C, Borello J, Doresky A, Karayan G, Beltramo D. Nebulization with alkaline hipertonic ibuprofen induces a rapid increase in platelets circulating in COVID-19 patients but not in healthy subjects. Platelets 2021; 33:471-478. [PMID: 34423724 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1967918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We analyze changes in circulating platelets in COVID-19 positive patients who received conventional treatment Dexamethasone and Enoxaparin (Dexa-Enoxa) compared to patients treated with conventional therapy plus nebulization with alkaline hypertonic ibuprofenate (AHI). Results show that after 24 h of nebulization with AHI, circulating platelets shows an increase about 40% at 24 h and reach 65% at 96 h. In patients with platelets content below 200,000 by microliter the increase was 49% and 79% at 24 and 96 h respectively. In patients with platelets above 200,000 by microliter the increase was 24% and 31% at 24 and 96 h, respectively. The increase of platelets via AHI was similar in both, men and women.To evaluate whether this action of AHI was related to platelets from COVID-19 positive patients or also for healthy people, two controls were included: one of them with 10 healthy volunteers and another one with COVID-19 positive patients hospitalized and treated only with Dexa-Enoxa. Results show that, in healthy volunteers, the number of circulating platelets remains unchanged even after 7 days of treatment with AHI. In COVID-19 positive patients treated only with Dexa-Enoxa for 4 days, platelets increased only 16%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Salva
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Clínica Independencia, Ciudad de Munro, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Alasino
- Programa de Biociencias, Centro De Excelencias En Productos Y Procesos (CEPROCOR), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Provincia de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación de la República Argentina, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celia Giller
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Clínica Independencia, Ciudad de Munro, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Borello
- Programa de Biociencias, Centro De Excelencias En Productos Y Procesos (CEPROCOR), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Provincia de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Alexis Doresky
- Departamento de Investiagación Clinica, Fundación Respirar, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Galia Karayan
- Departamento de Investiagación Clinica, Fundación Respirar, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dante Beltramo
- Programa de Biociencias, Centro De Excelencias En Productos Y Procesos (CEPROCOR), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Provincia de Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación de la República Argentina, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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49
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Jin D, Wei J, Sun J. Analysis of the molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 566:45-52. [PMID: 34116356 PMCID: PMC8179121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A newly-emergent beta-coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, rapidly has become a pandemic since 2020. It is a serious respiratory disease and caused more than 100 million of deaths in the world. WHO named it COVIA-19 and there is no effective targeted drug for it. The main treatment strategies include chemical medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and biologics. Due to SARS-CoV-2 uses the spike proteins (S proteins) on its envelope to infect human cells, monoclonal antibodies that neutralize the S protein have become one of the hot research areas in the current research and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we reviewed the antibodies that have been reported to have neutralizing activity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. According to their different binding epitope regions in RBD or NTD, they are classified, and the mechanism of the representative antibodies in each category is discussed in depth, which provides potential foundation for future antibody and vaccine therapy and the development of antibody cocktails against SARS-CoV-2 mutants.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Neutralization Tests
- Pandemics
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfu Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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50
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Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi K, Nematollahi MH, Khanbabaei H, Nave HH, Mirzaei HR, Pourghadamyari H, Sahebkar A. Targeted Delivery of CRISPR/Cas13 as a Promising Therapeutic Approach to Treat SARS-CoV-2. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:1149-1155. [PMID: 33038909 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666201009154517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
On a worldwide scale, the outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to extensive damage to the health system as well as the global economy. Hitherto, there has been no approved drug or vaccine for this disease. Therefore, the use of general antiviral drugs is at the first line of treatment, though complicated with limited effectiveness and systemic side effects. Given the pathophysiology of the disease, researchers have proposed various strategies not only to find a more specific therapeutic way but also to reduce the side effects. One strategy to accomplish these goals is to use CRISPR/Cas13 system. Recently, a group of scientists has used the CRISPR/Cas13 system, which is highly effective in eliminating the genome of RNA viruses. Due to the RNA nature of the coronavirus genome, it seems that this system can be effective against the disease. The main challenge regarding the application of this system is to deliver it to the target cells efficiently. To solve this challenge, it seems that using virosomes with protein S on their membrane surface can be helpful. Studies have shown that protein S interacts with its specific receptor in target cells named Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). Here, we propose if CRISPR/Cas13 gene constructs reach the infected cells efficiently using a virosomal delivery system, the virus genome will be cleaved and inactivated. Considering the pathophysiology of the disease, an important step to implement this hypothesis is to embed protein S on the membrane surface of virosomes to facilitate the delivery of gene constructs to the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad H Nematollahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein H Nave
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid R Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Pourghadamyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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