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D'Amico D, Barone R, Di Felice V, Ances B, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. Chronic brain damage in HIV-infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy is associated with viral reservoirs, sulfatide release, and compromised cell-to-cell communication. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:116. [PMID: 37016051 PMCID: PMC11071786 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection has become a chronic and manageable disease due to the effective use of antiretroviral therapies (ART); however, several chronic aging-related comorbidities, including cognitive impairment, remain a major public health issue. However, these mechanisms are unknown. Here, we identified that glial and myeloid viral reservoirs are associated with local myelin damage and the release of several myelin components, including the lipid sulfatide. Soluble sulfatide compromised gap junctional communication and calcium wave coordination, essential for proper cognition. We propose that soluble sulfatide could be a potential biomarker and contributor to white matter compromise observed in HIV-infected individuals even in the current ART era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 11Th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Beau Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 11Th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 11Th Street, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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2
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Zhang X, Chen J. HIV Reservoir: How to Measure It? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:29-41. [PMID: 37004676 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSEOF REVIEW In the current quest for a complete cure for HIV/AIDS, the persistence of a long-lived reservoir of cells carrying replication-competent proviruses is the major challenge. Here, we describe the main elements and characteristics of several widely used assays of HIV latent reservoir detection. RECENT FINDINGS To date, researchers have developed several different HIV latent reservoir detection assays. Among them, the in vitro quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA) has been the gold standard for assessing latent HIV-1 viral load. The intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) based on PCR also demonstrated the predominance of defective viruses. However, these assays all have some drawbacks and may still be inadequate in detecting the presence of ultralow levels of latent virus in many patients who were initially thought to have been cured, but eventually showed viral rebound. An accurate and precise measurement of the HIV reservoir is therefore needed to evaluate curative strategies, aimed to functional cure or sterilizing cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Khetan P, Liu Y, Dhummakupt A, Persaud D. Advances in Pediatric HIV-1 Cure Therapies and Reservoir Assays. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122608. [PMID: 36560612 PMCID: PMC9787749 DOI: 10.3390/v14122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in the field of HIV-1 therapeutics to achieve antiretroviral treatment (ART)-free remission and cure for persons living with HIV-1 are being made with the advent of broadly neutralizing antibodies and very early ART in perinatal infection. The need for HIV-1 remission and cure arises due to the inability of ART to eradicate the major reservoir for HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells (the latent reservoir), and the strict adherence to lifelong treatment. To measure the efficacy of these cure interventions on reservoir size and to dissect reservoir dynamics, assays that are sensitive and specific to intact proviruses are critical. In this review, we provided a broad overview of some of the key interventions underway to purge the reservoir in adults living with HIV-1 and ones under study in pediatric populations to reduce and control the latent reservoir, primarily focusing on very early treatment in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodies. We also summarized assays currently in use to measure HIV-1 reservoirs and their feasibility and considerations for studies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Khetan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yufeng Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Adit Dhummakupt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-443-287-3735
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Donoso M, D’Amico D, Valdebenito S, Hernandez CA, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. Identification, Quantification, and Characterization of HIV-1 Reservoirs in the Human Brain. Cells 2022; 11:2379. [PMID: 35954221 PMCID: PMC9367788 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to cure HIV infection is the early generation and extended survival of HIV reservoirs in the circulation and tissues. Currently, the techniques used to detect and quantify HIV reservoirs are mostly based on blood-based assays; however, it has become evident that viral reservoirs remain in tissues. Our study describes a novel multi-component imaging method (HIV DNA, mRNA, and viral proteins in the same assay) to identify, quantify, and characterize viral reservoirs in tissues and blood products obtained from HIV-infected individuals even when systemic replication is undetectable. In the human brains of HIV-infected individuals under ART, we identified that microglia/macrophages and a small population of astrocytes are the main cells with integrated HIV DNA. Only half of the cells with integrated HIV DNA expressed viral mRNA, and one-third expressed viral proteins. Surprisingly, we identified residual HIV-p24, gp120, nef, vpr, and tat protein expression and accumulation in uninfected cells around HIV-infected cells suggesting local synthesis, secretion, and bystander uptake. In conclusion, our data show that ART reduces the size of the brain's HIV reservoirs; however, local/chronic viral protein secretion still occurs, indicating that the brain is still a major anatomical target to cure HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.D.); (D.D.); (S.V.); (C.A.H.); (B.P.)
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5
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Boateng AT, Abaidoo-Myles A, Bonney EY, Kyei GB. Isoform selective versus non-selective histone deacetylase inhibitors in HIV latency reversal. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:615-621. [PMID: 35778852 PMCID: PMC9419941 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2021.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV remains incurable due to the persistence of a latent viral reservoir found in HIV infected cells, primarily resting memory CD4+ T cells. Depletion of this reservoir may be the only way to end this deadly epidemic. In latency, the integrated proviral DNA of HIV is transcriptionally silenced partly due to the activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs). One strategy proposed to overcome this challenge, is the use of HDAC inhibitors as latency reversal agents to induce viral expression (shock) under the cover of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It is hoped that this will lead to elimination of the reservoir by immunologic and viral cytopathic (kill). However, there are 18 isoforms of HDACs leading to varying selectivity for HDAC inhibitors. Here we review HDAC inhibitors with emphasis on their selectivity for HIV latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Araba Abaidoo-Myles
- University of Ghana College of Health Sciences, 108322, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana;
| | - Evelyn Yayra Bonney
- University of Ghana College of Health Sciences, 108322, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana;
| | - George B Kyei
- University of Ghana College of Health Sciences, 108322, Virology, Off Akilakpa Sawyerr Road, Accra, Ghana;
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Bosch RJ, Gandhi RT, Mar H, Eron JJ, Cyktor JC, McMahon DK, Mellors JW. Associations Between Multiple Measures of HIV-1 Persistence in Persons on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:2163-2166. [PMID: 35137129 PMCID: PMC9200144 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical research to achieve antiretroviral therapy-free remission requires quantitative assays of the HIV-1 reservoir. Intact proviral DNA (IPD) measurement has greater throughput than the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA). In 25 individuals with well-documented long-term viral suppression, IPD levels and infectious units per million CD4+ T cells by QVOA strongly correlated (r = 0.59, P = .002), and IPD correlated with total cell-associated HIV-1 DNA and cell-associated HIV-1 RNA (r = 0.62 and r = 0.59, P ≤ .002). IPD may provide an accessible marker of inducible replication-competent virus, total numbers of infected cells, and cellular expression of HIV-1 RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanna Mar
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua C Cyktor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah K McMahon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Liang Y, Lin H, Dzakah EE, Tang S. Influence of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-1 Serological Responses and Their Implications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844023. [PMID: 35432309 PMCID: PMC9006953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze HIV-1 seroreversion caused by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and to explore antibody levels of anti-HIV-1 as an alternative biomarker of HIV-1 reservoir. We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to August 2021 for publications about the performance of HIV-1 serological assays or the association between antibody responses against HIV-1 and HIV-1 reservoirs. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by meta-regression analysis, including the year of publication, country, pretreatment viral load, sample size, the timing of treatment, time on cART, and principle or type of serological assay. Twenty-eight eligible studies with a total population of 1,883 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled frequency of HIV-1 seronegativity is 38.0% (95% CI: 28.0%–49.0%) among children with vertical HIV-1 infection and cART initiation at the age of less than 6 months, while the percentage of HIV-1 seronegativity declined to 1.0% (95% CI: 0%–3.0%) when cART was initiated at the age of >6 months. For adult patients, 16.0% (95% CI: 9.0%–24.0%) of them were serologically negative when cART was initiated at acute/early infection of HIV-1, but the seronegative reaction was rarely detected when cART was started at chronic HIV-1 infection. Substantial heterogeneity was observed among the studies to estimate the frequency of HIV-1 seronegativity in the early-cART population (I2 ≥ 70%, p < 0.05 and all), while mild heterogeneity existed for the deferred-cART subjects. Moreover, anti-HIV-1 antibody response positively correlates with HIV-1 reservoir size with a pooled rho of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.28–0.55), suggesting that anti-HIV antibody level may be a feasible biomarker of HIV-1 reservoir size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongqing Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Emmanuel Enoch Dzakah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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External quality assessment of HIV-1 DNA quantification assays used in the clinical setting in Italy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3291. [PMID: 35228581 PMCID: PMC8885833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTotal cell-associated HIV-1 DNA is a surrogate marker of the HIV-1 reservoir, however, certified systems for its quantification are not available. The Italian HIV DNA Network was launched to validate HIV-1 DNA quantification methods in use at University and Hospital labs. A quality control panel including HIV-1 DNA standards, reconstructed blood samples (RBSs) and DNA from different HIV-1 subtypes was blindly tested by 12 participating labs by quantitative real-time PCR (n = 6), droplet digital PCR (n = 3) or both (n = 3). The median 95% hit rate was 4.6 (3.7–5.5) copies per test and linearity in the tested range was excellent (R2 = 1.000 [1.000–1.000]). The median values obtained across labs were 3,370 (2,287–4,245), 445 (299–498), 59 (40–81) and 7 (6–11) HIV-1 DNA copies, for the 3,584, 448, 56 and 7-copy standards, respectively. With RBSs, measured values were within twofold with respect to the median in two thirds of cases. HIV-1 subtypes were missed (CRF01_AE by 3 labs) or underestimated by > 1 log (subtypes A, C, D, F by one lab; CRF01_AE by one lab; CRF02_AG by one lab). The overall performance was excellent with HIV-1 DNA standards, however detection of different HIV-1 subtypes must be improved.
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9
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Joussef-Piña S, Nankya I, Nalukwago S, Baseke J, Rwambuya S, Winner D, Kyeyune F, Chervenak K, Thiel B, Asaad R, Dobrowolski C, Luttge B, Lawley B, Kityo CM, Boom WH, Karn J, Quiñones-Mateu ME. Reduced and highly diverse peripheral HIV-1 reservoir in virally suppressed patients infected with non-B HIV-1 strains in Uganda. Retrovirology 2022; 19:1. [PMID: 35033105 PMCID: PMC8760765 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the peripheral human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir is strongly biased towards subtype B HIV-1 strains, with only limited information available from patients infected with non-B HIV-1 subtypes, which are the predominant viruses seen in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in Africa and Asia. RESULTS In this study, blood samples were obtained from well-suppressed ART-experienced HIV-1 patients monitored in Uganda (n = 62) or the U.S. (n = 50), with plasma HIV-1 loads < 50 copies/ml and CD4+ T-cell counts > 300 cells/ml. The peripheral HIV-1 reservoir, i.e., cell-associated HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA, was characterized using our novel deep sequencing-based EDITS assay. Ugandan patients were slightly younger (median age 43 vs 49 years) and had slightly lower CD4+ counts (508 vs 772 cells/ml) than U.S. individuals. All Ugandan patients were infected with non-B HIV-1 subtypes (31% A1, 64% D, or 5% C), while all U.S. individuals were infected with subtype B viruses. Unexpectedly, we observed a significantly larger peripheral inducible HIV-1 reservoir in U.S. patients compared to Ugandan individuals (48 vs. 11 cell equivalents/million cells, p < 0.0001). This divergence in reservoir size was verified measuring proviral DNA (206 vs. 88 cell equivalents/million cells, p < 0.0001). However, the peripheral HIV-1 reservoir was more diverse in Ugandan than in U.S. individuals (8.6 vs. 4.7 p-distance, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The smaller, but more diverse, peripheral HIV-1 reservoir in Ugandan patients might be associated with viral (e.g., non-B subtype with higher cytopathicity) and/or host (e.g., higher incidence of co-infections or co-morbidities leading to less clonal expansion) factors. This highlights the need to understand reservoir dynamics in diverse populations as part of ongoing efforts to find a functional cure for HIV-1 infection in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Joussef-Piña
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Immaculate Nankya
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sophie Nalukwago
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joy Baseke
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sandra Rwambuya
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dane Winner
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fred Kyeyune
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Keith Chervenak
- Departments of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bonnie Thiel
- Departments of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Asaad
- Departments of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Curtis Dobrowolski
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Luttge
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Blair Lawley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland Street, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cissy M Kityo
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - W Henry Boom
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
- Departments of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland Street, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
- Webster Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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10
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Quantification of Total HIV DNA as a Marker to Measure Viral Reservoir: Methods and Potential Implications for Clinical Practice. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010039. [PMID: 35054206 PMCID: PMC8774405 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is to examine the importance of quantifying total HIV DNA to target the HIV reservoir and the clinical implications and challenges involved in its future application in clinical practice. Despite intrinsic limitations, the quantification of total HIV DNA is currently the most widely used marker for exploring the HIV reservoir. As it allows estimating all forms of HIV DNA in the infected cells, total HIV DNA load is the biomarker of the HIV reservoir that provides most of the insights into HIV pathogenesis. The clinical role of total HIV-DNA in both untreated and treated patients is extensively supported by important lines of evidence. Thus, predictive models that include total HIV DNA load together with other variables could constitute a prognostic tool for use in clinical practice. To date, however, this marker has been primarily used in experimental evaluations. The main challenge is technical. Although the implementation of droplet digital PCR could improve analytical performance over real-time PCR, the lack of standardization has made cross-comparisons of the data difficult. An effort by investigators to compare protocols is needed. Furthermore, the main effort now should be to involve the biomedical industry in the development of certified assays for in vitro diagnostics use.
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11
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Caballero RE, Dong SXM, Gajanayaka N, Ali H, Cassol E, Cameron WD, Korneluk R, Tremblay MJ, Angel JB, Kumar A. Role of RIPK1 in SMAC mimetics-induced apoptosis in primary human HIV-infected macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22901. [PMID: 34824340 PMCID: PMC8617210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve as viral reservoirs due to their resistance to apoptosis and HIV-cytopathic effects. We have previously shown that inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) confer resistance to HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis in normal macrophages. Herein, we show that second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SM) induce apoptosis of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected in vitro with a R5-tropic laboratory strain expressing heat stable antigen, chronically infected U1 cells, and ex-vivo derived MDMs from HIV-infected individuals. To understand the mechanism governing SM-induced cell death, we show that SM-induced cell death of primary HIV-infected macrophages was independent of the acquisition of M1 phenotype following HIV infection of macrophages. Instead, SM-induced cell death was found to be mediated by IAPs as downregulation of IAPs by siRNAs induced cell death of HIV-infected macrophages. Moreover, HIV infection caused receptor interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) degradation which in concert with IAP1/2 downregulation following SM treatment may result in apoptosis of macrophages. Altogether, our results show that SM selectively induce apoptosis in primary human macrophages infected in vitro with HIV possibly through RIPK1. Moreover, modulation of the IAP pathways may be a potential strategy for selective killing of HIV-infected macrophages in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Edwin Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Simon Xin Min Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William D Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Korneluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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12
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de Alencar DM, Gonçalves J, Vieira A, Cerqueira SA, Sebastião C, Leitão MIPS, Francescato G, Antenori P, Soares H, Petronilho A. Development of Triazoles and Triazolium Salts Based on AZT and Their Anti-Viral Activity against HIV-1. Molecules 2021; 26:6720. [PMID: 34771129 PMCID: PMC8588071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a set of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) derivatives based on triazoles and triazolium salts for HIV-1 infection. The compounds were synthesized via click chemistry with Cu(I) and Ru(II) catalysts. Triazolium salts were synthesized by reaction with methyl iodide or methyl triflate in good yields. The antiviral activity of the compounds was tested using two methodologies: In method one the activity was measured on infected cells; in method two a pre-exposure prophylaxis experimental model was employed. For method one the activity of the compounds was moderate, and in general the triazolium salts showed a decreased activity in relation to their triazole precursors. With method two the antiviral activity was higher. All compounds were able to decrease the infection, with two compounds able to clear almost all the infection, while a lower antiviral activity was noted for the triazolium salts. These results suggest that these drugs could play an important role in the development of pre-exposure prophylaxis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Machado de Alencar
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Juliana Gonçalves
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Andreia Vieira
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Sofia A. Cerqueira
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Cruz Sebastião
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Maria Inês P. S. Leitão
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Giulia Francescato
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Paola Antenori
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
| | - Helena Soares
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.G.); (S.A.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Ana Petronilho
- ITQB-NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avd da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (D.M.d.A.); (A.V.); (M.I.P.S.L.); (G.F.); (P.A.)
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13
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Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. In Vivo Dynamics of the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1: New Insights and Implications for Cure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:271-294. [PMID: 34736342 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-050520-112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce viremia to below the limit of detection and allow persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) to lead relatively normal lives, viremia rebounds when treatment is interrupted. Rebound reflects viral persistence in a stable latent reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells. This reservoir is now recognized as the major barrier to cure and is the focus of intense international research efforts. Strategies to cure HIV-1 infection include interventions to eliminate this reservoir, to prevent viral rebound from the reservoir, or to enhance immune responses such that viral replication is effectively controlled. Here we consider recent developments in understanding the composition of the reservoir and how it can be measured in clinical studies. We also discuss exciting new insights into the in vivo dynamics of the reservoir and the reasons for its remarkable stability. Finally we discuss recent discoveries on the complex processes that govern viral rebound. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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14
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Mehta K, Gohil Y, Mishra S, D’silva A, Amanullah A, Selvam D, Pargain N, Nala N, Sanjeeva GN, Ranga U. An Improved Tat/Rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay With Enhanced Sensitivity and Breadth of Detection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715644. [PMID: 34421920 PMCID: PMC8375296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tat/Rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay (TILDA) is instrumental in estimating the size of latent reservoirs of HIV-1. Here, we report an optimized TILDA containing a broader detection range compared to the reported methods and high sensitivity. Giving priority to sequence conservation, we positioned the two forward primers and the probe in exon-1 of HIV-1. The reverse primers are positioned in highly conserved regions of exon-7. The optimized TILDA detected eight molecular clones belonging to five major genetic subtypes of HIV-1 with a comparable detection sensitivity. Using the optimized assay, we show that only a minor proportion of CD4+ T cells of primary clinical samples can spontaneously generate multiply spliced viral transcripts. A significantly larger proportion of the cells produced viral transcripts following activation. The optimized TILDA is suitable to characterize HIV-1 latent reservoirs and the therapeutic strategies intended to target the reservoir size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Mehta
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Yuvrajsinh Gohil
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Swarnima Mishra
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anish D’silva
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Afzal Amanullah
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Deepak Selvam
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Neelam Pargain
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Narendra Nala
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - G. N. Sanjeeva
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bengaluru, India
| | - Udaykumar Ranga
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
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15
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Analytical Treatment Interruption in HIV Trials: Statistical and Study Design Considerations. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:475-482. [PMID: 34213731 PMCID: PMC8251690 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Analytical treatment interruption (ATI) remains an essential component in clinical studies investigating novel agents or combination treatment strategies aiming to induce HIV treatment-free remission or long-term viral control. We provide an overview on key study design aspects of ATI trials from the perspective of statisticians. Recent Findings ATI trial designs have evolved towards shorter treatment interruption phases and more frequent viral load monitoring aiming to reduce prolonged viremia risks. Criteria for ART resumption have evolved as well. Common outcome measures in modern ATI trials include time to viral rebound, viral control, and viral set point. Summary Design of the ATI component in HIV clinical trials is driven by the scientific question and the mechanism of action of the intervention being investigated.
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16
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Bayón-Gil Á, Puertas MC, Urrea V, Bailón L, Morón-López S, Cobarsí P, Brander C, Mothe B, Martinez-Picado J. HIV-1 DNA decay dynamics in early treated individuals: practical considerations for clinical trial design. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2258-2263. [PMID: 32335675 PMCID: PMC7366202 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) soon after HIV-1 infection limits the establishment of viral reservoirs. Thus, early treated individuals are preferred candidates to evaluate novel viral remission strategies. However, their cART-dependent HIV-1 DNA decay dynamics are still poorly defined. This can hamper the design and interpretation of results from clinical trials intended to further reduce viral reservoirs. Objectives To clarify the duration of cART needed for the HIV-1 reservoir to be stabilized in early treated individuals. Methods We characterized the longitudinal decline of total HIV-1 DNA levels by droplet digital PCR in 21 individuals initiating cART within 6 months after estimated HIV-1 acquisition. Measurements were taken at cART initiation, after 6 months and annually until Year 4. Correlations between virological and clinical parameters were statistically analysed. Statistical modelling was performed applying a mixed-effects model. Results Total HIV-1 DNA experienced a median overall decrease of 1.43 log10 units (IQR = 1.17–1.69) throughout the 4 years of follow-up. Baseline levels for total HIV-1 DNA, viral load, absolute CD4+ T cell count and CD4+/CD8+ ratio correlate with final HIV-1 DNA measurements (R2 = 0.68, P < 0.001; R2 = 0.54, P = 0.012; R2 = −0.47, P = 0.031; and R2 = −0.59, P = 0.0046, respectively). Statistical modelling shows that after 2 years on cART the viral reservoir had reached a set point. Conclusions A waiting period of 2 years on cART should be considered when designing interventions aiming to impact latent HIV-1 reservoir levels and viral rebound kinetics after cART discontinuation, in order to facilitate interpretation of results and enhance the chance of viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lucía Bailón
- Fight AIDS Foundation (FLS), Infectious Disease Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Cobarsí
- Fight AIDS Foundation (FLS), Infectious Disease Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Aelix Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Fight AIDS Foundation (FLS), Infectious Disease Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Robust expansion of HIV CAR T cells following antigen boosting in ART-suppressed nonhuman primates. Blood 2021; 136:1722-1734. [PMID: 32614969 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting CD19+ hematologic malignancies have rapidly emerged as a promising, novel therapy. In contrast, results from the few CAR T-cell studies for infectious diseases such as HIV-1 have been less convincing. These challenges are likely due to the low level of antigen present in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed patients in contrast to those with hematologic malignancies. Using our well-established nonhuman primate model of ART-suppressed HIV-1 infection, we tested strategies to overcome these limitations and challenges. We first optimized CAR T-cell production to maintain central memory subsets, consistent with current clinical paradigms. We hypothesized that additional exogenous antigen might be required in an ART-suppressed setting to aid expansion and persistence of CAR T cells. Thus, we studied 4 simian/HIV-infected, ART-suppressed rhesus macaques infused with virus-specific CD4CAR T cells, followed by supplemental infusion of cell-associated HIV-1 envelope (Env). Env boosting led to significant and unprecedented expansion of virus-specific CAR+ T cells in vivo; after ART treatment interruption, viral rebound was significantly delayed compared with controls (P = .014). In 2 animals with declining CAR T cells, rhesusized anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody was administered to reverse PD-1-dependent immune exhaustion. Immune checkpoint blockade triggered expansion of exhausted CAR T cells and concordantly lowered viral loads to undetectable levels. These results show that supplemental cell-associated antigen enables robust expansion of CAR T cells in an antigen-sparse environment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show expansion of virus-specific CAR T cells in infected, suppressed hosts, and delay/control of viral recrudescence.
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18
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Abstract
Lipids are biologically active molecules involved in a variety of cellular processes and immunological functions, including inflammation. It was recently shown that phospholipids and their derivatives, lysophospholipids, can reactivate latent (dormant) tumor cells, causing cancer recurrence. However, the potential link between lipids and HIV latency, persistence, and viral rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has never been investigated. We explored the links between plasma lipids and the burden of HIV during ART. We profiled the circulating lipidome from plasma samples from 24 chronically HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART who subsequently underwent an analytic treatment interruption (ATI) without concurrent immunotherapies. The pre-ATI viral burden was estimated as time-to-viral-rebound and viral load set points post-ATI. We found that higher pre-ATI levels of lysophospholipids, including the proinflammatory lysophosphatidylcholine, were associated with faster time-to-viral-rebound and higher viral set points upon ART cessation. Furthermore, higher pre-ATI levels of the proinflammatory by-product of intestinal lysophosphatidylcholine metabolism, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), were also linked to faster viral rebound post-ART. Finally, pre-ATI levels of several phosphatidylcholine species (lysophosphatidylcholine precursors) correlated strongly with higher pre-ATI levels of HIV DNA in peripheral CD4+ T cells. Our proof-of-concept data point to phospholipids and lysophospholipids as plausible proinflammatory contributors to HIV persistence and rapid post-ART HIV rebound. The potential interplay between phospholipid metabolism and both the establishment and maintenance of HIV latent reservoirs during and after ART warrants further investigation.
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19
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Human TRIM5α: Autophagy Connects Cell-Intrinsic HIV-1 Restriction and Innate Immune Sensor Functioning. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020320. [PMID: 33669846 PMCID: PMC7923229 DOI: 10.3390/v13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) persists as a global health concern, with an incidence rate of approximately 2 million, and estimated global prevalence of over 35 million. Combination antiretroviral treatment is highly effective, but HIV-1 patients that have been treated still suffer from chronic inflammation and residual viral replication. It is therefore paramount to identify therapeutically efficacious strategies to eradicate viral reservoirs and ultimately develop a cure for HIV-1. It has been long accepted that the restriction factor tripartite motif protein 5 isoform alpha (TRIM5α) restricts HIV-1 infection in a species-specific manner, with rhesus macaque TRIM5α strongly restricting HIV-1, and human TRIM5α having a minimal restriction capacity. However, several recent studies underscore human TRIM5α as a cell-dependent HIV-1 restriction factor. Here, we present an overview of the latest research on human TRIM5α and propose a novel conceptualization of TRIM5α as a restriction factor with a varied portfolio of antiviral functions, including mediating HIV-1 degradation through autophagy- and proteasome-mediated mechanisms, and acting as a viral sensor and effector of antiviral signaling. We have also expanded on the protective antiviral roles of autophagy and outline the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulation to intervene in chronic HIV-1 infection.
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20
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Gandhi RT, Cyktor JC, Bosch RJ, Mar H, Laird GM, Martin A, Collier AC, Riddler SA, Macatangay BJ, Rinaldo CR, Eron JJ, Siliciano JD, McMahon DK, Mellors JW. Selective Decay of Intact HIV-1 Proviral DNA on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:225-233. [PMID: 32823274 PMCID: PMC7857155 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 proviruses persist in people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) but most are defective and do not constitute a replication-competent reservoir. The decay of infected cells carrying intact compared with defective HIV-1 proviruses has not been well defined in people on ART. METHODS We separately quantified intact and defective proviruses, residual plasma viremia, and markers of inflammation and activation in people on long-term ART. RESULTS Among 40 participants tested longitudinally from a median of 7.1 years to 12 years after ART initiation, intact provirus levels declined significantly over time (median half-life, 7.1 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9-18), whereas defective provirus levels did not decrease. The median half-life of total HIV-1 DNA was 41.6 years (95% CI, 13.6-75). The proportion of all proviruses that were intact diminished over time on ART, from about 10% at the first on-ART time point to about 5% at the last. Intact provirus levels on ART correlated with total HIV-1 DNA and residual plasma viremia, but there was no evidence for associations between intact provirus levels and inflammation or immune activation. CONCLUSIONS Cells containing intact, replication-competent proviruses are selectively lost during suppressive ART. Defining the mechanisms involved should inform strategies to accelerate HIV-1 reservoir depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh T Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua C Cyktor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanna Mar
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Ann C Collier
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sharon A Riddler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard J Macatangay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah K McMahon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Bitnun A, Ransy DG, Brophy J, Kakkar F, Hawkes M, Samson L, Annabi B, Pagliuzza A, Morand JA, Sauve L, Chomont N, Lavoie S, Kim J, Sandstrom P, Wender PA, Lee T, Singer J, Read SE, Soudeyns H. Clinical Correlates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) DNA and Inducible HIV-1 RNA Reservoirs in Peripheral Blood in Children With Perinatally Acquired HIV-1 Infection With Sustained Virologic Suppression for at Least 5 Years. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:859-866. [PMID: 30919879 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Early Pediatric Initiation Canada Child Cure Cohort (EPIC4) study is a prospective, multicenter, Canadian cohort study investigating human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) reservoirs, chronic inflammation, and immune responses in children with perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection. The focus of this report is HIV-1 reservoirs and correlates in the peripheral blood of children who achieved sustained virologic suppression (SVS) for ≥5 years. METHODS HIV-1 reservoirs were determined by measuring HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and inducible cell-free HIV-1 RNA in CD4+ T-cells by a prostratin analogue stimulation assay. HIV serology was quantified by signal-to-cutoff ratio (S/CO). RESULTS Of 228 enrolled participants, 69 achieved SVS for ≥5 years. HIV-1 DNA, inducible cell-free HIV-1 RNA, and S/COs correlated directly with the age of effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation (P < .001, P = .036, and P < .001, respectively) and age when SVS was achieved (P = .002, P = .038, and P < .001, respectively) and inversely with the proportion of life spent on effective cART (P < .001, P = .01, and P < .001, respectively) and proportion of life spent with SVS (P < .001, P = .079, and P < .001, respectively). Inducible cell-free HIV-1 RNA correlated with HIV-1 DNA, most particularly in children with SVS, without virologic blips, that was achieved with the first cART regimen initiated prior to 6 months of age (rho = 0.74; P = .037) or later (rho = 0.87; P < .001). S/COs correlated with HIV-1 DNA (P = .003), but less so with inducible cell-free HIV-1 RNA (P = .09). CONCLUSIONS The prostratin analogue stimulation assay, with its lower blood volume requirement, could be a valuable method for evaluating inducible HIV-1 reservoirs in children. Standard commercial HIV serology may be a practical initial indirect measure of reservoir size in the peripheral blood of children with perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Bitnun
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario
| | - Doris G Ransy
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Jason Brophy
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Fatima Kakkar
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Quebec
| | - Michael Hawkes
- Department of Pediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton
| | - Lindy Samson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Bayader Annabi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Université de Montréal, Quebec
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Quebec
| | - Jacob-Adams Morand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Université de Montréal, Quebec
| | - Laura Sauve
- Oak Tree Clinic, Women's Hospital and Health Centre of British Columbia, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Université de Montréal, Quebec.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Quebec
| | - Stephanie Lavoie
- National Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) & Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - John Kim
- National Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) & Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paul Sandstrom
- National Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) & Retrovirology Laboratories, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, California
| | - Terry Lee
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Joel Singer
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, British Columbia.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stanley E Read
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario
| | - Hugo Soudeyns
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Université de Montréal, Quebec
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22
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Thorball CW, Borghesi A, Bachmann N, Von Siebenthal C, Vongrad V, Turk T, Neumann K, Beerenwinkel N, Bogojeska J, Roth V, Kok YL, Parbhoo S, Wieser M, Böni J, Perreau M, Klimkait T, Yerly S, Battegay M, Rauch A, Schmid P, Bernasconi E, Cavassini M, Kouyos RD, Günthard HF, Metzner KJ, Fellay J. Host Genomics of the HIV-1 Reservoir Size and Its Decay Rate During Suppressive Antiretroviral Treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 85:517-524. [PMID: 33136754 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary hurdle for the eradication of HIV-1 is the establishment of a latent viral reservoir early after primary infection. Here, we investigated the potential influence of human genetic variation on the HIV-1 reservoir size and its decay rate during suppressive antiretroviral treatment. SETTING Genome-wide association study and exome sequencing study to look for host genetic determinants of HIV-1 reservoir measurements in patients enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, a nation-wide prospective observational study. METHODS We measured total HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from study participants, as a proxy for the reservoir size at 3 time points over a median of 5.4 years, and searched for associations between human genetic variation and 2 phenotypic readouts: the reservoir size at the first time point and its decay rate over the study period. We assessed the contribution of common genetic variants using genome-wide genotyping data from 797 patients with European ancestry enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and searched for a potential impact of rare variants and exonic copy number variants using exome sequencing data generated in a subset of 194 study participants. RESULTS Genome-wide and exome-wide analyses did not reveal any significant association with the size of the HIV-1 reservoir or its decay rate on suppressive antiretroviral treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results point to a limited influence of human genetics on the size of the HIV-1 reservoir and its long-term dynamics in successfully treated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Thorball
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Borghesi
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nadine Bachmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Von Siebenthal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Vongrad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teja Turk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Neumann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Volker Roth
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yik Lim Kok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonali Parbhoo
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mario Wieser
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Division Infection Diagnostics, Department Biomedicine-Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Infectious Diseases Service, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin J Metzner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Mining for humoral correlates of HIV control and latent reservoir size. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008868. [PMID: 33048992 PMCID: PMC7553335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has effectively revolutionized HIV care, the virus is never fully eliminated. Instead, immune dysfunction, driven by persistent non-specific immune activation, ensues and progressively leads to premature immunologic aging. Current biomarkers monitoring immunologic changes encompass generic inflammatory biomarkers, that may also change with other infections or disease states, precluding the antigen-specific monitoring of HIV-infection associated changes in disease. Given our growing appreciation of the significant changes in qualitative and quantitative properties of disease-specific antibodies in HIV infection, we used a systems approach to explore humoral profiles associated with HIV control. We found that HIV-specific antibody profiles diverge by spontaneous control of HIV, treatment status, viral load and reservoir size. Specifically, HIV-specific antibody profiles representative of changes in viral load were largely quantitative, reflected by differential HIV-specific antibody levels and Fc-receptor binding. Conversely, HIV-specific antibody features that tracked with reservoir size exhibited a combination of quantitative and qualitative changes marked by more distinct subclass selection profiles and unique HIV-specific Fc-glycans. Our analyses suggest that HIV-specific antibody Fc-profiles provide antigen-specific resolution on both cell free and cell-associated viral loads, pointing to potentially novel biomarkers to monitor reservoir activity. Current combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens have reversed the death sentence once associated with an HIV diagnosis. However, the virus is never fully eliminated. Rather, latently infected cells with integrated virus (latent reservoir) persist and the virus rebounds rapidly upon discontinuation of therapy. Further, even for those on ART, immune dysfunction, driven by persistent non-specific immune activation, ensues and progressively leads to premature immunologic aging. Current biomarkers monitoring these changes are non-specific–they focus on generic inflammatory changes that may also track with other infections or disease states. In this manuscript, we used an unbiased analytical systems approach to identify antigen-specific biomarkers of HIV disease state/treatment status, active viremia and the latent reservoir. By virtue of them being antigen-specific, these are robust context-specific biomarkers of HIV disease progression, viremia and reservoir size. Our framework highlights the strength of using systems approaches in identifying humoral biomarkers, and can be used in other contexts to identify antigen-specific correlates of infectious disease outcome.
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24
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Planas D, Fert A, Zhang Y, Goulet JP, Richard J, Finzi A, Ruiz MJ, Marchand LR, Chatterjee D, Chen H, Wiche Salinas TR, Gosselin A, Cohen EA, Routy JP, Chomont N, Ancuta P. Pharmacological Inhibition of PPARy Boosts HIV Reactivation and Th17 Effector Functions, While Preventing Progeny Virion Release and de novo Infection. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:177-239. [PMID: 33089034 PMCID: PMC7556414 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency and functions of Th17-polarized
CCR6+RORyt+CD4+ T cells are rapidly
compromised upon HIV infection and are not restored with long-term viral
suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). In line with this, Th17 cells
represent selective HIV-1 infection targets mainly at mucosal sites, with
long-lived Th17 subsets carrying replication-competent HIV-DNA during ART.
Therefore, novel Th17-specific therapeutic interventions are needed as a
supplement of ART to reach the goal of HIV remission/cure. Th17 cells express
high levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
(PPARy), which acts as a transcriptional repressor of the HIV provirus and the
rorc gene, which encodes for the Th17-specific master
regulator RORyt. Thus, we hypothesized that the pharmacological inhibition of
PPARy will facilitate HIV reservoir reactivation while enhancing Th17 effector
functions. Consistent with this prediction, the PPARy antagonist T0070907
significantly increased HIV transcription (cell-associated HIV-RNA) and
RORyt-mediated Th17 effector functions (IL-17A). Unexpectedly, the PPARy
antagonism limited HIV outgrowth from cells of ART-treated people living with
HIV (PLWH), as well as HIV replication in vitro.
Mechanistically, PPARy inhibition in CCR6+CD4+ T cells
induced the upregulation of transcripts linked to Th17-polarisation (RORyt,
STAT3, BCL6 IL-17A/F, IL-21) and HIV transcription (NCOA1-3, CDK9, HTATIP2).
Interestingly, several transcripts involved in HIV-restriction were upregulated
(Caveolin-1, TRIM22, TRIM5α, BST2, miR-29), whereas HIV permissiveness
transcripts were downregulated (CCR5, furin), consistent with the decrease in
HIV outgrowth/replication. Finally, PPARy inhibition increased intracellular
HIV-p24 expression and prevented BST-2 downregulation on infected T cells,
suggesting that progeny virion release is restricted by BST-2-dependent
mechanisms. These results provide a strong rationale for considering PPARy
antagonism as a novel strategy for HIV-reservoir purging and restoring
Th17-mediated mucosal immunity in ART-treated PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Augustine Fert
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Julia Ruiz
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Debashree Chatterjee
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Huicheng Chen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric A Cohen
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service; Division of Hematology; McGill University Health Centre-Glen site; Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie; Faculté de médecine; Université de Montréal; Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUM; Montréal, Québec, Canada
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25
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Olwenyi OA, Acharya A, Routhu NK, Pierzchalski K, Jones JW, Kane MA, Sidell N, Mohan M, Byrareddy SN. Retinoic Acid Improves the Recovery of Replication-Competent Virus from Latent SIV Infected Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E2076. [PMID: 32932813 PMCID: PMC7565696 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate estimation and eradication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) viral reservoirs is limited by the incomplete reactivation of cells harboring the latent replication-competent virus. We investigated whether the in vitro and in vivo addition of retinoic acid (RA) enhances virus replication and improves the detection of latent virus. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from naive and anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-treated SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) were cultured in vitro with anti-CD3/CD28 + IL-2 in the presence/absence of RA. Viral RNA and p27 levels were quantified using RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Viral reservoirs were estimated using the Tat/Rev-Induced Limited Dilution Assay (TILDA) and Quantitative Viral Outgrowth Assay (QVOA). In vitro and in vivo measures revealed that there was also an increase in viral replication in RA-treated versus without RA conditions. In parallel, the addition of RA to either CD3/CD28 or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin during QVOA and TILDA, respectively, was shown to augment reactivation of the replication-competent viral reservoir in anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed RMs as shown by a greater than 2.3-fold increase for QVOA and 1 to 2-fold increments for multi-spliced RNA per million CD4+ T cells. The use of RA can be a useful approach to enhance the efficiency of current protocols used for in vitro and potentially in vivo estimates of CD4+ T cell latent reservoirs. In addition, flow cytometry analysis revealed that RA improved estimates of various viral reservoir assays by eliciting broad CD4 T-cell activation as demonstrated by elevated CD25 and CD38 but reduced CD69 and PD-1 expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omalla A. Olwenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
| | - Nanda Kishore Routhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.P.); (J.W.J.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Jace W. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.P.); (J.W.J.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.P.); (J.W.J.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Neil Sidell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA; (O.A.O.); (A.A.); (N.K.R.)
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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26
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Delagreverie HM, Grude M, Lambert-Niclot S, Nere ML, Jadand C, Leport C, Raffi F, Ghislain M, Goujard C, Meyer L, Calvez V, Katlama C, Flandre P, Barin F, Delaugerre C. Anti-gp41 antibody levels reflect HIV viral suppression and cellular reservoir in long-term antiretroviral-treated trial participants. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:1389-1394. [PMID: 30690509 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major challenge to HIV cure strategies is the quantification of persistent reactivation-prone virus in people living with HIV. OBJECTIVES To determine whether anti-gp41 antibody levels correlate with viral suppression and HIV-1 DNA levels in patients on ART. METHODS Participants with plasma HIV-1 RNA below 50 copies/mL for >12 months were included from three ANRS cohorts (COPANA, MONOI and APROCO). Antibody levels to gp41 were measured by a low-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunoassay. Correlations with patient and virus characteristics, plasma HIV-1 RNA load (standard and ultrasensitive tests) and cell-associated HIV-1 DNA were assessed. RESULTS Median age was 41 years and 77.5% of the 683 participants were men. Median CD4+ T cell count was 582 cells/mm3 and median viral suppression duration was 6.6 years (IQR 2.0-9.5). The overall median anti-gp41 antibody titre was 1.3 (IQR 0.6-1.9); median HIV-1 DNA level was 2.6 (IQR 2.1-3.0) log10 copies/106 leucocytes; and HIV-1 RNA was undetectable in 56% of samples. A lower titre of anti-gp41 antibodies correlated with male gender, longer viral suppression and lower HIV-1 DNA burden. Sustained undetectable HIV-1 RNA was associated with lower anti-gp41 levels [median 1.1 (IQR 0.5-1.6) versus 1.4 (IQR 0.7-1.9), P = 0.009]. CONCLUSIONS Anti-gp41 levels decreased with the duration of antiviral suppression on ART. Lower titres were associated with lower HIV-1 DNA levels and longer duration of viral suppression, reflecting minimal antigen stimulation. Anti-gp41 antibody titration may be a useful biomarker reflecting long-term HIV-1 suppression on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse M Delagreverie
- Laboratoire de Virologie, EA 2211, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U944, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Grude
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM U1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Sidonie Lambert-Niclot
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM U1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Nere
- Laboratoire de Virologie, EA 2211, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | | | - François Raffi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses and INSERM CIC 1413, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mathilde Ghislain
- INSERM U1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Population, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- INSERM U1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Population, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service de Médecine interne, Hôpital Bicêtre, APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- INSERM U1018, Centre de recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Population, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Hôpital Bicêtre, APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM U1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Christine Katlama
- Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Flandre
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM U1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Francis Barin
- Laboratoire de Virologie and Centre National de Référence du VIH, CHU de Tours, INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- Laboratoire de Virologie, EA 2211, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France.,INSERM U944, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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27
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In Situ Detection of Endogenous HIV Activation by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization NMR and Flow Cytometry. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134649. [PMID: 32629894 PMCID: PMC7369949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time in-cell dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in conjunction with flow cytometry sorting to address the cellular heterogeneity of in-cell samples. Utilizing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter of HIV reactivation, we correlate increased 15N resonance intensity with cytokine-driven HIV reactivation in a human cell line model of HIV latency. As few as 10% GFP+ cells could be detected by DNP nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The inclusion of flow cytometric sorting of GFP+ cells prior to analysis by DNP-NMR further boosted signal detection through increased cellular homogeneity with respect to GFP expression. As few as 3.6 million 15N-labeled GFP+ cells could be readily detected with DNP-NMR. Importantly, cell sorting allowed for the comparison of cytokine-treated GFP+ and GFP- cells in a batch-consistent way. This provides an avenue for normalizing NMR spectral contributions from background cellular processes following treatment with cellular modulators. We also demonstrate the remarkable stability of AMUPol (a nitroxide biradical) in Jurkat T cells and achieved in-cell enhancements of 46 with 10 mM AMUPol, providing an excellent model system for further in-cell DNP-NMR studies. This represents an important contribution to improving in-cell methods for the study of endogenously expressed proteins by DNP-NMR.
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28
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Curreli F, Ahmed S, Victor SMB, Debnath AK. Identification of Combinations of Protein Kinase C Activators and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors That Potently Reactivate Latent HIV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060609. [PMID: 32503121 PMCID: PMC7354613 DOI: 10.3390/v12060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is successful in maintaining undetectable levels of HIV in the blood; however, the persistence of latent HIV reservoirs has become the major barrier for a HIV cure. Substantial efforts are underway in finding the best latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to purge the latent viruses from the reservoirs. We hypothesize that identifying the right combination of LRAs will be the key to accomplishing that goal. In this study, we evaluated the effect of combinations of three protein kinase C activators (prostratin, (-)-indolactam V, and TPPB) with four histone deacetylase inhibitors (AR-42, PCI-24781, givinostat, and belinostat) on reversing HIV latency in different cell lines including in a primary CD4+ T-cell model. Combinations including indolactam and TPPB with AR-42 and PCI produced a strong synergistic effect in reactivating latent virus as indicated by higher p24 production and envelope gp120 expression. Furthermore, treatment with TPPB and indolactam greatly downregulated the cellular receptor CD4. Indolactam/AR-42 combination emerged from this study as the best combination that showed a strong synergistic effect in reactivating latent virus. Although AR-42 alone did not downregulate CD4 expression, indolactam/AR-42 showed the most efficient downregulation. Our results suggest that indolactam/AR-42 is the most effective combination, showing a strong synergistic effect in reversing HIV latency combined with the most efficient CD4 downregulation.
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29
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Monel B, McKeon A, Lamothe-Molina P, Jani P, Boucau J, Pacheco Y, Jones RB, Le Gall S, Walker BD. HIV Controllers Exhibit Effective CD8 + T Cell Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Non-activated CD4 + T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:142-153.e4. [PMID: 30943397 PMCID: PMC6449512 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Even with sustained antiretroviral therapy, resting CD4+ T cells remain a persistent reservoir of HIV infection, representing a critical barrier to curing HIV. Here, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cells recognize infected, non-activated CD4+ T cells in the absence of de novo protein production, as measured by immune synapse formation, degranulation, cytokine production, and killing of infected cells. Immune recognition is induced by HLA-I presentation of peptides derived from incoming viral particles, and recognition occurred either following cell-free virus infection or following cell-to-cell spread. CD8+ T cells from HIV controllers mediate more effective immune recognition than CD8+ T cells from progressors. These results indicate that non-activated HIV-infected CD4+ T cells can be targeted by CD8+ T cells directly after HIV entry, before reverse transcription, and thus before the establishment of latency, and suggest a mechanism whereby the immune response may reduce the size of the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Monel
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Annmarie McKeon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pedro Lamothe-Molina
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Priya Jani
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yovana Pacheco
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - R Brad Jones
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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30
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Zhang Y, Planas D, Raymond Marchand L, Massanella M, Chen H, Wacleche VS, Gosselin A, Goulet JP, Filion M, Routy JP, Chomont N, Ancuta P. Improving HIV Outgrowth by Optimizing Cell-Culture Conditions and Supplementing With all-trans Retinoic Acid. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:902. [PMID: 32499767 PMCID: PMC7243435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of replication-competent HIV reservoirs in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a barrier to cure. Therefore, their accurate quantification is essential for evaluating the efficacy of new therapeutic interventions and orienting the decision to interrupt ART. Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOAs) represent the "gold standard" for measuring the size of replication-competent HIV reservoirs. However, they require large numbers of cells and are technically challenging. This justifies the need for the development of novel simplified methods adapted for small biological samples. Herein, we sought to simplify the viral outgrowth procedure (VOP) by (i) using memory CD4+ T-cells, documented to be enriched in HIV reservoirs (ii) optimizing cell-culture conditions, and (iii) supplementing with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a positive regulator of HIV replication. Memory CD4+ T-cells were sorted from the peripheral blood of ART-treated (HIV+ART; n = 14) and untreated (HIV+; n = 5) PLWH. The VOP was first performed with one original replicate of 1 × 106 cells/well in 48-well plates. Cells were stimulated via CD3/CD28 for 3 days, washed to remove residual CD3/CD28 Abs, split every 3 days for optimal cell density, and cultured in the presence or the absence of ATRA for 12 days. Soluble and intracellular HIV-p24 levels were quantified by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. Optimal cell-culture density achieved by splitting improved HIV outgrowth detection. ATRA promoted superior/accelerated detection of replication-competent HIV in all HIV+ART individuals tested, including those with low/undetectable viral outgrowth in the absence of ATRA. Finally, this VOP was used to design a simplified ATRA-based QVOA by including 4 and 6 original replicates of 1 × 106 cells/well in 48-well plates and 2 × 105 cells/well in 96-well plates, respectively. Consistently, the number of infectious units per million cells (IUPM) was significantly increased in the presence of ATRA. In conclusion, we demonstrate that memory CD4+ T-cell splitting for optimal density in culture and ATRA supplementation significantly improved the efficacy of HIV outgrowth in a simplified ATRA-based QVOA performed in the absence of feeder/target cells or indicator cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Delphine Planas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Marta Massanella
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Huicheng Chen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa Sue Wacleche
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Chomont
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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31
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Palma P, McManus M, Cotugno N, Rocca S, Rossi P, Luzuriaga K. The HIV-1 antibody response: a footprint of the viral reservoir in children vertically infected with HIV. Lancet HIV 2020; 7:e359-e365. [PMID: 32386722 PMCID: PMC7593885 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several assays have been developed to measure and characterise the replication-competent HIV-1 reservoir, which constitutes the barrier to cure. To date, the application of these assays to studies in children and in limited-resource settings has been minimal, primarily because of their expense, the large required blood volumes, and labour-intensive technologies. For children vertically infected with HIV-1 who initiated suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens in infancy, HIV-1-specific antibody concentrations are associated with viral persistence and could be used to estimate the size of the residual latent reservoir on ART. This strategy could be particularly useful for screening children on suppressive ART for enrolment into therapeutic vaccine trials and other protocols aimed at achieving HIV-1 remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Palma
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Perinatal Infections, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Margaret McManus
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Perinatal Infections, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rocca
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Perinatal Infections, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Perinatal Infections, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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32
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Thomas J, Ruggiero A, Paxton WA, Pollakis G. Measuring the Success of HIV-1 Cure Strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:134. [PMID: 32318356 PMCID: PMC7154081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 eradication strategies aim to achieve viral remission in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The development of an HIV-1 cure remains challenging due to the latent reservoir (LR): long-lived CD4 T cells that harbor transcriptionally silent HIV-1 provirus. The LR is stable despite years of suppressive ART and is the source of rebound viremia following therapy interruption. Cure strategies such as "shock and kill" aim to eliminate or reduce the LR by reversing latency, exposing the infected cells to clearance via the immune response or the viral cytopathic effect. Alternative strategies include therapeutic vaccination, which aims to prime the immune response to facilitate control of the virus in the absence of ART. Despite promising advances, these strategies have been unable to significantly reduce the LR or increase the time to viral rebound but have provided invaluable insight in the field of HIV-1 eradication. The development and assessment of an HIV-1 cure requires robust assays that can measure the LR with sufficient sensitivity to detect changes that may occur following treatment. The viral outgrowth assay (VOA) is considered the gold standard method for LR quantification due to its ability to distinguish intact and defective provirus. However, the VOA is time consuming and resource intensive, therefore several alternative assays have been developed to bridge the gap between practicality and accuracy. Whilst a cure for HIV-1 infection remains elusive, recent advances in our understanding of the LR and methods for its eradication have offered renewed hope regarding achieving ART free viral remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Immune and Infectious Disease Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - William A Paxton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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33
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Fidler S, Stöhr W, Pace M, Dorrell L, Lever A, Pett S, Kinloch-de Loes S, Fox J, Clarke A, Nelson M, Thornhill J, Khan M, Fun A, Bandara M, Kelly D, Kopycinski J, Hanke T, Yang H, Bennett R, Johnson M, Howell B, Barnard R, Wu G, Kaye S, Wills M, Babiker A, Frater J. Antiretroviral therapy alone versus antiretroviral therapy with a kick and kill approach, on measures of the HIV reservoir in participants with recent HIV infection (the RIVER trial): a phase 2, randomised trial. Lancet 2020; 395:888-898. [PMID: 32085823 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot cure HIV infection because of a persistent reservoir of latently infected cells. Approaches that force HIV transcription from these cells, making them susceptible to killing-termed kick and kill regimens-have been explored as a strategy towards an HIV cure. RIVER is the first randomised trial to determine the effect of ART-only versus ART plus kick and kill on markers of the HIV reservoir. METHODS This phase 2, open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial was undertaken at six clinical sites in the UK. Patients aged 18-60 years who were confirmed as HIV-positive within a maximum of the past 6 months and started ART within 1 month from confirmed diagnosis were randomly assigned by a computer generated randomisation list to receive ART-only (control) or ART plus the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (the kick) and replication-deficient viral vector T-cell inducing vaccines encoding conserved HIV sequences ChAdV63. HIVconsv-prime and MVA.HIVconsv-boost (the kill; ART + V + V; intervention). The primary endpoint was total HIV DNA isolated from peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells at weeks 16 and 18 after randomisation. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02336074. FINDINGS Between June 14, 2015 and Jul 11, 2017, 60 men with HIV were randomly assigned to receive either an ART-only (n=30) or an ART + V + V (n=30) regimen; all 60 participants completed the study, with no loss-to-follow-up. Mean total HIV DNA at weeks 16 and 18 after randomisation was 3·02 log10 copies HIV DNA per 106 CD4+ T-cells in the ART-only group versus 3·06 log10 copies HIV DNA per 106 CD4+ T-cells in ART + V + V group, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (mean difference of 0·04 log10 copies HIV DNA per 106 CD4+ T-cells [95% CI -0·03 to 0·11; p=0·26]). There were no intervention-related serious adverse events. INTERPRETATION This kick and kill approach conferred no significant benefit compared with ART alone on measures of the HIV reservoir. Although this does not disprove the efficacy kick and kill strategy, for future trials enhancement of both kick and kill agents will be required. FUNDING Medical Research Council (MR/L00528X/1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matt Pace
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine Oxford Martin School, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Lever
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Pett
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK; Mortimer Market Centre, London, UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch-de Loes
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK; University College London, London, UK
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Clarke
- Elton John Centre, Brighton, UK; Department of HIV and Sexual Health, Sussex University Hospital, Brighton, UK; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Mark Nelson
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Department of HIV Medicine, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - John Thornhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Maryam Khan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Axel Fun
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Bennett
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Bonnie Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Richard Barnard
- Global Regulatory Affairs and Clinical Safety, Merck and Co, North Wales, PA, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Steve Kaye
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Wills
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abdel Babiker
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
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34
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Stone M, Rosenbloom D, Bacchetti P, Deng X, Dimapasoc M, Keating S, Bakkour S, Richman D, Mellors J, Deeks S, Lai J, Beg S, Siliciano J, Pagliuzza A, Chomont N, Lackman-Smith C, Ptak RG, Busch MP. Assessing suitability of next-generation viral outgrowth assays as proxies for classic QVOA to measure HIV-1 latent reservoir size. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:1209-1218. [PMID: 32147687 PMCID: PMC8514180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) curative interventions require reliable and efficient quantification of replication-competent latent reservoirs. The “classic” quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA) has been regarded as the reference standard, although prohibitively resource and labor intensive. We compared 6 “next-generation” viral outgrowth assays, using polymerase chain reaction or ultrasensitive p24 to assess their suitability as scalable proxies for QVOA. Methods Next-generation QVOAs were compared with classic QVOA using single leukapheresis-derived samples from 5 antiretroviral therapy–suppressed HIV-infected participants and 1 HIV-uninfected control; each laboratory tested blinded batches of 3 frozen and 1 fresh sample. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods estimated extra-Poisson variation at aliquot, batch, and laboratory levels. Models also estimated the effect of testing frozen versus fresh samples. Results Next-generation QVOAs had similar estimates of variation to QVOA. Assays with ultrasensitive readout reported higher infectious units per million values than classic QVOA. Within-batch testing had 2.5-fold extra-Poisson variation (95% credible interval [CI], 2.1–3.5-fold) for next-generation assays. Between-laboratory variation increased extra-Poisson variation to 3.4-fold (95% CI, 2.6–5.4-fold). Frozen storage did not substantially alter infectious units per million values (−18%; 95% CI, −52% to 39%). Conclusions The data offer cautious support for use of next-generation QVOAs as proxies for more laborious QVOA, while providing greater sensitivities and dynamic ranges. Measurement of latent reservoirs in eradication strategies would benefit from high throughput and scalable assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Daniel Rosenbloom
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | | | - Sheila Keating
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Douglas Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego CA and Center for AIDS Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Subul Beg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janet Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael P Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California San Francisco, Department of Laboratory Medicine
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35
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Dhummakupt A, Rubens JH, Anderson T, Powell L, Nonyane BA, Siems LV, Collinson-Streng A, Nilles T, Jones RB, Tepper V, Agwu A, Persaud D. Differences in inducibility of the latent HIV reservoir in perinatal and adult infection. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134105. [PMID: 31999647 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV latent reservoir in resting memory CD4+ T cells precludes cure. Therapeutics to reactivate and eliminate this reservoir are in clinical trials in adults, but not yet in pediatric populations. We determined, ex vivo, the inducibility of the latent reservoir in perinatal infection as compared with adult infections using the Tat/rev induced limiting dilution assay (TILDA), in which a single round (12 hours) of CD4+ T cell stimulation with PMA/ionomycin maximally activates T cells and leads to proviral expression with multiply spliced HIV RNA production. Markers of immune activation and exhaustion were measured to assess interactions with inducibility. Although rates of T cell activation with PMA/ionomycin were similar, the latent reservoir in perinatal infection was slower to reactivate and of lower magnitude compared with adult infection, independent of proviral load. An enhanced TILDA with the addition of phytohemagglutin and a duration of 18 hours augmented proviral expression in perinatal but not adult infection. The baseline HLA-DR+CD4+ T cell level was significantly lower in perinatal compared with adult infections, but not correlated with induced reservoir size. These data support the hypothesis that there are differences in kinetics of latency reversal and baseline immune activation in perinatal compared with adult infections, with implications for latency reversal strategies toward reservoir clearance and remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adit Dhummakupt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Jessica H Rubens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Thuy Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Laura Powell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Bareng As Nonyane
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lilly V Siems
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | | | - Tricia Nilles
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vicki Tepper
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Agwu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
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36
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Su H, Sravanam S, Gorantla S, Kaminski R, Khalili K, Poluektova L, Gendelman HE, Dash PK. Amplification of Replication Competent HIV-1 by Adoptive Transfer of Human Cells From Infected Humanized Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:38. [PMID: 32117811 PMCID: PMC7026001 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in "putative" infectious reservoirs is required for determining treatment efficiency and for viral elimination strategies. Such tests require induction of replication competent provirus and quantitative testing of viral load for validation. Recently, humanized mice were employed in the development of such tests by employing a murine viral outgrowth assay (mVOA). Here blood cells were recovered from virus infected antiretroviral therapy suppressed patients. These cells were adoptively transferred to uninfected humanized mice where replication competent virus was recovered. Prior reports supported the notion that an mVOA assay provides greater sensitivity than cell culture-based quantitative VOA tests for detection of latent virus. In the current study, the mVOA assays was adapted using donor human hematopoietic stem cells-reconstituted mice to affirm research into HIV-1 elimination. We simulated an antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated virus-infected human by maintaining the infected humanized mice under suppressive treatment. This was operative prior to human cell adoptive transfers. Replication-competent HIV-1 was easily detected in recipient animals from donors with undetectable virus in plasma. Moreover, when the assay was used to investigate viral presence in tissue reservoirs, quantitative endpoints were determined in "putative" viral reservoirs not possible in human sample analyses. We conclude that adoptive transfer of cells between humanized mice is a sensitive and specific assay system for detection of replication competent latent HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sruthi Sravanam
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Larisa Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Neurovirology, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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37
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Anderson EM, Simonetti FR, Gorelick RJ, Hill S, Gouzoulis MA, Bell J, Rehm C, Pérez L, Boritz E, Wu X, Wells D, Hughes SH, Rao V, Coffin JM, Kearney MF, Maldarelli F. Dynamic Shifts in the HIV Proviral Landscape During Long Term Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Implications for Persistence and Control of HIV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020136. [PMID: 31991737 PMCID: PMC7077288 DOI: 10.3390/v12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) controls but does not eradicate HIV infection; HIV persistence is the principal obstacle to curing infections. The proportion of defective proviruses increases during cART, but the dynamics of this process are not well understood, and a quantitative analysis of how the proviral landscape is reshaped after cART is initiated is critical to understanding how HIV persists. Here, we studied longitudinal samples from HIV infected individuals undergoing long term cART using multiplexed Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) approaches to quantify the proportion of deleted proviruses in lymphocytes. In most individuals undergoing cART, HIV proviruses that contain gag are lost more quickly than those that lack gag. Increases in the fraction of gag-deleted proviruses occurred only after 1–2 years of therapy, suggesting that the immune system, and/or toxicity of viral re-activation helps to gradually shape the proviral landscape. After 10–15 years on therapy, there were as many as 3.5–5 times more proviruses in which gag was deleted or highly defective than those containing intact gag. We developed a provirus-specific ddPCR approach to quantify individual clones. Investigation of a clone of cells containing a deleted HIV provirus integrated in the HORMAD2 gene revealed that the cells underwent a massive expansion shortly after cART was initiated until the clone, which was primarily in effector memory cells, dominated the population of proviruses for over 6 years. The expansion of this HIV-infected clone had substantial effects on the overall proviral population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Anderson
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA;
| | - Francesco R. Simonetti
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.J.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Shawn Hill
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Monica A. Gouzoulis
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Jennifer Bell
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (R.J.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Catherine Rehm
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Liliana Pérez
- Virus Persistence and Dynamics Section, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (L.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Eli Boritz
- Virus Persistence and Dynamics Section, VRC, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (L.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Daria Wells
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Venigalla Rao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA;
| | - John M. Coffin
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA;
| | - Mary F. Kearney
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.M.A.); (F.R.S.); (S.H.); (M.A.G.); (S.H.H.); (M.F.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-301-846-5611
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Falcinelli SD, Ceriani C, Margolis DM, Archin NM. New Frontiers in Measuring and Characterizing the HIV Reservoir. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2878. [PMID: 31921056 PMCID: PMC6930150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cure for HIV infection remains elusive due to the persistence of replication-competent HIV proviral DNA during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). With the exception of rare elite or post-treatment controllers of viremia, withdrawal of ART invariably results in the rebound of viremia and progression of HIV disease. A thorough understanding of the reservoir is necessary to develop new strategies in order to reduce or eliminate the reservoir. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the sequence composition, genomic location, stability, and expression of the HIV reservoir both within and across individuals, and a majority of proviral sequences are replication-defective. These factors, and the low frequency of persistently infected cells in individuals on suppressive ART, make understanding the reservoir and its response to experimental reservoir reduction interventions challenging. Here, we review the characteristics of the HIV reservoir, state-of-the-art assays to measure and characterize the reservoir, and how these assays can be applied to accurately detect reductions in reservoir during efforts to develop a cure for HIV infection. In particular, we highlight recent advances in the development of direct measures of provirus, including intact proviral DNA assays and full-length HIV DNA sequencing with integration site analysis. We also focus on novel techniques to quantitate persistent and inducible HIV, including RNA sequencing and RNA/gag protein staining techniques, as well as modified viral outgrowth methods that seek to improve upon throughput, sensitivity and dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Falcinelli
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cristina Ceriani
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nancie M Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Long S, Fennessey CM, Newman L, Reid C, O'Brien SP, Li Y, Del Prete GQ, Lifson JD, Gorelick RJ, Keele BF. Evaluating the Intactness of Persistent Viral Genomes in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques after Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy within One Year of Infection. J Virol 2019; 94:e01308-19. [PMID: 31597776 PMCID: PMC6912123 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01308-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major obstacle to more-definitive treatment for HIV infection is the early establishment of virus that persists despite long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and can cause recrudescent viremia if cART is interrupted. Previous studies of HIV DNA that persists despite cART indicated that only a small fraction of persistent viral sequences was intact. Experimental simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections of nonhuman primates (NHPs) are essential models for testing interventions designed to reduce the viral reservoir. We studied the viral genomic integrity of virus that persists during cART under conditions typical of many NHP reservoir studies, specifically with cART started within 1 year postinfection and continued for at least 9 months. The fraction of persistent DNA in SIV-infected NHPs starting cART during acute or chronic infection was assessed with a multiamplicon, real-time PCR assay designed to analyze locations that are regularly spaced across the viral genome to maximize coverage (collectively referred to as "tile assay") combined with near-full-length (nFL) single-genome sequencing. The tile assay is used to rapidly screen for major deletions, with nFL sequence analysis used to identify additional potentially inactivating mutations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from animals started on cART within 1 month of infection, sampled at least 9 months after cART initiation, contained at least 80% intact genomes, whereas those from animals started on cART 1 year postinfection and treated for 1 year contained intact genomes only 47% of the time. The most common defect identified was large deletions, with the remaining defects caused by APOBEC-mediated mutations, frameshift mutations, and inactivating point mutations. Overall, this approach can be used to assess the intactness of persistent viral DNA in NHPs.IMPORTANCE Molecularly defining the viral reservoir that persists despite antiretroviral therapy and that can lead to rebound viremia if antiviral therapy is removed is critical for testing interventions aimed at reducing this reservoir. In HIV infection in humans with delayed treatment initiation and extended treatment duration, persistent viral DNA has been shown to be dominated by nonfunctional genomes. Using multiple real-time PCR assays across the genome combined with near-full-genome sequencing, we defined SIV genetic integrity after 9 to 18 months of combination antiretroviral therapy in rhesus macaques starting therapy within 1 year of infection. In the animals starting therapy within a month of infection, the vast majority of persistent DNA was intact and presumptively functional. Starting therapy within 1 year increased the nonintact fraction of persistent viral DNA. The approach described here allows rapid screening of viral intactness and is a valuable tool for assessing the efficacy of novel reservoir-reducing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Long
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Newman
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Reid
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean P O'Brien
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Hua S, Vigano S, Tse S, Zhengyu O, Harrington S, Negron J, Garcia-Broncano P, Marchetti G, Genebat M, Leal M, Resino S, Ruiz-Mateos E, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Pegylated Interferon-α-Induced Natural Killer Cell Activation Is Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 DNA Decline in Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated HIV-1/Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:1910-1917. [PMID: 29272392 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon alpha (IFN-α) can potently reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in tissue culture and animal models, but may also modulate residual viral reservoirs that persist despite suppressive antiretroviral combination therapy. However, mechanisms leading to viral reservoir reduction during IFN-α treatment are unclear. Methods We analyzed HIV-1 gag DNA levels in CD4 T cells by digital droplet polymerase chain reaction and CD8 T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell phenotypes by flow cytometry in a cohort of antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-1/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients (n = 67) undergoing treatment for hepatitis C infection with pegylated IFN-α and ribavirin for an average of 11 months. Results We observed that IFN-α treatment induced a significant decrease in CD4 T-cell counts (P < .0001), in CD4 T-cell-associated HIV-1 DNA copies (P = .002) and in HIV-1 DNA copies per microliter of blood (P < .0001) in our study patients. Notably, HIV-1 DNA levels were unrelated to HIV-1-specific CD8 T-cell responses. In contrast, proportions of total NK cells, CD56brightCD16- NK cells, and CD56brightCD16+ NK cells were significantly correlated with reduced levels of CD4 T-cell-associated HIV-1 DNA during IFN-α treatment, especially when coexpressing the activation markers NKG2D and NKp30. Conclusions These data suggest that the reduction of viral reservoir cells during treatment with IFN-α is primarily attributable to antiviral activities of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Hua
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Selena Vigano
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Samantha Tse
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Ouyang Zhengyu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Sean Harrington
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Jordi Negron
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Pilar Garcia-Broncano
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge.,Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Miguel Genebat
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, University of Seville, Spain.,Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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41
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Pinkevych M, Fennessey CM, Cromer D, Reid C, Trubey CM, Lifson JD, Keele BF, Davenport MP. Predictors of SIV recrudescence following antiretroviral treatment interruption. eLife 2019; 8:e49022. [PMID: 31650954 PMCID: PMC6917497 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a need for proxy measures of the HIV rebound competent reservoir (RCR) that can predict viral rebound after combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) interruption. In this study, macaques infected with a barcoded SIVmac239 virus received cART beginning between 4- and 27 days post-infection, leading to the establishment of different levels of viral dissemination and persistence. Later treatment initiation led to higher SIV DNA levels maintained during treatment, which was significantly associated with an increased frequency of SIV reactivation and production of progeny capable of causing rebound viremia following treatment interruption. However, a 100-fold increase in SIV DNA in PBMCs was associated with only a 2-fold increase in the frequency of reactivation. These data suggest that the RCR can be established soon after infection, and that a large fraction of persistent viral DNA that accumulates after this time makes relatively little contribution to viral rebound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykola Pinkevych
- Infection Analytics ProgramKirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW AustraliaSydneyAustralia
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus ProgramFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickUnited States
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Infection Analytics ProgramKirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW AustraliaSydneyAustralia
| | - Carolyn Reid
- AIDS and Cancer Virus ProgramFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickUnited States
| | - Charles M Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus ProgramFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickUnited States
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus ProgramFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickUnited States
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus ProgramFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickUnited States
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Infection Analytics ProgramKirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW AustraliaSydneyAustralia
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Darcis G, Berkhout B, Pasternak AO. The Quest for Cellular Markers of HIV Reservoirs: Any Color You Like. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2251. [PMID: 31616425 PMCID: PMC6763966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and improves immune function, but is unable to eradicate the virus. Therefore, development of an HIV cure has become one of the main priorities of the HIV research field. The main obstacle for an HIV cure is the formation of latent viral reservoirs, where the virus is able to “hide” despite decades of therapy, just to reignite active replication once therapy is stopped. Revealing HIV hiding places is thus central to HIV cure research, but the absence of markers of these reservoir cells greatly complicates the search for a cure. Identification of one or several marker(s) of latently infected cells would represent a significant step forward toward a better description of the cell types involved and improved understanding of HIV latency. Moreover, it could provide a “handle” for selective therapeutic targeting of the reservoirs. A number of cellular markers of HIV reservoir have recently been proposed, including immune checkpoint molecules, CD2, and CD30. CD32a is perhaps the most promising of HIV reservoir markers as it is reported to be associated with a very prominent enrichment in HIV DNA, although this finding has been challenged. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge about HIV reservoir markers. We specifically highlight studies that characterized markers of persistently infected cells in the lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Darcis
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Goonetilleke N, Clutton G, Swanstrom R, Joseph SB. Blocking Formation of the Stable HIV Reservoir: A New Perspective for HIV-1 Cure. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1966. [PMID: 31507594 PMCID: PMC6714000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that the stable HIV-1 reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells is mostly formed from viruses circulating when combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) is initiated. Here we explore the immunological basis for these observations. Untreated HIV-1 infection is characterized by a progressive depletion of memory CD4+ T cells which mostly express CD127, the α chain of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R). Depletion results from both direct infection and bystander loss of memory CD4+ T cells in part attributed to dysregulated IL-7/IL-7R signaling. While IL-7/IL7R signaling is not essential for the generation of effector CD4+ T cells from naïve cells, it is essential for the further transition of effectors to memory CD4+ T cells and their subsequent homeostatic maintenance. HIV-1 infection therefore limits the transition of CD4+ T cells from an effector to long-lived memory state. With the onset of ART, virus load (VL) levels rapidly decrease and the frequency of CD127+ CD4+ memory T cells increases, indicating restoration of effector to memory transition in CD4+ T cells. Collectively these data suggest that following ART initiation, HIV-1 infected effector CD4+ T cells transition to long-lived, CD127+ CD4+ T cells forming the majority of the stable HIV-1 reservoir. We propose that combining ART initiation with inhibition of IL-7/IL-7R signaling to block CD4+ T cell memory formation will limit the generation of long-lived HIV-infected CD4+ T cells and reduce the overall size of the stable HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ron Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sarah B. Joseph
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The long-lived HIV reservoir remains a major obstacle for an HIV cure. Current techniques to analyze this reservoir are generally population-based. We highlight recent developments in methods visualizing HIV, which offer a different, complementary view, and provide indispensable information for cure strategy development. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques enabled key developments in reservoir visualization. Flow cytometric detection of HIV mRNAs, concurrently with proteins, provides a high-throughput approach to study the reservoir on a single-cell level. On a tissue level, key spatial information can be obtained detecting viral RNA and DNA in situ by fluorescence microscopy. At total-body level, advancements in non-invasive immuno-positron emission tomography (PET) detection of HIV proteins may allow an encompassing view of HIV reservoir sites. HIV imaging approaches provide important, complementary information regarding the size, phenotype, and localization of the HIV reservoir. Visualizing the reservoir may contribute to the design, assessment, and monitoring of HIV cure strategies in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900, St-Denis Street, Room 09-456, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900, St-Denis Street, Room 09-456, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900, St-Denis Street, Room 09-456, Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Interferon-inducible TRIM22 contributes to maintenance of HIV-1 proviral latency in T cell lines. Virus Res 2019; 269:197631. [PMID: 31136823 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) establishes a state of latent infection in a small number of CD4+ T lymphocytes that, nonetheless, represent a major obstacle to viral eradication. We here show that Tripartite Motif-containing protein 22 (TRIM22), an epigenetic inhibitor of Specificity protein 1 (Sp1)-dependent HIV-1 transcription, is a relevant factor in maintaining a state of repressed HIV-1 expression at least in CD4+ T cell lines. By knocking-down (KD) TRIM22 expression, we observed an accelerated reactivation of a doxycycline (Dox)-controlled HIV-1 replication in the T lymphocytic SupT1 cell line. Furthermore, we here report for the first time that TRIM22 is a crucial factor for maintaining a state of HIV-1 quiescence in chronically infected ACH2 -T cell line while its KD potentiated HIV-1 expression in both ACH-2 and J-Lat 10.6 cell lines upon cell stimulation with either tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). In conclusion, TRIM22 is a novel determinant of HIV-1 latency, at least in T cell lines, thus representing a potential pharmacological target for strategies aiming at curtailing or silencing the pool of latently infected CD4+ T lymphocytes constituting the HIV-1 reservoir in individuals receiving combination antiretroviral therapy.
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Humanized Mouse Model of HIV-1 Latency with Enrichment of Latent Virus in PD-1 + and TIGIT + CD4 T Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02086-18. [PMID: 30842333 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02086-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination anti-retroviral drug therapy (ART) potently suppresses HIV-1 replication but does not result in virus eradication or a cure. A major contributing factor is the long-term persistence of a reservoir of latently infected cells. To study this reservoir, we established a humanized mouse model of HIV-1 infection and ART suppression based on an oral ART regimen. Similar to humans, HIV-1 levels in the blood of ART-treated animals were frequently suppressed below the limits of detection. However, the limited timeframe of the mouse model and the small volume of available samples makes it a challenging model with which to achieve full viral suppression and to investigate the latent reservoir. We therefore used an ex vivo latency reactivation assay that allows a semiquantitative measure of the latent reservoir that establishes in individual animals, regardless of whether they are treated with ART. Using this assay, we found that latently infected human CD4 T cells can be readily detected in mouse lymphoid tissues and that latent HIV-1 was enriched in populations expressing markers of T cell exhaustion, PD-1 and TIGIT. In addition, we were able to use the ex vivo latency reactivation assay to demonstrate that HIV-specific TALENs can reduce the fraction of reactivatable virus in the latently infected cell population that establishes in vivo, supporting the use of targeted nuclease-based approaches for an HIV-1 cure.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 can establish latent infections that are not cleared by current antiretroviral drugs or the body's immune responses and therefore represent a major barrier to curing HIV-infected individuals. However, the lack of expression of viral antigens on latently infected cells makes them difficult to identify or study. Here, we describe a humanized mouse model that can be used to detect latent but reactivatable HIV-1 in both untreated mice and those on ART and therefore provides a simple system with which to study the latent HIV-1 reservoir and the impact of interventions aimed at reducing it.
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Khanna M, Jackson RJ, Alcantara S, Amarasena TH, Li Z, Kelleher AD, Kent SJ, Ranasinghe C. Mucosal and systemic SIV-specific cytotoxic CD4 + T cell hierarchy in protection following intranasal/intramuscular recombinant pox-viral vaccination of pigtail macaques. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5661. [PMID: 30952887 PMCID: PMC6450945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A HIV vaccine that provides mucosal immunity is urgently needed. We evaluated an intranasal recombinant Fowlpox virus (rFPV) priming vaccine followed by intramuscular Modified Vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) booster vaccine, both expressing SIV antigens. The vaccination generated mucosal and systemic SIV-specific CD4+ T cell mediated immunity and was associated with partial protection against high-dose intrarectal SIVmac251 challenge in outbred pigtail macaques. Three of 12 vaccinees were completely protected and these animals elicited sustained Gag-specific poly-functional, cytotoxic mucosal CD4+ T cells, complemented by systemic poly-functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity. Humoral immune responses, albeit absent in completely protected macaques, were associated with partial control of viremia in animals with relatively weaker mucosal/systemic T cell responses. Co-expression of an IL-4R antagonist by the rFPV vaccine further enhanced the breadth and cytotoxicity/poly-functionality of mucosal vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells. Moreover, a single FPV-gag/pol/env prime was able to induce rapid anamnestic gp140 antibody response upon SIV encounter. Collectively, our data indicated that nasal vaccination was effective at inducing robust cervico-vaginal and rectal immunity, although cytotoxic CD4+ T cell mediated mucosal and systemic immunity correlated strongly with 'complete protection', the different degrees of protection observed was multi-factorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Khanna
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ronald J Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Sheilajen Alcantara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Thakshila H Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Zheyi Li
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, 2601, Australia.
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48
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Kristoff J, Palma ML, Garcia-Bates TM, Shen C, Sluis-Cremer N, Gupta P, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. Type 1-programmed dendritic cells drive antigen-specific latency reversal and immune elimination of persistent HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:295-306. [PMID: 30952614 PMCID: PMC6557749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV-1 continues to persist in a long-lived population of resting memory CD4+ T cells within those who are infected. Finding a safe and effective means to induce latency reversal (LR) during ART to specifically expose this latent HIV-1 cellular reservoir for immune elimination has been a major barrier to a functional cure. Methods In this study, we test the use of antigen-presenting type 1-polarized, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDC1) generated from chronic HIV-1-infected individuals on ART as a means to induce HIV-1 latency reversal in autologous CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent provirus. We use the same MDC1 for ex-vivo generation of autologous HIV-1 antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and test their effector responses against the MDC1-exposed HIV-1- infected CD4+ T cell targets. Findings MDC1 presentation of either HIV-1 or cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens to CD4+ T cells facilitated HIV-1 LR. This antigen-driven MDC1-mediated LR was sharply diminished with blockade of the CD40L/CD40 ‘helper’ signaling pathway. Importantly, these antigen-presenting MDC1 also activated the expansion of CTL capable of killing the exposed HIV-1-infected targets. Interpretation Inclusion of virus-associated MHC class II ‘helper’ antigens in MDC1-based HIV-1 immunotherapies could serve both as a targeted means to safely unmask antigen-specific CD4+ T cells harboring HIV-1, and to support CTL responses that can effectively target the MDC1-exposed HIV-1 cellular reservoir as a functional cure strategy. Fund This study was supported by the NIH-NAID grants R21-AI131763, U01-AI35041, UM1-AI126603, and T32-AI065380.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kristoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Mariana L Palma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Tatiana M Garcia-Bates
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Chengli Shen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America.
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49
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Newton L, Necochea R, Palm D, Taylor J, Barr L, Patel H, Nathan A, Gerrard J, Sylla L, Brown B, Dubé K. Revisiting the ‘sterilising cure’ terminology: a call for more patient-centred perspectives on HIV cure-related research. J Virus Erad 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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50
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Newton L, Necochea R, Palm D, Taylor J, Barr L, Patel H, Nathan A, Gerrard J, Sylla L, Brown B, Dubé K. Revisiting the 'sterilising cure' terminology: a call for more patient-centred perspectives on HIV cure-related research. J Virus Erad 2019; 5:122-124. [PMID: 31191916 PMCID: PMC6543486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on HIV therapeutics research is rife with terminology associating 'sterilisation' with HIV cure. We find connotations of the word 'sterilising' problematic for the HIV cure research field. In this viewpoint, we review associations of sterilising with concepts of disinfection or cleansing, as well as coerced sterilisation. We discuss emerging findings from socio-behavioural research that show aversion from people living with HIV towards the 'sterilising cure' nomenclature. We call for more collaborations with people with HIV as partners to help define what would be a more acceptable terminology for describing an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Newton
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health,
Chapel Hill,
NC,
USA
| | - Raúl Necochea
- Department of Social Medicine,
UNC School of Medicine,
Chapel Hill,
NC,
USA
| | - David Palm
- Global HIV Prevention and Treatment Unit Clinical Trials Community Advisory Board,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
NC,
USA,Collaboratory of AIDS Researchers for Eradication (CARE) Community Advisory Board,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill,
NC,
USA
| | - Jeff Taylor
- Collaboratory of AIDS Researchers for Eradication (CARE) Community Advisory Board,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
Chapel Hill,
NC,
USA,HIV + Aging Research Project – Palm Springs (HARP-PS),
Palm Springs,
CA,
USA
| | - Liz Barr
- AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) Scientific Sub-Committee Representative,
John Hopkins University,
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
| | - Hursch Patel
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health,
Chapel Hill,
NC,
USA
| | - Anshula Nathan
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health,
Chapel Hill,
NC,
USA
| | - Jo Gerrard
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine,
Riverside,
CA,
USA
| | - Laurie Sylla
- defeatHIV Community Advisory Board,
Seattle,
WA,
USA
| | - Brandon Brown
- Center for Healthy Communities,
Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health,
University of California Riverside School of Medicine,
Riverside,
CA,
USA
| | - Karine Dubé
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health,
Chapel Hill,
NC,
USA,Corresponding author: Karine Dubé
UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health,
4108 McGavran-Greenberg Hall,
Chapel Hill,
NC,
27516
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