1
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Nixon RA. Autophagy-lysosomal-associated neuronal death in neurodegenerative disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 148:42. [PMID: 39259382 PMCID: PMC11418399 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, the major lysosomal pathway for degrading damaged or obsolete constituents, protects neurons by eliminating toxic organelles and peptides, restoring nutrient and energy homeostasis, and inhibiting apoptosis. These functions are especially vital in neurons, which are postmitotic and must survive for many decades while confronting mounting challenges of cell aging. Autophagy failure, especially related to the declining lysosomal ("phagy") functions, heightens the neuron's vulnerability to genetic and environmental factors underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other late-age onset neurodegenerative diseases. Components of the global autophagy-lysosomal pathway and the closely integrated endolysosomal system are increasingly implicated as primary targets of these disorders. In AD, an imbalance between heightened autophagy induction and diminished lysosomal function in highly vulnerable pyramidal neuron populations yields an intracellular lysosomal build-up of undegraded substrates, including APP-βCTF, an inhibitor of lysosomal acidification, and membrane-damaging Aβ peptide. In the most compromised of these neurons, β-amyloid accumulates intraneuronally in plaque-like aggregates that become extracellular senile plaques when these neurons die, reflecting an "inside-out" origin of amyloid plaques seen in human AD brain and in mouse models of AD pathology. In this review, the author describes the importance of lysosomal-dependent neuronal cell death in AD associated with uniquely extreme autophagy pathology (PANTHOS) which is described as triggered by lysosomal membrane permeability during the earliest "intraneuronal" stage of AD. Effectors of other cell death cascades, notably calcium-activated calpains and protein kinases, contribute to lysosomal injury that induces leakage of cathepsins and activation of additional death cascades. Subsequent events in AD, such as microglial invasion and neuroinflammation, induce further cytotoxicity. In major neurodegenerative disease models, neuronal death and ensuing neuropathologies are substantially remediable by reversing underlying primary lysosomal deficits, thus implicating lysosomal failure and autophagy dysfunction as primary triggers of lysosomal-dependent cell death and AD pathogenesis and as promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA.
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2
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Bayoumy S, Verberk IMW, Vermunt L, Willemse E, den Dulk B, van der Ploeg AT, Pajkrt D, Nitz E, van den Hout JMP, van der Post J, Wolf NI, Beerepoot S, Groen EJN, Tüngler V, Teunissen CE. Neurofilament light protein as a biomarker for spinal muscular atrophy: a review and reference ranges. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:1252-1265. [PMID: 38215341 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality, characterized by progressive neuromuscular degeneration resulting from mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene. The availability of disease-modifying therapies for SMA therapies highlights the pressing need for easily accessible and cost-effective blood biomarkers to monitor treatment response and for better disease management. Additionally, the wide implementation of newborn genetic screening programs in Western countries enables presymptomatic diagnosis of SMA and immediate treatment administration. However, the absence of monitoring and prognostic blood biomarkers for neurodegeneration in SMA hinders effective disease management. Neurofilament light protein (NfL) is a promising biomarker of neuroaxonal damage in SMA and reflects disease progression in children with SMA undergoing treatment. Recently, the European Medicines Agency issued a letter of support endorsing the potential utilization of NfL as a biomarker of pediatric neurological diseases, including SMA. Within this review, we comprehensively assess the potential applications of NfL as a monitoring biomarker for disease severity and treatment response in pediatric-onset SMA. We provide reference ranges for normal levels of serum based NfL in neurologically healthy children aged 0-18 years. These reference ranges enable accurate interpretation of NfL levels in children and can accelerate the implementation of NfL into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Bayoumy
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M W Verberk
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Vermunt
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Willemse
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben den Dulk
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ans T van der Ploeg
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Organovir Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Nitz
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna M P van den Hout
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie van der Post
- Organovir Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shanice Beerepoot
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Tüngler
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- University Center for Rare Diseases, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Kalyaanamoorthy S, Opare SK, Xu X, Ganesan A, Rao PPN. Post-Translational Modifications in Tau and Their Roles in Alzheimer's Pathology. Curr Alzheimer Res 2024; 21:24-49. [PMID: 38623984 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050301407240408033046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau (also known as tau) has been shown to accumulate into paired helical filaments and neurofibrillary tangles, which are known hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Decades of research have shown that tau protein undergoes extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs), which can alter the protein's structure, function, and dynamics and impact the various properties such as solubility, aggregation, localization, and homeostasis. There is a vast amount of information describing the impact and role of different PTMs in AD pathology and neuroprotection. However, the complex interplay between these PTMs remains elusive. Therefore, in this review, we aim to comprehend the key post-translational modifications occurring in tau and summarize potential connections to clarify their impact on the physiology and pathophysiology of tau. Further, we describe how different computational modeling methods have helped in understanding the impact of PTMs on the structure and functions of the tau protein. Finally, we highlight the tau PTM-related therapeutics strategies that are explored for the development of AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley Kojo Opare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aravindhan Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Praveen P N Rao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Lin F, Yang K, Lin MT, Zheng FZ, Chen L, Ding YL, Ye ZX, Lin X, Wang N, Wang ZQ. The phenotypic and genotypic features of Chinese patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:426-439. [PMID: 36691350 PMCID: PMC10014010 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a late-onset inherited neuromuscular disorder, with progressive ptosis and dysphagia as common manifestations. To date, OPMD has rarely been reported among East Asians. The present study summarizes the phenotypic and genotypic features of Chinese patients with OPMD. METHODS Twenty-one patients with molecularly confirmed OPMD from 9 unrelated families were identified by direct sequencing of the polyadenlyate binding protein nuclear-1 (PABPN1) gene. Immunofluorescence staining of muscle biopsies was conducted to identify the components of protein degradation pathways involved in OPMD. RESULTS In our cohort, the genetically confirmed OPMD group had a mean age at onset of 50.6 ± 4.2 years (range 45-60 years). Ptosis (42.9%) was the most common initial symptom; patients with ptosis as the first symptom subsequently developed dysphagia within a median time of 5.5 years (range 1-19 years). Evidence of external ophthalmoplegia was found in 38.1% of patients. A total of 33.3% of the patients developed muscle weakness at a median age at onset of 66 years (range 50-70 years), with neck flexor involvement in all patients. Five genotypes were observed in our cohort, including classical (GCG)9-11 repeats in 7 families and non-GCG elongations with additional GCA expansions in 2 families. OPMD muscle biopsies revealed rimmed vacuoles and intranuclear filamentous inclusions. The PABPN1 protein showed substantial accumulation in the nuclei of muscle fiber aggregates and closely colocalized with p62, LC3B and FK2. INTERPRETATION Our findings indicate wide genetic heterogeneity in OPMD in the Chinese population and demonstrate abnormalities in protein degradation pathways in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min-Ting Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, 350005, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fu-Ze Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, 350005, Fuzhou, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Ding
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, 350005, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Ye
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, 350005, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350005, Fujian, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, 350005, Fuzhou, China
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5
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Wang X, Cui L, Ji X. Cognitive impairment caused by hypoxia: from clinical evidences to molecular mechanisms. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:51-66. [PMID: 34618295 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a state of reduced oxygen supply and excessive oxygen consumption. According to the duration of hypoxic period, it can be classified as acute and chronic hypoxia. Both acute and chronic hypoxia could induce abundant neurological deficits. Although there have been significant advances in the pathophysiological injuries, few studies have focused on the cognitive dysfunction. In this review, we focused on the clinical evidences and molecular mechanisms of cognitive impairment under acute and chronic hypoxia. Hypoxia can impair several cognitive domains such as attention, learning and memory, procession speed and executive function, which are similar in acute and chronic hypoxia. The severity of cognitive deficit correlates with the duration and degree of hypoxia. Recovery can be achieved after acute hypoxia, while sequelae or even dementia can be observed after chronic hypoxia, perhaps due to the different molecular mechanisms. Cardiopulmonary compensatory response, glycolysis, oxidative stress, calcium overload, adenosine, mitochondrial disruption, inflammation and excitotoxicity contribute to the molecular mechanisms of cognitive deficit after acute hypoxia. During the chronic stage of hypoxia, different adaptive responses, impaired neurovascular coupling, apoptosis, transcription factors-mediated inflammation, as well as Aβ accumulation and tau phosphorylation account for the neurocognitive deficit. Moreover, brain structural changes with hippocampus and cortex atrophy, ventricle enlargement, senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle deposition can be observed under chronic hypoxia rather than acute hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, No 45, Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, Xicheng District, China.
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6
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Durairajan SSK, Selvarasu K, Bera MR, Rajaram K, Iyaswamy A, Li M. Alzheimer's Disease and other Tauopathies: Exploring Efficacy of Medicinal Plant-Derived Compounds in Alleviating Tau-Mediated Neurodegeneration. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:361-379. [PMID: 34488602 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210906125318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a major form of dementia, has been reported to affect more than 50 million people worldwide. It is characterized by the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau-associated neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Apart from AD, microtubule (MT)-associated protein Tau is also involved in other neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies, including Pick's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. The recently unsuccessful phase III clinical trials related to Aβ-targeted therapeutic drugs indicated that alternative targets, such as Tau, should be studied to discover more effective and safer drugs. Recent drug discovery approaches to reduce AD-related Tau pathologies are primarily based on blocking Tau aggregation, inhibiting Tau phosphorylation, compensating impaired Tau function with MT-stabilizing agents, and targeting the degradation pathways in neuronal cells to degrade Tau protein aggregates. Owing to several limitations of the currently-available Tau-directed drugs, further studies are required to generate further effective and safer Tau-based disease-modifying drugs. Here, we review the studies that focused on medicinal plant-derived compounds capable of modulating the Tau protein, which is significantly elevated and hyperphosphorylated in AD and other tauopathies. We mainly considered the studies that focused on Tau protein as a therapeutic target. We reviewed several pertinent papers retrieved from PubMed and ScienceDirect using relevant keywords, with a primary focus on the Tau-targeting compounds from medicinal plants. These compounds include indolines, phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, and iridoids, which have been scientifically proven to be Tau-targeting candidates for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Sundara Kumar Durairajan
- Mycobiology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur. India
| | - Karthikeyan Selvarasu
- Mycobiology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur. India
| | - Minu Rani Bera
- Mycobiology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur. India
| | - Kaushik Rajaram
- Mycobiology and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur. India
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR. China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR. China
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7
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Abdelmeguid NE, Khalil MIM, Elhabet R, Sultan AS, Salam SA. Combination of docosahexaenoic acid and Ginko biloba extract improves cognitive function and hippocampal tissue damages in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 116:101995. [PMID: 34182090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases characterized by a progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions among elder people. Nowadays, natural antioxidants have been used to recover the quality of life for those with AD. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the combined effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Ginkgo bilobastandardized extract (EGb761) on AD mice. AD was induced in adult male albino mice with AlCl3 (20 mg/kg b.w, i.g.) and D-galactose (D-gal; 120 mg/kg, i.p.) for 90 days. 30 days after induction, mice were treated with DHA (200 mg/kg b.w., i.g.) and EGb761 (200 mg/kg b.w., i.g.) for two months. Our data revealed that the dual treatment of DHA and EGb761 significantly improved cognitive memory and spatial learning abilities in AD-induced mice. The drug treatments preserved the hippocampal CA3 architecture and restored neuronal ultrastructural alterations. Expression of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), the most implicated protein phosphatase in AD neurodegeneration, was highly upregulated in the CA3 hippocampus of AD mice treated with DHA and EGb761. Intriguingly, TNF-α expression was significantly reduced in the same group. In conclusion, our findings proved that the combined effect of DHA and EGb761 tended to be potent against the neurodegenerative effect of AlCl3 and D-gal. The applied treatment enhanced neuronal survival and cognitive functions via upregulation of PP2A and restoration of TNF-α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila E Abdelmeguid
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud I M Khalil
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon.
| | - Rasha Elhabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Sultan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sherine Abdel Salam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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8
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Uddin MS, Al Mamun A, Rahman MA, Behl T, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM, Ashraf GM. Emerging Proof of Protein Misfolding and Interactions in Multifactorial Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2380-2390. [PMID: 32479244 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200601161703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the extracellular accumulations of amyloid beta (Aβ) as senile plaques and intracellular aggregations of tau in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in specific brain regions. In this review, we focus on the interaction of Aβ and tau with cytosolic proteins and several cell organelles as well as associated neurotoxicity in AD. SUMMARY Misfolded proteins present in cells accompanied by correctly folded, intermediately folded, as well as unfolded species. Misfolded proteins can be degraded or refolded properly with the aid of chaperone proteins, which are playing a pivotal role in protein folding, trafficking as well as intermediate stabilization in healthy cells. The continuous aggregation of misfolded proteins in the absence of their proper clearance could result in amyloid disease including AD. The neuropathological changes of AD brain include the atypical cellular accumulation of misfolded proteins as well as the loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions. The mechanism of neurodegeneration in AD that leads to severe neuronal cell death and memory dysfunctions is not completely understood until now. CONCLUSION Examining the impact, as well as the consequences of protein misfolding, could help to uncover the molecular etiologies behind the complicated AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Li W, Yao S, Li H, Meng Z, Sun X. Curcumin promotes functional recovery and inhibits neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury through the modulation of autophagy. J Spinal Cord Med 2021; 44:37-45. [PMID: 31162984 PMCID: PMC7919922 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1616147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study was aimed to investigate whether the neuroprotective role of curcumin is associated with regulation of autophagy.Methods: Rat spinal cord injury (SCI) models were established according to Allen's weight-drop trauma method. Curcumin was administered 30 min after the contusion and continued weekly. At 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after SCI, functional recovery was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring and the oblique plate test, following which, spinal cord tissues were obtained. Histological changes and apoptosis were then measured with H&E staining and TUNEL assay. Glia activation, inflammatory infiltration, inflammatory factor release, and myelination were observed through immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and ELISA. Autophagy and Akt activation were detected by western blotting. After autophagy was inhibited by injection of chloroquine, TUNEL, inflammatory factor release, myelin basic protein (MBP) IHC staining and functional recovery evaluation were performed again.Results: Curcumin treatment promoted functional recovery after SCI and reduced neuron apoptosis, improved spinal cord integrity, recovery, and re-myelination, and suppressed the inflammatory response. Autophagy was enhanced and Akt/mTOR pathway was inhibited by curcumin. Autophagy inhibition partially eliminated the protective effect of curcumin on SCI.Conclusion: Curcumin may exert its therapeutic effect on SCI through the enhancement of autophagy, in which, inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway may be also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Li
- Faculty of Medical Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People’s Republic of China,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoping Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongrong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengdong Meng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianrun Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence to: Xianrun Sun, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, 157 Jinbi Road, Kunming650032, People’s Republic of China; Ph: +86-13888092869.
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10
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Gafson AR, Barthélemy NR, Bomont P, Carare RO, Durham HD, Julien JP, Kuhle J, Leppert D, Nixon RA, Weller RO, Zetterberg H, Matthews PM. Neurofilaments: neurobiological foundations for biomarker applications. Brain 2020; 143:1975-1998. [PMID: 32408345 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in neurofilaments has risen sharply in recent years with recognition of their potential as biomarkers of brain injury or neurodegeneration in CSF and blood. This is in the context of a growing appreciation for the complexity of the neurobiology of neurofilaments, new recognition of specialized roles for neurofilaments in synapses and a developing understanding of mechanisms responsible for their turnover. Here we will review the neurobiology of neurofilament proteins, describing current understanding of their structure and function, including recently discovered evidence for their roles in synapses. We will explore emerging understanding of the mechanisms of neurofilament degradation and clearance and review new methods for future elucidation of the kinetics of their turnover in humans. Primary roles of neurofilaments in the pathogenesis of human diseases will be described. With this background, we then will review critically evidence supporting use of neurofilament concentration measures as biomarkers of neuronal injury or degeneration. Finally, we will reflect on major challenges for studies of the neurobiology of intermediate filaments with specific attention to identifying what needs to be learned for more precise use and confident interpretation of neurofilament measures as biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie R Gafson
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Nicolas R Barthélemy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pascale Bomont
- ATIP-Avenir team, INM, INSERM, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Heather D Durham
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Leppert
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Roy O Weller
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, London
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11
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Zhang M, Cui Y, Zhu W, Yu J, Cheng Y, Wu X, Zhang J, Xin W, Yu Y, Sun H. Attenuation of the mutual elevation of iron accumulation and oxidative stress may contribute to the neuroprotective and anti-seizure effects of xenon in neonatal hypoxia-induced seizures. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:212-223. [PMID: 33075502 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that xenon inhalation has neuroprotective and antiepileptic effects; however, the underlying mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the possible xenon inhalation mechanisms involved in the neuroprotection and antiepileptic effects. A neonatal hypoxic C57BL/6J mouse model was used for the experiments. Immediately after hypoxia treatment, the treatment group inhaled a xenon mixture (70% xenon/21% oxygen/9% nitrogen) for 60 min, while the hypoxia group inhaled a non-xenon mixture (21% oxygen/79% nitrogen) for 60 min. Seizure activity was recorded at designated time points using electroencephalography. Oxidative stress levels, iron levels, neuronal injury, and learning and memory functions were also studied. The results showed that hypoxia increased the levels of iron, oxidative stress, mitophagy, and neurodegeneration, which were accompanied by seizures and learning and memory disorders. In addition, our results confirmed that xenon treatment significantly attenuated the hypoxia-induced seizures and cognitive defects in neonatal C57 mice. Moreover, the increased levels of iron, oxidative stress, mitophagy, and neuronal injury were reduced in xenon-treated mice. This study confirms the significant protective effects of a xenon mixture on hypoxia-induced damage in neonatal mice. Furthermore, our results suggest that reducing oxidative stress levels and iron accumulation may be the underlying mechanisms of xenon activity. Studying the protective mechanisms of xenon will advance its applications in potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Wenyu Xin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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12
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Qazi TJ, Lu J, Duru L, Zhao J, Qing H. Upregulation of mir-132 induces dopaminergic neuronal death via activating SIRT1/P53 pathway. Neurosci Lett 2020; 740:135465. [PMID: 33166640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), microRNAs (miRNAs) have been known to play a crucial role. So, in this study miR-132 and its role in PD cell models was investigated. We wanted to investigate the survival or death pathway involved in PD. We observed the expression levels of miR-132 in MPP+ - treated SH-SY5Y cell line, which acted as a PD cell model, and found an increased expression of miR-132. Moreover, through the Dual-Luciferase® Reporter (DLR™) Assay, it was also revealed that miR-132 targets SIRT1 3'UTR, a histone deacetylase, and decreases its activity, which results in increased acetylation of p53, an apoptotic inducer. p53 acetylation leads to overexpression of other pro-apoptotic genes like Puma and Noxa, which eventually leads to cell death. Here, we show that the upregulation of miR-132 in SH-SY5Y cells can induce apoptosis through the SIRT1/p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Jamil Qazi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiangkun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lucienne Duru
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Processing Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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13
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STING-Mediated Autophagy Is Protective against H 2O 2-Induced Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197059. [PMID: 32992769 PMCID: PMC7582849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-mediated type-I interferon signaling is a well characterized instigator of the innate immune response following bacterial or viral infections in the periphery. Emerging evidence has recently linked STING to various neuropathological conditions, however, both protective and deleterious effects of the pathway have been reported. Elevated oxidative stress, such as neuroinflammation, is a feature of a number of neuropathologies, therefore, this study investigated the role of the STING pathway in cell death induced by elevated oxidative stress. Here, we report that the H2O2-induced activation of the STING pathway is protective against cell death in wildtype (WT) MEFSV40 cells as compared to STING−/− MEF SV40 cells. This protective effect of STING can be attributed, in part, to an increase in autophagy flux with an increased LC3II/I ratio identified in H2O2-treated WT cells as compared to STING−/− cells. STING−/− cells also exhibited impaired autophagic flux as indicated by p62, LC3-II and LAMP2 accumulation following H2O2 treatment, suggestive of an impairment at the autophagosome-lysosomal fusion step. This indicates a previously unrecognized role for STING in maintaining efficient autophagy flux and protecting against H2O2-induced cell death. This finding supports a multifaceted role for the STING pathway in the underlying cellular mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.
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14
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Zhou F, Xiong X, Li S, Liang J, Zhang X, Tian M, Li X, Gao M, Tang L, Li Y. Enhanced autophagic retrograde axonal transport by dynein intermediate chain upregulation improves Aβ clearance and cognitive function in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12142-12159. [PMID: 32584265 PMCID: PMC7343509 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagosome accumulation is observed in the distal axons of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and AD animal models, suggesting that deficient retrograde transport and impaired autophagic clearance of beta-amyloid (A β) contribute to AD pathogenesis. Expression of the retrograde axonal transport-related protein dynein intermediate chain (DIC) is also reduced in AD patients, but the contributions of DIC to AD pathology remain elusive. This study investigated the effects of DIC expression levels on cognitive function, autophagosome axonal transport, and A β clearance in the APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse model of AD. Autophagic activity was enhanced in the hippocampus of young (3-month-old) AD mice, as evidenced by greater expression of autophagosome markers, lysosome markers, axonal transport motors (including DIC), and dynein regulatory proteins. The expression levels of autophagosome markers remained elevated, whereas those of autophagic and axonal transport proteins decreased progressively with age, accompanied by spatial learning and memory deficits, axonal autophagosome accumulation, and A β deposition. Knockdown of DIC exacerbated while overexpression improved axonal transport, autophagosome maturation, Aβ clearance, and spatial learning and memory in aged AD mice. Our study provides evidence that age-dependent failure of axonal autophagic flux contributes to AD-associated neuropathology and cognitive deficits, suggesting DIC as a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanlin Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaomin Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shijie Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mingyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Minna Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400044, China
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15
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Oliva Trejo JA, Tanida I, Suzuki C, Kakuta S, Tada N, Uchiyama Y. Characterization of starvation-induced autophagy in cerebellar Purkinje cells of pHluorin-mKate2-human LC3B transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9643. [PMID: 32541814 PMCID: PMC7295967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a new transgenic mouse model that expresses a pHluorin-mKate2 fluorescent protein fused with human LC3B (PK-LC3 mice) for monitoring autophagy activity in neurons of the central nervous system. Histological analysis revealed fluorescent puncta in neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellar Purkinje cells, and anterior spinal regions. Using CLEM analysis, we confirmed that PK-LC3-positive puncta in the perikarya of Purkinje cells correspond to autophagic structures. To validate the usability of PK-LC3 mice, we quantified PK-LC3 puncta in Purkinje cells of mice kept in normal feeding conditions and of mice starved for 24 hours. Our results showed a significant increase in autophagosome number and in individual puncta areal size following starvation. To confirm these results, we used morphometry at the electron microscopic level to analyze the volume densities of autophagosomes and lysosomes/autolysosomes in Purkinje cells of PK-LC3 mice. The results revealed that the volume densities of autophagic structures increase significantly after starvation. Together, our data show that PK-LC3 mice are suitable for monitoring autophagy flux in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and potentially other areas in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alejandro Oliva Trejo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isei Tanida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Chigure Suzuki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Kim HN, Seo BR, Kim H, Koh JY. Cilostazol restores autophagy flux in bafilomycin A1-treated, cultured cortical astrocytes through lysosomal reacidification: roles of PKA, zinc and metallothionein 3. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9175. [PMID: 32514052 PMCID: PMC7280249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, reduces the amyloid-beta (Aβ) burden in mouse models of Alzheimer disease by as yet unidentified mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the possibility that cilostazol ameliorates lysosomal dysfunction. Astrocytes treated with bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) exhibited markedly reduced DND-189 and acridine orange (AO) fluorescence, indicating reduced lysosomal acidity. In both cases, BafA1-induced alkalization was reversed by addition of cilostazol, dibutyryl cAMP or forskolin. All three agents significantly increased free zinc levels in lysosomes, and addition of the zinc chelator TPEN abrogated lysosomal reacidification. These treatments did not raise free zinc levels or reverse BafA1-mediated lysosomal alkalization in metallothionein 3 (Mt3)-null astrocytes, indicating that the increases in zinc in astrocytes were derived mainly from Mt3. Lastly, in FITC-Aβ-treated astrocytes, cilostazol reversed lysosomal alkalization, increased cathepsin D activity, and reduced Aβ accumulation in astrocytes. Cilostazol also reduced mHtt aggregate formation in GFP-mHttQ74–expressing astrocytes. Collectively, our results present the novel finding that cAMP/PKA can overcome the v-ATPase blocking effect of BafA1 in a zinc- and Mt3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Na Kim
- Neural Injury Lab, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Seo
- Neural Injury Lab, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Koh
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Neural Injury Lab, Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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High Levels of ROS Impair Lysosomal Acidity and Autophagy Flux in Glucose-Deprived Fibroblasts by Activating ATM and Erk Pathways. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050761. [PMID: 32414146 PMCID: PMC7277562 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under glucose deprivation, cells heavily mobilize oxidative phosphorylation to maintain energy homeostasis. This leads to the generation of high levels of ATP, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), from mitochondria. In nutrient starvation, autophagy is activated, likely to facilitate resource recycling, but recent studies suggest that autophagy flux is inhibited in cells undergoing glucose deprivation. In this study, we analyzed the status of autophagic flux in glucose-deprived human fibroblasts. Although lysosomes increased in quantity due in part to an increase of biogenesis, a large population of them suffered low acidity in the glucose-deprived cells. Autophagosomes also accumulated due to poor autolysis in these cells. A treatment of antioxidants not only restored lysosomal acidity but also released the flux blockade. The inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) serine/threonine kinase, which is activated by ROS, also attenuated the impairment of lysosomal acidity and autophagic flux, suggesting an effect of ROS that might be mediated through ATM activation. In addition, the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) increased upon glucose deprivation, but this was also compromised by a treatment of antioxidants. Furthermore, the Erk inhibitor treatment also alleviated the failure in lysosomal acidity and autophagic flux. These together indicate that, upon glucose deprivation, cells undergo a failure of autophagy flux through an impairment of lysosomal acidity and that a high-level ROS-induced activation of Erk and ATM is involved in this impairment.
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18
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Song C, Charli A, Luo J, Riaz Z, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Kanthasamy AG. Mechanistic Interplay Between Autophagy and Apoptotic Signaling in Endosulfan-Induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity: Relevance to the Adverse Outcome Pathway in Pesticide Neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:333-352. [PMID: 30796443 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to pesticides is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previously, we showed that dieldrin induces dopaminergic neurotoxicity by activating a cascade of apoptotic signaling pathways in experimental models of PD. Here, we systematically investigated endosulfan's effect on the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in dopaminergic neuronal cell models of PD. Exposing N27 dopaminergic neuronal cells to endosulfan rapidly induced autophagy, indicated by an increased number of autophagosomes and LC3-II accumulation. Prolonged endosulfan exposure (>9 h) triggered apoptotic signaling, including caspase-2 and -3 activation and protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) proteolytic activation, ultimately leading to cell death, thus demonstrating that autophagy precedes apoptosis during endosulfan neurotoxicity. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy with wortmannin, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, potentiated endosulfan-induced apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy is an early protective response against endosulfan. Additionally, Beclin-1, a major regulator of autophagy, was cleaved during the initiation of apoptotic cell death, and the cleavage was predominantly mediated by caspase-2. Also, caspase-2 and caspase-3 inhibitors effectively blocked endosulfan-induced apoptotic cell death. CRISPR/Cas9-based stable knockdown of PKCδ significantly attenuated endosulfan-induced caspase-3 activation, indicating that the kinase serves as a regulatory switch for apoptosis. Additional studies in primary mesencephalic neuronal cultures confirmed endosulfan's effect on autophagy and neuronal degeneration. Collectively, our results demonstrate that a functional interplay between autophagy and apoptosis dictate pesticide-induced neurodegenerative processes in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Our study provides insight into cell death mechanisms in environmentally linked neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Zainab Riaz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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19
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Finkbeiner S. The Autophagy Lysosomal Pathway and Neurodegeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a033993. [PMID: 30936119 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP) is a major mechanism for degrading intracellular macromolecules. The catabolic products can then be used by the cell for energy or as building blocks to make other macromolecules. Since its discovery, a variety of cellular pathways have emerged that target components with varying specificity for lysosomal degradation. Under some circumstances, lysosomes may release their contents into the extracellular space where they may serve signaling or pathogenic functions. The ALP is active in healthy cells, and the level of activity can be regulated by nutrient-sensing and metabolic signaling pathways. The ALP is the primary pathway by which lipids and damaged organelles are degraded and may be the only pathway capable of degrading aggregated proteins. As such, there has been intense interest in understanding the role of the ALP in the accumulation of aggregated misfolded proteins characteristic of many of the major adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the ALP and its potential relationship to the pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158.,Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
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20
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Wang Y, Zhao M, Shang L, Zhang Y, Huang C, He Z, Luo M, Wu B, Song P, Wang M, Duan F. Homer1a protects against neuronal injury via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:621-630. [PMID: 32013638 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1702535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Homer1a is a member of the post-synaptic density protein family that plays an important role in neuronal synaptic activity and is extensively involved in neurological disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Homer1a in modulating neuronal survival using an in vitro traumatic neuronal injury model.Materials and methods: Neurons were extracted from rats and identifited. Then, the cells were treated with Homerla overexpression or interference vectors. Western blot was performed to evaluate the expression of Homerla, apoptosis-related proteins(caspase3, caspase8, caspase9, Fasl, Bax, and p53), autophagy-related proteins (LC3ll and Beclin1), and the activiation of PI3K/AKT/mTOM pathway. In addition, the cell viability and apoptosis rate were measured. Results: After transfection with overexpression or interference vectors, the mRNA and protein expression of Homer1a increased or decreased significantly, respectively. Upregulation of Homer1a significantly alleviated apoptosis and enhanced cell viability and autophagy after traumatic neuronal injury. Homer1a overexpression also significantly decreased the expression of the pro-apoptosis proteins caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, Fasl, Bax, and p53 in neurons. Furthermore, neuron autophagy was increased after traumatic neuronal injury as demonstrated by the greater accumulation of autophagosomes and higher expression of LC3II and Beclin1 induced by Homer1a overexpression. In addition, Homer1a overexpression inhibited the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Conclusion: These findings indicated that Homer1a potentially protects neurons from traumatic injury by regulating apoptosis and autophagy via the caspase and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways and may be an effective intervention target in traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - MingMing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lv Shang
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Conggang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuqiang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Faliang Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
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21
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Yang M, Sun W, Xiao L, He M, Gu Y, Yang T, Chen J, Liang X. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Suppress Hippocampal Neuron Autophagy Stress Induced by Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage: The Possible Role of Endogenous IL-6 Secretion. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8822579. [PMID: 32908484 PMCID: PMC7474748 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8822579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has revealed that mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation alleviates hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) induced neurological impairments via immunomodulating astrocyte antiapoptosis effects. However, it remains unclear whether MSCs regulate neuron autophagy following HIBD. RESULTS In the present study, MSC transplantation effectively ameliorated learning-memory function and suppressed stress-induced hippocampal neuron autophagy in HIBD rats. Moreover, the suppressive effects of MSCs on autophagy were significantly weakened following endogenous IL-6 silencing in MSCs. Suppressing IL-6 expression also significantly increased p-AMPK protein expression and decreased p-mTOR protein expression in injured hippocampal neurons. CONCLUSION Endogenous IL-6 in MSCs may reduce autophagy in hippocampal neurons partly through the AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- 1Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing 400014, China
- 3Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- 4China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Wuqing Sun
- 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing 400014, China
- 3Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- 4China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- 5Information Technological Service Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- 1Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing 400014, China
- 3Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- 4China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Mulan He
- 1Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing 400014, China
- 3Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- 4China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yan Gu
- 1Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing 400014, China
- 3Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- 4China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ting Yang
- 1Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing 400014, China
- 3Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- 4China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jie Chen
- 1Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing 400014, China
- 3Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- 4China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiaohua Liang
- 1Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
- 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Chongqing 400014, China
- 3Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- 4China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
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22
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Chen JH, Wu T, Xia WY, Shi ZH, Zhang CL, Chen L, Chen QX, Wang YH. An early neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin against subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1947-1954. [PMID: 32246644 PMCID: PMC7513987 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin has been shown to reduce early brain edema and neuronal death after subarachnoid hemorrhage, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, rat models of subarachnoid hemorrhage were established by autologous blood injection in the cisterna magna. Rat models were intragastrically administered 20 mg/kg atorvastatin 24 hours before subarachnoid hemorrhage, 12 and 36 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Compared with the controls, atorvastatin treatment demonstrated that at 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage, neurological function had clearly improved; brain edema was remarkably relieved; cell apoptosis was markedly reduced in the cerebral cortex of rats; the number of autophagy-related protein Beclin-1-positive cells and the expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 were increased compared with subarachnoid hemorrhage only. The ultrastructural damage of neurons in the temporal lobe was also noticeably alleviated. The similarities between the effects of atorvastatin and rapamycin were seen in all the measured outcomes of subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, these were contrary to the results of 3-methyladenine injection, which inhibits the signaling pathway of autophagy. These findings indicate that atorvastatin plays an early neuroprotective role in subarachnoid hemorrhage by activating autophagy. The experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University, China (904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA; approval No. YXLL-2017-09) on February 22, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province; Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Xia
- Department of Science and Education, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian-Xue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Hai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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23
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Kraut RS, Knust E. Changes in endolysosomal organization define a pre-degenerative state in the crumbs mutant Drosophila retina. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220220. [PMID: 31834921 PMCID: PMC6910688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the epithelial polarity gene crumbs (crb) lead to retinal degeneration in Drosophila and in humans. The overall morphology of the retina and its deterioration in Drosophila crb mutants has been well-characterized, but the cell biological origin of the degeneration is not well understood. Degenerative conditions in the retina and elsewhere in the nervous system often involve defects in degradative intracellular trafficking pathways. So far, however, effects of crb on the endolysosomal system, or on the spatial organization of these compartments in photoreceptor cells have not been described. We therefore asked whether photoreceptors in crb mutants exhibit alterations in endolysosomal compartments under pre-degenerative conditions, where the retina is still morphologically intact. Data presented here show that, already well before the onset of degeneration, Arl8, Rab7, and Atg8-carrying endolysosomal and autophagosomal compartments undergo changes in morphology and positioning with respect to each other in crb mutant retinas. We propose that these changes may be early signs of the degeneration-prone condition in crb retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Kraut
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse, Dresden, Germany
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24
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Yang Y, Wen C, Zheng S, Liu W, Chen J, Feng X, Wang X, Yang F, Ding Z. Influence of microcystins-LR (MC-LR) on autophagy in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:1129-1136. [PMID: 31818223 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1699732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) variant exposure poses a potential health hazard to ecosystem, animals, and humans. Previously investigators showed that autophagy plays a key role in MC-LR induced cytotoxicity immortalized murine ovarian granular KK-1 cells and rat Sertoli cells. Recently exposure to MC-LR via drinking water was reported to accumulate in mouse brain with associated adverse oxidant and inflammatory responses. However, autophagy the physiological mechanism required for cells to degrade their own impaired organelles to maintain their homeostasis has not been determined with respect to MC-LR actions on the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of MC-LR on autophagy using human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells as CNS model. Data demonstrated that after treatment with 15 or 30 µmol/L MC-LR for 48 hr significantly reduced survival rate was noted in SK-N-SH cells. MC-LR increased the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins light chain 3 (LC3) II/I and p62 in SK-N-SH cells, resulting in the accumulation of LC3 and increased intracellular free calcium ion levels. Data indicated that MC-LR induced adverse effects on the CNS as evidenced by decreased cellular survival associated with inhibition of autophagy flux and consequent enhanced autophagosomes accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Wen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuilin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenya Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Public Health Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
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25
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Imler E, Pyon JS, Kindelay S, Torvund M, Zhang YQ, Chandra SS, Zinsmaier KE. A Drosophila model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis CLN4 reveals a hypermorphic gain of function mechanism. eLife 2019; 8:e46607. [PMID: 31663851 PMCID: PMC6897512 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) CLN4 is caused by mutations in the synaptic vesicle (SV) protein CSPα. We developed animal models of CLN4 by expressing CLN4 mutant human CSPα (hCSPα) in Drosophila neurons. Similar to patients, CLN4 mutations induced excessive oligomerization of hCSPα and premature lethality in a dose-dependent manner. Instead of being localized to SVs, most CLN4 mutant hCSPα accumulated abnormally, and co-localized with ubiquitinated proteins and the prelysosomal markers HRS and LAMP1. Ultrastructural examination revealed frequent abnormal membrane structures in axons and neuronal somata. The lethality, oligomerization and prelysosomal accumulation induced by CLN4 mutations was attenuated by reducing endogenous wild type (WT) dCSP levels and enhanced by increasing WT levels. Furthermore, reducing the gene dosage of Hsc70 also attenuated CLN4 phenotypes. Taken together, we suggest that CLN4 alleles resemble dominant hypermorphic gain of function mutations that drive excessive oligomerization and impair membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Imler
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Jin Sang Pyon
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Selina Kindelay
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Meaghan Torvund
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Yong-quan Zhang
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of NeurologyYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Department of NeuroscienceYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of NeurologyYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Konrad E Zinsmaier
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
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26
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Chen SM, Yi YL, Zeng D, Tang YY, Kang X, Zhang P, Zou W, Tang XQ. Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates β2-Microglobulin-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction: Involving Recovery of Hippocampal Autophagic Flux. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 31708756 PMCID: PMC6823620 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Accumulation of β2-microglobulin (B2M), a systemic pro-aging factor, regulates negatively cognitive function. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a novel gas signaling molecule, exerts protection against cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, the present work was designed to explore whether H2S attenuates cognitive dysfunction induced by B2M and the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cognitive function of rats was assessed by Y-maze, Novel object recognition (NOR), and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. The levels of autophagosome and autolysosome in hippocampus were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression of p62 protein in hippocampus was detected by western blot analysis. RESULTS NaHS (a donor of H2S) significantly alleviated cognitive impairments in the B2M-exposed rats tested by Y-maze test, NOR test and MWM test. Furthermore, NaHS recovered autophagic flux in the hippocampus of B2M-exposed rats, as evidenced by decreases in the ratio of autophagosome to autolysosome and the expression of p62 protein in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION In summary, these data indicated that H2S attenuates B2M-induced cognitive dysfunction, involving in recovery of the blocked autophagic flux in the hippocampus, and suggested that H2S may be a novel approach to prevent B2M-induced cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yi-Li Yi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yi-Yun Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xuan Kang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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27
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Pacholko AG, Wotton CA, Bekar LK. Poor Diet, Stress, and Inactivity Converge to Form a "Perfect Storm" That Drives Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. NEURODEGENER DIS 2019; 19:60-77. [PMID: 31600762 DOI: 10.1159/000503451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
North American incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is expected to more than double over the coming generation. Although genetic factors surrounding the production and clearance of amyloid-β and phosphorylated tau proteins are known to be responsible for a subset of early-onset AD cases, they do not explain the pathogenesis of the far more prevalent sporadic late-onset variant of the disease. It is thus likely that lifestyle and environmental factors contribute to neurodegenerative processes implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Herein, we review evidence that (1) excess sucrose consumption induces AD-associated liver pathologies and brain insulin resistance, (2) chronic stress overdrives activity of locus coeruleus neurons, leading to loss of function (a common event in neurodegeneration), (3) high-sugar diets and stress promote the loss of neuroprotective sex hormones in men and women, and (4) Western dietary trends set the stage for a lithium-deficient state. We propose that these factors may intersect as part of a "perfect storm" to contribute to the widespread prevalence of neurodegeneration and AD. In addition, we put forth the argument that exercise and supplementation with trace lithium can counteract many of the deleterious consequences associated with excessive caloric intake and perpetual stress. We conclude that lifestyle and environmental factors likely contribute to AD pathogenesis and that simple lifestyle and dietary changes can help counteract their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Pacholko
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Caitlin A Wotton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lane K Bekar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada,
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28
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cPLA2 activation contributes to lysosomal defects leading to impairment of autophagy after spinal cord injury. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:531. [PMID: 31296844 PMCID: PMC6624263 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The autophagy–lysosomal pathway plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis as well as a protective function against a variety of diseases including neurodegeneration. Conversely, inhibition of autophagy, for example due to lysosomal dysfunction, can lead to pathological accumulation of dysfunctional autophagosomes and consequent neuronal cell death. We previously reported that autophagy is inhibited and contributes to neuronal cell death following spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we examined lysosomal function and explored the mechanism of lysosomal defects following SCI. Our data demonstrated that expression levels and processing of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D (CTSD) are decreased by 2 h after SCI. Enzymatic activity levels of CTSD and another lysosomal enzyme, N-acetyl-alpha-glucosaminidase, are both decreased 24 h post injury, indicating general lysosomal dysfunction. Subcellular fractionation and immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that this dysfunction is due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and leakage of lysosomal contents into the cytosol. To directly assess extent and mechanisms of damage to lysosomal membranes, we performed mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analysis of lysosomes purified from SCI and control spinal cord. At 2 h post injury our data demonstrated increase in several classes of lysosophospholipids, the products of phospholipases (PLAs), as well as accumulation of PLA activators, ceramides. Phospholipase cPLA2, the main PLA species expressed in the CNS, has been previously implicated in mediation of secondary injury after SCI, but the mechanisms of its involvement remain unclear. Our data demonstrate that cPLA2 is activated within 2 h after SCI preferentially in the lysosomal fraction, where it colocalizes with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 in neurons. Inhibition of cPLA2 in vivo decreased lysosomal damage, restored autophagy flux, and reduced neuronal cell damage. Taken together our data implicate lysosomal defects in pathophysiology of SCI and for the first time indicate that cPLA2 activation leads to lysosomal damage causing neuronal autophagosome accumulation associated with neuronal cell death.
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29
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Chuang CS, Chang JC, Soong BW, Chuang SF, Lin TT, Cheng WL, Orr HT, Liu CS. Treadmill training increases the motor activity and neuron survival of the cerebellum in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 35:679-685. [PMID: 31271500 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 1 (SCA1) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by worsening of disordered coordination, ataxia of the trunk, and other neurological symptoms. Physical activity improves both mobility and the daily living activities of patients with SCA. Intervention with daily regular treadmill exercise may slow the deterioration of cerebellar neurons in SCA1. Therefore, the signal changes and performance of cerebellar neurons after exercise in SCA1 was investigated in this study. We employed a transgenic mouse model of SCA1, generated by amplifying the cytosine-adenine-guanine trinucleotide repeat expansions, and the mice underwent 1 month of moderate daily treadmill exercise for 1 hour. The rotarod test revealed that the motor function of the SCA1 mice that underwent training was superior to that of the control SCA1 mice, which did not undergo training. Moreover, the cerebellar pathology revealed preserved Purkinje neurons stained by carbindin with an increase of the neuronal Per Arnt Sim domain protein 4, a key regulation in the structural and functional plasticity of neurons, in the excised SCA1 mice relative to the controls. The mechanism was related to an increase of phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, a downstream target of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, but not to autophagy activation. This study determined that regular treadmill exercise may play a crucial role in the viable support of cerebellar neurons in SCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Sen Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chih Chang
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Wen Soong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fei Chuang
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Tsung Lin
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Cheng
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Harry T Orr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chin-San Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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30
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Epigenetic and autophagic changes after nerve agent exposure in the rat piriform cortex and hippocampus. Toxicology 2019; 423:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Liu S, Xing Y, Wang J, Pan R, Li G, Tang H, Chen G, Yan L, Guo L, Jiang M, Gong Z, Lin L, Dong J. The Dual Role of HIV-1 gp120 V3 Loop-Induced Autophagy in the Survival and Apoptosis of the Primary Rat Hippocampal Neurons. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1636-1652. [PMID: 31006091 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 gp120, an important subunit of the envelope spikes that decorate the surface of virions, is known to play a vital role in neuronal injury during HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), although the pathological mechanism is not fully understood. Our previous studies have suggested that the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 (HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop) can induce neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus, resulting in impairment in spatial learning and memory in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In this study, we demonstrated that autophagy was significantly increased in rat primary hippocampal neurons in response to treatment of HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop. Importantly, HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop-induced autophagy played a dual role in the cell survival and death. An increase in autophagy for a short period inhibited apoptosis of neurons, while persistent autophagy over an extended period of time played a detrimental role by augmenting the apoptotic cascade in rat primary hippocampal neurons. In addition, we found that the HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop induced autophagy via AMPK/mTOR-dependent and calpain/mTOR-independent pathways, and the ERK/mTOR pathway plays a partial role. These findings provide evidence that HIV-1-induced autophagy plays a dual role in the survival and apoptosis of the primary rat hippocampal neurons and persistent autophagy may contribute to the pathogenesis of HAND, and autophagy modulation may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing neuronal damage in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanyan Xing
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junbing Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haijie Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guiling Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Luyan Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingliang Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liqing Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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32
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Ye B, Fan C, Shen Y, Wang Q, Hu H, Xiang M. The Antioxidative Role of Autophagy in Hearing Loss. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1010. [PMID: 30686976 PMCID: PMC6333736 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular mechanism, plays an essential role in the development and pathology of many central and peripheral nervous system diseases. The auditory system, especially hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the inner ear, are postmitotic cells, which are extremely reliant on cellular homeostasis and energy supply. Therefore, autophagy may be involved in contributing to and facilitating the normal function of inner ear cells. Recently, studies on hearing loss induced by ototoxic drugs, noise exposure and other factors have revealed that autophagy could serve in an antioxidative capacity and could possess the potential to treat sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Therefore, here we review previous studies concerning autophagy and SNHL to gain insight into the role of autophagic mechanisms in inner ear disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Majumder A, Singh M, George AK, Tyagi SC. Restoration of skeletal muscle homeostasis by hydrogen sulfide during hyperhomocysteinemia-mediated oxidative/ER stress condition 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:441-456. [PMID: 30422673 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated homocysteine (Hcy), i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), causes skeletal muscle myopathy. Among many cellular and metabolic alterations caused by HHcy, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are considered the major ones; however, the precise molecular mechanism(s) in this process is unclear. Nevertheless, there is no treatment option available to treat HHcy-mediated muscle injury. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is increasingly recognized as a potent anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic/necrotic/pyroptotic, and anti-inflammatory compound and also has been shown to improve angiogenesis during ischemic injury. Patients with CBS mutation produce less H2S, making them vulnerable to Hcy-mediated cellular damage. Many studies have reported bidirectional regulation of ER stress in apoptosis through JNK activation and concomitant attenuation of cell proliferation and protein synthesis via PI3K/AKT axis. Whether H2S mitigates these detrimental effects of HHcy on muscle remains unexplored. In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms of HHcy-mediated oxidative/ER stress responses, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and atrophic changes in skeletal muscle and how H2S can restore skeletal muscle homeostasis during HHcy condition. This review also highlights the molecular mechanisms on how H2S could be developed as a clinically relevant therapeutic option for chronic conditions that are aggravated by HHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Majumder
- a Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,b Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mahavir Singh
- a Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,c Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Akash K George
- a Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,c Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- a Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Reduced retromer function results in the accumulation of amyloid-beta oligomers. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 93:18-26. [PMID: 30257187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of multiple cognitive functions. Accumulation of amyloid beta oligomers (oAβ) play a major role in the neurotoxicity associated with the disease process. One of the early affected brain regions is the hippocampus, wherein a reduction of the vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 (VPS35), the core protein comprising the retromer complex involved in cellular cargo sorting, has been identified. To investigate the role of the retromer function on the accumulation and clearance of oAβ, we reduced retromer function by selectively inhibiting VPS35 gene expression using siRNA in differentiated neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. As cell-to-cell transfer of oAβ to new brain regions is believed to be important for disease progression we investigated the effect of VPS35 reduction both in cells with direct uptake of oAβ and in cells receiving oAβ from donor cells. We demonstrate that reduced retromer function increases oAβ accumulation in both cell systems, both the number of cells containing intracellular oAβ and the amount within them. This effect was shown at different time points and regardless if the oAβ originated from the extracellular milieu or via a direct neuronal cell-to-cell transfer. Interestingly, not only did reduced VPS35 cause oAβ accumulation, but oAβ treatment alone also lead to a reduction of VPS35 protein content. The accumulated oAβ seems to co-localize with VPS35 and early endosome markers. Together, these findings provide evidence that reduced retromer function decreases the ability for neurons to transport and clear neurotoxic oAβ received through different routes resulting in the accumulation of oAβ. Thus, enhancing retromer function may be a potential therapeutic strategy to slow down the pathophysiology associated with the progression of AD.
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Liu H, Wang L, Zeng Q, Zhao L, Cui Y, Hou C, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Chen X, Wang A. Oxidative stress-mediated autophagic cell death participates in the neurotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells induced by excessive iodide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:851-860. [PMID: 29923297 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive iodide could induce intellectual damage in children, which has attracted broad attention. To investigate the neurotoxic effect of iodide and its mechanism, a human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) was treated with different concentrations of potassium iodide (KI). The results showed that excessive iodide could decrease cell viability, reduce glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and increase the degree of autophagy (by changing the cellular ultrastructure and raising the autophagy-related mRNA and protein expression of LC3, Beclin1, and p62), which were correlated with the immunofluorescence labeling. Furthermore, treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA), antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 30 mM KI for 24 h was conducted in the following research. 3MA significantly decreased autophagy-related mRNA and protein expression and improved cell viability, indicating that excess iodide induced autophagic cell death. In addition, oxidative stress regulated autophagy, reflected by the results that NAC decreased the mRNA and protein expression of LC3, Beclin1, and p62. In summary, autophagic cell death mediated by oxidative stress may participate in excessive iodide-induced SH-SY5Y cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, HepingDistrict, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Municipal Inspection Bureau for Health and Family Planning, 94 Guizhou Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Quality Control, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medcine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushan Cui
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Hou
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300011, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, HepingDistrict, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zushan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, HepingDistrict, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Universityof Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hubei, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Universityof Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hubei, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Department of Environmental Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Universityof Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Hubei, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
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Zhu J, Liu K, Huang K, Gu Y, Hu Y, Pan S, Ji Z. Metformin Improves Neurologic Outcome Via AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Mediated Autophagy Activation in a Rat Model of Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008389. [PMID: 29895585 PMCID: PMC6220525 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden cardiac arrest (CA) often results in severe injury to the brain, and neuroprotection after CA has proved to be difficult to achieve. Herein, we sought to investigate the effects of metformin pretreatment on brain injury secondary to CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were subjected to 9-minute asphyxial CA after receiving daily metformin treatment for 2 weeks. Survival rate, neurologic deficit scores, neuronal loss, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and autophagy activation were assessed at indicated time points within the first 7 days after return of spontaneous circulation. Our results showed that metformin pretreatment elevated the 7-day survival rate from 55% to 85% and significantly reduced neurologic deficit scores. Moreover, metformin ameliorated CA-induced neuronal degeneration and glial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region, which was accompanied by augmented AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy activation in affected neuronal tissue. Inhibition of AMPK or autophagy with pharmacological inhibitors abolished metformin-afforded neuroprotection, and augmented autophagy induction by metformin treatment appeared downstream of AMPK activation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data demonstrate, for the first time, that metformin confers neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury after CA/cardiopulmonary resuscitation by augmenting AMPK-dependent autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Kewei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaibin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
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Ren YH, Niu XY, Huang HJ, Hao XD, Wang PX, Chi YL, Ding YQ, Liao M. Dopamine neuron loss by selective deletion of autophagy-related gene 5 is not exacerbated by MPTP toxicity in midbrain. Neurosci Lett 2018; 675:140-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pellacani C, Costa LG. Role of autophagy in environmental neurotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:791-805. [PMID: 29353798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to neurotoxic pollutants (e.g. metals, pesticides and other chemicals) is recognized as a key risk factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that an alteration in autophagic pathways may be correlated with the onset of the neurotoxicity resulting from chronic exposure to these pollutants. In fact, autophagy is a natural process that permits to preserving cell homeostasis, through the seizure and degradation of the cytosolic damaged elements. However, when an excessive level of intracellular damage is reached, the autophagic process may also induce cell death. A correct modulation of specific stages of autophagy is important to maintain the correct balance in the organism. In this review, we highlight the critical role that autophagy plays in neurotoxicity induced by the most common classes of environmental contaminants. The understanding of this mechanism may be helpful to discover a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce side effects induced by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pellacani
- Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - L G Costa
- Dept. of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Autophagy Biomarkers Beclin 1 and p62 are Increased in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care 2018; 26:348-355. [PMID: 28000126 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-016-0351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a process that recycles damaged proteins and organelles. Beclin 1 is involved in the nucleation phase, while p62 is consumed during the elongation phase. We hypothesized that these autophagy biomarkers are increased in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and associated with unfavorable outcome. METHODS Thirty children with severe TBI had CSF collected on days 1, 3, and 7. Patients without TBI or meningoencephalitis served as controls. Beclin 1 and p62 were measured by ELISA. Outcome was assigned 6 months after injury (Glasgow Outcome Scale score; GOS). RESULTS Mean and peak CSF beclin 1 and p62 levels were increased compared to controls (P < 0.05). Peak p62 levels were higher in patients with unfavorable versus favorable outcome (0.79 ± 1.03 vs. 0.17 ± 0.54 ng/ml, respectively; mean ± SD, P = 0.002) and were independently associated with outcome when controlling for age and initial Glasgow Coma Scale score (P = 0.019; AUC 0.88, 95% CI 0.76, 1.00). CONCLUSIONS Beclin 1 and p62 are increased in CSF after TBI, suggesting increased autophagy with impairment of, and/or exceeding the capacity for, autophagic flux. The association of increased p62 with unfavorable outcome suggests that autophagy in excess of the capacity to clear degradation products may be deleterious after TBI.
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Lysosomal response in relation to α-synuclein pathology differs between Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 114:140-152. [PMID: 29505813 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular deposition of pathologically altered α-synuclein mostly in neurons characterises Parkinson's disease (PD), while its accumulation predominantly in oligodendrocytes is a feature of multiple system atrophy (MSA). Recently a prion-like spreading of pathologic α-synuclein has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of PD and MSA. This implicates a role of protein processing systems, including lysosomes, supported also by genetic studies in PD. However, particularly for MSA, the mechanism of cell-to-cell propagation of α-synuclein is yet not fully understood. To evaluate the significance of lysosomal response, we systematically compared differently affected neuronal populations in PD, MSA, and non-diseased brains using morphometric immunohistochemistry (cathepsin D), double immunolabelling (cathepsin D/α-synuclein) laser confocal microscopy, and immunogold electron microscopy for the disease associated α-synuclein. We found that i) irrespective of the presence of neuronal inclusions, the volume density of cathepsin D immunoreactivity significantly increases in affected neurons of the pontine base in MSA brains; ii) volume density of cathepsin D immunoreactivity increases in nigral neurons in PD without inclusions and with non-ubiquitinated pre-aggregates of α-synuclein, but not in neurons with Lewy bodies; iii) cathepsin D immunoreactivity frequently colocalises with α-synuclein pre-aggregates in nigral neurons in PD; iv) ultrastructural observations confirm disease-associated α-synuclein in neuronal and astrocytic lysosomes in PD; v) lysosome-associated α-synuclein is observed in astroglia and rarely in oligodendroglia and in neurons in MSA. Our observations support a crucial role for the neuronal endosomal-lysosomal system in the processing of α-synuclein in PD. We suggest a distinct contribution of lysosomes to the pathogenesis of MSA, including the possibility of oligodendroglial and eventually neuronal uptake of exogenous α-synuclein in MSA.
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Cao C, Gao T, Cheng Y, Cheng M, Su T, Xi F, Wu C, Yu W. Hypothalamic AMPK-induced autophagy ameliorates hypercatabolism in septic rats by regulating POMC expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:1089-1096. [PMID: 29496447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypercatabolism plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of post-critical care debility in critical patients. Central nervous system may exerte a critical role in the regulation of hypercatabolism. However, little is known about the exact mechanisms of the central role. Here, we reported that actived hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-induced autophagy modulated the expression of POMC to ameliorate hypercatabolism in septic rats. Firstly, rats were i.c.v. injected with the lentiviral vector containing shRNA against POMC. Two weeks after injections, rats were intraperitoneally injected with LPS or saline. Twenty-four hours later, blood, skeletal muscle and hypothalamus tissues were obtained. Hypercatabolism markers and neuropeptides expression were detected. Then, rats were injected with AICAR or saline into third ventricle and promptly intraperitoneally injected with LPS or saline. Twenty-four hours after infection, blood, skeletal muscle and hypothalamus tissues were obtained. Hypercatabolism, hypothalamic AMPK-induced autophagy markers and neuropeptides expression were also detected. Results showed that sepsis would decrease the level of hypothalamic autophagy accompany with the alterations of POMC expression and hypercatabolism. Knocking out hypothalamus POMC expression could significantly ameliorate hypercatabolism. Moreover, Central activation of AMPK-induced autophagy pathway via third ventricle injection of AICAR, an AMPK activator, could efficiently ameliorate hypercatabolism as well as attenuate the elevated POMC expression rather than other neuropeptides. Taken together, these results suggested that hypothalamic AMPK-autophagy pathway as a regulatory pathway for POMC expression was essential for hypercatabolism during sepsis. And hypothalamic AMPK-autophagy activation could attenuate the POMC expression to ameliorate hypercatabolism. Pharmaceuticals with the ability of activating hypothalamic AMPK-autophagy pathway may be a therapeutic potential for hypercatabolism in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Cao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Minhua Cheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Fengchan Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Cuili Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Wenkui Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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de la Torre JC. Are Major Dementias Triggered by Poor Blood Flow to the Brain? Theoretical Considerations. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:353-371. [PMID: 28211814 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that chronic brain hypoperfusion plays a central role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) long before dyscognitive symptoms or amyloid-β accumulation in the brain appear. This commentary proposes that dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) may also develop from chronic brain hypoperfusion following a similar but not identical neurometabolic breakdown as AD. The argument to support this conclusion is that chronic brain hypoperfusion, which is found at the early stages of the three dementias reviewed here, will reduce oxygen delivery and lower oxidative phosphorylation promoting a steady decline in the synthesis of the cell energy fuel adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process is known to lead to oxidative stress. Virtually all neurodegenerative diseases, including FTD, DLB, and CJD, are characterized by oxidative stress that promotes inclusion bodies which differ in structure, location, and origin, as well as which neurological disorder they typify. Inclusion bodies have one thing in common; they are known to diminish autophagic activity, the protective intracellular degradative process that removes malformed proteins, protein aggregates, and damaged subcellular organelles that can disrupt neuronal homeostasis. Neurons are dependent on autophagy for their normal function and survival. When autophagic activity is diminished or impaired in neurons, high levels of unfolded or misfolded proteins overwhelm and downregulate the neuroprotective activity of unfolded protein response which is unable to get rid of dysfunctional organelles such as damaged mitochondria and malformed proteins at the synapse. The endpoint of this neuropathologic process results in damaged synapses, impaired neurotransmission, cognitive decline, and dementia.
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Song Y, Du Y, Zou W, Luo Y, Zhang X, Fu J. Involvement of impaired autophagy and mitophagy in Neuro-2a cell damage under hypoxic and/or high-glucose conditions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3301. [PMID: 29459731 PMCID: PMC5818622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) plays an insidious role in the development of cognitive impairment. Considerable evidence suggests that Diabetes Mellitus (DM) as a vascular risk factor may exacerbate CCH and is closely related to cognitive decline. Dysregulation of autophagy is known to be associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. To elucidate the role of autophagy in CCH- and/or DM-related pathogenesis, mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a cells were exposed to hypoxia and/or high glucose for 48 h, mimicking CCH complicated with DM pathologies. Chronic hypoxia reduced cell proliferation and increased levels of cleaved caspase-3, whereas high glucose had no obvious synergistic toxic effect. Accumulation of autophagic vacuoles under hypoxia may be due to both autophagy impairment and induction, with the former accounting for Neuro-2a cell death. Additionally, aberrant accumulation of mitochondria in Neuro-2a cells may be attributed to insufficient BNIP3-mediated mitophagy due to poor interaction between BNIP3 and LC3-II. Despite the lack of a significant cytotoxic effect of high glucose under our experimental conditions, our data indicated for the first time that impaired autophagy degradation and inefficient BNIP3-mediated mitophagy may constitute mechanisms underlying neuronal cell damage during chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Song
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wenying Zou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Jianliang Fu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Rescue of Learning and Memory Deficits in the Human Nonsyndromic Intellectual Disability Cereblon Knock-Out Mouse Model by Targeting the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-mTORC1 Translational Pathway. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2780-2795. [PMID: 29459374 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0599-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A homozygous nonsense mutation in the cereblon (CRBN) gene results in autosomal recessive, nonsyndromic intellectual disability that is devoid of other phenotypic features, suggesting a critical role of CRBN in mediating learning and memory. In this study, we demonstrate that adult male Crbn knock-out (CrbnKO) mice exhibit deficits in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory tasks that are recapitulated by focal knock-out of Crbn in the adult dorsal hippocampus, with no changes in social or repetitive behavior. Cellular studies identify deficits in long-term potentiation at Schaffer collateral CA1 synapses. We further show that Crbn is robustly expressed in the mouse hippocampus and CrbnKO mice exhibit hyperphosphorylated levels of AMPKα (Thr172). Examination of processes downstream of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) finds that CrbnKO mice have a selective impairment in mediators of the mTORC1 translation initiation pathway in parallel with lower protein levels of postsynaptic density glutamatergic proteins and higher levels of excitatory presynaptic markers in the hippocampus with no change in markers of the unfolded protein response or autophagy pathways. Acute pharmacological inhibition of AMPK activity in adult CrbnKO mice rescues learning and memory deficits and normalizes hippocampal mTORC1 activity and postsynaptic glutamatergic proteins without altering excitatory presynaptic markers. Thus, this study identifies that loss of Crbn results in learning, memory, and synaptic defects as a consequence of exaggerated AMPK activity, inhibition of mTORC1 signaling, and decreased glutamatergic synaptic proteins. Thus, CrbnKO mice serve as an ideal model of intellectual disability to further explore molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Intellectual disability (ID) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. The cereblon (CRBN) gene has been linked to autosomal recessive, nonsyndromic ID, characterized by an intelligence quotient between 50 and 70 but devoid of other phenotypic features, making cereblon an ideal protein for the study of the fundamental aspects of learning and memory. Here, using the cereblon knock-out mouse model, we show that cereblon deficiency disrupts learning, memory, and synaptic function via AMP-activated protein kinase hyperactivity, downregulation of mTORC1, and dysregulation of excitatory synapses, with no changes in social or repetitive behaviors, consistent with findings in the human population. This establishes the cereblon knock-out mouse as a model of pure ID without the confounding behavioral phenotypes associated with other current models of ID.
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Zhou Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, He Z, Zou S, Wang Q, Li J, Zheng Z, Chen J, Wu F, Gong F, Zhang H, Xu H, Xiao J. The cross-talk between autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1688-1702. [PMID: 27926492 PMCID: PMC5352089 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury induces the disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier and triggers a complex array of tissue responses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. However, the roles of ER stress and autophagy in blood-spinal cord barrier disruption have not been discussed in acute spinal cord trauma. In the present study, we respectively detected the roles of ER stress and autophagy in blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury. Besides, we also detected the cross-talking between autophagy and ER stress both in vivo and in vitro. ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyric acid, and autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, were respectively or combinedly administrated in the model of acute spinal cord injury rats. At day 1 after spinal cord injury, blood-spinal cord barrier was disrupted and activation of ER stress and autophagy were involved in the rat model of trauma. Inhibition of ER stress by treating with 4-phenylbutyric acid decreased blood-spinal cord barrier permeability, prevented the loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins and reduced autophagy activation after spinal cord injury. On the contrary, inhibition of autophagy by treating with chloroquine exacerbated blood-spinal cord barrier permeability, promoted the loss of TJ proteins and enhanced ER stress after spinal cord injury. When 4-phenylbutyric acid and chloroquine were combinedly administrated in spinal cord injury rats, chloroquine abolished the blood-spinal cord barrier protective effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid by exacerbating ER stress after spinal cord injury, indicating that the cross-talking between autophagy and ER stress may play a central role on blood-spinal cord barrier integrity in acute spinal cord injury. The present study illustrates that ER stress induced by spinal cord injury plays a detrimental role on blood-spinal cord barrier integrity, on the contrary, autophagy induced by spinal cord injury plays a furthersome role in blood-spinal cord barrier integrity in acute spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Zili He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Shuang Zou
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Zengming Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Fenzan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Fanhua Gong
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
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Ji H, Xu L, Wang Z, Fan X, Wu L. Effects of thymosin β4 on oxygen‑glucose deprivation and reoxygenation‑induced injury. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:1749-1755. [PMID: 29328391 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia causes severe brain injury and results in selective neuronal death through programmed cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis and autophagy. Minimizing neuronal injury has been considered a hot topic among clinicians. The present study elucidated the effect of thymosin β4 (Tβ4) on neuronal death induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in PC12 cells that were subjected to oxygen‑glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). The survival, apoptotic and autophagy rates of PC12 cells were investigated. Tβ4 pre‑conditioning prior to OGD/R was performed to evaluate PC12‑cell viability and the protective mechanisms of Tβ4. Tβ4 significantly increased cell survival after OGD/R. Tβ4 inhibited the release of lactate dehydrogenase, downregulated malondialdehyde and upregulated the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. In addition, Tβ4 attenuated OGD/R‑associated decreases in the expression of P62 and the anti‑apoptotic protein B‑cell lymphoma‑2, as well as the upregulation of autophagy mediators, including autophagy‑related protein‑5 and the ratio of microtubule‑associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) II vs. LC3 I. These results suggested that Tβ4 effectively inhibits cell apoptosis and autophagy induced by OGD/R. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report on the antioxidant, anti‑apoptotic and anti‑autophagic effects of Tβ4 in neuronal‑like PC12 cells. These results suggested that Tβ4 may be explored as a potential treatment for cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ji
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Linhao Xu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Lihui Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
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Kulbe JR, Hall ED. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy-integration of canonical traumatic brain injury secondary injury mechanisms with tau pathology. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 158:15-44. [PMID: 28851546 PMCID: PMC5671903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a new neurodegenerative tauopathy labeled Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), has been identified that is believed to be primarily a sequela of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), often referred to as concussion, that occurs in athletes participating in contact sports (e.g. boxing, American football, Australian football, rugby, soccer, ice hockey) or in military combatants, especially after blast-induced injuries. Since the identification of CTE, and its neuropathological finding of deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, mechanistic attention has been on lumping the disorder together with various other non-traumatic neurodegenerative tauopathies. Indeed, brains from suspected CTE cases that have come to autopsy have been confirmed to have deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau in locations that make its anatomical distribution distinct for other tauopathies. The fact that these individuals experienced repetitive TBI episodes during their athletic or military careers suggests that the secondary injury mechanisms that have been extensively characterized in acute TBI preclinical models, and in TBI patients, including glutamate excitotoxicity, intracellular calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, free radical-induced oxidative damage and neuroinflammation, may contribute to the brain damage associated with CTE. Thus, the current review begins with an in depth analysis of what is known about the tau protein and its functions and dysfunctions followed by a discussion of the major TBI secondary injury mechanisms, and how the latter have been shown to contribute to tau pathology. The value of this review is that it might lead to improved neuroprotective strategies for either prophylactically attenuating the development of CTE or slowing its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Kulbe
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States.
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β-Amyloid and the Pathomechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive View. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101692. [PMID: 28994715 PMCID: PMC6151811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein dyshomeostasis is the common mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aging is the key risk factor, as the capacity of the proteostasis network declines during aging. Different cellular stress conditions result in the up-regulation of the neurotrophic, neuroprotective amyloid precursor protein (APP). Enzymatic processing of APP may result in formation of toxic Aβ aggregates (β-amyloids). Protein folding is the basis of life and death. Intracellular Aβ affects the function of subcellular organelles by disturbing the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria cross-talk and causing severe Ca2+-dysregulation and lipid dyshomeostasis. The extensive and complex network of proteostasis declines during aging and is not able to maintain the balance between production and disposal of proteins. The effectivity of cellular pathways that safeguard cells against proteotoxic stress (molecular chaperones, aggresomes, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy) declines with age. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion causes dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and thus the Aβ-clearance from brain-to-blood decreases. Microglia-mediated clearance of Aβ also declines, Aβ accumulates in the brain and causes neuroinflammation. Recognition of the above mentioned complex pathogenesis pathway resulted in novel drug targets in AD research.
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Cui Y, Liu L, Dou X, Wang C, Zhang W, Gao K, Liu J, Wang H. Lactobacillus reuteri ZJ617 maintains intestinal integrity via regulating tight junction, autophagy and apoptosis in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77489-77499. [PMID: 29100403 PMCID: PMC5652795 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Live probiotics are effective in reducing gut permeability and inflammation. We have previously reported that Lactobacillus reuteri ZJ617 (ZJ617) with high adhesive and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) can ameliorate intestine inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The present study was aimed at elucidating the roles of ZJ617 and LGG in alleviating the LPS-induced barrier dysfunction of ileum in mice. Six C57BL/6 mice per group were orally inoculated with ZJ617 or LGG for one week (1× 108 CFU/mouse) and intraperitoneally injected with LPS (10 mg/kg body weight) for 24 h. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with ZJ617 and LGG attenuated LPS-induced increase in intestinal permeability. The probiotics supplementation suppressed LPS-induced oxidative stress. Both ZJ617 and LGG strongly reversed the decline of occludin and claudin-3 expression induced by LPS challenge. ZJ617 relieved LPS-induced apoptosis by decreasing caspase-3 activity. Noticeably, ratio of microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3)-II/LC3-I and LC3 activity were elevated by LPS stimulation, whereas such increases were obviously attenuated by both of the probiotics treatment. Moreover, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) was significantly inhibited by LPS, whereas complementation of ZJ617 and LGG markedly increased the expression of p-mTOR. Collectively, our results indicated that ZJ617 could protect LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via enhancing antioxidant activities and tight junction and attenuating apoptosis and autophagy via mTOR signaling pathway. These findings could serve as systematic mechanisms through which probiotics promote and maintain gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Cui
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China.,College of Animal Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Kan Gao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, P.R. China.,College of Animal Science, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, P.R. China
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Lumkwana D, du Toit A, Kinnear C, Loos B. Autophagic flux control in neurodegeneration: Progress and precision targeting—Where do we stand? Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:64-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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