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Liu Y, Cui W, Liu H, Yao M, Shen W, Miao L, Wei J, Liang X, Zhang Y. Exploring the "gene-metabolite" network of ischemic stroke with blood stasis and toxin syndrome by integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics strategy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11947. [PMID: 38789486 PMCID: PMC11126742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A research model combining a disease and syndrome can provide new ideas for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In the field of traditional Chinese medicine, blood stasis and toxin (BST) syndrome is considered an important syndrome seen in patients with ischemic stroke (IS). However, the biological basis of IS-BST syndrome is currently not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the biological mechanism of IS-BST syndrome. This study is divided into two parts: (1) establishment of an animal model of ischemic stroke disease and an animal model of BST syndrome in ischemic stroke; (2) use of omics methods to identify differentially expressed genes and metabolites in the models. We used middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery to establish the disease model, and utilized carrageenan combined with active dry yeast and MCAO surgery to construct the IS-BST syndrome model. Next, we used transcriptomics and metabolomics methods to explore the differential genes and metabolites in the disease model and IS-BST syndrome model. It is found that the IS-BST syndrome model exhibited more prominent characteristics of IS disease and syndrome features. Both the disease model and the IS-BST syndrome model share some common biological processes, such as thrombus formation, inflammatory response, purine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and so on. Results of the "gene-metabolite" network revealed that the IS-BST syndrome model exhibited more pronounced features of complement-coagulation cascade reactions and amino acid metabolism disorders. Additionally, the "F2 (thrombin)-NMDAR/glutamate" pathway was coupled with the formation process of the blood stasis and toxin syndrome. This study reveals the intricate mechanism of IS-BST syndrome, offering a successful model for investigating the combination of disease and syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongxi Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lina Miao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Bernard M, Menet R, Lecordier S, ElAli A. Endothelial PDGF-D contributes to neurovascular protection after ischemic stroke by rescuing pericyte functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:225. [PMID: 38769116 PMCID: PMC11106055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke induces neovascularization of the injured tissue as an attempt to promote structural repair and neurological recovery. Angiogenesis is regulated by pericytes that potently react to ischemic stroke stressors, ranging from death to dysfunction. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor (PDGFR)β controls pericyte survival, migration, and interaction with brain endothelial cells. PDGF-D a specific ligand of PDGFRβ is expressed in the brain, yet its regulation and role in ischemic stroke pathobiology remains unexplored. Using experimental ischemic stroke mouse model, we found that PDGF-D is transiently induced in brain endothelial cells at the injury site in the subacute phase. To investigate the biological significance of PDGF-D post-ischemic stroke regulation, its subacute expression was either downregulated using siRNA or upregulated using an active recombinant form. Attenuation of PDGF-D subacute induction exacerbates neuronal loss, impairs microvascular density, alters vascular permeability, and increases microvascular stalling. Increasing PDGF-D subacute bioavailability rescues neuronal survival and improves neurological recovery. PDGF-D subacute enhanced bioavailability promotes stable neovascularization of the injured tissue and improves brain perfusion. Notably, PDGF-D enhanced bioavailability improves pericyte association with brain endothelial cells. Cell-based assays using human brain pericyte and brain endothelial cells exposed to ischemia-like conditions were applied to investigate the underlying mechanisms. PDGF-D stimulation attenuates pericyte loss and fibrotic transition, while increasing the secretion of pro-angiogenic and vascular protective factors. Moreover, PDGF-D stimulates pericyte migration required for optimal endothelial coverage and promotes angiogenesis. Our study unravels new insights into PDGF-D contribution to neurovascular protection after ischemic stroke by rescuing the functions of pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bernard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec (CHUQ)-Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Romain Menet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec (CHUQ)-Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sarah Lecordier
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec (CHUQ)-Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec (CHUQ)-Université Laval, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Hernández-Bernal F, Estenoz-García D, Gutiérrez-Ronquillo JH, Martín-Bauta Y, Catasús-Álvarez K, Gutiérrez-Castillo M, Guevara-Rodríguez M, Castro-Jeréz A, Fuentes-González Y, Pinto-Cruz Y, Valenzuela-Silva C, Muzio-González VL, Pérez-Saad H, Subirós-Martínez N, Guillén-Nieto GE, Garcia-del-Barco-Herrera D. Combination therapy of Epidermal Growth Factor and Growth Hormone-Releasing Hexapeptide in acute ischemic stroke: a phase I/II non-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1303402. [PMID: 38638315 PMCID: PMC11024445 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1303402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study tested the hypothesis that a neuroprotective combined therapy based on epidermal growth factor (EGF) and growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide (GHRP6) could be safe for acute ischemic stroke patients, admitting up to 30% of serious adverse events (SAE) with proven causality. Methods A multi-centric, randomized, open-label, controlled, phase I-II clinical trial with parallel groups was conducted (July 2017 to January 2018). Patients aged 18-80 years with a computed tomography-confirmed ischemic stroke and less than 12 h from the onset of symptoms were randomly assigned to the study groups I (75 μg rEGF + 3.5 mg GHRP6 i.v., n=10), II (75 μg rEGF + 5 mg GHRP6 i.v., n=10), or III (standard care control, n=16). Combined therapy was given BID for 7 days. The primary endpoint was safety over 6 months. Secondary endpoints included neurological (NIHSS) and functional [Barthel index and modified Rankin scale (mRS)] outcomes. Results The study population had a mean age of 66 ± 11 years, with 21 men (58.3%), a baseline median NIHSS score of 9 (95% CI: 8-11), and a mean time to treatment of 7.3 ± 2.8 h. Analyses were conducted on an intention-to-treat basis. SAEs were reported in 9 of 16 (56.2%) patients in the control group, 3 of 10 (30%) patients in Group I (odds ratio (OR): 0.33; 95% CI: 0.06-1.78), and 2 of 10 (20%) patients in Group II (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.03-1.22); only two events in one patient in Group I were attributed to the intervention treatment. Compliance with the study hypothesis was greater than 0.90 in each group. Patients treated with EGF + GHRP6 had a favorable neurological and functional evolution at both 90 and 180 days, as evidenced by the inferential analysis of NIHSS, Barthel, and mRS and by their moderate to strong effect size. At 6 months, proportion analysis evidenced a higher survival rate for patients treated with the combined therapy. Ancillary analysis including merged treated groups and utility-weighted mRS also showed a benefit of this combined therapy. Conclusion EGF + GHRP6 therapy was safe. The functional benefits of treatment in this study supported a Phase III study. Clinical Trial Registration RPCEC00000214 of the Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials, Unique identifier: IG/CIGB-845I/IC/1601.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Hernández-Bernal
- Clinical Trial Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Department of Comprehensive General Medicine, Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Yenima Martín-Bauta
- Clinical Trial Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Karen Catasús-Álvarez
- Clinical Trial Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Héctor Pérez-Saad
- Neuroprotection Project, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nelvys Subirós-Martínez
- Neuroprotection Project, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo E. Guillén-Nieto
- Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Department of Physiology, Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
| | - Diana Garcia-del-Barco-Herrera
- Neuroprotection Project, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Department of Physiology, Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Havana, Cuba
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a cell-free therapy for traumatic brain injury via neuroprotection and neurorestoration. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:49-54. [PMID: 37488843 PMCID: PMC10479856 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.374143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a serious and complex neurological condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite significant advancements in the field of medicine, effective treatments for traumatic brain injury remain limited. Recently, extracellular vesicles released from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells have emerged as a promising novel therapy for traumatic brain injury. Extracellular vesicles are small membrane-bound vesicles that are naturally released by cells, including those in the brain, and can be engineered to contain therapeutic cargo, such as anti-inflammatory molecules, growth factors, and microRNAs. When administered intravenously, extracellular vesicles can cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver their cargos to the site of injury, where they can be taken up by recipient cells and modulate the inflammatory response, promote neuroregeneration, and improve functional outcomes. In preclinical studies, extracellular vesicle-based therapies have shown promising results in promoting recovery after traumatic brain injury, including reducing neuronal damage, improving cognitive function, and enhancing motor recovery. While further research is needed to establish the safety and efficacy of extracellular vesicle-based therapies in humans, extracellular vesicles represent a promising novel approach for the treatment of traumatic brain injury. In this review, we summarize mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a cell-free therapy for traumatic brain injury via neuroprotection and neurorestoration and brain-derived extracellular vesicles as potential biofluid biomarkers in small and large animal models of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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5
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Hood RJ, Sanchez-Bezanilla S, Beard DJ, Rust R, Turner RJ, Stuckey SM, Collins-Praino LE, Walker FR, Nilsson M, Ong LK. Leakage beyond the primary lesion: A temporal analysis of cerebrovascular dysregulation at sites of hippocampal secondary neurodegeneration following cortical photothrombotic stroke. J Neurochem 2023; 167:733-752. [PMID: 38010732 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a cortical stroke causes persistent impairment of hippocampal-dependent cognitive tasks concomitant with secondary neurodegenerative processes such as amyloid-β accumulation in the hippocampus, a region remote from the primary infarct. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence suggesting that deposition of amyloid-β around cerebral vessels may lead to cerebrovascular structural changes, neurovascular dysfunction, and disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity. However, there is limited knowledge about the temporal changes of hippocampal cerebrovasculature after cortical stroke. In the current study, we aimed to characterise the spatiotemporal cerebrovascular changes after cortical stroke. This was done using the photothrombotic stroke model targeting the motor and somatosensory cortices of mice. Cerebrovascular morphology as well as the co-localisation of amyloid-β with vasculature and blood-brain barrier integrity were assessed in the cortex and hippocampal regions at 7, 28 and 84 days post-stroke. Our findings showed transient cerebrovascular remodelling in the peri-infarct area up to 28 days post-stroke. Importantly, the cerebrovascular changes were extended beyond the peri-infarct region to the ipsilateral hippocampus and were sustained out to 84 days post-stroke. When investigating vessel diameter, we showed a decrease at 84 days in the peri-infarct and CA1 regions that were exacerbated in vessels with amyloid-β deposition. Lastly, we showed sustained vascular leakage in the peri-infarct and ipsilateral hippocampus, indicative of a compromised blood-brain-barrier. Our findings indicate that hippocampal vasculature may represent an important therapeutic target to mitigate the progression of post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Hood
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Sanchez-Bezanilla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J Beard
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Renée J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shannon M Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Liu Y, Wang L, Yang G, Chi X, Liang X, Zhang Y. Sirtuins: Promising Therapeutic Targets to Treat Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1210. [PMID: 37627275 PMCID: PMC10452362 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability globally, with ischemic stroke (IS) accounting for over 80% of all stroke cases. The pathological process of IS involves numerous signal molecules, among which are the highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent enzymes known as sirtuins (SIRTs). SIRTs modulate various biological processes, including cell differentiation, energy metabolism, DNA repair, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Importantly, several studies have reported a correlation between SIRTs and IS. This review introduces the general aspects of SIRTs, including their distribution, subcellular location, enzyme activity, and substrate. We also discuss their regulatory roles and potential mechanisms in IS. Finally, we describe the current therapeutic methods based on SIRTs, such as pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological therapeutic/rehabilitative interventions, epigenetic regulators, potential molecules, and stem cell-derived exosome therapy. The data collected in this study will potentially contribute to both clinical and fundamental research on SIRTs, geared towards developing effective therapeutic candidates for future treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Liuding Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Guang Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China;
| | - Xiansu Chi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (Y.L.); (L.W.); (X.C.)
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7
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Kittur FS, Hung CY, Li PA, Sane DC, Xie J. Asialo-rhuEPO as a Potential Neuroprotectant for Ischemic Stroke Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:610. [PMID: 37111367 PMCID: PMC10143832 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotective drugs to protect the brain against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury are urgently needed. Mammalian cell-produced recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPOM) has been demonstrated to have excellent neuroprotective functions in preclinical studies, but its neuroprotective properties could not be consistently translated in clinical trials. The clinical failure of rhuEPOM was thought to be mainly due to its erythropoietic activity-associated side effects. To exploit its tissue-protective property, various EPO derivatives with tissue-protective function only have been developed. Among them, asialo-rhuEPO, lacking terminal sialic acid residues, was shown to be neuroprotective but non-erythropoietic. Asialo-rhuEPO can be prepared by enzymatic removal of sialic acid residues from rhuEPOM (asialo-rhuEPOE) or by expressing human EPO gene in glycoengineered transgenic plants (asialo-rhuEPOP). Both types of asialo-rhuEPO, like rhuEPOM, displayed excellent neuroprotective effects by regulating multiple cellular pathways in cerebral I/R animal models. In this review, we describe the structure and properties of EPO and asialo-rhuEPO, summarize the progress on neuroprotective studies of asialo-rhuEPO and rhuEPOM, discuss potential reasons for the clinical failure of rhuEPOM with acute ischemic stroke patients, and advocate future studies needed to develop asialo-rhuEPO as a multimodal neuroprotectant for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooqahmed S. Kittur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.-Y.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.-Y.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - P. Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.-Y.H.); (P.A.L.)
| | - David C. Sane
- Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA;
| | - Jiahua Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (C.-Y.H.); (P.A.L.)
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8
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Ye H, Ma Z, Liu L, Zhang T, Han Q, Xiang Z, Xia Y, Ke Y, Guan X, Shi Q, Ataullakhanov FI, Panteleev M. Thrombus Inhibition and Neuroprotection for Ischemic Stroke Treatment through Platelet Regulation and ROS Scavenging. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200317. [PMID: 36220787 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by cerebrovascular stenosis or occlusion. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the focus-triggering factor of irreversible injury in ischemic regions, which result in harmful cascading effects to brain tissue, such as inflammation and microthrombus formation. In the present work, we designed nanodelivery systems (NDSs) based on MnO2 loaded with Ginkgolide B (GB) for restoring the intracerebral microenvironment in ischemic stroke, such as ROS scavenging, O2 elevation, thrombus inhibition and damage repair. GB can activate the endogenous antioxidant defense of cells by enhancing the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling pathway, thus protecting brain tissue from oxidative damage. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is also a therapeutic obstacle for the delivery of these agents to ischemic regions. MnO2 nanoparticles have an inherent BBB penetration effect, which enhances the delivery of therapeutic agents within brain tissue. MnO2 , with mimicking enzymatic activity, can catalyze the decomposition of overproduced H2 O2 in the ischemic microenvironment to O2 , meanwhile releasing platelet-antagonizing GB molecules, thus alleviating cerebral hypoxia, oxidative stress damage, and microthrombus generation. This study may provide a promising therapeutic route for regulating the microenvironment of ischemic stroke through a combined function of ROS scavenging, microthrombus inhibition, and BBB penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Ye
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Ma
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tianci Zhang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyi Han
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zehong Xiang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yue Ke
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Guan
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Shi
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fazly I Ataullakhanov
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, 117198, Russia.,Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail Panteleev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, 117198, Russia
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Senarathna J, Kovler M, Prasad A, Bhargava A, Thakor N, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ, Pathak AP. In vivo phenotyping of the microvasculature in necrotizing enterocolitis with multicontrast optical imaging. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12768. [PMID: 35593520 PMCID: PMC9633336 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most prevalent gastrointestinal emergency in premature infants and is characterized by a dysfunctional gut microcirculation. Therefore, there is a dire need for in vivo methods to characterize NEC-induced changes in the structure and function of the gut microcirculation, that is, its vascular phenotype. Since in vivo gut imaging methods are often slow and employ a single-contrast mechanism, we developed a rapid multicontrast imaging technique and a novel analyses pipeline for phenotyping the gut microcirculation. METHODS Using an experimental NEC model, we acquired in vivo images of the gut microvasculature and blood flow over a 5000 × 7000 μm2 field of view at 5 μm resolution via the following two endogenous contrast mechanisms: intrinsic optical signals and laser speckles. Next, we transformed intestinal images into rectilinear "flat maps," and delineated 1A/V gut microvessels and their perfusion territories as "intestinal vascular units" (IVUs). Employing IVUs, we quantified and visualized NEC-induced changes to the gut vascular phenotype. RESULTS In vivo imaging required 60-100 s per animal. Relative to the healthy gut, NEC intestines showed a significant overall decrease (i.e. 64-72%) in perfusion, accompanied by vasoconstriction (i.e. 9-12%) and a reduction in perfusion entropy (19%)within sections of the vascular bed. CONCLUSIONS Multicontrast imaging coupled with IVU-based in vivo vascular phenotyping is a powerful new tool for elucidating NEC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaka Senarathna
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Mark Kovler
- Department of Genetic MedicineThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ayush Prasad
- Department of BiophysicsThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Akanksha Bhargava
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nitish V. Thakor
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Chhinder P. Sodhi
- Department of Genetic MedicineThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Cell BiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - David J. Hackam
- Department of Genetic MedicineThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of SurgeryThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Cell BiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Arvind P. Pathak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological ScienceThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of OncologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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10
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Polyphenols for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: New Applications and Insights. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134181. [PMID: 35807426 PMCID: PMC9268254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Currently, the main therapeutic strategy involves the use of intravenous thrombolysis to restore cerebral blood flow to prevent the transition of the penumbra to the infarct core. However, due to various limitations and complications, including the narrow time window in which this approach is effective, less than 10% of patients benefit from such therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies, with neuroprotection against the ischemic cascade response after IS being one of the most promising options. In the past few decades, polyphenolic compounds have shown great potential in animal models of IS because of their high biocompatibility and ability to target multiple ischemic cascade signaling pathways, although low bioavailability is an issue that limits the applications of several polyphenols. Here, we review the pathophysiological changes following cerebral ischemia and summarize the research progress regarding the applications of polyphenolic compounds in the treatment of IS over the past 5 years. Furthermore, we discuss several potential strategies for improving the bioavailability of polyphenolic compounds as well as some essential issues that remain to be addressed for the translation of the related therapies to the clinic.
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11
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Bai P, Zhu R, Wang P, Jiang F, Zhen J, Yao Y, Zhao C, Liang Z, Wang M, Liu B, Li M, Li N, Yuan J. The efficacy and safety of fingolimod plus standardized treatment versus standardized treatment alone for acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00972. [PMID: 35585652 PMCID: PMC9117458 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the most common type of stroke. Fingolimod is a sphingosine analog that acts on sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptors (S1PR). Recently, the safety and efficacy of fingolimod in both patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and patients with AIS have been investigated in proof‐of‐concept trials. In this review, we performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fingolimod for AIS. This study was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic review and Meta‐Analysis) statement. We searched for publications on the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Clinical trials, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, CBM up to August 2021. We compiled five studies; a main meta‐analysis forest plots were conducted for the values of the proportion of patients whose modified Rankin scale (MRS) score was 0–1 at day 90. There were heterogeneities in each study; the method of sensitivity analysis was performed. A sensitivity analysis was performed with a mean difference (MD) of the efficacy of fingolimod plus standardized treatment versus standardized treatment alone. Random effect model is used for meta‐analysis regardless of the I2 index. The analysis was carried out for categorical variables using the risk ratio (RR), LogRR, and its 95% CI. The methodological quality of each randomized controlled trial (RCTs) was assessed according to the Cochrane Collaboration tool to assess the risk of bias (ROB). A meta‐analysis of five studies with 228 participants was conducted. The risk ratio of patients whose MRS score was 0–1 at day 90 between fingolimod plus standardized treatment and standardized treatment alone was 2.59 (95%CI, 1.48–4.56). The Fingolimod plus standard treatment group decreased infarct growth and improved clinical function than the standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Runxiu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhen
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhui Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Zihong Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Nursing Department, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital No. 20 of Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010017, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
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12
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Liu P, Jiang C. Brain-targeting drug delivery systems. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1818. [PMID: 35596258 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, acute ischemic stroke and brain tumors, have become a major health problem and a huge burden on society with high morbidity and mortality. However, most of the current therapeutic drugs can only relieve the symptoms of brain diseases, and it is difficult to achieve satisfactory therapeutic effects fundamentally. Extensive studies have shown that the therapeutic effects of brain diseases are mainly affected by two factors: the conservation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the complexity of the brain micro-environment. Brain-targeting drug delivery systems provide new possibilities for overcoming these barriers with versatility. In this review, it provides an overview of BBB alteration and discusses targeting delivery strategies for brain diseases therapy. Furthermore, delivery systems which are designed to modulate the brain micro-environment with synergistic effects were also highlighted. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Central Nervous System Pericytes Contribute to Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101707. [PMID: 35626743 PMCID: PMC9139243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful neuroprotection is only possible with contemporary microvascular protection. The prevention of disease-induced vascular modifications that accelerate brain damage remains largely elusive. An improved understanding of pericyte (PC) signalling could provide important insight into the function of the neurovascular unit (NVU), and into the injury-provoked responses that modify cell–cell interactions and crosstalk. Due to sharing the same basement membrane with endothelial cells, PCs have a crucial role in the control of endothelial, astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte precursor functions and hence blood–brain barrier stability. Both cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases impair oxygen delivery and functionally impair the NVU. In this review, the role of PCs in central nervous system health and disease is discussed, considering their origin, multipotency, functions and also dysfunction, focusing on new possible avenues to modulate neuroprotection. Dysfunctional PC signalling could also be considered as a potential biomarker of NVU pathology, allowing us to individualize therapeutic interventions, monitor responses, or predict outcomes.
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14
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Kawadkar M, Mandloi AS, Singh N, Mukharjee R, Dhote VV. Combination therapy for cerebral ischemia: do progesterone and noscapine provide better neuroprotection than either alone in the treatment? NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:167-185. [PMID: 34988596 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke presents multifaceted pathological outcomes with overlapping mechanisms of cerebral injury. High mortality and disability with stroke warrant a novel multi-targeted therapeutic approach. The neuroprotection with progesterone (PG) and noscapine (NOS) on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury was demonstrated individually, but the outcome of combination treatment to alleviate cerebral damage is still unexplored. Randomly divided groups of rats (n = 6) were Sham-operated, I-R, PG (8 mg/kg), NOS (10 mg/kg), and PG + NOS (8 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg). The rats were exposed to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, except Sham-operated, to investigate the therapeutic outcome of PG and NOS alone and in combination on I-R injury. Besides the alterations in cognitive and motor abilities, we estimated infarct area, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and histology after treatment. Pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, half-life, and AUC0-t were estimated in biological samples to substantiate the therapeutic outcomes of the combination treatment. We report PG and NOS prevent loss of motor ability and improve spatial memory after cerebral I-R injury. Combination treatment significantly reduced inflammation and restricted infarction; it attenuated oxidative stress and BBB damage and improved grip strength. Histopathological analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in leukocyte infiltration with the most profound effect in the combination group. Simultaneous analysis of PG and NOS in plasma revealed enhanced peak drug concentration, improved AUC, and prolonged half-life; the drug levels in the brain have increased significantly for both. We conclude that PG and NOS have beneficial effects against brain damage and the co-administration further reinforced neuroprotection in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Kawadkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
| | - Avinash S Mandloi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
| | - Rajesh Mukharjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
| | - Vipin V Dhote
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Vidya Vihar, Neelbud, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India.
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15
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Vespakinin-M, a natural peptide from Vespa magnifica, promotes functional recovery in stroke mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:74. [PMID: 35058552 PMCID: PMC8776894 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke triggers complex systemic pathological responses for which the exploration of drug resources remains a challenge. Wasp venom extracted from Vespa magnifica (Smith, 1852) is most commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis as well as neurological disorders. Vespakinin-M (VK), a natural peptide from wasp venom, has remained largely unexplored for stroke. Herein, we first confirmed the structure, stability, toxicity and distribution of VK as well as its penetration into the blood–brain barrier. VK (150 and 300 µg/kg, i.p.) was administered to improve stroke constructed by middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Our results indicate that VK promote functional recovery in mice after ischemia stroke, including an improvement of neurological impairment, reduction of infarct volume, maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity, and an obstruction of the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. In addition, VK treatment led to reduced neuroinflammation and apoptosis associated with the activation of PI3K–AKT and inhibition of IκBα–NF-κB signaling pathways. Simultaneously, we confirmed that VK can combine with bradykinin receptor 2 (B2R) as detected by molecular docking, the B2R antagonist HOE140 could counteract the neuro-protective effects of VK on stroke in mice. Overall, targeting the VK–B2R interaction can be considered as a practical strategy for stroke therapy. Zhao et al establish the structure, stability, toxicity and distribution of vespakinin-M (VK) as well as its penetration into the blood–brain barrier in mice. They go on to show that VK promotes functional recovery in mice after ischemia stroke and shed light on the potential underlying mechanisms, which together indicates the potential therapeutic value of targeting VK in stroke therapy.
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16
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He F, Ma C, Feng J, Li X, Xia S, Lin Q, Dai R. Angiogenesis effects of 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulation of VEGF-Ang/Tie2 balance. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1253-1263. [PMID: 34283928 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis facilitates the formation of microvascular networks and promotes neurological deficit recovery after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). This study investigated the angiogenesis effects of 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol (4-MA) on CIRI. The angiogenesis effects of 4-MA and the potential underlying mechanisms were assessed based on a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rat model and a hind limb ischemic (HLI) mouse model. Immunofluorescence was conducted to detect microvessel density, and Western blotting and polymerase chain reaction were performed to determine the expression of angiogenesis-promoting factors. In addition, we investigated whether the angiogenesis effects of 4-MA caused damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). After treatment with 4-MA (20 mg/kg) for 7 days, the neurological deficits recovered and microvessel density in the cerebral cortex increased in the MCAO/R rats. Additionally, 4-MA also regulated the expression of angiogenesis factors, with an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) expression and a decrease in angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1), Ang-2, and Tie-2 expression in both MCAO/R rats and HLI mice. Moreover, 4-MA increased the expression of angiogenesis-promoting factors without exacerbating BBB cascade damage in MCAO/R rats. Our results indicated that 4-MA may contribute to the formation of microvascular networks, thus promoting neurological deficit recovery after CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan He
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Chenjing Ma
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiufang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shuangli Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Rong Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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A Novel Plant-Produced Asialo-rhuEPO Protects Brain from Ischemic Damage Without Erythropoietic Action. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:338-354. [PMID: 34553324 PMCID: PMC10068895 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell-produced recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPOM) has been shown to be a multimodal neuroprotectant targeting an array of key pathological mechanisms in experimental stroke models. However, the rhuEPOM clinical trials were terminated due to increased risk of thrombosis, largely ascribed to its erythropoietic function. We recently took advantage of a plant-based expression system lacking sialylation capacity to produce asialo-rhuEPOP, a rhuEPO derivative without sialic acid residues. In the present study, we proved that asialo-rhuEPOP is non-erythropoietic by repeated intravenous injection (44 μg/kg bw) in mice showing no increase in hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts, and confirmed that it is non-immunogenic by measuring humoral response after immunizing the mice. We demonstrate that it is neuroprotective in a cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) mouse model, exhibiting ~ 50% reduction in cerebral infarct volume and edema, and significant improvement in neurological deficits and histopathological outcome. Our studies further revealed that asialo-rhuEPOP, like rhuEPOM, displays pleiotropic neuroprotective effects, including restoring I/R-interrupted mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, preventing I/R injury-induced increase in mitophagy and autophagy markers, and inhibiting apoptosis to benefit nerve cell survival. Most importantly, asialo-rhuEPOP lacking erythropoietic activity and immunogenicity holds great translational potential as a multimodal neuroprotectant for stroke treatment.
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18
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Combination treatment with U0126 and rt-PA prevents adverse effects of the delayed rt-PA treatment after acute ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11993. [PMID: 34099834 PMCID: PMC8184783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute ischemic stroke, the only FDA-approved drug; recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is limited by restricted time-window due to an enhanced risk of hemorrhagic transformation which is thought to be caused by metalloproteinase (MMP). In experimental stroke inhibitors of the mitogen–activated protein kinase kinase extracellular signal–regulated kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2 pathways reduce the MMPs. This study evaluated whether a MEK1/2 inhibitor in combination with rt-PA can prevent the detrimental effects of delayed rt-PA therapy in stroke. Thromboembolic stroke was induced in C57 black/6J mice and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 was administrated 3.5 h and rt-PA 4 h post stroke-onset. Treatment with rt-PA demonstrated enhanced MMP-9 protein levels and hemorrhagic transformation which was prevented when U0126 was given in conjunction with rt-PA. By blocking the MMP-9 with U0126 the safety of rt-PA administration was improved and demonstrates a promising adjuvant strategy to reduce the harmful effects of delayed rt-PA treatment in acute ischemic stroke.
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Wang J, Zhu Y, Yang L, Liu H, Zhou T, Xu F, Xu P, Yuan L, Liang L. Early Diagnosis of Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury and Revelation of Its Regional Development by a H 3R Receptor-Directed Probe. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1330-1338. [PMID: 33653024 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vivo imaging of cerebral hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may facilitate early diagnosis of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) and a revelation of its pathological progression. In this study, we report our rational design of a brain-targeting fluorescent probe using the basis of a pyridazinone scaffold. A structure-activity relationship study reveals that PCAB is the best candidate (Ki = 15.8 nM) for a histamine H3 receptor (H3R), which is highly expressed in neurons of the central nervous system. As a two-photon fluorescent probe, PCAB exhibits a fast, selective reaction toward both extra- and intracellular H2O2 in SH-SY5Y cells under oxygen glucose deprivation and resupply. In vivo fluorescent imaging of a middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse confirms that PCAB is an ultrasensitive probe with potent blood-brain barrier penetration, precise brain targeting, and fast detection of CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lingfei Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fengrong Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lan Yuan
- Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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20
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Yi D, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Song Y, You H, Wang J, Liu R, Shi Z, Chen X, Luo Q. Alteration of N 6 -Methyladenosine mRNA Methylation in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:605654. [PMID: 33796004 PMCID: PMC8009187 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.605654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was conducted in order to reveal the alterations in the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification profile of cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury model rats. Materials and Methods Rats were used to establish the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. MeRIP-seq and RNA-seq were performed to identify differences in m6A methylation and gene expression. The expression of m6A methylation regulators was analyzed in three datasets and detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Results We identified 1,160 differentially expressed genes with hypermethylated or hypomethylated m6A modifications. The differentially expressed genes with hypermethylated m6A modifications were involved in the pathways associated with inflammation, while hypomethylated differentially expressed genes were related to neurons and nerve synapses. Among the m6A regulators, FTO was specifically localized in neurons and significantly downregulated after MCAO/R. Conclusion Our study provided an m6A transcriptome-wide map of the MACO/R rat samples, which might provide new insights into the mechanisms of cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhuang Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qunhui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Renjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongqiang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Therapeutic effect of Cerebrolysin on reducing impaired cerebral endothelial cell permeability. Neuroreport 2021; 32:359-366. [PMID: 33661804 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrolysin has been shown to promote neurovascular protection and repair in preclinical models of stroke and neural injury and is demonstrating promise for stroke and neural injury therapeutic application in the clinic. The effect of Cerebrolysin on the human cerebral endothelial cell function has not been investigated. Using an in-vitro cerebral endothelial cell permeability assay and western blot analyses of tight junction and proinflammatory and procoagulant proteins, the present study showed that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and fibrin substantially impaired human cerebral endothelial cell barrier function and increased permeability, which persisted for at least 24 h. western blot analysis revealed that tPA and fibrin significantly increased proinflammatory and procoagulation proteins of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, high mobility group box 1, tumor necrosis factor α and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B-p65, and significantly reduced tight junction proteins zonular 1, occludin and claudin. However, Cerebrolysin significantly diminished and reversed tPA- and fibrin-impaired endothelial cell permeability, which was associated with significant reductions of tPA- and fibrin-augmented proinflammatory and procoagulation proteins and significant elevations of tPA- and fibrin-decreased tight junction proteins. The beneficial effect of Cerebrolysin appears specific because cerebroprotein hydrolysate, with a distinct peptide composition, failed to show the reduction of tPA- and fibrin-impaired permeability. These data indicate that cererbrolysin has a therapeutic effect on tPA- and fibrin-impaired cerebral endothelial cell permeability by reducing proinflammatory and procoagulation proteins and by elevating tight junction proteins.
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22
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Michalski D, Spielvogel E, Puchta J, Reimann W, Barthel H, Nitzsche B, Mages B, Jäger C, Martens H, Horn AKE, Schob S, Härtig W. Increased Immunosignals of Collagen IV and Fibronectin Indicate Ischemic Consequences for the Neurovascular Matrix Adhesion Zone in Various Animal Models and Human Stroke Tissue. Front Physiol 2020; 11:575598. [PMID: 33192578 PMCID: PMC7649770 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.575598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes cellular alterations in the “neurovascular unit” (NVU) comprising neurons, glia, and the vasculature, and affects the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with adjacent extracellular matrix (ECM). Limited data are available for the zone between the NVU and ECM that has not yet considered for neuroprotective approaches. This study describes ischemia-induced alterations for two main components of the neurovascular matrix adhesion zone (NMZ), i.e., collagen IV as basement membrane constituent and fibronectin as crucial part of the ECM, in conjunction with traditional NVU elements. For spatio-temporal characterization of these structures, multiple immunofluorescence labeling was applied to tissues affected by focal cerebral ischemia using a filament-based model in mice (4, 24, and 72 h of ischemia), a thromboembolic model in rats (24 h of ischemia), a coagulation-based model in sheep (2 weeks of ischemia), and human autoptic stroke tissue (3 weeks of ischemia). An increased fibronectin immunofluorescence signal demarcated ischemia-affected areas in mice, along with an increased collagen IV signal and BBB impairment indicated by serum albumin extravasation. Quantifications revealed a region-specific pattern with highest collagen IV and fibronectin intensities in most severely affected neocortical areas, followed by a gradual decline toward the border zone and non-affected regions. Comparing 4 and 24 h of ischemia, the subcortical fibronectin signal increased significantly over time, whereas neocortical areas displayed only a gradual increase. Qualitative analyses confirmed increased fibronectin and collagen IV signals in ischemic areas from all tissues and time points investigated. While the increased collagen IV signal was restricted to vessels, fibronectin appeared diffusely arranged in the parenchyma with focal accumulations associated to the vasculature. Integrin α5 appeared enriched in the vicinity of fibronectin and vascular elements, while most of the non-vascular NVU elements showed complementary staining patterns referring to fibronectin. This spatio-temporal characterization of ischemia-related alterations of collagen IV and fibronectin in various stroke models and human autoptic tissue shows that ischemic consequences are not limited to traditional NVU components and the ECM, but also involve the NMZ. Future research should explore more components and the pathophysiological properties of the NMZ as a possible target for novel neuroprotective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Spielvogel
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joana Puchta
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Willi Reimann
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Anja K E Horn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology I and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Schob
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Xie F, Liu H, Liu Y. Adult Neurogenesis Following Ischemic Stroke and Implications for Cell-Based Therapeutic Approaches. World Neurosurg 2020; 138:474-480. [PMID: 32147554 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most intractable diseases of the central nervous system and is also a major cause of mortality and disability in adult humans. Unfortunately, current therapies target vessel recanalization, which has a narrow treatment window, and the potential adverse effects lead to a low rate of clinical employment; in addition, neuroprotective strategies are not effective for stroke treatment. It is necessary to discover new approaches to develop neuroprotective, neuroregenerative treatment strategies for stroke. At present, accumulating evidence suggests that adult neurogenesis is a novel topic with extensive research on its potential to be harnessed for therapy in various neurologic disorders, and the neurogenesis capacity in the subventricular zone was shown to be increased in response to brain ischemic stroke. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying potential adult neurogenesis and review current preclinical and clinical cell-based therapies for enhancing neural regeneration after adult ischemic stroke. Although stroke-induced neurogenesis in humans does not seem to translate to neurofunctional recovery, we also summarize factors of potential treatment strategies with transplanted cells, including transplantation time, cell dosage, and administration route, to achieve optimum and effective cell-based therapy, thereby harnessing this neuroregenerative response to improve neurofunctional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Ziyang First People's Hospital, Ziyang, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ziyang First People's Hospital, Ziyang, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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24
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Chen H, Guan B, Wang B, Pu H, Bai X, Chen X, Liu J, Li C, Qiu J, Yang D, Liu K, Wang Q, Qi S, Shen J. Glycyrrhizin Prevents Hemorrhagic Transformation and Improves Neurological Outcome in Ischemic Stroke with Delayed Thrombolysis Through Targeting Peroxynitrite-Mediated HMGB1 Signaling. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:967-982. [PMID: 31872339 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) are important cytotoxic factors contributing to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the roles of ONOO- in mediating HMGB1 expression and its impacts on hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in ischemic brain injury with delayed t-PA treatment remain unclear. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ONOO- could directly mediate the activation and release of HMGB1 in ischemic brains with delayed t-PA treatment. With clinical studies, we found that plasma nitrotyrosine (NT, a surrogate marker of ONOO-) was positively correlated with HMGB1 level in acute ischemic stroke patients. Hemorrhagic transformation and t-PA-treated ischemic stroke patients had increased levels of nitrotyrosine and HMGB1 in plasma. In animal experiments, we found that FeTmPyP, a representative ONOO- decomposition catalyst (PDC), significantly reduced the expression of HMGB1 and its receptor TLR2, and inhibited MMP-9 activation, preserved collagen IV and tight junction claudin-5 in ischemic rat brains with delayed t-PA treatment. ONOO- donor SIN-1 directly induced expression of HMGB1 and its receptor TLR2 in naive rat brains in vivo and induced HMGB1 in brain microvascular endothelial b.End3 cells in vitro. Those results suggest that ONOO- could activate HMGB1/TLR2/MMP-9 signaling. We then addressed whether glycyrrhizin, a natural HMGB1 inhibitor, could inhibit ONOO- production and the antioxidant properties of glycyrrhizin contribute to the inhibition of HMGB1 and the neuroprotective effects on attenuating hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke with delayed t-PA treatment. Glycyrrhizin treatment downregulated the expressions of NADPH oxidase p47 phox and p67 phox and iNOS, inhibited superoxide and ONOO- production, reduced the expression of HMGB1, TLR2, MMP-9, preserved type IV collagen and claudin-5 in ischemic brains. Furthermore, glycyrrhizin significantly decreased the mortality rate, attenuated hemorrhagic transformation, brain swelling, blood-brain barrier damage, neuronal apoptosis, and improved neurological outcomes in the ischemic stroke rat model with delayed t-PA treatment. In conclusion, peroxynitrite-mediated HMGB1/TLR2 signaling contributes to hemorrhagic transformation, and glycyrrhizin could be a potential adjuvant therapy to attenuate hemorrhagic transformation, possibly through inhibiting the ONOO-/HMGB1/TLR2 signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Haiwei Pu
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caiming Li
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhua Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kejian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Institution of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suhua Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China. .,Institution of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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25
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Li F, Liu WC, Wang Q, Sun Y, Wang H, Jin X. NG2-glia cell proliferation and differentiation by glial growth factor 2 (GGF2), a strategy to promote functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113720. [PMID: 31751533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Spontaneous functional recovery occurs after ischemic stroke, but it is very limited. Therefore, it is urgent to find a strategy to promote functional recovery after stroke in clinical setting. Gray matter damage has received extensive attention owing to the important roles of the gray matter in synaptic plasticity, cognitive, and motor function. However, stroke also causes white matter damage, which accounts for half of the infarct volume and can be aggravated by blood brain barrier damage. Disruption of white matter integrity, which is characterized by death of oligodendrocytes (OLs), loss of myelin, and axonal injury, greatly contributes to impaired neurological function. Impaired proliferation and differentiation of OL precursor cell (OPC, NG2-glia cells) play an important role in limited functional recovery after ischemic stroke and inhibitor of differentiation 2 (ID2) is a key factor controlling NG2-glia cells differentiation. It has been reported that the number of NG2-glia cells in the peri-infarction area significantly increases after ischemic stroke and glial growth factor (GGF2) administration promotes the proliferation and differentiation of NG2-glia cells as well as functional recovery after spinal cord injury. On the basis of the important roles of GGF2 in functional recovery and those of ID2 in NG2-glia cell proliferation and differentiation, we propose that after binding with the ErBb receptor on the surface of NG2-glia cells, GGF2 promotes NG2-glia cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby repairing BBB and white matter integrity and promoting neural functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Wen-Cao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yanyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuro-Psychiatry Research and Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuro-Psychiatry Research and Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
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26
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The potential of drug repurposing combined with reperfusion therapy in cerebral ischemic stroke: A supplementary strategy to endovascular thrombectomy. Life Sci 2019; 236:116889. [PMID: 31610199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the major cause of adult disability and the second or third leading cause of death in developed countries. The treatment options for stroke (thrombolysis or thrombectomy) are restricted to a small subset of patients with acute ischemic stroke because of the limited time for an efficacious response and the strict criteria applied to minimize the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Attempts to develop new treatments, such as neuroprotectants, for acute ischemic stroke have been costly and time-consuming and to date have yielded disappointing results. The repurposing approved drugs known to be relatively safe, such as statins and minocycline, may provide a less costly and more rapid alternative to new drug discovery in this clinical condition. Because adequate perfusion is thought to be vital for a neuroprotectant to be effective, endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) with advanced imaging modalities offers the possibility of documenting reperfusion in occluded large cerebral vessels. An examination of established medications that possess neuroprotective characters using in a large-vessel occlusive disorder with EVT may speed the identification of new and more broadly efficacious medications for the treatment of ischemic stroke. These approaches are highlighted in this review along with a critical assessment of drug repurposing combined with reperfusion therapy as a supplementary means for halting or mitigating stroke-induced brain damage.
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27
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Yang CS, Guo A, Li Y, Shi K, Shi FD, Li M. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide Reduces Neurovascular Inflammation and Ischemic Brain Injury in Mice. Aging Dis 2019; 10:964-976. [PMID: 31595195 PMCID: PMC6764730 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a synthetic compound that has been approved for the treatment of ischemic stroke in China. The mechanisms underlying the treatment efficacy of NBP have been reported in multiple studies and remain controversial. Here, we show that NBP treatment attenuated ischemic brain injury in mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or photothrombosis-induced permanent cerebral ischemia. NBP induced downregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and protease-activated receptor 1 in cerebrovascular endothelial cells after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. This effect was associated with the reduced brain infiltration of myeloid cells and improved cerebral blood flow after reperfusion. The beneficial effects of NBP were diminished in mice subjected to the depletion of Gr1+ myeloid cells before brain ischemia. Therefore, the restriction of neurovascular inflammation is a key mode of action for NBP in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Yang
- 1Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ai Guo
- 1Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yulin Li
- 1Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kaibin Shi
- 2Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- 1Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Minshu Li
- 1Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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28
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He F, Dai R, Zhou X, Li X, Song X, Yan H, Meng Q, Yang C, Lin Q. Protective effect of 4-Methoxy benzyl alcohol on the neurovascular unit after cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109260. [PMID: 31548176 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a major cause of ischemic stroke (IS) deterioration. Considering the intricate mechanism of the pathological process of CIRI, most drugs only work on one target. The neurovascular unit (NVU) puts forward the concept of neuroprotection from nerve protection to global stabilization. The NVU plays an important role in maintaining the brain microenvironment. This would promote neuronal survival and overall neurological recovery, which would likely lead to the reduction of mortality rate. Previous studies have shown that 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol (4-MA) ameliorated neurological score and cerebral infarct volume and reduced the concentration of Evans blue (EB) in brain tissue. In this research, we investigated the effects of 4-MA on NVU microenvironment improvement in rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). METHODS First, we established a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) so as to use Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) evaluating the NVU's protection of 4-MA. Then we established a primary cortical neuron model of oxygen glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation (OGD/R) with the objective of identifying whether 4-MA exhibited anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects on neurons. RESULTS NVU ultra structural changes were improved by 4-MA. Immunofluorescence and western blot showed that 4-MA protected NVUs through enhancement of the expression of the symbolic neuronal proteins Microtubule Associated Protein-2(MAP-2), and attenuation of protein expression of Asy symbolic protein Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein(GFAP). Furthermore, in the OGD/R model of I/R injury in vitro, 4-MA significantly increased Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Nitric Oxide(NO), B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2), decreased Bcl-2-Associated X(Bax) and increased Bcl-2/Bax. CONCLUSION 4-MA can play the role of anti-ischemic stroke drug by ameliorating the microenvironment of NVUs while its neuroprotective effects will contribute towards the inhibition of the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan He
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rong Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiufang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuelan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hanwen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qingting Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
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29
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Schipper-Krom S, Sanz AS, van Bodegraven EJ, Speijer D, Florea BI, Ovaa H, Reits EA. Visualizing Proteasome Activity and Intracellular Localization Using Fluorescent Proteins and Activity-Based Probes. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:56. [PMID: 31482094 PMCID: PMC6710370 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is a multi-catalytic molecular machine that plays a key role in the degradation of many cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. The proteasome is essential and proteasome malfunction is associated with various disease pathologies. Proteasome activity depends on its catalytic subunits which are interchangeable and also on the interaction with the associated regulatory cap complexes. Here, we describe and compare various methods that allow the study of proteasome function in living cells. Methods include the use of fluorescently tagged proteasome subunits and the use of activity-based proteasome probes. These probes can be used in both biochemical assays and in microscopy-based experiments. Together with tagged proteasomes, they can be used to study proteasome localization, dynamics, and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schipper-Krom
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alicia Sanz Sanz
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emma J. van Bodegraven
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dave Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Oncode Institute, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eric A. Reits
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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30
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Liu CZ, Zhou HJ, Zhong JH, Tang T, Cui HJ, Zhou JH, Zhang Q, Mei ZG. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Decreases Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:298-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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31
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Li H, Zhou X, Li Y, Ma X, Gonzales RJ, Qiu S, Shi FD, Liu Q. The selective sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor 1 modulator RP101075 improves microvascular circulation after cerebrovascular thrombosis. FASEB J 2019; 33:10935-10941. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900282r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Handong Li
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of Arizona College of MedicinePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesSchool of MedicineInstitute for ImmunologyTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of Arizona College of MedicinePhoenixArizonaUSA
- Barrow Neurological InstituteSt. Joseph's HospitalMedical CenterPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Xiaokuang Ma
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of Arizona College of MedicinePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Rayna J. Gonzales
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of Arizona College of MedicinePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Shenfeng Qiu
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of Arizona College of MedicinePhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Barrow Neurological InstituteSt. Joseph's HospitalMedical CenterPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of Arizona College of MedicinePhoenixArizonaUSA
- Barrow Neurological InstituteSt. Joseph's HospitalMedical CenterPhoenixArizonaUSA
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32
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Lu Y, Li C, Chen Q, Liu P, Guo Q, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Liang D, Zhang Y, Sun T, Lu W, Jiang C. Microthrombus-Targeting Micelles for Neurovascular Remodeling and Enhanced Microcirculatory Perfusion in Acute Ischemic Stroke. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808361. [PMID: 30957932 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reperfusion injury exists as the major obstacle to full recovery of neuron functions after ischemic stroke onset and clinical thrombolytic therapies. Complex cellular cascades including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and brain vascular impairment occur within neurovascular units, leading to microthrombus formation and ultimate neuron death. In this work, a multitarget micelle system is developed to simultaneously modulate various cell types involved in these events. Briefly, rapamycin is encapsulated in self-assembled micelles that are consisted of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive and fibrin-binding polymers to achieve micelle retention and controlled drug release within the ischemic lesion. Neuron survival is reinforced by the combination of micelle facilitated ROS elimination and antistress signaling pathway interference under ischemia conditions. In vivo results demonstrate an overall remodeling of neurovascular unit through micelle polarized M2 microglia repair and blood-brain barrier preservation, leading to enhanced neuroprotection and blood perfusion. This strategy gives a proof of concept that neurovascular units can serve as an integrated target for ischemic stroke treatment with nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qinjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Peixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xinli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenxi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Donghui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Weigen Lu
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Naghavi FS, Koffman EE, Lin B, Du J. Post-stroke neuronal circuits and mental illnesses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 11:1-11. [PMID: 30911356 PMCID: PMC6420715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. It is also associated with severe mental illnesses, such as depression and anxiety, that hinder the rehabilitation of surviving patients. Thus, a better understanding of how stroke causes mental illnesses is crucial, but little is known about the neurological mechanisms involved. In this review, we summarized the most common mental illnesses developed after stroke, as well as the underlying mechanisms at the neuronal circuit level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin E Koffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo Toledo, Ohio
| | - Boren Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo Toledo, Ohio
| | - Jianyang Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo Toledo, Ohio
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Ouk T, Potey C, Maestrini I, Petrault M, Mendyk AM, Leys D, Bordet R, Gautier S. Neutrophils in tPA-induced hemorrhagic transformations: Main culprit, accomplice or innocent bystander? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 194:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Recent stroke research has shifted the focus to the microvasculature from neuron-centric views. It is increasingly recognized that a successful neuroprotection is not feasible without microvascular protection. On the other hand, recent studies on pericytes, long-neglected cells on microvessels have provided insight into the regulation of microcirculation. Pericytes play an essential role in matching the metabolic demand of nervous tissue with the blood flow in addition to regulating the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leukocyte trafficking across the BBB and angiogenesis. Pericytes appears to be highly vulnerable to injury. Ischemic injury to pericytes on cerebral microvasculature unfavorably impacts the stroke-induced tissue damage and brain edema by disrupting microvascular blood flow and BBB integrity. Strongly supporting this, clinical imaging studies show that tissue reperfusion is not always obtained after recanalization. Therefore, prevention of pericyte dysfunction may improve the outcome of recanalization therapies by promoting microcirculatory reperfusion and preventing hemorrhage and edema. In the peri-infarct tissue, pericytes are detached from microvessels and promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and hence positively effect stroke outcome. Expectedly, we will learn more about the place of pericytes in CNS pathologies including stroke and devise approaches to treat them in the next decades.
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Kang X, Zhou HJ, Yang J, Zhong JH, Tang T, Cui HJC, Zhou JH, Mei ZG. Buyang Huanwu Decoction () Attenuates Glial Scar by Downregulating the Expression of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 25:264-269. [PMID: 30607786 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction (, BYHWD) on glial scar after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and investigate the underlying mechanism. METHODS Collagenase type VII (0.5 U) was injected stereotaxically into right globus pallidus to induce ICH model. One hundred and twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups according to a random number table, including normal group (n=40), ICH model group (n=40) and BYHWD group (n=40), respectively. After ICH, the rats in the BYHWD group were intragastrically administered with BYHWD (4.36 g/kg) once a day for 21 days, while the rats in ICH group were administered with equal volume of distilled water for 21 days, respectively. Double immunolabeling was performed for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)+/glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ nuclei. The expression of GFAP and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS The astrocytes with hypertrophied morphology around the hematoma was observed on day 3 after ICH. The number of GFAP positive cells and GFAP mRNA levels increased notably on day 3 and reached the peak on day 14 post-ICH (P<0.01). PCNA+/GFAP+ nuclei were observed around the hematoma and reached the peak on day 14 post-ICH (P<0.01). In addition, LIF-positive astrocytes and LIF mRNA level in the hemorrhagic region increased significantly till day 14 post-ICH (P<0.01). However, BYHWD not only reduced the number of PCNA+/GFAP+ nuclei, but also decreased GFAP and LIF levels (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS BYHWD could attenuate ICH-induced glial scar by downregulating the expression of LIF in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Kang
- Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443003, China.,Department of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443003, China
| | - Hua-Jun Zhou
- Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443003, China. .,Department of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443003, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443003, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443003, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhong
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443003, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Han-Jin Cui Cui
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jing-Hua Zhou
- Institute of Neurology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443003, China.,Department of Neurology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443003, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Mei
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443002, China
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Husain I, Khan S, Khan S, Madaan T, Kumar S, Najmi AK. Unfolding the pleiotropic facades of rosuvastatin in therapeutic intervention of myriads of neurodegenerative disorders. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 46:283-291. [PMID: 30290001 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, and one of the most popular antihyperlipidemic medications have been found to possess pharmacodynamic activities much different from its usual indication. Recent research studies have revealed the efficacy of rosuvastatin in attenuating neuroinflammation, reducing the progression of Alzheimer's disease, providing protection against cerebral ischaemia and spinal cord injury as well as ameliorating epilepsy. Mechanisms behind the neuroprotective potential of rosuvastatin can be attributed to its pleiotropic effects, independent of its ability to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase. These processes include modulation of several cellular pathways, isoprenylation, effects on oxidative stress, nitrosative levels, inflammation, and immune response. This review aims to assimilate and summarize recent findings on the pharmacological actions of rosuvastatin in attenuating neurological disorders in order to guide future research in this space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibraheem Husain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sana Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Saba Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Tushar Madaan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Abul K Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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Chen H, Chen X, Luo Y, Shen J. Potential molecular targets of peroxynitrite in mediating blood–brain barrier damage and haemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1220-1239. [PMID: 30468092 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1521519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, the People’s Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, PR China
- The 8th People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, the Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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Tian DC, Shi K, Zhu Z, Yao J, Yang X, Su L, Zhang S, Zhang M, Gonzales RJ, Liu Q, Huang D, Waters MF, Sheth KN, Ducruet AF, Fu Y, Lou M, Shi FD. Fingolimod enhances the efficacy of delayed alteplase administration in acute ischemic stroke by promoting anterograde reperfusion and retrograde collateral flow. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:717-728. [PMID: 30295338 PMCID: PMC6282815 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of coadministration of fingolimod with alteplase in acute ischemic stroke patients in a delayed time window. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint clinical trial, enrolling patients with internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery proximal occlusion within 4.5 to 6 hours from symptom onset. Patients were randomly assigned to receive alteplase alone or alteplase with fingolimod. All patients underwent pretreatment and 24-hour noncontrast computed tomography (CT)/perfusion CT/CT angiography. The coprimary endpoints were the decrease of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores over 24 hours and the favorable shift of modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) distribution at day 90. Exploratory outcomes included vessel recanalization, anterograde reperfusion, and retrograde reperfusion of collateral flow. RESULTS Each treatment group included 23 patients. Compared with alteplase alone, patients receiving fingolimod plus alteplase exhibited better early clinical improvement at 24 hours and a favorable shift of mRS distribution at day 90. In addition, patients who received fingolimod and alteplase exhibited a greater reduction in the perfusion lesion accompanied by suppressed infarct growth by 24 hours. Fingolimod in conjunction with alteplase significantly improved anterograde reperfusion of downstream territory and prevented the failure of retrograde reperfusion from collateral circulation. INTERPRETATION Fingolimod may enhance the efficacy of alteplase administration in the 4.5- to 6-hour time window in patients with a proximal cerebral arterial occlusion and salvageable penumbral tissue by promoting both anterograde reperfusion and retrograde collateral flow. These findings are instructive for the design of future trials of recanalization therapies in extended time windows. Ann Neurol 2018;84:725-736.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Cai Tian
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaibin Shi
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Zilong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin HuanHu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rayna J Gonzales
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Qiang Liu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - DeRen Huang
- Neuroscience Center, Mount Carmel Health System, Westerville, OH
| | - Michael F Waters
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kevin N Sheth
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Andrew F Ducruet
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Ying Fu
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Center for Neuroinflammation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
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Jandke S, Garz C, Schwanke D, Sendtner M, Heinze HJ, Carare RO, Schreiber S. The association between hypertensive arteriopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:844-859. [PMID: 30062722 PMCID: PMC8028507 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to test the hypothesis that in spontaneously hypertensive stroke‐prone rats (SHRSP), non‐amyloid cerebral small vessel disease/hypertensive arteriopathy (HA) results in vessel wall injury that may promote cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Our study comprised 21 male SHRSP (age 17–44 weeks) and 10 age‐ and sex‐matched Wistar control rats, that underwent two‐photon (2PM) imaging of the arterioles in the parietal cortex using Methoxy‐X04, Dextran and cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. Our data suggest that HA in SHRSP progresses in a temporal and age‐dependent manner, starting from small vessel wall damage (stage 1A), proceeding to CBF reduction (stage 1B), non‐occlusive (stage 2), and finally, occlusive thrombi (stage 3). Wistar animals also demonstrated small vessel wall damage, but were free of any of the later HA stages. Nearly half of all SHRSP additionally displayed vascular Methoxy‐X04 positivity indicative of cortical CAA. Vascular β‐amyloid deposits were found in small vessels characterized by thrombotic occlusions (stage 2 or 3). Post‐mortem analysis of the rat brains confirmed the findings derived from intravital 2PM microscopy. Our data thus overall suggest that advanced HA may play a role in CAA development with the two small vessel disease entities might be related to the same pathological spectrum of the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Jandke
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Garz
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schwanke
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within the Helmholtz Association, Magdeburg, Germany
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Jin R, Xiao AY, Liu S, Wang M, Li G. Taurine Reduces tPA (Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator)-Induced Hemorrhage and Microvascular Thrombosis After Embolic Stroke in Rat. Stroke 2018; 49:1708-1718. [PMID: 29844028 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.020747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Taurine (2-aminoethansulfolic amino acid) exerts neuroprotective actions in experimental stroke. Here, we investigated the effect of taurine in combination with delayed tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) on embolic stroke. METHODS Rats subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion were treated with taurine (50 mg/kg) at 4 hours in combination with tPA (10 mg/kg) at 6 hours. Control groups consisted of ischemic rats treated with either taurine (50 mg/kg) or saline at 4 hours or tPA (10 mg/kg) alone at 2 or 6 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESULTS We found that combination treatment with taurine and tPA robustly reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits 3 days after stroke, whereas treatment with taurine alone had a less-significant protective effect. tPA alone at 6 hours had no effects on infarct volume but instead induced intracerebral hemorrhage. The combination treatment with taurine prevented tPA-associated hemorrhage and reduced intravascular deposition of fibrin/fibrinogen and platelets in downstream microvessels and hence improved microvascular patency. These protective effects are associated with profound inhibition of CD147 (cluster of differentiation 147)-dependent MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) pathway in ischemic brain endothelium by taurine. Notably, targeted inhibition of CD147 by intracerebroventricular injection of the rat CD147 siRNA profoundly inhibited ischemia-induced and tPA-enhanced MMP-9 activity in ischemic brain endothelium and blocked tPA-induced cerebral hemorrhage. Finally, the combination treatment with taurine and tPA improved long-term outcome at least 45 days after stroke compared with saline-treated group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that taurine in combination with tPA may be a clinically feasible approach toward future attempts at combination stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center (R.J., S.L., M.W., G.L.)
| | - Adam Y Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (A.Y.X., G.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
| | - Shan Liu
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center (R.J., S.L., M.W., G.L.)
| | - Min Wang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center (R.J., S.L., M.W., G.L.)
| | - Guohong Li
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Penn State Hershey Medical Center (R.J., S.L., M.W., G.L.) .,Department of Neurosurgery (G.L.).,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (A.Y.X., G.L.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport
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Yu L, Wan HF, Li C, Yang JH, Zhou HF, Wan HT, He Y. Pharmacokinetics of Active Components From Guhong Injection in Normal and Pathological Rat Models of Cerebral Ischemia: A Comparative Study. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:493. [PMID: 29867497 PMCID: PMC5962683 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Guhong Injection (GHI) is usually administered for the treatment of stroke in clinics. Aceglutamide and hydroxyl safflower yellow A (HSYA) are its key ingredients for brain protective effect. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of aceglutamide and HSYA under pathological and normal conditions, the pharmacokinetic parameters and characteristics of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and normal rats given the same dosage of GHI were studied compared. Methods: 12 SD rats were divided into two groups, namely, MCAO and normal groups. Both groups were treated with GHI in the same dosage. Plasma samples were collected from the jaw vein at different time points and subsequently tested by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: After administration of GHI, both aceglutamide and HSYA were immediately detected in the plasma. Ninety percent of aceglutamide and HSYA was eliminated within 3 h. For aceglutamide, statistically significant differences in the parameters including AUC(0-t), AUC(0-∞), AUMC(0-t), AUMC(0-∞), Cmax (P < 0.01), and Vz (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared with the MCAO group, in the normal group, the values of AUC(0-t), AUMC(0-t), VRT(0-t), and Cmax (P < 0.01) for HSYA were significantly higher, whereas the value of MRT(0-t) was significantly lower in the normal group. Conclusions: The in vivo trials based on the different models showed that, the pharmacokinetic behaviors and parameters of aceglutamide and HSYA in GHI were completely different. These results suggest that the pathological damage of ischemia-reperfusion has a significant impact on the pharmacokinetic traits of aceglutamide and HSYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Fang Wan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Hong Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Fen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tong Wan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Yang S, Jin H, Zhu Y, Wan Y, Opoku EN, Zhu L, Hu B. Diverse Functions and Mechanisms of Pericytes in Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:892-905. [PMID: 28088914 PMCID: PMC5652032 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170112170226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Every year, strokes take millions of lives and leave millions of individuals living with permanent disabilities. Recently more researchers embrace the concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU), which encompasses neurons, endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, astrocyte, microglia, and the extracellular matrix. It has been well-documented that NVU emerged as a new paradigm for the exploration of mechanisms and therapies in ischemic stroke. To better understand the complex NVU and broaden therapeutic targets, we must probe the roles of multiple cell types in ischemic stroke. The aims of this paper are to introduce the biological characteristics of brain pericytes and the available evidence on the diverse functions and mechanisms involving the pericytes in the context of ischemic stroke. Methods: Research and online content related to the biological characteristics and pathophysiological roles of pericytes is review. The new research direction on the Pericytes in ischemic stroke, and the potential therapeutic targets are provided. Results: During the different stages of ischemic stroke, pericytes play different roles: 1) On the hyperacute phase of stroke, pericytes constriction and death may be a cause of the no-reflow phenomenon in brain capillaries; 2) During the acute phase, pericytes detach from microvessels and participate in inflammatory-immunological response, resulting in the BBB damage and brain edema. Pericytes also provide benefit for neuroprotection by protecting endothelium, stabilizing BBB and releasing neurotrophins; 3) Similarly, during the later recovery phase of stroke, pericytes also contribute to angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and thereby promote neurological recovery. Conclusion: This emphasis on the NVU concept has shifted the focus of ischemic stroke research from neuro-centric views to the complex interactions within NVU. With this new perspective, pericytes that are centrally positioned in the NVU have been widely studied in ischemic stroke. More work is needed to elucidate the beneficial and detrimental roles of brain pericytes in ischemic stroke that may serve as a basis for potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Elvis Nana Opoku
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Stebbins MJ, Lippmann ES, Faubion MG, Daneman R, Palecek SP, Shusta EV. Activation of RARα, RARγ, or RXRα Increases Barrier Tightness in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:10.1002/biot.201700093. [PMID: 28960887 PMCID: PMC5796863 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical to central nervous system (CNS) health. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are often used as in vitro BBB models for studying BBB dysfunction and therapeutic screening applications. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be differentiated to cells having key BMEC barrier and transporter properties, offering a renewable, scalable source of human BMECs. hPSC-derived BMECs have previously been shown to respond to all-trans retinoic acid (RA), and the goal of this study was to identify the stages at which differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) respond to activation of RA receptors (RARs) to impart BBB phenotypes. Here the authors identified that RA application to iPSC-derived BMECs at days 6-8 of differentiation led to a substantial elevation in transendothelial electrical resistance and induction of VE-cadherin expression. Specific RAR agonists identified RARα, RARγ, and RXRα as receptors capable of inducing barrier phenotypes. Moreover, RAR/RXRα costimulation elevated VE-cadherin expression and improved barrier fidelity to levels that recapitulated the effects of RA. This study elucidates the roles of RA signaling in iPSC-derived BMEC differentiation, and identifies directed agonist approaches that can improve BMEC fidelity for drug screening studies while also distinguishing potential nuclear receptor targets to explore in BBB dysfunction and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Stebbins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ethan S. Lippmann
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Madeline G. Faubion
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Richard Daneman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Sean P. Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Eric V. Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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Thériault P, Le Béhot A, ElAli A, Rivest S. Sub-acute systemic erythropoietin administration reduces ischemic brain injury in an age-dependent manner. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35552-35561. [PMID: 27248662 PMCID: PMC5094944 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is associated with neuroinflammation, neuronal loss and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Thus far, recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA), the only approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke, increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and is poorly efficient in disaggregating platelet-rich thrombi. Therefore, the development of safer and more efficient therapies is highly awaited. Encouraging neuroprotective effects were reported in mouse models of ischemic stroke following administration of erythropoietin (EPO). However, previous preclinical studies did not investigate the effects of EPO in focal ischemic stroke induced by a platelet-rich thrombus and did not consider the implication of age. Here, we performed middle cerebral artery occlusion by inducing platelet-rich thrombus formation in chimeric 5- (i.e. young) and 20- (i.e. aged) months old C57BL/6 mice, in which hematopoietic stem cells carried the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tag. Recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) was administered 24 hours post-occlusion and blood-circulating monocyte populations were studied by flow cytometry 3 hours post-rhEPO administration. Twenty-four hours following rhEPO treatment, neuronal loss and BBB integrity were assessed by quantification of Fluoro-Jade B (FJB)-positive cells and extravasated serum immunoglobulins G (IgG), respectively. Neuroinflammation was determined by quantifying infiltration of GFP-positive bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) and recruitment of microglial cells into brain parenchyma, along with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) brain protein levels. Here, rhEPO anti-inflammatory properties rescued ischemic injury by reducing neuronal loss and BBB breakdown in young animals, but not in aged littermates. Such age-dependent effects of rhEPO must therefore be taken into consideration in future studies aiming to develop new therapies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thériault
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Le Béhot
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Lian D, Chonghua Z, Wen G, Hongwei Z, Xuetao B. Label-free and dynamic monitoring of cytotoxicity to the blood-brain barrier cells treated with nanometre copper oxide. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:948-956. [PMID: 29155394 PMCID: PMC8676015 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A cytotoxicity study was conducted with a primary culture of the nervous system cells, including brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and astrocytes, which are important components of the blood-brain barrier. The real-time cell analysis (RTCA) was used to determine the cytotoxicity of copper-oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). The IC50 values of CuO NPs in astrocytes and BMECs were determined by the RTCA at different exposure times and were used as base values for further research. DNA damage after exposure to CuO NPs for 3 and 24 h was assessed using comet assay at the IC50 obtained from RTCA. The onset time of cytotoxicity induced by CuO NPs was 2 and 2-4 h post-exposure in BMECs and astrocytes, respectively. Furthermore, the degree of cytotoxicity induced by exposure to CuO NPs for 24-48 h in the BMECs and astrocytes was similar. Treatment with CuO NPs at 1/2*IC50 and 1/5*IC50 for 3 h induced genotoxicity in both cells as assessed by a measurement of DNA damage, although no cytotoxicity was observed. However, significant DNA damage was observed at all concentrations of CuO NPs used in this study, when the treatment time was 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Lian
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Chonghua
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gu Wen
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Hongwei
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Xuetao
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China.
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Haghi-Aminjan H, Asghari MH, Farhood B, Rahimifard M, Hashemi Goradel N, Abdollahi M. The role of melatonin on chemotherapy-induced reproductive toxicity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 70:291-306. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Reproductive malfunctions after chemotherapy still are a reason of reducing fertility and need specialized intensive care. The aim of this review was to investigate the effect of melatonin on the reproductive system under threatening with chemotherapeutic drugs.
Methods
To find the role of melatonin in the reproductive system during chemotherapy, a full systematic literature search was carried out based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines in the electronic databases up to 17 April 2017 using search terms in the titles and abstracts. A total of 380 articles are screened according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 18 articles were included in this study.
Key findings
It has been cleared that melatonin has bilateral effects on reproductive cells. Melatonin protects normal cells via mechanisms, including decrease in oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and modulating mitochondrial function, and sexual hormones. Furthermore, melatonin with antiproliferative properties and direct effects on its receptors improves reproductive injury and function during chemotherapy. On the other hand, melatonin sensitizes the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and enhances chemotherapy-induced toxicity in cancerous cells through increasing apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial malfunction.
Conclusions
The study provides evidence of the bilateral role of melatonin in the reproductive system during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahban Rahimifard
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Hashemi Goradel
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Co-administration of liposomal fasudil and tissue plasminogen activator ameliorated ischemic brain damage in occlusion model rats prepared by photochemically induced thrombosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:873-877. [PMID: 29162447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of neuroprotectants with liposomes has been shown to be effective for the treatment of ischemic stroke. We have recently revealed that intravenous administration of liposomal fasudil (Fasudil-Lip), a Rho-kinase inhibitor, prior to thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) can extend the narrow therapeutic time window (TTW) of t-PA. In the present study, we examined the influence of t-PA treatment on liposomal accumulation into the ischemic region and cerebroprotective effect of combined treatment with Fasudil-Lip and t-PA performed at the same timing after the onset of ischemia in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) prepared by photochemically induced thrombosis. The t-PA administration into MCAO rats 3 h after occlusion brought about significantly higher accumulation of intravenously injected PEGylated liposomes in wide area of ischemic region. Confocal images showed that extravasation of the liposomes from cerebral vessels into brain parenchyma was markedly facilitated by the t-PA treatment which increased blood flow in cerebral vessels. Importantly, co-administration of Fasudil-Lip and t-PA after 3 h occlusion, beyond the TTW of t-PA in MCAO rats, significantly suppressed brain cell damage compared with t-PA treatment alone. These findings suggest that co-administration of Fasudil-Lip and t-PA should lead to prolong t-PA's TTW and become a useful therapeutic option for ischemic stroke.
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Michalski D, Hofmann S, Pitsch R, Grosche J, Härtig W. Neurovascular Specifications in the Alzheimer-Like Brain of Mice Affected by Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Implications for Future Therapies. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:655-674. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Hofmann
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman Pitsch
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Abdullahi W, Brzica H, Ibbotson K, Davis TP, Ronaldson PT. Bone morphogenetic protein-9 increases the functional expression of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 at the blood-brain barrier via the activin receptor-like kinase-1 receptor. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2340-2345. [PMID: 28387157 PMCID: PMC5531361 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17702916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting uptake transporters such as organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) can facilitate central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery. Effective blood-to-brain drug transport via this strategy requires characterization of mechanisms that modulate BBB transporter expression and/or activity. Here, we show that activation of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-1 using bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 increases Oatp1a4 protein expression in rat brain microvessels in vivo. These data indicate that targeting ALK1 signaling with BMP-9 modulates BBB Oatp1a4 expression, presenting a unique opportunity to optimize drug delivery and improve pharmacotherapy for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazir Abdullahi
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hrvoje Brzica
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kathryn Ibbotson
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas P Davis
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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