1
|
Mullally CA, Fahriani M, Mowlaboccus S, Coombs GW. Non- faecium non- faecalis enterococci: a review of clinical manifestations, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0012123. [PMID: 38466110 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00121-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYEnterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that are typically found as commensals in humans, animals, and the environment. Occasionally, they may cause clinically relevant diseases such as endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. The majority of clinical infections in humans are caused by two species: Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. However, there is an increasing number of clinical infections caused by non-faecium non-faecalis (NFF) enterococci. Although NFF enterococcal species are often overlooked, studies have shown that they may harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that are found in E. faecium and E. faecalis. In this review, we present an overview of the NFF enterococci with a particular focus on human clinical manifestations, epidemiology, virulence genes, and AMR genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mullally
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marhami Fahriani
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shakeel Mowlaboccus
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grunfeld N, Levine E, Libby E. Experimental measurement and computational prediction of bacterial Hanks-type Ser/Thr signaling system regulatory targets. Mol Microbiol 2024:10.1111/mmi.15220. [PMID: 38167835 PMCID: PMC11219531 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria possess diverse classes of signaling systems that they use to sense and respond to their environments and execute properly timed developmental transitions. One widespread and evolutionarily ancient class of signaling systems are the Hanks-type Ser/Thr kinases, also sometimes termed "eukaryotic-like" due to their homology with eukaryotic kinases. In diverse bacterial species, these signaling systems function as critical regulators of general cellular processes such as metabolism, growth and division, developmental transitions such as sporulation, biofilm formation, and virulence, as well as antibiotic tolerance. This multifaceted regulation is due to the ability of a single Hanks-type Ser/Thr kinase to post-translationally modify the activity of multiple proteins, resulting in the coordinated regulation of diverse cellular pathways. However, in part due to their deep integration with cellular physiology, to date, we have a relatively limited understanding of the timing, regulatory hierarchy, the complete list of targets of a given kinase, as well as the potential regulatory overlap between the often multiple kinases present in a single organism. In this review, we discuss experimental methods and curated datasets aimed at elucidating the targets of these signaling pathways and approaches for using these datasets to develop computational models for quantitative predictions of target motifs. We emphasize novel approaches and opportunities for collecting data suitable for the creation of new predictive computational models applicable to diverse species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noam Grunfeld
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston MA USA
| | - Erel Levine
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston MA USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston MA USA
| | - Elizabeth Libby
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang K, Potter RF, Marino J, Muenks CE, Lammers MG, Dien Bard J, Dingle TC, Humphries R, Westblade LF, Burnham CAD, Dantas G. Comparative genomics reveals the correlations of stress response genes and bacteriophages in developing antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. mSystems 2023; 8:e0069723. [PMID: 38051037 PMCID: PMC10734486 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00697-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus saprophyticus is the second most common bacteria associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. The antimicrobial treatment regimen for uncomplicated UTI is normally nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), or a fluoroquinolone without routine susceptibility testing of S. saprophyticus recovered from urine specimens. However, TMP-SMX-resistant S. saprophyticus has been detected recently in UTI patients, as well as in our cohort. Herein, we investigated the understudied resistance patterns of this pathogenic species by linking genomic antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) content to susceptibility phenotypes. We describe ARG associations with known and novel SCCmec configurations as well as phage elements in S. saprophyticus, which may serve as intervention or diagnostic targets to limit resistance transmission. Our analyses yielded a comprehensive database of phenotypic data associated with the ARG sequence in clinical S. saprophyticus isolates, which will be crucial for resistance surveillance and prediction to enable precise diagnosis and effective treatment of S. saprophyticus UTIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert F. Potter
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jamie Marino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Carol E. Muenks
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew G. Lammers
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer Dien Bard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tanis C. Dingle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Romney Humphries
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lars F. Westblade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Boardman ER, Palmer T, Alcock F. Interbacterial competition mediated by the type VIIb secretion system. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001420. [PMID: 38116759 PMCID: PMC10765036 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Successful occupancy of a given niche requires the colonising bacteria to interact extensively with the biotic and abiotic environment, including other resident microbes. Bacteria have evolved a range of protein secretion machines for this purpose with eleven such systems identified to date. The type VIIb secretion system (T7SSb) is utilised by Bacillota to secrete a range of protein substrates, including antibacterial toxins targeting closely related strains, and the system as a whole has been implicated in a range of activities such as iron acquisition, intercellular signalling, host colonisation and virulence. This review covers the components and secretion mechanism of the T7SSb, the substrates of these systems and their roles in Gram-positive bacteria, with a focus on interbacterial competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R. Boardman
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Tracy Palmer
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Felicity Alcock
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leasure CS, Grunenwald CM, Choby JE, Sauer JD, Skaar EP. Maintenance of heme homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus through post-translational regulation of glutamyl-tRNA reductase. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0017123. [PMID: 37655914 PMCID: PMC10521356 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00171-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen responsible for a variety of infections including skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and sepsis. The combination of increasing antibiotic resistance in this pathogen and the lack of an efficacious vaccine underscores the importance of understanding how S. aureus maintains metabolic homeostasis in a variety of environments, particularly during infection. Within the host, S. aureus must regulate cellular levels of the cofactor heme to support enzymatic activities without encountering heme toxicity. Glutamyl tRNA reductase (GtrR), the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in heme synthesis, is an important regulatory node of heme synthesis in Bacteria, Archaea, and Plantae. In many organisms, heme status negatively regulates the abundance of GtrR, controlling flux through the heme synthesis pathway. We identified two residues within GtrR, H32 and R214, that are important for GtrR-heme binding. However, in strains expressing either GtrRH32A or GtrRR214A, heme homeostasis was not perturbed, suggesting an alternative mechanism of heme synthesis regulation occurs in S. aureus. In this regard, we report that heme synthesis is regulated through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of GtrR by the serine/threonine kinase Stk1 and the phosphatase Stp1, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanisms governing staphylococcal heme synthesis integrate both the availability of heme and the growth status of the cell. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus represents a significant threat to human health. Heme is an iron-containing enzymatic cofactor that can be toxic at elevated levels. During infection, S. aureus must control heme levels to replicate and survive within the hostile host environment. We identified residues within a heme biosynthetic enzyme that are critical for heme binding in vitro; however, abrogation of heme binding is not sufficient to perturb heme homeostasis within S. aureus. This marks a divergence from previously reported mechanisms of heme-dependent regulation of the highly conserved enzyme glutamyl tRNA reductase (GtrR). Additionally, we link cell growth arrest to the modulation of heme levels through the post-translational regulation of GtrR by the kinase Stk1 and the phosphatase Stp1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Leasure
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Caroline M. Grunenwald
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacob E. Choby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feng M, Gao B, Garcia LR, Sun Q. Microbiota-derived metabolites in regulating the development and physiology of Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1035582. [PMID: 36925470 PMCID: PMC10011103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1035582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota consist of microorganisms that provide essential health benefits and contribute to the animal's physiological homeostasis. Microbiota-derived metabolites are crucial mediators in regulating host development, system homeostasis, and overall fitness. In this review, by focusing on the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans, we summarize key microbial metabolites and their molecular mechanisms that affect animal development. We also provide, from a bacterial perspective, an overview of host-microbiota interaction networks used for maintaining host physiological homeostasis. Moreover, we discuss applicable methodologies for profiling new bacterial metabolites that modulate host developmental signaling pathways. Microbiota-derived metabolites have the potential to be diagnostic biomarkers for diseases, as well as promising targets for engineering therapeutic interventions against animal developmental or health-related defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Baizhen Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - L Rene Garcia
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garcia-Garcia T, Douché T, Giai Gianetto Q, Poncet S, El Omrani N, Smits WK, Cuenot E, Matondo M, Martin-Verstraete I. In-Depth Characterization of the Clostridioides difficile Phosphoproteome to Identify Ser/Thr Kinase Substrates. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100428. [PMID: 36252736 PMCID: PMC9674922 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the leading cause of postantibiotic diarrhea in adults. During infection, the bacterium must rapidly adapt to the host environment by using survival strategies. Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification employed ubiquitously for signal transduction and cellular regulation. Hanks-type serine/threonine kinases (STKs) and serine/threonine phosphatases have emerged as important players in bacterial cell signaling and pathogenicity. C. difficile encodes two STKs (PrkC and CD2148) and one phosphatase. We optimized a titanium dioxide phosphopeptide enrichment approach to determine the phosphoproteome of C. difficile. We identified and quantified 2500 proteins representing 63% of the theoretical proteome. To identify STK and serine/threonine phosphatase targets, we then performed comparative large-scale phosphoproteomics of the WT strain and isogenic ΔprkC, CD2148, Δstp, and prkC CD2148 mutants. We detected 635 proteins containing phosphorylated peptides. We showed that PrkC is phosphorylated on multiple sites in vivo and autophosphorylates in vitro. We were unable to detect a phosphorylation for CD2148 in vivo, whereas this kinase was phosphorylated in vitro only in the presence of PrkC. Forty-one phosphoproteins were identified as phosphorylated under the control of CD2148, whereas 114 proteins were phosphorylated under the control of PrkC including 27 phosphoproteins more phosphorylated in the ∆stp mutant. We also observed enrichment for phosphothreonine among the phosphopeptides more phosphorylated in the Δstp mutant. Both kinases targeted pathways required for metabolism, translation, and stress response, whereas cell division and peptidoglycan metabolism were more specifically controlled by PrkC-dependent phosphorylation in agreement with the phenotypes of the ΔprkC mutant. Using a combination of approaches, we confirmed that FtsK was phosphorylated in vivo under the control of PrkC and that Spo0A was a substrate of PrkC in vitro. This study provides a detailed mapping of kinase-substrate relationships in C. difficile, paving the way for the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Transito Garcia-Garcia
- Laboratoire Pathogénese des Bactéries Anaérobies, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Technologie et Service Spectrométrie de Masse pour la biologie, CNRS USR 2000, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Technologie et Service Spectrométrie de Masse pour la biologie, CNRS USR 2000, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France,Hub de bioinformatique et biostatistiques, Departement de Biologie computationelle, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Poncet
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nesrine El Omrani
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Technologie et Service Spectrométrie de Masse pour la biologie, CNRS USR 2000, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Wiep Klaas Smits
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elodie Cuenot
- Laboratoire Pathogénese des Bactéries Anaérobies, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Technologie et Service Spectrométrie de Masse pour la biologie, CNRS USR 2000, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France,For correspondence: Isabelle Martin-Verstraete; Mariette Matondo
| | - Isabelle Martin-Verstraete
- Laboratoire Pathogénese des Bactéries Anaérobies, UMR CNRS 6047, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France,For correspondence: Isabelle Martin-Verstraete; Mariette Matondo
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Viering B, Cunningham T, King A, Blackledge MS, Miller HB. Brominated Carbazole with Antibiotic Adjuvant Activity Displays Pleiotropic Effects in MRSA's Transcriptome. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1239-1248. [PMID: 35467845 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major threat to human health, as the US mortality rate outweighs those from HIV, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis combined. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections acquired during hospital stays have increased. Antibiotic adjuvants are a key strategy to combat these bacteria. We have evaluated several small molecule antibiotic adjuvants that have strong potentiation with β-lactam antibiotics and are likely inhibiting a master regulatory kinase, Stk1. Here, we investigated how the lead adjuvant (compound 8) exerts its effects in a more comprehensive manner. We hypothesized that the expression levels of key resistance genes would decrease once cotreated with oxacillin and the adjuvant. Furthermore, bioinformatic analyses would reveal biochemical pathways enriched in differentially expressed genes. RNA-seq analysis showed 176 and 233 genes significantly up- and downregulated, respectively, in response to cotreatment. Gene ontology categories and biochemical pathways that were significantly enriched with downregulated genes involved carbohydrate utilization, such as the citrate cycle and the phosphotransferase system. One of the most populated pathways was S. aureus infection. Results from an interaction network constructed with affected gene products supported the hypothesis that Stk1 is a target of compound 8. This study revealed a dramatic impact of our lead adjuvant on the transcriptome that is consistent with a pleiotropic effect due to Stk1 inhibition. These results point to this antibiotic adjuvant having potential broad therapeutic use in combatting MRSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Viering
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Taylor Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Ashley King
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Meghan S. Blackledge
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Heather B. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wamp S, Rothe P, Stern D, Holland G, Döhling J, Halbedel S. MurA escape mutations uncouple peptidoglycan biosynthesis from PrkA signaling. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010406. [PMID: 35294506 PMCID: PMC8959180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria are protected by a thick mesh of peptidoglycan (PG) completely engulfing their cells. This PG network is the main component of the bacterial cell wall, it provides rigidity and acts as foundation for the attachment of other surface molecules. Biosynthesis of PG consumes a high amount of cellular resources and therefore requires careful adjustments to environmental conditions. An important switch in the control of PG biosynthesis of Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram-positive pathogen with a high infection fatality rate, is the serine/threonine protein kinase PrkA. A key substrate of this kinase is the small cytosolic protein ReoM. We have shown previously that ReoM phosphorylation regulates PG formation through control of MurA stability. MurA catalyzes the first step in PG biosynthesis and the current model suggests that phosphorylated ReoM prevents MurA degradation by the ClpCP protease. In contrast, conditions leading to ReoM dephosphorylation stimulate MurA degradation. How ReoM controls degradation of MurA and potential other substrates is not understood. Also, the individual contribution of the ~20 other known PrkA targets to PG biosynthesis regulation is unknown. We here present murA mutants which escape proteolytic degradation. The release of MurA from ClpCP-dependent proteolysis was able to activate PG biosynthesis and further enhanced the intrinsic cephalosporin resistance of L. monocytogenes. This latter effect required the RodA3/PBP B3 transglycosylase/transpeptidase pair. One murA escape mutation not only fully rescued an otherwise non-viable prkA mutant during growth in batch culture and inside macrophages but also overcompensated cephalosporin hypersensitivity. Our data collectively indicate that the main purpose of PrkA-mediated signaling in L. monocytogenes is control of MurA stability during standard laboratory growth conditions and intracellular growth in macrophages. These findings have important implications for the understanding of PG biosynthesis regulation and β-lactam resistance of L. monocytogenes and related Gram-positive bacteria. Peptidoglycan (PG) is the main component of the bacterial cell wall and many of the PG synthesizing enzymes are antibiotic targets. We previously have discovered a new signaling route controlling PG production in the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. This route also determines the intrinsic resistance of L. monocytogenes against cephalosporins, a group of β-lactam antibiotics. Signaling involves PrkA, a membrane-embedded protein kinase, that is activated during cell wall stress to phosphorylate its target ReoM. Depending on its phosphorylation, ReoM activates or inactivates PG production by controlling the proteolytic stability of MurA, which catalyzes the first step in PG biosynthesis. MurA degradation depends on the ClpCP protease and we here have isolated murA mutations that escape this degradation. Using these mutants, we could show that regulation of PG biosynthesis through control of MurA stability is an important purpose of PrkA-mediated signaling in L. monocytogenes. Further experiments identified the transglycosylase RodA and the transpeptidase PBP B3 as additional downstream factors. Our results suggest that both proteins act together to translate the signals received by PrkA into adjustment of PG biosynthesis. These findings shed new light on the regulation of PG biosynthesis in Gram-positive bacteria with intrinsic β-lactam resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wamp
- FG11 - Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Patricia Rothe
- FG11 - Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Daniel Stern
- ZBS3 - Biological Toxins, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Holland
- ZBS4 - Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Döhling
- FG11 - Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Sven Halbedel
- FG11 - Division of Enteropathogenic bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berndsen R, Cunningham T, Kaelin L, Callender M, Boldog WD, Viering B, King A, Labban N, Pollock JA, Miller HB, Blackledge MS. Identification and Evaluation of Brominated Carbazoles as a Novel Antibiotic Adjuvant Scaffold in MRSA. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:483-491. [PMID: 35295086 PMCID: PMC8919279 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Antibiotic-resistant
infections are a pressing global concern,
causing millions of deaths each year. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of nosocomial
infections in healthcare settings and is increasingly responsible
for community-acquired infections that are often more difficult to
treat. Antibiotic adjuvants are small molecules that potentiate antibiotics
through nontoxic mechanisms and show excellent promise as novel therapeutics.
Screening of low-molecular-weight compounds was employed to identify
novel antibiotic adjuvant scaffolds for further elaboration. Brominated
carbazoles emerged from this screening as lead compounds for further
evaluation. Lead carbazoles were able to potentiate several β-lactam
antibiotics in three medically relevant strains of MRSA. Gene expression
studies determined that these carbazoles were dampening the transcription
of key genes that modulate β-lactam resistance in MRSA. The
lead brominated carbazoles represent novel scaffolds for elaboration
as antibiotic adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Berndsen
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Taylor Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Lauren Kaelin
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Makayla Callender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - W. Dexter Boldog
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Brianna Viering
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Ashley King
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Najwa Labban
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Julie A. Pollock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Heather B. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Meghan S. Blackledge
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
King A, Blackledge MS. Evaluation of small molecule kinase inhibitors as novel antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:1038-1064. [PMID: 34581492 PMCID: PMC8616828 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global and pressing concern. Our current therapeutic arsenal is increasingly limited as bacteria are developing resistance at a rate that far outpaces our ability to create new treatments. Novel approaches to treating and curing bacterial infections are urgently needed. Bacterial kinases have been increasingly explored as novel drug targets and are poised for development into novel therapeutic agents to combat bacterial infections. This review describes several general classes of bacterial kinases that play important roles in bacterial growth, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation. General features of these kinase classes are discussed and areas of particular interest for the development of inhibitors will be highlighted. Small molecule kinase inhibitors are described and organized by phenotypic effect, spotlighting particularly interesting inhibitors with novel functions and potential therapeutic benefit. Finally, we provide our perspective on the future of bacterial kinase inhibition as a viable strategy to combat bacterial infections and overcome the pressures of increasing antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley King
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268
| | - Meghan S. Blackledge
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu Q, Yao L, Liao X, Zhang LS, Li HT, Li TT, Jiang QG, Tan MF, Li L, Draheim RR, Huang Q, Zhou R. Comparative Phenotypic, Proteomic, and Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals Different Roles of Serine/Threonine Phosphatase and Kinase in the Growth, Cell Division, and Pathogenicity of Streptococcus suis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122442. [PMID: 34946045 PMCID: PMC8707513 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinases (STKs) and cognate phosphatases (STPs) comprise an important regulatory system in many bacterial pathogens. The complexity of this regulatory system has not been fully understood due to the presence of multiple STKs/STPs in many bacteria and their multiple substrates involved in many different physiological and pathogenetic processes. Streptococci are the best materials for the study due to a single copy of the gene encoding STK and its cognate STP. Although several studies have been done to investigate the roles of STK and STP in zoonotic Streptococcus suis, respectively, few studies were performed on the coordinated regulatory roles of this system. In this study, we carried out a systemic study on STK/STP in S. suis by using a comparative phenotypic, proteomic, and phosphoproteomic analysis. Mouse infection assays revealed that STK played a much more important role in S. suis pathogenesis than STP. The ∆stk and ∆stp∆stk strains, but not ∆stp, showed severe growth retardation. Moreover, both ∆stp and ∆stk strains displayed defects in cell division, but they were abnormal in different ways. The comparative proteomics and phosphoproteomics revealed that deletion of stk or stp had a significant influence on protein expression. Interestingly, more virulence factors were found to be downregulated in ∆stk than ∆stp. In ∆stk strain, a substantial number of the proteins with a reduced phosphorylation level were involved in cell division, energy metabolism, and protein translation. However, only a few proteins showed increased phosphorylation in ∆stp, which also included some proteins related to cell division. Collectively, our results show that both STP and STK are critical regulatory proteins for S. suis and that STK seems to play more important roles in growth, cell division, and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Lun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Xia Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Liang-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Hao-Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Qing-Gen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Mei-Fang Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China;
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Roger R. Draheim
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK;
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.H.); (L.Y.); (X.L.); (L.-S.Z.); (H.-T.L.); (T.-T.L.); (Q.-G.J.); (L.L.)
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (R.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nagarajan SN, Lenoir C, Grangeasse C. Recent advances in bacterial signaling by serine/threonine protein kinases. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:553-566. [PMID: 34836791 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been nearly three decades since the discovery of the first bacterial serine/threonine protein kinase (STPK). Since then, a blend of technological advances has led to the characterization of a multitude of STPKs and phosphorylation substrates in several bacterial species that finely regulate intricate signaling cascades. Years of intense research from several laboratories have demonstrated unexpected roles for serine/threonine phosphorylation, regulating not only bacterial growth and cell division but also antibiotic persistence, virulence and infection, metabolism, chromosomal biology, and cellular differentiation. This review aims to provide an account of the most recent and significant developments in this up and growing field in microbiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathya Narayanan Nagarajan
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, CNRS, IBCP building, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Cassandra Lenoir
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, CNRS, IBCP building, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Christophe Grangeasse
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, CNRS, IBCP building, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Iannetta AA, Minton NE, Uitenbroek AA, Little JL, Stanton CR, Kristich CJ, Hicks LM. IreK-Mediated, Cell Wall-Protective Phosphorylation in Enterococcus faecalis. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:5131-5144. [PMID: 34672600 PMCID: PMC10037947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections due, in part, to its intrinsic resistance to cell wall-active antimicrobials. One critical determinant of this resistance is the transmembrane kinase IreK, which belongs to the penicillin-binding protein and serine/threonine kinase-associated kinase family of bacterial signaling proteins involved with the regulation of cell wall homeostasis. The activity of IreK is enhanced in response to cell wall stress, but direct substrates of IreK phosphorylation, leading to antimicrobial resistance, are largely unknown. To better understand stress-modulated phosphorylation events contributing to antimicrobial resistance, wild type E. faecalis cells treated with cell wall-active antimicrobials, chlorhexidine or ceftriaxone, were examined via phosphoproteomics. Among the most prominent changes was increased phosphorylation of divisome components after both treatments, suggesting that E. faecalis modulates cell division in response to cell wall stress. Phosphorylation mediated by IreK was then determined via a similar analysis with a E. faecalis ΔireK mutant strain, revealing potential IreK substrates involved with the regulation of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and within the E. faecalis CroS/R two-component system, another signal transduction pathway that promotes antimicrobial resistance. These results reveal critical insights into the biological functions of IreK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Iannetta
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Nicole E. Minton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Alexis A. Uitenbroek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Jaime L. Little
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Caroline R. Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Christopher J. Kristich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Leslie M. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martínez-Caballero S, Mahasenan KV, Kim C, Molina R, Feltzer R, Lee M, Bouley R, Hesek D, Fisher JF, Muñoz IG, Chang M, Mobashery S, Hermoso JA. Integrative structural biology of the penicillin-binding protein-1 from Staphylococcus aureus, an essential component of the divisome machinery. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5392-5405. [PMID: 34667534 PMCID: PMC8493512 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The penicillin-binding proteins are the enzyme catalysts of the critical transpeptidation crosslinking polymerization reaction of bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis and the molecular targets of the penicillin antibiotics. Here, we report a combined crystallographic, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in-solution structure, computational and biophysical analysis of PBP1 of Staphylococcus aureus (saPBP1), providing mechanistic clues about its function and regulation during cell division. The structure reveals the pedestal domain, the transpeptidase domain, and most of the linker connecting to the "penicillin-binding protein and serine/threonine kinase associated" (PASTA) domains, but not its two PASTA domains, despite their presence in the construct. To address this absence, the structure of the PASTA domains was determined at 1.5 Å resolution. Extensive molecular-dynamics simulations interpret the PASTA domains of saPBP1 as conformationally mobile and separated from the transpeptidase domain. This conclusion was confirmed by SAXS experiments on the full-length protein in solution. A series of crystallographic complexes with β-lactam antibiotics (as inhibitors) and penta-Gly (as a substrate mimetic) allowed the molecular characterization of both inhibition by antibiotics and binding for the donor and acceptor peptidoglycan strands. Mass-spectrometry experiments with synthetic peptidoglycan fragments revealed binding by PASTA domains in coordination with the remaining domains. The observed mobility of the PASTA domain in saPBP1 could play a crucial role for in vivo interaction with its glycosyltransferase partner in the membrane or with other components of the divisome machinery, as well as for coordination of transpeptidation and polymerization processes in the bacterial divisome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siseth Martínez-Caballero
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kiran V Mahasenan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Choon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rafael Molina
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rhona Feltzer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Renee Bouley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Inés G Muñoz
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Juan A Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry "Rocasolano", CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kelliher JL, Grunenwald CM, Abrahams RR, Daanen ME, Lew CI, Rose WE, Sauer JD. PASTA kinase-dependent control of peptidoglycan synthesis via ReoM is required for cell wall stress responses, cytosolic survival, and virulence in Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009881. [PMID: 34624065 PMCID: PMC8528326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria rely on protein phosphorylation to adapt quickly to stress, including that imposed by the host during infection. Penicillin-binding protein and serine/threonine-associated (PASTA) kinases are signal transduction systems that sense cell wall integrity and modulate multiple facets of bacterial physiology in response to cell envelope stress. The PASTA kinase in the cytosolic pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, PrkA, is required for cell wall stress responses, cytosolic survival, and virulence, yet its substrates and downstream signaling pathways remain incompletely defined. We combined orthogonal phosphoproteomic and genetic analyses in the presence of a β-lactam antibiotic to define PrkA phosphotargets and pathways modulated by PrkA. These analyses synergistically highlighted ReoM, which was recently identified as a PrkA target that influences peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis, as an important phosphosubstrate during cell wall stress. We find that deletion of reoM restores cell wall stress sensitivities and cytosolic survival defects of a ΔprkA mutant to nearly wild-type levels. While a ΔprkA mutant is defective for PG synthesis during cell wall stress, a double ΔreoM ΔprkA mutant synthesizes PG at rates similar to wild type. In a mouse model of systemic listeriosis, deletion of reoM in a ΔprkA background almost fully restored virulence to wild-type levels. However, loss of reoM alone also resulted in attenuated virulence, suggesting ReoM is critical at some points during pathogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate that the PASTA kinase/ReoM cell wall stress response pathway is conserved in a related pathogen, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Taken together, our phosphoproteomic analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the PASTA kinase targets of an important model pathogen and suggests that a critical role of PrkA in vivo is modulating PG synthesis through regulation of ReoM to facilitate cytosolic survival and virulence. Many antibiotics target bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, justifying continued study of this process and the ways bacteria respond to cell wall insults during infection. Penicillin-binding protein and serine/threonine-associated (PASTA) kinases are master regulators of cell wall stress responses in bacteria and are conserved in several major pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We previously showed that the PASTA kinase in L. monocytogenes, PrkA, is essential for the response to cell wall stress and for virulence. In this work, we combined proteomic and genetic approaches to identify PrkA substrates in L. monocytogenes. We show that regulation of one candidate from both screens, ReoM, increases synthesis of the cell wall component peptidoglycan and that this regulation is required for pathogenesis. We also demonstrate that the PASTA kinase-ReoM pathway regulates cell wall stress responses in another significant pathogen, methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Additionally, we uncover a PrkA-independent role for ReoM in vivo in L. monocytogenes, suggesting a need for nuanced modulation of peptidoglycan synthesis during infection. Cumulatively, this study provides new insight into how bacterial pathogens control cell wall synthesis during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Kelliher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Grunenwald
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rhiannon R. Abrahams
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - McKenzie E. Daanen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cassandra I. Lew
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Warren E. Rose
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zheng CR, Singh A, Libby A, Silver PA, Libby EA. Modular and Single-Cell Sensors of Bacterial Ser/Thr Kinase Activity. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2340-2350. [PMID: 34463482 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
At the single-cell level, protein kinase activity is typically inferred from downstream transcriptional reporters. However, promoters are often coregulated by several pathways, making the activity of a specific kinase difficult to deconvolve. Here, we present modular, direct, and specific sensors of bacterial kinase activity, including FRET-based sensors, as well as a synthetic transcription factor based on the lactose repressor (LacI) that has been engineered to respond to phosphorylation. We demonstrate the utility of these sensors in measuring the activity of PrkC, a conserved bacterial Ser/Thr kinase, in different growth conditions from single cells to colonies. We also show that PrkC activity increases in response to a cell-wall active antibiotic that blocks the late steps in peptidoglycan synthesis (cefotaxime), but not the early steps (fosfomycin). These sensors have a modular design that should generalize to other bacterial signaling systems in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine R. Zheng
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Abhyudai Singh
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexandra Libby
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Pamela A. Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Libby
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kono Y, Tamura M, Cueno ME, Tonogi M, Imai K. S-PRG Filler Eluate Induces Oxidative Stress in Oral Microorganism: Suppression of Growth and Pathogenicity, and Possible Clinical Application. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070816. [PMID: 34356737 PMCID: PMC8300820 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the oral microbial flora is putatively thought to prevent not only oral diseases, but also systemic diseases caused by oral diseases. This study establishes the antibacterial effect of the novel bioactive substance “S-PRG filler” on oral bacteria. We examined the state of oxidative stress caused by the six types of ions released in eluate from the S-PRG filler in oral bacterial cells. Moreover, we investigated the effects of these ions on the growth and pathogenicity of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We found that the released ions affected SOD amount and hydrogen peroxide in bacterial cells insinuating oxidative stress occurrence. In bacterial culture, growth inhibition was observed depending on the ion concentration in the medium. Additionally, released ions suppressed Streptococcus mutans adhesion to hydroxyapatite, S. oralis neuraminidase activity, and Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutination and gingipain activity in a concentration-dependent manner. From these results, it was suggested that the ions released from the S-PRG filler may suppress the growth and pathogenicity of the oral bacterial flora. This bioactive material is potentially useful to prevent the onset of diseases inside and outside of the oral cavity, which in turn may have possible applications for oral care and QOL improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery I, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Muneaki Tamura
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; (M.E.C.); (K.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3219-8125
| | - Marni E. Cueno
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; (M.E.C.); (K.I.)
| | - Morio Tonogi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery I, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; (M.E.C.); (K.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ser/Thr Kinase-Dependent Phosphorylation of the Peptidoglycan Hydrolase CwlA Controls Its Export and Modulates Cell Division in Clostridioides difficile. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00519-21. [PMID: 34006648 PMCID: PMC8262956 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00519-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell growth and division require a balance between synthesis and hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan (PG). Inhibition of PG synthesis or uncontrolled PG hydrolysis can be lethal for the cells, making it imperative to control peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) activity. The synthesis or activity of several key enzymes along the PG biosynthetic pathway is controlled by the Hanks-type serine/threonine kinases (STKs). In Gram-positive bacteria, inactivation of genes encoding STKs is associated with a range of phenotypes, including cell division defects and changes in cell wall metabolism, but only a few kinase substrates and associated mechanisms have been identified. We previously demonstrated that STK-PrkC plays an important role in cell division, cell wall metabolism, and resistance to antimicrobial compounds in the human enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile In this work, we characterized a PG hydrolase, CwlA, which belongs to the NlpC/P60 family of endopeptidases and hydrolyses cross-linked PG between daughter cells to allow cell separation. We identified CwlA as the first PrkC substrate in C. difficile We demonstrated that PrkC-dependent phosphorylation inhibits CwlA export, thereby controlling hydrolytic activity in the cell wall. High levels of CwlA at the cell surface led to cell elongation, whereas low levels caused cell separation defects. Thus, we provided evidence that the STK signaling pathway regulates PGH homeostasis to precisely control PG hydrolysis during cell division.IMPORTANCE Bacterial cells are encased in a PG exoskeleton that helps to maintain cell shape and confers physical protection. To allow bacterial growth and cell separation, PG needs to be continuously remodeled by hydrolytic enzymes that cleave PG at critical sites. How these enzymes are regulated remains poorly understood. We identify a new PG hydrolase involved in cell division, CwlA, in the enteropathogen C. difficile Lack or accumulation of CwlA at the bacterial surface is responsible for a division defect, while its accumulation in the absence of PrkC also increases susceptibility to antimicrobial compounds targeting the cell wall. CwlA is a substrate of the kinase PrkC in C. difficile PrkC-dependent phosphorylation controls the export of CwlA, modulating its levels and, consequently, its activity in the cell wall. This work provides a novel regulatory mechanism by STK in tightly controlling protein export.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bacillus anthracis chain length, a virulence determinant, is regulated by membrane localized serine/threonine protein kinase PrkC. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00582-20. [PMID: 33753466 PMCID: PMC8117516 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00582-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming pathogen that displays a chaining phenotype. It has been reported that the chaining phenotype acts as a virulence factor in B. anthracis In this study, we identify a serine/threonine protein kinase of B. anthracis, PrkC, the only kinase localized at the bacteria-host interface, as a determinant of B. anthracis chain length. In vitro, prkC disruption strain (BAS ΔprkC) grew as shorter chains throughout the bacterial growth cycle. A comparative analysis between the parent strain and BAS ΔprkC indicated that the levels of proteins, BslO and Sap, associated with the regulation of the bacterial chain length, were upregulated in BAS ΔprkC BslO is a septal murein hydrolase that catalyzes daughter cell separation and Sap is an S-layer structural protein required for the septal localization of BslO. PrkC disruption also has a significant effect on bacterial growth, cell wall thickness, and septa formation. Upregulation of ftsZ in BAS ΔprkC was also observed. Altogether, our results indicate that PrkC is required for maintaining optimum growth, cell wall homeostasis and most importantly - for the maintenance of the chaining phenotype.IMPORTANCEChaining phenotype acts as a virulence factor in Bacillus anthracis This is the first study that identifies a 'signal transduction protein' with an ability to regulate the chaining phenotype in Bacillus anthracis We show that the disruption of the lone surface-localized serine/threonine protein kinase, PrkC, leads to the shortening of the bacterial chains. We report upregulation of the de-chaining proteins in the PrkC disruption strain. Apart from this, we also report for the first time that PrkC disruption results in an attenuated cell growth, a decrease in the cell wall thickness and aberrant cell septa formation during the logarithmic phase of growth - a growth phase where PrkC is expressed maximally.
Collapse
|
21
|
Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams against the Fortress of the Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3412-3463. [PMID: 33373523 PMCID: PMC8653850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biological diversity of the unicellular bacteria-whether assessed by shape, food, metabolism, or ecological niche-surely rivals (if not exceeds) that of the multicellular eukaryotes. The relationship between bacteria whose ecological niche is the eukaryote, and the eukaryote, is often symbiosis or stasis. Some bacteria, however, seek advantage in this relationship. One of the most successful-to the disadvantage of the eukaryote-is the small (less than 1 μm diameter) and nearly spherical Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. For decades, successful clinical control of its infection has been accomplished using β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and the cephalosporins. Over these same decades S. aureus has perfected resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics, which are then countered by new generations of β-lactam structure. This review addresses the current breadth of biochemical and microbiological efforts to preserve the future of the β-lactam antibiotics through a better understanding of how S. aureus protects the enzyme targets of the β-lactams, the penicillin-binding proteins. The penicillin-binding proteins are essential enzyme catalysts for the biosynthesis of the cell wall, and understanding how this cell wall is integrated into the protective cell envelope of the bacterium may identify new antibacterials and new adjuvants that preserve the efficacy of the β-lactams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, McCourtney Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame Indiana 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Are antibacterial effects of non-antibiotic drugs random or purposeful because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial and mammalian targets? Infection 2020; 49:569-589. [PMID: 33325009 PMCID: PMC7737717 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Advances in structural biology, genetics, bioinformatics, etc. resulted in the availability of an enormous pool of information enabling the analysis of the ancestry of pro- and eukaryotic genes and proteins. Methods This review summarizes findings of structural and/or functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic enzymes catalysing analogous biological reactions because of their highly conserved active centres so that non-antibiotics interacted with bacterial targets. Results Protease inhibitors such as staurosporine or camostat inhibited bacterial serine/threonine or serine/tyrosine protein kinases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and serine/threonine kinases, to which penicillin-binding-proteins are linked, so that these drugs synergized with β-lactams, reverted aminoglycoside-resistance and attenuated bacterial virulence. Calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine or verapamil blocked not only prokaryotic ion channels but interacted with negatively charged bacterial cell membranes thus disrupting membrane energetics and inducing membrane stress response resulting in inhibition of P-glycoprotein such as bacterial pumps thus improving anti-mycobacterial activities of rifampicin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, bedaquilin and imipenem-activity against Acinetobacter spp. Ciclosporine and tacrolimus attenuated bacterial virulence. ACE-inhibitors like captopril interacted with metallo-β-lactamases thus reverting carbapenem-resistance; prokaryotic carbonic anhydrases were inhibited as well resulting in growth impairment. In general, non-antibiotics exerted weak antibacterial activities on their own but synergized with antibiotics, and/or reverted resistance and/or attenuated virulence. Conclusions Data summarized in this review support the theory that prokaryotic proteins represent targets for non-antibiotics because of a common evolutionary origin of bacterial- and mammalian targets resulting in highly conserved active centres of both, pro- and eukaryotic proteins with which the non-antibiotics interact and exert antibacterial actions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Greco C, Catania R, Balacco DL, Taresco V, Musumeci F, Alexander C, Huett A, Schenone S. Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of New Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidines Kinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225354. [PMID: 33207806 PMCID: PMC7696985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines represent an important class of heterocyclic compounds well-known for their anticancer activity exerted by the inhibition of eukaryotic protein kinases. Recently, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines have become increasingly attractive for their potential antimicrobial properties. Here, we explored the activity of a library of in-house pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, targeting human protein kinases, against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and their interaction with ampicillin and kanamycin, representing important classes of clinically used antibiotics. Our results represent a first step towards the potential application of dual active pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine kinase inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Greco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Rosa Catania
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Dario Leonardo Balacco
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK;
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Alan Huett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.G.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu H, Ye C, Fu H, Yue M, Li X, Fang W. Stk and Stp1 participate in Streptococcus suis serotype 2 pathogenesis by regulating capsule thickness and translocation of certain virulence factors. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104607. [PMID: 33161059 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic-like serine/threonine protein kinase (eSTK) and phosphatase (eSTP) play multiple roles in pathogenesis of many Gram-positive bacteria. eSTK (Stk) and eSTP (Stp1) of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) have also been reported to be virulence-associated, but their roles and underlying mechanisms in S. suis 2 pathogenesis require further investigation. We constructed mutants of stk or stp1 deletion using the virulent S. suis 2 isolate 05ZYH33 as the parental strain. Both Δstk and Δstp1 mutants showed abnormal cell division shown as increased chain length. This might be due to regulation by Stk and Stp1 of the phosphorylation status of the bacterial division protein DivIVA. Both mutants showed increased adhesion but reduced invasion to epithelial and endothelial cells. The two mutants were more readily phagocytosed by murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Western blotting revealed that GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), an important adhesin of S. suis, was significantly increased in the surface-associated and secreted fractions of the two mutant strains. Because increased adhesion of the mutant strains Δstk and Δstp1 to endothelial cells could be significantly inhibited by anti-GAPDH serum, we suppose that aberrant translocation of GAPDH due to deletion of the stk or stp1 gene contributed to increased interaction with host cells. The Δstk mutant showed reduced survival in macrophages, while the Δstp1 mutant showed increased survival probably as a result of increased capsule thickness. Enhanced hemolytic activity of the Δstk mutant could be due to increased secretion of suilysin. Both mutants exhibited reduced survival in pig whole blood and attenuated virulence to mice. Taken together, these results suggest that Stk and Stp1 can modulate S. suis cell division by post-translational modification of DivIVA, and regulate translocation of certain virulence factors, thereby benefiting its pathogenicity by compromising its interactions with the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanze Liu
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Chaofeng Ye
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Hao Fu
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Min Yue
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Younis IY, Hifnawy MS, El-Hawary SS, El Bishbishy MH, Elateek SY. Bioactive metabolites of hass and reed avocados targeting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin-like X via molecular modeling and cytotoxicity assessments. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:6040-6044. [PMID: 32912020 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1817013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to estimate the nutritive values, metabolites of Hass and Reed Avocado cultivars and evaluate their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Hass was rich in water soluble vitamins, iron and calcium while, Reed contains more fat soluble vitamins. Benzaldehyde and butyl phenol derivatives were the major volatile components identified by solid phase extraction in Hass and Reed, respectively. Naringenin and rutin were the major compounds identified in Hass and Reed by HPLC analysis respectively. Hass showed a promising antimicrobial activity, especially, against Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MIC = 7.81 μg/mL). Two targets sites were selected to investigate the mechanism of action of Hass, Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-like X and Serine/threonine kinases Proteins (STK). Molecular docking demonstrated high binding affinity of naringenin towards Enterotoxin-like X. However, high levels of rutin in Reed might account for its cytotoxic activity against colorectal adenocarcinoma. Avocado extracts may be used for developing potential antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inas Youssef Younis
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mahitab Helmi El Bishbishy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Morales Angeles D, Macia-Valero A, Bohorquez LC, Scheffers DJ. The PASTA domains of Bacillus subtilis PBP2B strengthen the interaction of PBP2B with DivIB. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2020; 166:826-836. [PMID: 32749956 PMCID: PMC7654742 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cell division is mediated by a protein complex known as the divisome. Many protein-protein interactions in the divisome have been characterized. In this report, we analyse the role of the PASTA (Penicillin-binding protein And Serine Threonine kinase Associated) domains of Bacillus subtilis PBP2B. PBP2B itself is essential and cannot be deleted, but removing the PBP2B PASTA domains results in impaired cell division and a heat-sensitive phenotype. This resembles the deletion of divIB, a known interaction partner of PBP2B. Bacterial two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation analyses show that the interaction between PBP2B and DivIB is weakened when the PBP2B PASTA domains are removed. Combined, our results show that the PBP2B PASTA domains are required to strengthen the interaction between PBP2B and DivIB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danae Morales Angeles
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Alicia Macia-Valero
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura C. Bohorquez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: BluSense Diagnostics ApS, Carrera 63 100-49, Bogota 111121, Colombia
| | - Dirk-Jan Scheffers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bonne Køhler J, Jers C, Senissar M, Shi L, Derouiche A, Mijakovic I. Importance of protein Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation for bacterial pathogenesis. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2339-2369. [PMID: 32337704 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation regulates a large variety of biological processes in all living cells. In pathogenic bacteria, the study of serine, threonine, and tyrosine (Ser/Thr/Tyr) phosphorylation has shed light on the course of infectious diseases, from adherence to host cells to pathogen virulence, replication, and persistence. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomics has provided global maps of Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphosites in bacterial pathogens. Despite recent developments, a quantitative and dynamic view of phosphorylation events that occur during bacterial pathogenesis is currently lacking. Temporal, spatial, and subpopulation resolution of phosphorylation data is required to identify key regulatory nodes underlying bacterial pathogenesis. Herein, we discuss how technological improvements in sample handling, MS instrumentation, data processing, and machine learning should improve bacterial phosphoproteomic datasets and the information extracted from them. Such information is expected to significantly extend the current knowledge of Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation in pathogenic bacteria and should ultimately contribute to the design of novel strategies to combat bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bonne Køhler
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carsten Jers
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mériem Senissar
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lei Shi
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abderahmane Derouiche
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cutrona N, Gillard K, Ulrich R, Seemann M, Miller HB, Blackledge MS. From Antihistamine to Anti-infective: Loratadine Inhibition of Regulatory PASTA Kinases in Staphylococci Reduces Biofilm Formation and Potentiates β-Lactam Antibiotics and Vancomycin in Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1397-1410. [PMID: 31132246 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are important human pathogens responsible for two-thirds of all postsurgical infections of indwelling medical devices. Staphylococci form robust biofilms that provide a reservoir for chronic infection, and antibiotic-resistant isolates are increasingly common in both healthcare and community settings. Novel treatments that can simultaneously inhibit biofilm formation and antibiotic-resistance pathways are urgently needed to combat the increasing rates of antibiotic-resistant infections. Herein we report that loratadine, an FDA-approved antihistamine, significantly inhibits biofilm formation in both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Furthermore, loratadine potentiates β-lactam antibiotics in methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus and potentiates both β-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin in vancomycin-resistant strains of S. aureus. Additionally, we elucidate loratadine's mechanism of action as a novel inhibitor of the regulatory PASTA kinases Stk and Stk1 in S. epidermidis and S. aureus, respectively. Finally, we describe how Stk1 inhibition affects the expression of genes involved in both biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in S. epidermidis and S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Cutrona
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Kyra Gillard
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Rebecca Ulrich
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Mikaela Seemann
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Heather B. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| | - Meghan S. Blackledge
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, North Carolina 27268, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Speri E, Kim C, De Benedetti S, Qian Y, Lastochkin E, Fishovitz J, Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Cinnamonitrile Adjuvants Restore Susceptibility to β-Lactams against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1148-1153. [PMID: 31413798 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactams are used routinely to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections. However, the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) renders them clinically precarious. We describe a class of cinnamonitrile adjuvants that restore the activity of oxacillin (a penicillin member of the β-lactams) against MRSA. The lead adjuvants were tested against six important strains of MRSA, one vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain, and one linezolid-resistant S. aureus strain. Five compounds out of 84 total compounds showed broad potentiation. At 8 μM (E)-3-(5-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-2-(methylsulfonyl)acrylonitrile (26) potentiated oxacillin with a >4000-fold reduction of its MIC (from 256 to 0.06 mg·L-1). This class of adjuvants holds promise for reversal of the resistance phenotype of MRSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Speri
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Choon Kim
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Stefania De Benedetti
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Elena Lastochkin
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jennifer Fishovitz
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jed F. Fisher
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The Ser/Thr Kinase PrkC Participates in Cell Wall Homeostasis and Antimicrobial Resistance in Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00005-19. [PMID: 31085703 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00005-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults. During infection, C. difficile must detect the host environment and induce an appropriate survival strategy. Signal transduction networks involving serine/threonine kinases (STKs) play key roles in adaptation, as they regulate numerous physiological processes. PrkC of C. difficile is an STK with two PASTA domains. We showed that PrkC is membrane associated and is found at the septum. We observed that deletion of prkC affects cell morphology with an increase in mean size, cell length heterogeneity, and presence of abnormal septa. A ΔprkC mutant was able to sporulate and germinate but was less motile and formed more biofilm than the wild-type strain. Moreover, a ΔprkC mutant was more sensitive to antimicrobial compounds that target the cell envelope, such as the secondary bile salt deoxycholate, cephalosporins, cationic antimicrobial peptides, and lysozyme. This increased susceptibility was not associated with differences in peptidoglycan or polysaccharide II composition. However, the ΔprkC mutant had less peptidoglycan and released more polysaccharide II into the supernatant. A proteomic analysis showed that the majority of C. difficile proteins associated with the cell wall were less abundant in the ΔprkC mutant than the wild-type strain. Finally, in a hamster model of infection, the ΔprkC mutant had a colonization delay that did not significantly affect overall virulence.
Collapse
|
31
|
Pagano GJ, Arsenault RJ. Advances, challenges and tools in characterizing bacterial serine, threonine and tyrosine kinases and phosphorylation target sites. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:431-441. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1601015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni J. Pagano
- Center for Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ryan J. Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Irazoki O, Hernandez SB, Cava F. Peptidoglycan Muropeptides: Release, Perception, and Functions as Signaling Molecules. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:500. [PMID: 30984120 PMCID: PMC6448482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential molecule for the survival of bacteria, and thus, its biosynthesis and remodeling have always been in the spotlight when it comes to the development of antibiotics. The peptidoglycan polymer provides a protective function in bacteria, but at the same time is continuously subjected to editing activities that in some cases lead to the release of peptidoglycan fragments (i.e., muropeptides) to the environment. Several soluble muropeptides have been reported to work as signaling molecules. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms involved in muropeptide release (PG breakdown and PG recycling) and describe the known PG-receptor proteins responsible for PG sensing. Furthermore, we overview the role of muropeptides as signaling molecules, focusing on the microbial responses and their functions in the host beyond their immunostimulatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Irazoki
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara B Hernandez
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wlodarchak N, Teachout N, Beczkiewicz J, Procknow R, Schaenzer AJ, Satyshur K, Pavelka M, Zuercher W, Drewry D, Sauer JD, Striker R. In Silico Screen and Structural Analysis Identifies Bacterial Kinase Inhibitors which Act with β-Lactams To Inhibit Mycobacterial Growth. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5410-5426. [PMID: 30285456 PMCID: PMC6648700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
New tools and concepts are needed to combat antimicrobial resistance. Actinomycetes and firmicutes share several eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr kinases (eSTK) that offer antibiotic development opportunities, including PknB, an essential mycobacterial eSTK. Despite successful development of potent biochemical PknB inhibitors by many groups, clinically useful microbiologic activity has been elusive. Additionally, PknB kinetics are not fully described, nor are structures with specific inhibitors available to inform inhibitor design. We used computational modeling with available structural information to identify human kinase inhibitors predicted to bind PknB, and we selected hits based on drug-like characteristics intended to increase the likelihood of cell entry. The computational model suggested a family of inhibitors, the imidazopyridine aminofurazans (IPAs), bind PknB with high affinity. We performed an in-depth characterization of PknB and found that these inhibitors biochemically inhibit PknB, with potency roughly following the predicted models. A novel X-ray structure confirmed that the inhibitors bound as predicted and made favorable protein contacts with the target. These inhibitors also have antimicrobial activity toward mycobacteria and nocardia. We demonstrated that the inhibitors are uniquely potentiated by β-lactams but not antibiotics traditionally used to treat mycobacteria, consistent with PknB's role in sensing cell wall stress. This is the first demonstration in the phylum actinobacteria that some β-lactam antibiotics could be more effective if paired with a PknB inhibitor. Collectively, our data show that in silico modeling can be used as a tool to discover promising drug leads, and the inhibitors we discovered can act with clinically relevant antibiotics to restore their efficacy against bacteria with limited treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Wlodarchak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3341 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Nathan Teachout
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3341 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jeffrey Beczkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3341 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Rebecca Procknow
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3341 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Adam J. Schaenzer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4203 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kenneth Satyshur
- Small Molecule Screening Facility, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705
| | - Martin Pavelka
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14620
| | - William Zuercher
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, SGC Center for Chemical Biology, 120 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - David Drewry
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, SGC Center for Chemical Biology, 120 Mason Farm Rd., Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4203 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - Rob Striker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3341 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terr., Madison, WI 53705,To whom correspondence should be addressed Rob Striker, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3301 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, 608-263-2994,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schaenzer AJ, Wlodarchak N, Drewry DH, Zuercher WJ, Rose WE, Ferrer CA, Sauer JD, Striker R. GW779439X and Its Pyrazolopyridazine Derivatives Inhibit the Serine/Threonine Kinase Stk1 and Act As Antibiotic Adjuvants against β-Lactam-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1508-1518. [PMID: 30059625 PMCID: PMC6779124 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As antibiotic resistance rises, there is a need for strategies such as antibiotic adjuvants to conserve already-established antibiotics. A family of bacterial kinases known as the penicillin-binding-protein and serine/threonine kinase-associated (PASTA) kinases has attracted attention as targets for antibiotic adjuvants for β-lactams. Here, we report that the pyrazolopyridazine GW779439X sensitizes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to various β-lactams through inhibition of the PASTA kinase Stk1. GW779439X potentiates β-lactam activity against multiple MRSA and MSSA isolates, including the sensitization of a ceftaroline-resistant isolate to ceftaroline. In silico modeling was used to guide the synthesis of GW779439X derivatives. The presence and orientation of GW779439X's methylpiperazine moiety was crucial for robust biochemical and microbiologic activity. Taken together, our data provide a proof of concept for developing the pyrazolopyridazines as selective Stk1 inhibitors which act across S. aureus isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Schaenzer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nathan Wlodarchak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David H. Drewry
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, SGC Center for Chemical Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William J. Zuercher
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, SGC Center for Chemical Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Warren E. Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Carla A. Ferrer
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, SGC Center for Chemical Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rob Striker
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Medicine, W. S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, 2500 Overlook Terrace, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Turapov O, Forti F, Kadhim B, Ghisotti D, Sassine J, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Bottrill AR, Moynihan PJ, Wallis R, Barthe P, Cohen-Gonsaud M, Ajuh P, Vollmer W, Mukamolova GV. Two Faces of CwlM, an Essential PknB Substrate, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2018; 25:57-67.e5. [PMID: 30282038 PMCID: PMC6180346 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis claims >1 million lives annually, and its causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a highly successful pathogen. Protein kinase B (PknB) is reported to be critical for mycobacterial growth. Here, we demonstrate that PknB-depleted M. tuberculosis can replicate normally and can synthesize peptidoglycan in an osmoprotective medium. Comparative phosphoproteomics of PknB-producing and PknB-depleted mycobacteria identify CwlM, an essential regulator of peptidoglycan synthesis, as a major PknB substrate. Our complementation studies of a cwlM mutant of M. tuberculosis support CwlM phosphorylation as a likely molecular basis for PknB being essential for mycobacterial growth. We demonstrate that growing mycobacteria produce two forms of CwlM: a non-phosphorylated membrane-associated form and a PknB-phosphorylated cytoplasmic form. Furthermore, we show that the partner proteins for the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of CwlM are FhaA, a fork head-associated domain protein, and MurJ, a proposed lipid II flippase, respectively. From our results, we propose a model in which CwlM potentially regulates both the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan precursors and their transport across the cytoplasmic membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Obolbek Turapov
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Francesca Forti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Baleegh Kadhim
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; Biology Department, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq
| | - Daniela Ghisotti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Jad Sassine
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Anna Straatman-Iwanowska
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew R Bottrill
- Protein Nucleic Acid Laboratory, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Patrick J Moynihan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Russell Wallis
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; The Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, UK
| | - Philippe Barthe
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Paul Ajuh
- Gemini Biosciences, Liverpool Science Park, Liverpool L3 5TF, UK
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Galina V Mukamolova
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lin MH, Potel CM, Tehrani KHME, Heck AJR, Martin NI, Lemeer S. A New Tool to Reveal Bacterial Signaling Mechanisms in Antibiotic Treatment and Resistance. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2496-2507. [PMID: 30232125 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health. Antibiotics modulate a wide range of biological processes in bacteria and as such, the study of bacterial cellular signaling could aid the development of urgently needed new antibiotic agents. Due to the advances in bacterial phosphoproteomics, such a systemwide analysis of bacterial signaling in response to antibiotics has recently become feasible. Here we present a dynamic view of differential protein phosphorylation upon antibiotic treatment and antibiotic resistance. Most strikingly, differential phosphorylation was observed on highly conserved residues of resistance regulating transcription factors, implying a previously unanticipated role of phosphorylation mediated regulation. Using the comprehensive phosphoproteomics data presented here as a resource, future research can now focus on deciphering the precise signaling mechanisms contributing to resistance, eventually leading to alternative strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Hsia Lin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Clement M Potel
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kamaleddin H M E Tehrani
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Lemeer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schaenzer AJ, Wlodarchak N, Drewry DH, Zuercher WJ, Rose WE, Striker R, Sauer JD. A screen for kinase inhibitors identifies antimicrobial imidazopyridine aminofurazans as specific inhibitors of the Listeria monocytogenes PASTA kinase PrkA. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17037-17045. [PMID: 28821610 PMCID: PMC5641865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial signaling systems such as protein kinases and quorum sensing have become increasingly attractive targets for the development of novel antimicrobial agents in a time of rising antibiotic resistance. The family of bacterial Penicillin-binding-protein And Serine/Threonine kinase-Associated (PASTA) kinases is of particular interest due to the role of these kinases in regulating resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. As such, small-molecule kinase inhibitors that target PASTA kinases may prove beneficial as treatments adjunctive to β-lactam therapy. Despite this interest, only limited progress has been made in identifying functional inhibitors of the PASTA kinases that have both activity against the intact microbe and high kinase specificity. Here, we report the results of a small-molecule screen that identified GSK690693, an imidazopyridine aminofurazan-type kinase inhibitor that increases the sensitivity of the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to various β-lactams by inhibiting the PASTA kinase PrkA. GSK690693 potently inhibited PrkA kinase activity biochemically and exhibited significant selectivity for PrkA relative to the Staphylococcus aureus PASTA kinase Stk1. Furthermore, other imidazopyridine aminofurazans could effectively inhibit PrkA and potentiate β-lactam antibiotic activity to varying degrees. The presence of the 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (alkynol) moiety was important for both biochemical and antimicrobial activity. Finally, mutagenesis studies demonstrated residues in the back pocket of the active site are important for GSK690693 selectivity. These data suggest that targeted screens can successfully identify PASTA kinase inhibitors with both biochemical and antimicrobial specificity. Moreover, the imidazopyridine aminofurazans represent a family of PASTA kinase inhibitors that have the potential to be optimized for selective PASTA kinase inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Schaenzer
- From the Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and.,Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Nathan Wlodarchak
- From the Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and.,Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - David H Drewry
- the Structural Genomics Consortium-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (SGC-UNC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - William J Zuercher
- the Structural Genomics Consortium-University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (SGC-UNC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Warren E Rose
- Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.,the School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and
| | - Rob Striker
- From the Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and.,Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.,the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, W. S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | | |
Collapse
|