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Ganji MD, Ko H, Jamehbozorgi S, Tajbakhsh M, Tanreh S, Pahlavan Nejad R, Sepahvand M, Rezvani M. Unravelling performance of honeycomb structures as drug delivery systems for the isoniazid drug using DFT-D3 correction dispersion and molecular dynamic simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14018-14036. [PMID: 38683598 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05457h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the potential of aluminum nitride (h-AlN), boron nitride (h-BN) and silicon carbide (h-SiC) nanosheets as the drug delivery systems (DDS) of isoniazid (INH) was scrutinized through density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. We performed DFT periodic calculations on the geometry and electronic features of nanosheets adsorbed with INH by the DFT functional (DZP/GGA-PBE) employed in the SIESTA code. In the energetically favorable model, an oxygen atom of the C-O group of the INH molecule interacts with a Si atom of the h-SiC at 2.077 Å with an interaction energy of -1.361 eV. Charge transfer (CT) calculation by employing the Mulliken, Hirshfeld and Voronoi approaches reveals that the monolayers and drug molecules act as donors and acceptors, respectively. The density of states (DOS) calculations indicate that the HOMO-LUMO energy gap (HLG) of the h-SiC nanosheet declines significantly from 2.543 to 1.492 eV upon the adsorption of the INH molecule, which causes an electrical conductivity increase and then produces an electrical signal. The signal is linked to the existence of INH, demonstrating that h-SiC may be an appropriate sensor for INH sensing. The decrease in HLG for the interaction of INH and h-SiC is the uppermost (up to 41%) representing the uppermost sensitivity, whereas the sensitivity trend is σ(h-SiC) > σ(h-AlN) > σ(h-BN). Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) investigations is employed to scrutinize the nature of the INH/nanosheet interactions. The QTAIM analysis reveals that the interaction of the INH molecule and h-SiC has a partially covalent nature, while INH/h-AlN model electrostatic interaction occurs in the system and noncovalent and electrostatic interaction for the INH/h-BN model. Finally, the state-of-the-art DFT-MD simulations utilized in this study can mimic ambient conditions. The results obtained from the MD simulation show that it takes more time to bond the INH drug and h-SiC, and the INH/h-SiC system becomes stable. The results of the current research demonstrate the potential of h-SiC as a suitable sensor and drug delivery platform for INH drugs to remedy tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Darvish Ganji
- Division of Carbon Neutrality & Digitalization, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET), Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseok Ko
- Division of Carbon Neutrality & Digitalization, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET), Jinju 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Saeed Jamehbozorgi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Tajbakhsh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 47416-95447, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Tanreh
- Department of Nanochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rosa Pahlavan Nejad
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Sepahvand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahyar Rezvani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar 47416-95447, Iran.
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Eckhardt E, Li Y, Mamerow S, Schinköthe J, Sehl-Ewert J, Dreisbach J, Corleis B, Dorhoi A, Teifke J, Menge C, Kloss F, Bastian M. Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of the Benzothiazinone BTZ-043 against Tuberculous Mycobacteria inside Granulomas in the Guinea Pig Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0143822. [PMID: 36975792 PMCID: PMC10112198 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01438-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the world's leading cause of mortality from a single bacterial pathogen. With increasing frequency, emergence of drug-resistant mycobacteria leads to failures of standard TB treatment regimens. Therefore, new anti-TB drugs are urgently required. BTZ-043 belongs to a novel class of nitrobenzothiazinones, which inhibit mycobacterial cell wall formation by covalent binding of an essential cysteine in the catalytic pocket of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose oxidase (DprE1). Thus, the compound blocks the formation of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-arabinose, a precursor for the synthesis of arabinans. An excellent in vitro efficacy against M. tuberculosis has been demonstrated. Guinea pigs are an important small-animal model to study anti-TB drugs, as they are naturally susceptible to M. tuberculosis and develop human-like granulomas after infection. In the current study, dose-finding experiments were conducted to establish the appropriate oral dose of BTZ-043 for the guinea pig. Subsequently, it could be shown that the active compound was present at high concentrations in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-induced granulomas. To evaluate its therapeutic effect, guinea pigs were subcutaneously infected with virulent M. tuberculosis and treated with BTZ-043 for 4 weeks. BTZ-043-treated guinea pigs had reduced and less necrotic granulomas than vehicle-treated controls. In comparison to the vehicle controls a highly significant reduction of the bacterial burden was observed after BTZ-043 treatment at the site of infection and in the draining lymph node and spleen. Together, these findings indicate that BTZ-043 holds great promise as a new antimycobacterial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmelie Eckhardt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yan Li
- Transfer Group Anti-infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Leibniz-HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Svenja Mamerow
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Schinköthe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Dreisbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Corleis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Kloss
- Transfer Group Anti-infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Leibniz-HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
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Determination of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol in a Cross-Over Cynomolgus Macaque Model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122666. [PMID: 36559163 PMCID: PMC9780811 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative cross-over study designs were explored in non-human primate (NHP) studies to determine the value of this approach for the evaluation of drug efficacy against tuberculosis (TB). Firstly, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of each of the drugs Isoniazid (H), Rifampicin (R), Pyrazinamide (Z) and Ethambutol (E), that are standardly used for the treatment of tuberculosis, was established in the blood of macaques after oral dosing as a monotherapy or in combination. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of different drug combinations using cross-over designs. The first employed a balanced, three-period Pigeon design with an extra period; this ensured that treatment by period interactions and carry-over could be detected comparing the treatments HR, HZ and HRZ using H37Rv as the challenge strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Although the design accounted for considerable variability between animals, the three regimens evaluated could not be distinguished using any of the alternative endpoints assessed. However, the degree of pathology achieved using H37Rv in the model during this study was less than expected. Based on these findings, a second experiment using a classical AB/BA design comparing HE with HRZ was conducted using the M. tb Erdman strain. More extensive pathology was observed, and differences in computerized tomography (CT) scores and bacteriology counts in the lungs were detected, although due to the small group sizes, clearer differences were not distinguished. Type 1 T helper (Th1) cell response profiles were characterized using the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay and revealed differences between drug treatments that corresponded to decreases in disease burden. Therefore, the studies performed support the utility of the NHP model for the determination of PK/PD of TB drugs, although further work is required to optimize the use of cross-over study designs.
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Yang HJ, Wang D, Wen X, Weiner DM, Via LE. One Size Fits All? Not in In Vivo Modeling of Tuberculosis Chemotherapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:613149. [PMID: 33796474 PMCID: PMC8008060 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.613149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem despite almost universal efforts to provide patients with highly effective chemotherapy, in part, because many infected individuals are not diagnosed and treated, others do not complete treatment, and a small proportion harbor Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains that have become resistant to drugs in the standard regimen. Development and approval of new drugs for TB have accelerated in the last 10 years, but more drugs are needed due to both Mtb's development of resistance and the desire to shorten therapy to 4 months or less. The drug development process needs predictive animal models that recapitulate the complex pathology and bacterial burden distribution of human disease. The human host response to pulmonary infection with Mtb is granulomatous inflammation usually resulting in contained lesions and limited bacterial replication. In those who develop progressive or active disease, regions of necrosis and cavitation can develop leading to lasting lung damage and possible death. This review describes the major vertebrate animal models used in evaluating compound activity against Mtb and the disease presentation that develops. Each of the models, including the zebrafish, various mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates provides data on number of Mtb bacteria and pathology resolution. The models where individual lesions can be dissected from the tissue or sampled can also provide data on lesion-specific bacterial loads and lesion-specific drug concentrations. With the inclusion of medical imaging, a compound's effect on resolution of pathology within individual lesions and animals can also be determined over time. Incorporation of measurement of drug exposure and drug distribution within animals and their tissues is important for choosing the best compounds to push toward the clinic and to the development of better regimens. We review the practical aspects of each model and the advantages and limitations of each in order to promote choosing a rational combination of them for a compound's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jeong Yang
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Decheng Wang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Danielle M Weiner
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.,Tuberculosis Imaging Program, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.,Tuberculosis Imaging Program, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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5
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Lipid nanoparticles with improved biopharmaceutical attributes for tuberculosis treatment. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120321. [PMID: 33539994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a topic of relevance worldwide because of the social and biological factors that triggered the disease and the economic burden on the health-care systems that imply its therapeutic treatment. Challenges to handle these issues include, among others, research on technological breakthroughs modifying the drug regimens to facilitate therapy adherence, avoid mycobacterium drug resistance, and minimize toxic side-effects. Lipid nanoparticles arise as a promising strategy in this respect as deduced from the reported scientific data. They are prepared from biodegradable and biocompatible starting materials and compared to the use of the free drugs, the entrapment of active molecules into the carriers might lead to both dose reduction and controlled delivery. Moreover, the target to the lung, the organ mainly affected by the disease, could be possible if the particle surface is modified. Although conclusive statements cannot be made considering the limited number of available research works, looking into what has been achieved up to now definitively encourages to continue investigations in this regard.
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Abstract
This manuscript describes the infection of mice and guinea pigs with mycobacteria via various routes, as well as necropsy methods for the determination of mycobacterial loads within target organs. Additionally, methods for cultivating mycobacteria and preparing stocks are described. The protocols outlined are primarily used for M. tuberculosis, but can also be used for the study of other non-tuberculosis mycobacterial species. A wide variety of animal models have been used to test new vaccines, drugs, and the impact of cigarette exposure. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Aerosol infection of mice with mycobacteria Basic Protocol 2: Aerosol infection of guinea pig with mycobacteria using a Madison chamber Alternate Protocol 1: Cigarette exposure prior to infection of mice with mycobacteria Alternate Protocol 2: Intravenous infection of mice with mycobacteria Basic Protocol 3: Necropsy methods for animals experimentally infected with mycobacteria Basic Protocol 4: Following the course of infection Basic Protocol 5: Measuring the animal immune response to infection Support Protocol: Cultivation of mycobacteria for use in animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Chan
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Deepshikha Verma
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Diane J Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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7
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Biohazard levels and biosafety protection for Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with different virulence. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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8
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El-Mageed HRA, Mustafa FM, Abdel-Latif MK. Boron nitride nanoclusters, nanoparticles and nanotubes as a drug carrier for isoniazid anti-tuberculosis drug, computational chemistry approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:226-235. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1814871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. R. Abd El-Mageed
- Micro-analysis and environmental research and community services center, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef university, Beni-Suef City, Egypt
| | - F. M. Mustafa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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Hariguchi N, Chen X, Hayashi Y, Kawano Y, Fujiwara M, Matsuba M, Shimizu H, Ohba Y, Nakamura I, Kitamoto R, Shinohara T, Uematsu Y, Ishikawa S, Itotani M, Haraguchi Y, Takemura I, Matsumoto M. OPC-167832, a Novel Carbostyril Derivative with Potent Antituberculosis Activity as a DprE1 Inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e02020-19. [PMID: 32229496 PMCID: PMC7269503 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02020-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new, potent antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs with novel mechanisms of action that can be included in new regimens to shorten the treatment period for TB. After screening a library of carbostyrils, we optimized 3,4-dihydrocarbostyril derivatives and identified OPC-167832 as having potent antituberculosis activity. The MICs of the compound for Mycobacterium tuberculosis ranged from 0.00024 to 0.002 μg/ml. It had bactericidal activity against both growing and intracellular bacilli, and the frequency of spontaneous resistance for M. tuberculosis H37Rv was less than 1.91 × 10-7 It did not show antagonistic effects with other anti-TB agents in an in vitro checkerboard assay. Whole-genome and targeted sequencing of isolates resistant to OPC-167832 identified decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-oxidase (DprE1), an essential enzyme for cell wall biosynthesis, as the target of the compound, and further studies demonstrated inhibition of DprE1 enzymatic activity by OPC-167832. In a mouse model of chronic TB, OPC-167832 showed potent bactericidal activities starting at a dose of 0.625 mg/kg of body weight. Further, it exhibited significant combination effects in 2-drug combinations with delamanid, bedaquiline, or levofloxacin. Finally, 3- or 4-drug regimens comprised of delamanid and OPC-167832 as the core along with bedaquiline, moxifloxacin, or linezolid showed efficacy in reducing the bacterial burden and preventing relapse superior to that of the standard treatment regimen. In summary, these results suggest that OPC-167832 is a novel and potent anti-TB agent, and regimens containing OPC-167832 and new or repurposed anti-TB drugs may have the potential to shorten the duration of treatment for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Hariguchi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Xiuhao Chen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kawano
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fujiwara
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Miki Matsuba
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ohba
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Izuru Nakamura
- Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuki Kitamoto
- Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Shinohara
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Uematsu
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shunpei Ishikawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Motohiro Itotani
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Haraguchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Isao Takemura
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsumoto
- Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Development of Antimicrobial, Antimalarial and Antitubercular Compounds Based on a Quinoline-Pyrazole Clubbed Scaffold Derived via Doebner Reaction. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-019-00096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lu T, Wu Y, Zhao C, Su F, Liu J, Ma Z, Han Q. One-step fabrication and characterization of Fe 3O 4/HBPE-DDSA/INH nanoparticles with controlled drug release for treatment of tuberculosis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 93:838-845. [PMID: 30274119 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Fe3O4/hyperbranched polyester-(2-dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride2-Dodecen-1-/isoniazid magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4/HBPE-DDSA/INH MNPs) with controlled drug release characteristics were synthesized successfully by a simple one-step method. Orthogonal experiments were performed to optimize the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of the MNPs. The structure of the Fe3O4/HBPE-DDSA/INH MNPs was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and superconducting quantum interference device measurements, while their properties were characterized based on swelling behavior observations, in-vitro release experiments, and cytotoxicity analysis. The results indicated that the fabricated Fe3O4/HBPE-DDSA/INH MNPs had a high drug-loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency. Further, the drug-release rate of the MNPs was higher in an acidic buffer, indicating that the MNPs were pH-responsive. Swelling studies revealed that the MNPs exhibited diffusion-controlled drug release, while in-vitro release studies revealed that the drug-release properties could be controlled readily, owing to the high encapsulation efficiency of the MNPs and the uniform dispersion of the drug in them. These results collectively suggest that this multifunctional nontoxic drug delivery system, which exhibits good magnetic properties and pH-triggered drug-release characteristics, should be suitable for the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lu
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Environment School,l Nanjing Normal University, Nangjing 210023, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, China
| | - Chili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, China
| | - Fu Su
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, China
| | - Jine Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, Environment School,l Nanjing Normal University, Nangjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenye Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, China.
| | - Qiaorong Han
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210046, China
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12
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Computational studies on the doped graphene quantum dots as potential carriers in drug delivery systems for isoniazid drug. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Zhao C, Liu X, Zhang X, Yan H, Qian Z, Li X, Ma Z, Han Q, Pei C. A facile one-step method for preparation of Fe3O4/CS/INH nanoparticles as a targeted drug delivery for tuberculosis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:1182-1188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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6-Nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoles: Facile synthesis and comparative appraisal against tuberculosis and neglected tropical diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2583-2589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Dooley KE, Phillips PPJ, Nahid P, Hoelscher M. Challenges in the clinical assessment of novel tuberculosis drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:116-22. [PMID: 26827911 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To tackle the global TB epidemic effectively, novel treatment strategies are critically needed to shorten the duration of TB therapy and treat drug-resistant TB. Drug development for TB, stymied for decades, has enjoyed a renaissance over the past several years. However, the development of new TB regimens is hindered by the limitations in our understanding and use of preclinical models; the paucity of accurate, early surrogate markers of cure, and challenges in untangling the individual contributions of drugs to multidrug regimens in a complex, multi-compartment disease. Lack of profit motive, advocacy, and imagination has contributed mightily to the dearth of drugs we have on the shelf to treat this ancient disease. Areas that will speed the development of new regimens for TB include novel murine and in vitro pharmacodynamics models, clinical endpoints that are not culture-based, innovative clinical trial designs, and an infusion of much-needed funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Dooley
- Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology & Infectious Diseases, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Osler 527, Baltimore, MD, 2187, USA.
| | - Patrick P J Phillips
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC1B 6NH, UK.
| | - Payam Nahid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, at San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave., 5K1, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Leopoldstrasse 5, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Leopoldstrasse 5, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Leopoldstrasse 5, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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16
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Thompson AM, O'Connor PD, Blaser A, Yardley V, Maes L, Gupta S, Launay D, Martin D, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Denny WA. Repositioning Antitubercular 6-Nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazoles for Neglected Tropical Diseases: Structure-Activity Studies on a Preclinical Candidate for Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2530-50. [PMID: 26901446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
6-Nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazole derivatives were initially studied for tuberculosis within a backup program for the clinical trial agent pretomanid (PA-824). Phenotypic screening of representative examples against kinetoplastid diseases unexpectedly led to the identification of DNDI-VL-2098 as a potential first-in-class drug candidate for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Additional work was then conducted to delineate its essential structural features, aiming to improve solubility and safety without compromising activity against VL. While the 4-nitroimidazole portion was specifically required, several modifications to the aryloxy side chain were well-tolerated e.g., exchange of the linking oxygen for nitrogen (or piperazine), biaryl extension, and replacement of phenyl rings by pyridine. Several less lipophilic analogues displayed improved aqueous solubility, particularly at low pH, although stability toward liver microsomes was highly variable. Upon evaluation in a mouse model of acute Leishmania donovani infection, one phenylpyridine derivative (37) stood out, providing efficacy surpassing that of the original preclinical lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Patrick D O'Connor
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Blaser
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suman Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Delphine Launay
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Martin
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, 15 Chemin Louis Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, New York 10005, United States
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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17
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Bruhn DF, Scherman MS, Liu J, Scherbakov D, Meibohm B, Böttger EC, Lenaerts AJ, Lee RE. In vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Synergism between Anti-Tubercular Spectinamides and Non-Classical Tuberculosis Antibiotics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13985. [PMID: 26365087 PMCID: PMC4568539 DOI: 10.1038/srep13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectinamides are new semi-synthetic spectinomycin derivatives with potent anti-tubercular activity. The reported synergism of the precursor spectinomycin with other antibiotics prompted us to examine whether spectinamides sensitize M. tuberculosis to other antibiotics not traditionally used in the treatment of tuberculosis to potentially expand therapeutic options for MDR/XDR Tuberculosis. Whole cell synergy checkerboard screens were performed using the laboratory strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv, lead spectinamide 1599, and a broad panel of 27 antibiotics. In vitro, 1599 synergized with 11 drugs from 6 antibiotic classes. The observed synergy was tested against clinical isolates confirming synergy with Clarithromycin, Doxycycline and Clindamycin, combinations of which were taken forward for in vivo efficacy determination. Co-administration of 1599 and clarithromycin provided additional bacterial killing in a mouse model of acute tuberculosis infection, but not in a chronic infection model. Further studies indicated that mismatched drug exposure profiles likely permitted induction of phenotypic clarithromycin resistance and subsequent loss of synergism. These studies highlight the importance of validating in vitro synergism and the challenge of matching drug exposures to obtain a synergistic outcome in vivo. Results from this study indicate that a 1599 clarithromycin combination is potentially viable, providing the drug exposures can be carefully monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Bruhn
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael S. Scherman
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dimitri Scherbakov
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erik C. Böttger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anne J. Lenaerts
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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18
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Thompson AM, Blaser A, Palmer BD, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Denny WA. Biarylmethoxy 2-nitroimidazooxazine antituberculosis agents: Effects of proximal ring substitution and linker reversal on metabolism and efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3804-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Gumbo T, Lenaerts AJ, Hanna D, Romero K, Nuermberger E. Nonclinical Models for Antituberculosis Drug Development: A Landscape Analysis. J Infect Dis 2015; 211 Suppl 3:S83-95. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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20
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Palmer BD, Sutherland HS, Blaser A, Kmentova I, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Denny WA, Thompson AM. Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships for Extended Side Chain Analogues of the Antitubercular Drug (6S)-2-Nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824). J Med Chem 2015; 58:3036-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501608q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Palmer
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hamish S. Sutherland
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Blaser
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Iveta Kmentova
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005, United States
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew M. Thompson
- Auckland
Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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21
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Synthesis and structural activity relationship study of antitubercular carboxamides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:614808. [PMID: 25610646 PMCID: PMC4295614 DOI: 10.1155/2014/614808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, the tedious duration of therapy, and resistance developed by the microorganism have made the recurrence of the disease multidrug resistance and extensive or extreme drug resistance. The prevalence of tuberculosis in synergy with HIV/AIDS epidemic augments the risk of developing the disease by 100-fold. The need to synthesize new drugs that will shorten the total duration of effective treatment and/or significantly reduce the dosage taken under DOTS supervision, improve on the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis which defies the treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin, and provide effective treatment for latent TB infections which is essential for eliminating tuberculosis prompted this review. In this review, we considered the synthesis and structure activity relationship study of carboxamide derivatives with antitubercular potential.
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22
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Ryan GJ, Shapiro HM, Lenaerts AJ. Improving acid-fast fluorescent staining for the detection of mycobacteria using a new nucleic acid staining approach. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:511-8. [PMID: 25130623 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acid fast staining of sputum smears by microscopy remains the prevalent method for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The sensitivity of microscopy using acid fast stains requires 10(4) bacilli per ml of sputum. Although fluorescent acid fast stains, such as Auramine-O, show improved sensitivity, almost half of culture-positive TB cases are currently estimated to remain smear-negative. These current diagnosis problems provide impetus for improving staining procedures. We evaluated a novel fluorescent acid-fast staining approach using the nucleic acid-binding dye SYBR(®) Gold on mycobacterial in vitro cultures. The SYBR(®) Gold stain detected 99% of MTB in both actively replicating aerobic and non-replicating hypoxic cultures. Transmission light microscopy with Ziehl-Neelsen fuchsin, and fluorescence microscopy with Auramine-O or Auramine-rhodamine detected only 54%-86% of MTB bacilli. SYBR(®) Gold fluoresces more intensely than Auramine-O, and is highly resistant to fading. The signal to noise ratio is exceptionally high due to a >1000-fold enhanced fluorescence after binding to DNA/RNA, thereby reducing most background fluorescence. Although cost and stability of the dye may perhaps limit its clinical use at this time, these results warrant further research into more nucleic acid dye variants. In the meantime, SYBR(®) Gold staining shows great promise for use in numerous research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Ryan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Howard M Shapiro
- The Center for Microbial Cytometry and Howard M. Shapiro, M.D., P.C., 283 Highland Avenue, West Newton, MA 02465-2513, USA
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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23
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Das U, Lorand T, Dimmock SG, Perjesi P, Dimmock JR. 3-Benzylidene-4-chromanones: a novel cluster of anti-tubercular agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:259-63. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.913036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Umashankar Das
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada,
| | - Tamas Lorand
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University Medical School of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary,
| | - Stephen G. Dimmock
- Department of Finance, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore, and
| | - Pal Perjesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Medical School of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jonathan R. Dimmock
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada,
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24
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Rajalakshmi G, Hathwar VR, Kumaradhas P. Intermolecular interactions, charge-density distribution and the electrostatic properties of pyrazinamide anti-TB drug molecule: an experimental and theoretical charge-density study. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2014; 70:568-79. [DOI: 10.1107/s205252061303388x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An experimental charge-density analysis of pyrazinamide (a first line antitubercular drug) was performed using high-resolution X-ray diffraction data [(sin θ/λ)max= 1.1 Å−1] measured at 100 (2) K. The structure was solved by direct methods usingSHELXS97 and refined bySHELXL97. The total electron density of the pyrazinamide molecule was modeled using the Hansen–Coppens multipole formalism implemented in theXDsoftware. The topological properties of electron density determined from the experiment were compared with the theoretical results obtained fromCRYSTAL09at the B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory. The crystal structure was stabilized by N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, in which the N3—H3B...N1 and N3—H3A...O1 interactions form two types of dimers in the crystal. Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out to analyze the intermolecular interactions. The fingerprint plot reveals that the N...H and O...H hydrogen-bonding interactions contribute 26.1 and 18.4%, respectively, of the total Hirshfeld surface. The lattice energy of the molecule was calculated using density functional theory (B3LYP) methods with the 6-31G** basis set. The molecular electrostatic potential of the pyrazinamide molecule exhibits extended electronegative regions around O1, N1 and N2. The existence of a negative electrostatic potential (ESP) region just above the upper and lower surfaces of the pyrazine ring confirm the π-electron cloud.
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25
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Kumar N, Vishwas K, Kumar M, Reddy J, Parab M, Manikanth C, Pavithra B, Shandil R. Pharmacokinetics and dose response of anti-TB drugs in rat infection model of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:282-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Rajalakshmi G, Hathwar VR, Kumaradhas P. Topological analysis of electron density and the electrostatic properties of isoniazid: an experimental and theoretical study. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2014; 70:331-41. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520613033209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Isoniazid (isonicotinohydrazide) is an important first-line antitubercular drug that targets the InhA enzyme which synthesizes the critical component of the mycobacterial cell wall. An experimental charge-density analysis of isoniazid has been performed to understand its structural and electronic properties in the solid state. A high-resolution single-crystal X-ray intensity data has been collected at 90 K. An aspherical multipole refinement was carried out to explore the topological and electrostatic properties of the isoniazid molecule. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical charge-density calculations performed usingCRYSTAL09with the B3LYP/6-31G** method. A topological analysis of the electron density reveals that the Laplacian of electron density of the N—N bond is significantly less negative, which indicates that the charges at the b.c.p. (bond-critical point) of the bond are least accumulated, and so the bond is considered to be weak. As expected, a strong negative electrostatic potential region is present in the vicinity of the O1, N1 and N3 atoms, which are the reactive locations of the molecule. The C—H...N, C—H...O and N—H...N types of intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions stabilize the crystal structure. The topological analysis of the electron density on hydrogen bonding shows the strength of intermolecular interactions.
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27
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Lee RE, Hurdle JG, Liu J, Bruhn DF, Matt T, Scherman MS, Vaddady PK, Zheng Z, Qi J, Akbergenov R, Das S, Madhura DB, Rathi C, Trivedi A, Villellas C, Lee RB, Rakesh, Waidyarachchi SL, Sun D, McNeil MR, Ainsa JA, Boshoff HI, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Meibohm B, Böttger EC, Lenaerts AJ. Spectinamides: a new class of semisynthetic antituberculosis agents that overcome native drug efflux. Nat Med 2014; 20:152-158. [PMID: 24464186 PMCID: PMC3972818 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the classical antibiotic spectinomycin is a potent bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor, poor antimycobacterial activity limits its clinical application for treating tuberculosis. Using structure-based design, we generated a new semisynthetic series of spectinomycin analogs with selective ribosomal inhibition and excellent narrow-spectrum antitubercular activity. In multiple murine infection models, these spectinamides were well tolerated, significantly reduced lung mycobacterial burden and increased survival. In vitro studies demonstrated a lack of cross resistance with existing tuberculosis therapeutics, activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and an excellent pharmacological profile. Key to their potent antitubercular properties was their structural modification to evade the Rv1258c efflux pump, which is upregulated in MDR strains and is implicated in macrophage-induced drug tolerance. The antitubercular efficacy of spectinamides demonstrates that synthetic modifications to classical antibiotics can overcome the challenge of intrinsic efflux pump-mediated resistance and expands opportunities for target-based tuberculosis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julian G Hurdle
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David F Bruhn
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tanja Matt
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Scherman
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Pavan K Vaddady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rashid Akbergenov
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dora B Madhura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chetan Rathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashit Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cristina Villellas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, and CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Robin B Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rakesh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Samanthi L Waidyarachchi
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael R McNeil
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jose A Ainsa
- Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, and CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erik C Böttger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Nationales Zentrum für Mykobakterien, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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28
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Jiménez-Arellanes A, Luna-Herrera J, Cornejo-Garrido J, López-García S, Castro-Mussot ME, Meckes-Fischer M, Mata-Espinosa D, Marquina B, Torres J, Hernández-Pando R. Ursolic and oleanolic acids as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory compounds for tuberculosis treatment. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:258. [PMID: 24098949 PMCID: PMC3853017 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New alternatives for the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed and medicinal plants represent a potential option. Chamaedora tepejilote and Lantana hispida are medicinal plants from Mexico and their hexanic extracts have shown antimycobacterial activity. Bioguided investigation of these extracts showed that the active compounds were ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA). METHODS The activity of UA and OA against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, four monoresistant strains, and two drug-resistant clinical isolates were determined by MABA test. The intracellular activity of UA and OA against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a MDR clinical isolate were evaluated in a macrophage cell line. Finally, the antitubercular activity of UA and OA was tested in BALB/c mice infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv or a MDR strain, by determining pulmonary bacilli loads, tissue damage by automated histomorphometry, and expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and iNOS by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The in vitro assay showed that the UA/OA mixture has synergistic activity. The intracellular activity of these compounds against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a MDR clinical isolate in a macrophage cell line showed that both compounds, alone and in combination, were active against intracellular mycobacteria even at low doses. Moreover, when both compounds were used to treat BALB/c mice with TB induced by H37Rv or MDR bacilli, a significant reduction of bacterial loads and pneumonia were observed compared to the control. Interestingly, animals treated with UA and OA showed a higher expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α in their lungs, than control animals. CONCLUSION UA and OA showed antimicrobial activity plus an immune-stimulatory effect that permitted the control of experimental pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Jiménez-Arellanes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ave Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México 06720 D.F, México
| | - Julieta Luna-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica II, Depto. Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340 D.F, México
| | - Jorge Cornejo-Garrido
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ave Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México 06720 D.F, México
| | - Sonia López-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica II, Depto. Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340 D.F, México
| | - María Eugenia Castro-Mussot
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica II, Depto. Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 11340 D.F, México
| | - Mariana Meckes-Fischer
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ave Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México 06720 D.F, México
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Secretaría de Salud, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14000 D.F, México
| | - Brenda Marquina
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Secretaría de Salud, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14000 D.F, México
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN Siglo XXI, IMSS, Ave Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México 06720 D.F, México
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Secretaría de Salud, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan 14000 D.F, México
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Research resources for tuberculosis at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:6-11. [PMID: 23385001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Global control of tuberculosis (TB) requires the participation of multiple stakeholders that cross the spectrum of biomedical research, product development, and implementation and operational research. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), plays a critical role in TB biomedical research and product development by directly supporting and leveraging other funding support strategies and providing research resources to facilitate the translation of knowledge about TB into strategies and tools to more effectively combat disease. The primary mission of NIAID is to support high quality, peer reviewed, investigator initiated research that contributes to innovation in infectious disease research. It is also within the mission of NIAID to assure that research findings are translated into vaccines, diagnostics, and drugs to better prevent, diagnose, and treat this devastating disease.
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A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of rifampin in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1763-71. [PMID: 23357766 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01567-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One problem associated with regimen-based development of antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs is the difficulty of a systematic and thorough in vivo evaluation of the large number of possible regimens that arise from consideration of multiple drugs tested together. A mathematical model capable of simulating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of experimental combination chemotherapy of TB offers a way to mitigate this problem by extending the use of available data to investigate regimens that are not initially tested. In order to increase the available mathematical tools needed to support such a model for preclinical anti-TB drug development, we constructed a preliminary whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rifampin in mice, using data from the literature. Interindividual variability was approximated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation with assigned probability distributions for the model parameters. An MC sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine correlations between model parameters and plasma concentration to inform future model development. Model predictions for rifampin concentrations in plasma, liver, kidneys, and lungs, following oral administration, were generally in agreement with published experimental data from multiple studies. Sensitive model parameters included those descriptive of oral absorption, total clearance, and partitioning of rifampin between blood and muscle. This PBPK model can serve as a starting point for the integration of rifampin pharmacokinetics in mice into a larger mathematical framework, including the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and pharmacokinetic models for other anti-TB drugs.
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31
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Franzblau SG, DeGroote MA, Cho SH, Andries K, Nuermberger E, Orme IM, Mdluli K, Angulo-Barturen I, Dick T, Dartois V, Lenaerts AJ. Comprehensive analysis of methods used for the evaluation of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:453-88. [PMID: 22940006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In drug development, there are typically a series of preclinical studies that must be completed with new compounds or regimens before use in humans. A sequence of in vitro assays followed by in vivo testing in validated animal models to assess the activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, pharmacology and toxicity is generally used for advancing compounds against tuberculosis in a preclinical stage. A plethora of different assay systems and conditions are used to study the effect of drug candidates on the growth of M. tuberculosis, making it difficult to compare data from one laboratory to another. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation recognized the scientific gap to delineate the spectrum of variables in experimental protocols, identify which of these are biologically significant, and converge towards a rationally derived standard set of optimized assays for evaluating compounds. The goals of this document are to recommend protocols and hence accelerate the process of TB drug discovery and testing. Data gathered from preclinical in vitro and in vivo assays during personal visits to laboratories and an electronic survey of methodologies sent to investigators is reported. Comments, opinions, experiences as well as final recommendations from those currently engaged in such preclinical studies for TB drug testing are being presented. Certain in vitro assays and mouse efficacy models were re-evaluated in the laboratory as head-to-head experiments and a summary is provided on the results obtained. It is our hope that this information will be a valuable resource for investigators in the field to move forward in an efficient way and that key variables of assays are included to ensure accuracy of results which can then be used for designing human clinical trials. This document then concludes with remaining questions and critical gaps that are in need of further validation and experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60621-7231, USA
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32
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Walter ND, Strong M, Belknap R, Ordway DJ, Daley CL, Chan ED. Translating basic science insight into public health action for multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Respirology 2012; 17:772-91. [PMID: 22458269 PMCID: PMC4540333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug (MDR)- and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) impose a heavy toll of human suffering and social costs. Controlling drug-resistant TB is a complex global public health challenge. Basic science advances including elucidation of the genetic basis of resistance have enabled development of new assays that are transforming the diagnosis of MDR-TB. Molecular epidemiological approaches have provided new insights into the natural history of TB with important implications for drug resistance. In the future, progress in understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain-specific human immune responses, integration of systems biology approaches with traditional epidemiology and insight into the biology of mycobacterial persistence have potential to be translated into new tools for diagnosis and treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB. We review recent basic sciences developments that have contributed or may contribute to improved public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Walter
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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33
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Blaser A, Palmer BD, Sutherland HS, Kmentova I, Franzblau SG, Wan B, Wang Y, Ma Z, Thompson AM, Denny WA. Structure-activity relationships for amide-, carbamate-, and urea-linked analogues of the tuberculosis drug (6S)-2-nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824). J Med Chem 2011; 55:312-26. [PMID: 22148391 DOI: 10.1021/jm2012276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of clinical tuberculosis drug (6S)-2-nitro-6-{[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine (PA-824), in which the OCH(2) linkage was replaced with amide, carbamate, and urea functionality, were investigated as an alternative approach to address oxidative metabolism, reduce lipophilicity, and improve aqueous solubility. Several soluble monoaryl examples displayed moderately improved (∼2- to 4-fold) potencies against replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis but were generally inferior inhibitors under anaerobic (nonreplicating) conditions. More lipophilic biaryl derivatives mostly displayed similar or reduced potencies to these in contrast to the parent biaryl series. The leading biaryl carbamate demonstrated exceptional metabolic stability and a 5-fold better efficacy than the parent drug in a mouse model of acute M. tuberculosis infection but was poorly soluble. Bioisosteric replacement of this biaryl moiety by arylpiperazine resulted in a soluble, orally bioavailable carbamate analogue providing identical activity in the acute model, comparable efficacy to OPC-67683 in a chronic infection model, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles across several species, and enhanced safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Blaser
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Importance of confirming data on the in vivo efficacy of novel antibacterial drug regimens against various strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:731-8. [PMID: 22143517 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05701-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical testing of antituberculosis drugs, laboratory-adapted strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are usually used both for in vitro and in vivo studies. However, it is unknown whether the heterogeneity of M. tuberculosis stocks used by various laboratories can result in different outcomes in tests of antituberculosis drug regimens in animal infection models. In head-to-head studies, we investigated whether bactericidal efficacy results in BALB/c mice infected by inhalation with the laboratory-adapted strains H37Rv and Erdman differ from each other and from those obtained with clinical tuberculosis strains. Treatment of mice consisted of dual and triple drug combinations of isoniazid (H), rifampin (R), and pyrazinamide (Z). The results showed that not all strains gave the same in vivo efficacy results for the drug combinations tested. Moreover, the ranking of HRZ and RZ efficacy results was not the same for the two H37Rv strains evaluated. The magnitude of this strain difference also varied between experiments, emphasizing the risk of drawing firm conclusions for human trials based on single animal studies. The results also confirmed that the antagonism seen within the standard HRZ regimen by some investigators appears to be an M. tuberculosis strain-specific phenomenon. In conclusion, the specific identity of M. tuberculosis strain used was found to be an important variable that can change the apparent outcome of in vivo efficacy studies in mice. We highly recommend confirmation of efficacy results in late preclinical testing against a different M. tuberculosis strain than the one used in the initial mouse efficacy study, thereby increasing confidence to advance potent drug regimens to clinical trials.
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Abstract
This unit describes the infection of mice and guinea pigs with mycobacteria via various routes, as well as necropsy methods for the determination of mycobacterial loads within target organs. Additionally, methods for cultivating mycobacteria and preparing stocks are described. The protocols outlined are primarily used for M. tuberculosis, but can also be used for the study of other non-tuberculosis mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane J Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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36
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Analogous mechanisms of resistance to benzothiazinones and dinitrobenzamides in Mycobacterium smegmatis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26675. [PMID: 22069462 PMCID: PMC3206020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of death worldwide. The selection and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant strains (XDR-TB) is a severe public health problem. Recently, two different classes of chemical series, the benzothiazinones (BTZ) and the dinitrobenzamide (DNB) derivatives have been found to be highly active against M. tuberculosis, including XDR-TB strains. The target of BTZs is DprE1 protein which works in concert with DprE2 to form the heteromeric decaprenylphosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2′-epimerase, involved in Decaprenyl-Phospho-Arabinose (DPA) biosynthesis. Interestingly, it has been shown that the DNBs block the same pathway thus suggesting that both drugs could share the same target. Moreover, in Mycobacterium smegmatis the overexpression of the NfnB nitroreductase led to the inactivation of the BTZs by reduction of a critical nitro-group to an amino-group. In this work several spontaneous M. smegmatis mutants resistant to DNBs were isolated. Sixteen mutants, showing high levels of DNB resistance, exhibited a mutation in the Cys394 of DprE1. Using fluorescence titration and mass spectrometry it has been possible to monitor the binding between DprE1 and DNBs, achieving direct evidence that MSMEG_6382 is the cellular target of DNBs in mycobacteria. Additionally, M. smegmatis mutants having low levels of resistance to DNBs harbor various mutations in MSMEG_6503 gene encoding the transcriptional repressor of the nitroreductase NfnB. By LC/MS2 analysis it has been demonstrated that NfnB is responsible for DNB inactivation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that both DNB and BTZ drugs share common resistance mechanisms in M. smegmatis.
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37
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MmpL3 is the cellular target of the antitubercular pyrrole derivative BM212. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:324-31. [PMID: 22024828 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05270-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1,5-diarylpyrrole derivative BM212 was previously shown to be active against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates and Mycobacterium tuberculosis residing within macrophages as well as against Mycobacterium avium and other atypical mycobacteria. To determine its mechanism of action, we identified the cellular target. Spontaneous Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and M. tuberculosis H37Rv mutants that were resistant to BM212 were isolated. By the screening of genomic libraries and by whole-genome sequencing, we found that all the characterized mutants showed mutations in the mmpL3 gene, allowing us to conclude that resistance to BM212 maps to the MmpL3 protein, a member of the MmpL (mycobacterial membrane protein, large) family. Susceptibility was unaffected by the efflux pump inhibitors reserpine, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, and verapamil. Uptake/efflux experiments with [(14)C]BM212 demonstrated that resistance is not driven by the efflux of BM212. Together, these data strongly suggest that the MmpL3 protein is the cellular target of BM212.
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38
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Shang S, Harton M, Tamayo MH, Shanley C, Palanisamy GS, Caraway M, Chan ED, Basaraba RJ, Orme IM, Ordway DJ. Increased Foxp3 expression in guinea pigs infected with W-Beijing strains of M. tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:378-85. [PMID: 21737349 PMCID: PMC3172339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that belong to the W-Beijing genotype of newly emerging strains are often of very high virulence when tested in small animal models, including the mouse and guinea pig. In this report we provide further evidence to support this contention, and show that two W-Beijing strains are of very high virulence when introduced by low dose aerosol into outbred guinea pigs. In addition to severe lung pathology, each of these infections was associated with large influxes of activated CD4 and CD8 T cells into the lungs. Large influxes of macrophages were also observed, but the fraction of these showing evidence of activation by Class-II expression was relatively low. A progressive increase in neutrophils was also seen, with highest levels accumulating in the lungs of the W-Beijing infected animals. In the case of these two infections mRNA levels for TH1 cytokines was elevated early, but these then declined, and were replaced by increasing levels of message encoding for Foxp3, IL-10, and TGFβ. These observations support the hypothesis that W-Beijing strains are potent inducers of regulatory T cells, and that this event may enhance survival and transmission of these bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Shang
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Marisa Harton
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Marcela Henao Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Crystal Shanley
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Gopinath S. Palanisamy
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Megan Caraway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Randall J. Basaraba
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Ian M. Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
| | - Diane J. Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
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39
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Minarini PR, de Souza AO, Soares EG, Barata LE, Silva CL, Bentley MVL. Antimycobacterial activity of 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone, a synthetic analogue of neolignan, entrapped in polymeric microparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:259-63. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.598535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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40
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Orme IM. Development of new vaccines and drugs for TB: limitations and potential strategic errors. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:161-77. [PMID: 21366417 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The concomitant HIV and TB epidemics pose an enormous threat to humanity. After invading the host Mycobacterium tuberculosis initially behaves as an intracellular pathogen, which elicits the emergence of acquired specific resistance in the form of a T-helper-1 T-cell response, and involves the secretion of a myriad of cytokines and chemokines to drive protective immunity and granuloma formation. However, after that, a second phase of the disease process involves survival of bacilli in an extracellular state that is still poorly understood. This article briefly reviews the various strategies currently being used to improve both vaccination and drug therapy of TB, and attempts to make the argument that current viewpoints that dominate [both the field and the current literature] may be seriously flawed. This includes both the choice of new vaccine and drug candidates, and also the ways these are being tested in animal models, which in the opinion of the author run the risk of driving the field backwards rather than forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, CO 80523, USA.
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41
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Rajalakshmi G, Devipriya B, Parameswari AR, Stephen AD, Kumaradhas P. Understanding the NN bond cleavage and the electrostatic properties of isoniazid drug molecule via theoretical charge density study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Jassal MS, Aldrovandi GM. 2050: Ending the odyssey of the great white plague. Part of a series on Pediatric Pharmacology, guest edited by Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, Emilio Clementi, and Massimo Molteni. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:176-9. [PMID: 21540112 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The United Nation's Millennium Development Goal of tuberculosis (TB) elimination by 2050 may be a realizable goal by concerting efforts of the numerous stakeholders involved in the development of novel antituberculous therapeutics. Improving pre-clinical models by the research community is one aspect of the drug development pipeline that will continue to require refinement. Better in vitro and animal models are needed to expand the chemical scaffolds of anti-TB agents. These constructs must be designed and utilized in a manner that is also pertinent to the pediatric population by addressing varying age-based drug metabolism rates. Novel technologies that utilize nanomedicine and genomic research may as well have a significant impact on future therapeutics; however, their development must acknowledge the key populations whose underlying disease pathology continues to drive the pandemic - both adults and children with latent TB, HIV/AIDS and diabetes. Challenging the long-standing orthodoxy of applying equivalent TB treatments for standard first line regimens among the adult and pediatric populations must also continue to be a major focus in future drug development strategies. Studies that include pediatric populations will require a greater variety of medication formulations, biomarkers that do not rely on sputum production and diagnostic technologies that are efficacious in paucibacillary disease. Significant programmatic barriers currently exist in key aspects of the described drug development pipeline, but strategic approaches can overcome these roadblocks - including the complex regulatory requirements involving the inclusion of children in drug trials. All such endeavors will require not only more focused research initiatives, but greater institutional support from the pharmaceutical industry, non-governmental organizations and national health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Jassal
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
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43
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Yano T, Kassovska-Bratinova S, Teh JS, Winkler J, Sullivan K, Isaacs A, Schechter NM, Rubin H. Reduction of clofazimine by mycobacterial type 2 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase: a pathway for the generation of bactericidal levels of reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10276-87. [PMID: 21193400 PMCID: PMC3060482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.200501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of action of clofazimine (CFZ), an antimycobacterial drug with a long history, is not well understood. The present study describes a redox cycling pathway that involves the enzymatic reduction of CFZ by NDH-2, the primary respiratory chain NADH:quinone oxidoreductase of mycobacteria and nonenzymatic oxidation of reduced CFZ by O(2) yielding CFZ and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This pathway was demonstrated using isolated membranes and purified recombinant NDH-2. The reduction and oxidation of CFZ was measured spectrally, and the production of ROS was measured using a coupled assay system with Amplex Red. Supporting the ROS-based killing mechanism, bacteria grown in the presence of antioxidants are more resistant to CFZ. CFZ-mediated increase in NADH oxidation and ROS production were not observed in membranes from three different Gram-negative bacteria but was observed in Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is consistent with the known antimicrobial specificity of CFZ. A more soluble analog of CFZ, KS6, was synthesized and was shown to have the same activities as CFZ. These studies describe a pathway for a continuous and high rate of reactive oxygen species production in Mycobacterium smegmatis treated with CFZ and a CFZ analog as well as evidence that cell death produced by these agents are related to the production of these radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Winkler
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kevin Sullivan
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Andre Isaacs
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Harvey Rubin
- From the Departments of Medicine
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, and
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44
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Hoff DR, Ryan GJ, Driver ER, Ssemakulu CC, De Groote MA, Basaraba RJ, Lenaerts AJ. Location of intra- and extracellular M. tuberculosis populations in lungs of mice and guinea pigs during disease progression and after drug treatment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17550. [PMID: 21445321 PMCID: PMC3061964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lengthy treatment regimen for tuberculosis is necessary to eradicate a small sub-population of M. tuberculosis that persists in certain host locations under drug pressure. Limited information is available on persisting bacilli and their location within the lung during disease progression and after drug treatment. Here we provide a comprehensive histopathological and microscopic evaluation to elucidate the location of bacterial populations in animal models for TB drug development.To detect bacilli in tissues, a new combination staining method was optimized using auramine O and rhodamine B for staining acid-fast bacilli, hematoxylin QS for staining tissue and DAPI for staining nuclei. Bacillary location was studied in three animal models used in-house for TB drug evaluations: C57BL/6 mice, immunocompromised GKO mice and guinea pigs. In both mouse models, the bacilli were found primarily intracellularly in inflammatory lesions at most stages of disease, except for late stage GKO mice, which showed significant necrosis and extracellular bacilli after 25 days of infection. This is also the time when hypoxia was initially visualized in GKO mice by 2-piminidazole. In guinea pigs, the majority of bacteria in lungs are extracellular organisms in necrotic lesions and only few, if any, were ever visualized in inflammatory lesions. Following drug treatment in mice a homogenous bacillary reduction across lung granulomas was observed, whereas in guinea pigs the remaining extracellular bacilli persisted in lesions with residual necrosis. In summary, differences in pathogenesis between animal models infected with M. tuberculosis result in various granulomatous lesion types, which affect the location, environment and state of bacilli. The majority of M. tuberculosis bacilli in an advanced disease state were found to be extracellular in necrotic lesions with an acellular rim of residual necrosis. Drug development should be designed to target this bacillary population and should evaluate drug regimens in the appropriate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Hoff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gavin J. Ryan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Driver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cornelius C. Ssemakulu
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), CSIR Biosciences,
Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mary A. De Groote
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Randall J. Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anne J. Lenaerts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Chandrasekhar S, Babu GSK, Mohapatra DK. Practical Syntheses of (2S)-R207910 and (2R)-R207910. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Lo Conte M, Marra A, Chambery A, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Dondoni A. Modular approach to triazole-linked 1,6-α-D-oligomannosides to the discovery of inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall synthetase. J Org Chem 2011; 75:6326-36. [PMID: 20822121 DOI: 10.1021/jo100928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at developing inhibitors of mannosyltransferases, the enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis of the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the synthesis of a range of designed triazole-linked 1,6-oligomannosides up to a hexadecamer has been accomplished by a modular approach centered on the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition as key process. The efficiency and fidelity of the cycloaddition are substantiated by high yields (76-96%) and exclusive formation of the expected 1,4-disubstituted triazole ring in all oligomer assembling reactions. Key features of oligomers thus prepared are the anomeric carbon-carbon bond of all mannoside residues and the 6-deoxymannoside capping residue. Suitable bioassays with dimer, tetramer, hexamer, octamer, decamer, and hexadecamer showed variable inhibitor activity against mycobacterial α-(1,6)-mannosyltransferases, the highest activity (IC(50) = 0.14-0.22 mM) being registered with the hexamannoside and octamannoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lo Conte
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Organica, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
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47
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Rosas-Taraco AG, Higgins DM, Sánchez-Campillo J, Lee EJ, Orme IM, González-Juarrero M. Local pulmonary immunotherapy with siRNA targeting TGFβ1 enhances antimicrobial capacity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 91:98-106. [PMID: 21195670 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate that it is possible to shift the immune system during a chronic infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TGFβ and IL10 cytokines inhibit the Th1 response during chronic pulmonary infection with M. tuberculosis. We show that intrapulmonary delivery of siRNA targeting TGFβ1 is able to reduce the pulmonary bacillary load in mice chronically infected with M. tuberculosis: an effect that appears to be partly dependent on IL10 expression. To demonstrate this, we induced gene silencing of tgfβ1 in the lungs of wild type and IL10 knockout mice using a non-invasive aerosolized intrapulmonary delivery of siRNA targeting TGFβ1. Five days after the last treatment with siRNA, the levels of tgfb1 transcripts and TGFβ1 protein were reduced when compared with control groups treated with RNase-free water or non-targeting siRNA. Mice treated with siRNA also had increased expression of the antimicrobial mediators (NO and iNOS) which effectively reduced the bacterial load by 0.17 and 0.47 log(10) in C57BL/6 and IL-10 KO mice respectively when compared with their respective control mice. More importantly, the bacterial load in siRNA treated IL-10 KO mice four weeks after the last treatment remained 0.32 log(10) lower than in control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian G Rosas-Taraco
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Comparative studies evaluating mouse models used for efficacy testing of experimental drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:1237-47. [PMID: 21135176 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00595-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methodologies for preclinical animal model testing of drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis vary from laboratory to laboratory; however, it is unknown if these variations result in different outcomes. Thus, a series of head-to-head comparisons of drug regimens in three commonly used mouse models (intravenous, a low-dose aerosol, and a high-dose aerosol infection model) and in two strains of mice are reported here. Treatment with standard tuberculosis (TB) drugs resulted in similar efficacies in two mouse species after a low-dose aerosol infection. When comparing the three different infection models, the efficacies in mice of rifampin and pyrazinamide were similar when administered with either isoniazid or moxifloxacin. Relapse studies revealed that the standard drug regimen showed a significantly higher relapse rate than the moxifloxacin-containing regimen. In fact, 4 months of the moxifloxacin-containing combination regimen showed similar relapse rates as 6 months of the standard regimen. The intravenous model showed slower bactericidal killing kinetics with the combination regimens tested and a higher relapse of infection than either aerosol infection models. All three models showed similar outcomes for in vivo efficacy and relapse of infection for the drug combinations tested, regardless of the mouse infection model used. Efficacy data for the drug combinations used also showed similar results, regardless of the formulation used for rifampin or timing of the drugs administered in combination. In all three infection models, the dual combination of rifampin and pyrazinamide was less sterilizing than the standard three-drug regimen, and therefore the results do not support the previously reported antagonism between standard TB agents.
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Abstract
Tools for effective TB control have been available for years. Case finding, active medications, case management and directly observed therapy are the foundations for the management of TB. The current TB epidemic, centered in resource-limited settings is fueled by the HIV-1 epidemic. Lack of ability to diagnose and treat drug-resistant TB has led to development of more extensive patterns of resistance. Among the currently available drugs, there is reason to hope that rifamycins paired with fluoroquinolones will lead to shorter treatment regimens for drug-susceptible TB. As the result of novel public-private collaborations and investments of resources, new drugs are being developed. These include TMC207, already shown to have activity early in the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB and others that are likely to be active against persistor organisms, and have the prospect to dramatically shorten treatment courses for active and latent TB. Given that these drugs have novel mechanisms of action, combinations have the prospect to be highly active even against multidrug-resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leibert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Activities of TMC207, rifampin, and pyrazinamide against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in guinea pigs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:124-31. [PMID: 20937788 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00978-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental compound TMC207 is showing promise against infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis both in a variety of animal studies and in the field. In this study, we used the guinea pig model, a species that shows several similarities to human tuberculosis, including the hallmark of primary granuloma necrosis, to determine the efficacy of a combination regimen combining TMC207 with rifampin and pyrazinamide. This drug regimen rapidly reduced the bacterial load in the lungs to undetectable levels by 8 weeks of treatment. This reduction was associated with a substantial improvement in lung pathology, but despite this effect areas of residual necrosis still remained. In the draining lymph nodes, however, tissue damage was rapid and not significantly reversed by the drug treatment. Approximately 10 to 11 months after the treatment had ended, the animals began to trigger a Karnovsky scale indicating bacterial regrowth and potential relapse, an event confirmed by the new development of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary granulomatous lesions. Interestingly, a similar rate of relapse was also seen in animals receiving 24 weeks of rifampin, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid standard chemotherapy. These data indicate that TMC207 could be a useful addition to current treatment regimens for tuberculosis.
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