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Phothong N, Boontip T, Chouwatat P, Aht-Ong D, Napathorn SC. Preparation and characterization of astaxanthin-loaded biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) microbeads for personal care and cosmetic applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128709. [PMID: 38072340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) has received attention as an alternative material for microbeads in personal care and cosmetic products (PCCPs). Here, PHB was produced from crude glycerol by an Escherichia coli JM109 strain harboring pUC19-23,119-phaCABA-04 without isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), an inducing agent. Astaxanthin-loaded PHB microbeads were prepared through emulsification-solvent evaporation. Studies were performed to determine how the concentration of PHB and stirring rate influence the size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and astaxanthin release profile. The astaxanthin-loaded PHB microbeads exhibited a rough surface, 98.1 ± 0.7 % EE, spherical shape and 179 ± 44 μm size. In addition, <50 % astaxanthin release was observed within 240 min. Stability studies revealed that astaxanthin-loaded microbeads retained over 85.3 ± 4.2 % of astaxanthin after 90 days at 4 °C and showed a 2-fold reduction in astaxanthin degradation compared to their unencapsulated counterparts; thus, astaxanthin-loaded microbeads show promise for PCCPs applications. A cytotoxicity assay revealed that astaxanthin-loaded PHB microbeads were nontoxic to the human epidermal keratinocyte cell line, PSVK1, and EpiSkin® cells. Skin irritation and sensitization were not observed during a human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT), according to clinical practice guidelines of the Japanese dermatological association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthaphat Phothong
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thanawat Boontip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Patcharida Chouwatat
- Bangchak Corporation Public Company Limited, M Tower Building, 8th Floor, Sukhumvit Rd, Phra Khanong, Phra Khanon, Bangkok 10260, Thailand.
| | - Duangdao Aht-Ong
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; National Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advance Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Suchada Chanprateep Napathorn
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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A Novel Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Cell-Derived Phytocomplex Regulates Keratinocytes Inflammatory Cascade and Barrier Function and Preserves Vaginal Mucosal Integrity In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010240. [PMID: 36678869 PMCID: PMC9861994 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the medicinal plant Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton has gained scientific interest because leaf extracts, due to the presence of rosmarinic acid and other polyphenols, have shown anti-allergic and skin protective potential in pre-clinical studies. Nevertheless, the lack of standardized extracts has limited clinical applications to date. In this work, for the first time, a standardized phytocomplex of P. frutescens, enriched in rosmarinic acid and total polyphenols, was produced through innovative in vitro cell culture biotechnology and tested. The activity of perilla was evaluated in an in vitro inflammatory model of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) by monitoring tight junctions, filaggrin, and loricrin protein levels, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and JNK MAPK signaling. In a practical health care application, the perilla biotechnological phytocomplex was tested in a multilayer model of vaginal mucosa, and then, in a preliminary clinical observation to explore its capacity to preserve vaginal mucosal integrity in women in peri-menopause. In keratinocytes cells, perilla phytocomplex demonstrated to exert a marked activity in epidermis barrier maintenance and anti-inflammatory effects, preserving tight junction expression and downregulating cytokines release through targeting JNK activation. Furthermore, perilla showed positive effects in retaining vaginal mucosal integrity in the reconstructed vaginal mucosa model and in vivo tests. Overall, our data suggest that the biotechnological P. frutescens phytocomplex could represent an innovative ingredient for dermatological applications.
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Pellevoisin C, Coleman KP, Hoffmann S. ISO 10993-23 In vitro irritation testing for medical devices: Substantiating applicability to mild irritants and non-extractables. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105371. [PMID: 35487444 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Irritation testing is an integral part of the biocompatibility assessment of medical devices and has historically been conducted on animals, either by direct contact or with polar and non-polar solvent extracts. In 2018 an ISO-sponsored interlaboratory validation study demonstrated that two reconstituted human epidermis (RhE) based assays, which were adapted from validated methods used for industrial chemicals, produced results essentially equivalent to those obtained with in vivo tests. This led to the publication of the ISO 10993-23:2021 standard on irritation testing, which states that RhE-based assays are now the preferred method. The 2018 validation study evaluated strong irritants, so we tested nine mild irritants (GHS Category 3), neat and spiked at different concentrations into medical device extracts, per ISO 10993-23:2021. The results substantiated the applicability of RhE-based assays for evaluating mild irritants in medical device extracts. Moreover, the 2018 validation study tested solid extractable medical device materials but did not consider non-extractable medical device materials (e.g., creams, gels, or sprays). By testing nine marketed non-extractable materials, either neat or spiked with irritants, we also confirmed that RhE-based assays are readily applicable to such medical device materials.
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Han J, Lee GY, Bae G, Kang MJ, Lim KM. ChemSkin Reference Chemical Database for the Development of an In Vitro Skin Irritation Test. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110314. [PMID: 34822705 PMCID: PMC8625019 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the animal test ban on cosmetics in the EU in 2013, alternative in vitro safety tests have been actively researched to replace in vivo animal tests. For the development and evaluation of a new test method, reference chemicals with quality in vivo data are essential to assess the predictive capacity and applicability domain. Here, we compiled a reference chemical database (ChemSkin DB) for the development and evaluation of new in vitro skin irritation tests. The first candidates were selected from 317 chemicals (source data n = 1567) searched from the literature from the last 20 years, including previous validation study reports, ECETOC, and published papers. Chemicals showing inconsistent classification or those that were commercially unavailable, difficult or dangerous to handle, prohibitively expensive, or without quality in vivo or in vitro data were removed, leaving a total of 100 chemicals. Supporting references, in vivo Draize scores, UN GHS/EU CLP classifications and commercial sources were compiled. Test results produced by the approved methods of OECD Test No. 439 were included and compared using the classification table, scatter plot, and Pearson correlation analysis to identify the false predictions and differences between in vitro skin irritation tests. These results may provide an insight into the future development of new in vitro skin irritation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Han
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.H.); (G.-Y.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Ga-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.H.); (G.-Y.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Green Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.H.); (G.-Y.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Mi-Jeong Kang
- Korea Water Resources Environment Institute, Gyeongsan 38650, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-J.K.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-53-741-6671 (M.-J.K.); +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.)
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.H.); (G.-Y.L.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.-J.K.); (K.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-53-741-6671 (M.-J.K.); +82-2-3277-3055 (K.-M.L.)
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5
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Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Gill LJ, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Inorganic Hydroxides as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:16S-35S. [PMID: 34514896 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211018381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) reviewed the safety of inorganic hydroxides, which function in cosmetics primarily as pH adjusters. Representatives from the cosmetic industry have indicated these ingredients are used in depilating and hair waving/straightening formulations to raise pH values. The Panel considered relevant data related to these ingredients. The Panel concluded that these inorganic hydroxides are safe in hair straighteners and depilatories under conditions of recommended use; users should minimize skin contact. These ingredients are safe for all other present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be nonirritating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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Jeon B, Lee G, Wufuer M, Huang Y, Choi Y, Kim S, Choi TH. Enhanced predictive capacity using dual-parameter chip model that simulates physiological skin irritation. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kato R, Miyajima A, Komoriya K, Haishima Y. Novel cytokine marker available for skin irritation testing of medical devices using reconstructed human epidermis models. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104919. [PMID: 32645342 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In biological safety evaluation of medical devices, false-negative results have been observed during skin irritation testing using the reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) model when measuring cell viability as a single marker. Therefore, to improve testing accuracy, this study conducted a comprehensive survey and performance evaluation of cytokines to identify a second marker. In addition to IL-1α, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was newly identified as a candidate marker, in the Bio-Plex assay of EpiDerm model exposed to polymer sample extracts. Irritation based on cell viability level was not accurately determined in LabCyte model using silicone spiked with 25% heptanoic acid (HA). By contrast, the irritation potency was accurately assessed in detail by measuring IL-1α or MIF. Further, IL-1α and MIF levels in EpiDerm, LabCyte, and EpiSkin models stimulated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were inversely correlated with cell viability, and were detected even at low SDS concentrations without cell toxicity. Additionally, MIF demonstrated greater S/N ratio and dose-dependency at high SDS concentrations in some models compared to IL-1α. These results indicated that MIF might be a useful second marker for improving the sensitivity and accuracy of skin irritation testing with RhE models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kato
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyajima
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Komoriya
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuji Haishima
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
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Wei Z, Liu X, Ooka M, Zhang L, Song MJ, Huang R, Kleinstreuer NC, Simeonov A, Xia M, Ferrer M. Two-Dimensional Cellular and Three-Dimensional Bio-Printed Skin Models to Screen Topical-Use Compounds for Irritation Potential. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:109. [PMID: 32154236 PMCID: PMC7046801 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing skin irritation potential is critical for the safety evaluation of topical drugs and other consumer products such as cosmetics. The use of advanced cellular models, as an alternative to replace animal testing in the safety evaluation for both consumer products and ingredients, is already mandated by law in the European Union (EU) and other countries. However, there has not yet been a large-scale comparison of the effects of topical-use compounds in different cellular skin models. This study assesses the irritation potential of topical-use compounds in different cellular models of the skin that are compatible with high throughput screening (HTS) platforms. A set of 451 topical-use compounds were first tested for cytotoxic effects using two-dimensional (2D) monolayer models of primary neonatal keratinocytes and immortalized human keratinocytes. Forty-six toxic compounds identified from the initial screen with the monolayer culture systems were further tested for skin irritation potential on reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) and full thickness skin (FTS) three-dimensional (3D) tissue model constructs. Skin irritation potential of the compounds was assessed by measuring tissue viability, trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and secretion of cytokines interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) and interleukin 18 (IL-18). Among known irritants, high concentrations of methyl violet and methylrosaniline decreased viability, lowered TEER, and increased IL-1α secretion in both RhE and FTS models, consistent with irritant properties. However, at low concentrations, these two compounds increased IL-18 secretion without affecting levels of secreted IL-1α, and did not reduce tissue viability and TEER, in either RhE or FTS models. This result suggests that at low concentrations, methyl violet and methylrosaniline have an allergic potential without causing irritation. Using both HTS-compatible 2D cellular and 3D tissue skin models, together with irritation relevant activity endpoints, we obtained data to help assess the irritation effects of topical-use compounds and identify potential dermal hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxi Wei
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Xue Liu
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Masato Ooka
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Min Jae Song
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
- 3D Bioprinting Core, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Nicole C. Kleinstreuer
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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Gosenca Matjaž M, Škarabot M, Gašperlin M, Janković B. Lamellar liquid crystals maintain keratinocytes' membrane fluidity: An AFM qualitative and quantitative study. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118712. [PMID: 31593808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive investigations of lamellar liquid crystals for dermal application, the effects of these systems at the cellular level are still not well elucidated. The key aim of this study was to determine the elasticity and morphological features of keratinocytes after exposure to a lamellar liquid crystal system (LLCS) using atomic force microscopy (AFM) as the method of choice. Prior to AFM assessment, a cell proliferation test and light plus fluorescence imaging were applied to determine the sub-toxic concentration of LLCS. According to the AFM results, slightly altered morphology was observed in the case of fixed keratinocytes, while an intact morphology was visualized on live cells. From the quantitative study, decreased Young's moduli were determined for fixed cells (i.e., 8.6 vs. 15.2 MPa and 1.3 vs. 2.9 MPa for ethanol or PFA-fixed LLCS-treated vs. control cells, respectively) and live cells (i.e., ranging from 0.6 to 2.8 for LLCS-treated vs. 1.1-4.5 MPa for untreated cells), clearly demonstrating increased cell elasticity. This is related to improved membrane fluidity as a consequence of interactions between the acyl chains of cell membrane phosphatidylcholine and those of LLCS. What seems to be of major importance is that the study confirms the potential clinical relevance of such systems in treatment of aged skin with characteristically more rigid epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Gosenca Matjaž
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Škarabot
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjana Gašperlin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Biljana Janković
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Mori M, Praticò A, Villa R, Buzzella A, Vicini R, Busoli Badiale S, Pastoris O, Angelinetta C, Barbieri Carones M. Evaluation of safety and skin tolerability of organic cotton pads in case of irritative vulvitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:729-737. [PMID: 30465412 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The woman vaginal environment is a fragile and delicate ecosystem that is often impaired by physical and chemical agents. This condition tends to damage skin barrier causing allergic reactions that lead to chronic irritating conditions. METHODS Clinical and in-vitro studies were performed on organic cotton pads in order to assess if their use can prevent the onset of irritant conditions. During clinical studies, the panelists' skin and mucosae state were checked through a gynecological clinical examination in order to assess tissue dryness and alterations. Moreover, each panelist answered a sensorial questionnaire at the end of the test. Data were gathered and the product acceptability of use was registered in terms of itching, irritations and burning feelings. The panelist score was calculated based on VNS Scale (0-10, where 0 is the minimum value and 10 is the maximum). RESULTS From a careful analysis of the first part of the study, it is possible to state that the tested product (organic cotton pads) has proved to reduce the onset of irritative phenomena and slight undesired effects caused by the conventional use of synthetic pads. In-vitro tests were conducted to study possible biological processes involved during allergic and sensitizing events produced by vulvitis. In particular, a pro-sensitizing test, a skin irritation on RHE (adapted from OECD 439) and tests to assess the soothing activity were performed on cell substrates. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrated that organic cotton pads, in each part, are safe and do not impair any physiological activities of the tissue substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ornella Pastoris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology L. Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Cizauskaite U, Bernatoniene J. Innovative Natural Ingredients-Based Multiple Emulsions: The Effect on Human Skin Moisture, Sebum Content, Pore Size and Pigmentation. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061428. [PMID: 29895799 PMCID: PMC6100419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased interest in natural cosmetics has resulted in a higher market demand for preservative-free products based on herbal ingredients. An innovative W/O/W type emulsions containing herbal extracts were prepared directly; its cation form was induced by an ethanolic rosemary extract and stabilized using weak herbal gels. Due to the wide phytochemical composition of herbal extracts and the presence of alcohol in the emulsion system, which can cause skin irritation, sensitization or dryness when applied topically, the safety of the investigated drug delivery system is necessary. The aim of our study was to estimate the potential of W/O/W emulsions based on natural ingredients for skin irritation and phototoxicity using reconstructed 3D epidermis models in vitro and to evaluate in vivo its effect on human skin moisture, sebum content and pigmentation by biomedical examination using a dermatoscopic camera and corneometer. According to the results obtained after in vitro cell viability test the investigated emulsion was neither irritant nor phototoxic to human skin keratinocytes. W/O/W emulsion did not cause skin dryness in vivo, despite the fact that it contained ethanol. We can conclude that the emulsion is safe for use as a leave-on product due to the positive effect on human skin characteristics or as a semisolid pharmaceutical base where active compounds could be encapsulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugne Cizauskaite
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Jurga Bernatoniene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania.
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Idrees A, Chiono V, Ciardelli G, Shah S, Viebahn R, Zhang X, Salber J. Validation of in vitro assays in three-dimensional human dermal constructs. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 41:779-788. [PMID: 29843544 PMCID: PMC6210574 DOI: 10.1177/0391398818775519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell culture systems are urgently needed for cytocompatibility testing of biomaterials. This work aimed at the development of three-dimensional in vitro dermal skin models and their optimization for cytocompatibility evaluation. Initially “murine in vitro dermal construct” based on L929 cells was generated, leading to the development of “human in vitro dermal construct” consisting of normal human dermal fibroblasts in rat tail tendon collagen type I. To assess the viability of the cells, different assays CellTiter-Blue®, RealTime-Glo™ MT, and CellTiter-Glo® (Promega) were evaluated to optimize the best-suited assay to the respective cell type and three-dimensional system. Z-stack imaging (Live/Dead and Phalloidin/DAPI-Promokine) was performed to visualize normal human dermal fibroblasts inside matrix revealing filopodia-like morphology and a uniform distribution of normal human dermal fibroblasts in matrix. CellTiter-Glo was found to be the optimal cell viability assay among those analyzed. CellTiter-Blue reagent affected the cell morphology of normal human dermal fibroblasts (unlike L929), suggesting an interference with cell biological activity, resulting in less reliable viability data. On the other hand, RealTime-Glo provided a linear signal only with a very low cell density, which made this assay unsuitable for this system. CellTiter-Glo adapted to three-dimensional dermal construct by optimizing the “shaking time” to enhance the reagent penetration and maximum adenosine triphosphate release, indicating 2.4 times higher viability value by shaking for 60 min than for 5 min. In addition, viability results showed that cells were viable inside the matrix. This model would be further advanced with more layers of skin to make a full thickness model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Idrees
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,2 Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,3 Medical Biomaterials, Center for Clinical Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Valeria Chiono
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Siegfried Shah
- 2 Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Richard Viebahn
- 2 Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Jochen Salber
- 2 Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,3 Medical Biomaterials, Center for Clinical Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Lee M, Hwang JH, Lim KM. Alternatives to In Vivo Draize Rabbit Eye and Skin Irritation Tests with a Focus on 3D Reconstructed Human Cornea-Like Epithelium and Epidermis Models. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:191-203. [PMID: 28744350 PMCID: PMC5523559 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human eyes and skin are frequently exposed to chemicals accidentally or on purpose due to their external location. Therefore, chemicals are required to undergo the evaluation of the ocular and dermal irritancy for their safe handling and use before release into the market. Draize rabbit eye and skin irritation test developed in 1944, has been a gold standard test which was enlisted as OECD TG 404 and OECD TG 405 but it has been criticized with respect to animal welfare due to invasive and cruel procedure. To replace it, diverse alternatives have been developed: (i) For Draize eye irritation test, organotypic assay, in vitro cytotoxicity-based method, in chemico tests, in silico prediction model, and 3D reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium (RhCE); (ii) For Draize skin irritation test, in vitro cytotoxicity-based cell model, and 3D reconstructed human epidermis models (RhE). Of these, RhCE and RhE models are getting spotlight as a promising alternative with a wide applicability domain covering cosmetics and personal care products. In this review, we overviewed the current alternatives to Draize test with a focus on 3D human epithelium models to provide an insight into advancing and widening their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul,
Korea
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14
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Debeuckelaere C, Moussallieh FM, Elbayed K, Namer IJ, Berl V, Giménez-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP. In situ chemical behaviour of methylisothiazolinone (MI) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) in reconstructed human epidermis: a new approach to the cross-reactivity issue. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:159-67. [PMID: 26899805 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylisothiazolinone (MI) [with methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) in a ratio of 1:3, a well-recognized allergenic preservative] was released as an individual preservative in the 2000s for industrial products and in 2005 for cosmetics. The high level of exposure to MI since then has provoked an epidemic of contact allergy to MI, and an increase in MI/MCI allergy. There are questions concerning the MI/MCI cross-reaction pattern. OBJECTIVES To bring a new perspective on the MI/MCI cross-reactivity issue by studying their in situ chemical behaviour in 3D reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). METHODS MI and MCI were synthesized with (13) C substitution at positions C-4/C-5 and C-5, respectively. Their in situ chemical behaviours in an RHE model were followed by use of the high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance technique. RESULTS MI was found to react exclusively with cysteine thiol residues, whereas MCI reacted with histidines and lysines. The reaction mechanisms were found to be different for MI and MCI, and the adducts formed had different molecular structures. CONCLUSION In RHE, different MI/MCI reactions towards different nucleophilic amino acids were observed, making it difficult to explain cross-reactivity between MI and MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Debeuckelaere
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - François-Marie Moussallieh
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), UMR 7357/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 674012, Illkirch, France
| | - Karim Elbayed
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), UMR 7357/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 674012, Illkirch, France
| | - Izzie-Jacques Namer
- Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), UMR 7357/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 674012, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Berl
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177/Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, 67081, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Movahednia MM, Kidwai FK, Jokhun DS, Squier CA, Toh WS, Cao T. Potential applications of keratinocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:58-70. [PMID: 26663861 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although skin grafting is one of the most advanced cell therapy technique, wide application of skin substitutes is hampered by the difficulty in securing sufficient amount of epidermal substitute. Additionally, in understanding the progression of skin aging and disease, and in screening the cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, there is lack of a satisfactory human skin-specific in vitro model. Recently, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been proposed as an unlimited and reliable cell source to obtain almost all cell types present in the human body. This review focuses on the potential off-the-shelf use of hESC-derived keratinocytes for future clinical applications as well as a powerful in vitro skin model to study skin function and integrity, host-pathogen interactions and disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the industrial applications of hESC-derived keratinized multi-layer epithelium which provides a human-like test platform for understanding disease pathogenesis, evaluation of new therapeutic modalities and assessment of the safety and efficacy of skin cosmetics and therapeutics. Overall, we conclude that the hESC-derived keratinocytes have great potential for clinical, research and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahad K Kidwai
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Doorgesh S Jokhun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher A Squier
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology & Medicine, and Dows, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), Singapore, Singapore.
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16
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Kwon JS, Piao YZ, Cho SA, Yang SY, Kim JH, An S, Kim KM. Biocompatibility Evaluation of Dental Luting Cements Using Cytokine Released from Human Oral Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes. MATERIALS 2015; 8:7269-7277. [PMID: 28793637 PMCID: PMC5458911 DOI: 10.3390/ma8115372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dental luting cements are commonly used in dentistry for cementation of prosthetic restoration. Many previous studies focused on the measurement of the cell viability as the method of cytotoxicity evaluation during biocompatibility study for the material. In this study, the biocompatibility of various dental luting cements were evaluated using the new method of cytokine release measurement in order to better simulate inflammatory reactions in animal or clinical model using two different oral cells; immortalized human gingival fibroblast and immortalized human oral keratinocytes. Cells were exposed to extractions of various commercially available dental luting cements for different durations. Cytokines of IL-1α and IL-8 were measured from the supernatants of the cells and the results were then compared to the conventional MTT viability test. The result from the conventional cell viability study showed a relatively simple and straight forward indication that only one of the dental luting cements tested in this study was cytotoxic with increasing duration of exposure for both cells. Meanwhile, the result from the cytokine measurement study was much more complex at the time point they were measured, type of cells used for the study and the type of cytokines measured, all of which influenced the interpretation of the results. Hence, the better understanding of the cytokine release would be required for the application in biocompatibility evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kwon
- BK21 PLUS Project, Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Yin-Zhu Piao
- BK21 PLUS Project, Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Sun-A Cho
- Safety Research Team/Skin Research Division, Amore-Pacific R&D Center, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Korea.
| | - Song-Yi Yang
- BK21 PLUS Project, Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Safety Research Team/Skin Research Division, Amore-Pacific R&D Center, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Korea.
| | - Susun An
- Safety Research Team/Skin Research Division, Amore-Pacific R&D Center, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Mahn Kim
- BK21 PLUS Project, Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
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17
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Qiu J, Zhong L, Zhou M, Chen D, Huang X, Chen J, Chen M, Ni H, Cai Z. Establishment and characterization of a reconstructed Chinese human epidermis model. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 38:60-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Qiu
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 550 Jin Yu Road Pudong Shanghai China
| | - L. Zhong
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 550 Jin Yu Road Pudong Shanghai China
| | - M. Zhou
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 550 Jin Yu Road Pudong Shanghai China
- Shanghai EPISKIN Biotechnology Co. Ltd; 1299 Zhang Heng Road Pudong Shanghai China
| | - D. Chen
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 550 Jin Yu Road Pudong Shanghai China
- Shanghai EPISKIN Biotechnology Co. Ltd; 1299 Zhang Heng Road Pudong Shanghai China
| | - X. Huang
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 550 Jin Yu Road Pudong Shanghai China
| | - J. Chen
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 550 Jin Yu Road Pudong Shanghai China
| | - M. Chen
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 550 Jin Yu Road Pudong Shanghai China
| | - H. Ni
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 550 Jin Yu Road Pudong Shanghai China
| | - Z. Cai
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation; 550 Jin Yu Road Pudong Shanghai China
- Shanghai EPISKIN Biotechnology Co. Ltd; 1299 Zhang Heng Road Pudong Shanghai China
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18
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Grives S, Phan G, Morat G, Suhard D, Rebiere F, Fattal E. Ex Vivo Uranium Decontamination Efficiency on Wounded Skin and In Vitro Skin Toxicity of a Calixarene-Loaded Nanoemulsion. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2008-2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Bojar
- SSTBA Ltd., Thirsk, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Innovenn Ltd., York, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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20
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Horita K, Tanoue C, Yasoshima M, Ohtani T, Matsunaga K. Study of the usefulness of patch testing and use test to predict the safety of commercial topical drugs. J Dermatol 2014; 41:505-13. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotomi Horita
- Department of Dermatology; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Japan
- Research Laboratory; Ikedamohando; Nakaniikawa Japan
| | - Chiaki Tanoue
- Research Laboratory; Ikedamohando; Nakaniikawa Japan
| | | | - Takao Ohtani
- Department of Dermatology; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Japan
- Department of Dermatology; Kariya Orthopedic Hospital; Kariya Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Dermatology; Fujita Health University School of Medicine; Toyoake Japan
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21
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Guo Z, Higgins CA, Gillette BM, Itoh M, Umegaki N, Gledhill K, Sia SK, Christiano AM. Building a microphysiological skin model from induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 24564920 PMCID: PMC4029476 DOI: 10.1186/scrt363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006 was a major breakthrough for regenerative medicine. The establishment of patient-specific iPSCs has created the opportunity to model diseases in culture systems, with the potential to rapidly advance the drug discovery field. Current methods of drug discovery are inefficient, with a high proportion of drug candidates failing during clinical trials due to low efficacy and/or high toxicity. Many drugs fail toxicity testing during clinical trials, since the cells on which they have been tested do not adequately model three-dimensional tissues or their interaction with other organs in the body. There is a need to develop microphysiological systems that reliably represent both an intact tissue and also the interaction of a particular tissue with other systems throughout the body. As the port of entry for many drugs is via topical delivery, the skin is the first line of exposure, and also one of the first organs to demonstrate a reaction after systemic drug delivery. In this review, we discuss our strategy to develop a microphysiological system using iPSCs that recapitulates human skin for analyzing the interactions of drugs with the skin.
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22
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Casas JW, Lewerenz GM, Rankin EA, Willoughby JA, Blakeman LC, McKim JM, Coleman KP. In vitro human skin irritation test for evaluation of medical device extracts. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2175-83. [PMID: 23999410 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the EpiDerm™ reconstructed human skin model (MatTek Corp.) could be an acceptable alternative to the ISO 10993-required rabbit skin irritation test for assessing medical device biocompatibility. Eleven medical device polymers were tested. Four extracts were prepared per polymer, two each with saline and sesame oil; half were spiked with two R-38 irritants, lactic acid for saline extracts and heptanoic acid for the sesame oil extracts. Tissue viability was assessed by MTT reduction and the proinflammatory response was assessed by IL-1α release. LOAELs of 2% for lactic acid in saline and 0.7% for heptanoic acid in sesame oil were determined. A cell viability reduction of >50% was indicative of skin irritation. Cells exposed to saline extracts spiked with 3.25% lactic acid had significantly reduced mean cell viabilities (12.6-17.2%). Cells exposed to sesame oil extracts spiked with 1.25% heptanoic acid also exhibited reduced mean cell viabilities (25.5%-41.7%). All spiked cells released substantial amounts of IL-1α (253.5-387.4pg/ml) signifying a proinflammatory response. These results indicate that the EpiDerm™ model may be a suitable in vitro replacement for the assessment of the irritation potential of medical device extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Casas
- Medtronic, Inc., 11520 Yellow Pine St. N. W., C202, Minneapolis, MN 55448, USA.
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23
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Müller G, Langer J, Siebert J, Kramer A. Residual antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine digluconate and octenidine dihydrochloride on reconstructed human epidermis. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 27:1-8. [PMID: 23887383 DOI: 10.1159/000350172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to examine the residual antimicrobial activity after a topical exposure of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) to equimolar solutions of either chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG, 0.144% w/v) or octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT, 0.1% w/v) for 15 min. RHE-associated antiseptic agents were more effective on Staphylococcus aureus than on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. S. aureus was not detected after 24 h of contact, which demonstrated a microbicidal efficacy of greater than 5-log10 reduction. In contrast, P. aeruginosa was reduced by approximately 2 log10 at the same incubation time, which parallels the growth of the initial inoculum. This result could be interpreted either as a microbiostatic effect or as an adherence of P. aeruginosa to a low positively charged surface. Small amounts of CHG and OCT can penetrate the stratum corneum. Using these antiseptic agents, the viability of keratinocytes was reduced to 65-75% of that of the untreated RHE control following 24 h incubation in the presence of test microorganisms. With consideration of antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effect, OCT corresponds better to a biocompatible antiseptic agent than CHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Müller
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Germany
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24
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Kamel RA, Ong JF, Eriksson E, Junker JPE, Caterson EJ. Tissue engineering of skin. J Am Coll Surg 2013; 217:533-55. [PMID: 23816384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Kamel
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Fiume MM, Heldreth B, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler D, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of Triethanolamine and Triethanolamine-Containing Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:59S-83S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813488804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel assessed the safety of triethanolamine (TEA) and 31 related TEA-containing ingredients as used in cosmetics. The TEA is reported to function as a surfactant or pH adjuster; the related TEA-containing ingredients included in this safety assessment are reported to function as surfactants and hair- or skin-conditioning agents. The exception is TEA-sorbate, which is reported to function as a preservative. The Panel reviewed the available animal and clinical data. Although data were not available for all the ingredients, the panel relied on the information available for TEA in conjunction with previous safety assessments of components of TEA-containing ingredients. These data could be extrapolated to support the safety of all included ingredients. The panel concluded that TEA and related TEA-containing ingredients named in this report are safe as used when formulated to be nonirritating. These ingredients should not be used in cosmetic products in which N-nitroso compounds can be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monice M. Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Chemist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F. Bergfeld
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V. Belsito
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A. Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G. Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
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26
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Matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation ion mobility separation mass spectrometry imaging of ex-vivo human skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-013-0124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Elbayed K, Berl V, Debeuckelaere C, Moussallieh FM, Piotto M, Namer IJ, Lepoittevin JP. HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy of Reconstructed Human Epidermis: Potential for the in Situ Investigation of the Chemical Interactions between Skin Allergens and Nucleophilic Amino Acids. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:136-45. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300428u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Elbayed
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Berl
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Debeuckelaere
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - François-Marie Moussallieh
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Izzie-Jacques Namer
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Strasbourg University Hospital, 67098 Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Biological Physics, Faculty of Medicine, LINC/CNRS UMR 7237 and University of Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177 and University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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28
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Abstract
Bioengineered skin has great potential for use in regenerative medicine for treatment of severe wounds such as burns or chronic ulcers. Genetically modified skin substitutes have also been used as cell-based devices or "live bioreactors" to deliver therapeutics locally or systemically. Finally, these tissue constructs are used as realistic models of human skin for toxicological testing, to speed drug development and replace traditional animal-based tests in a variety of industries. Here we describe a method of generating bioengineered skin based on a natural scaffold, namely, decellularized human dermis and epidermal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY, USA
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29
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Pappinen S, Pryazhnikov E, Khiroug L, Ericson MB, Yliperttula M, Urtti A. Organotypic cell cultures and two-photon imaging: Tools for in vitro and in vivo assessment of percutaneous drug delivery and skin toxicity. J Control Release 2012; 161:656-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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MALDI-MS imaging of lipids in ex vivo human skin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:115-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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YAMAMOTO N, MIYAMOTO K, KATOH M. Development of Alternative to Animal Experiment in Evaluation of Skin Irritation Caused by Alcohol-based Hand Rubs. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:1069-73. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji MIYAMOTO
- NOF CORPORATION, Tsukuba Corporate Research Laboratory
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32
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Heavy metals chromium and neodymium reduced phosphorylation level of heat shock protein 27 in human keratinocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1098-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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A catch-up validation study on reconstructed human epidermis (SkinEthic™ RHE) for full replacement of the Draize skin irritation test. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:257-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Tornier C, Amsellem C, Fraissinette ADBD, Alépée N. Assessment of the optimized SkinEthic™ Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) 42 bis skin irritation protocol over 39 test substances. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:245-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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35
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Vankoningsloo S, Piret JP, Saout C, Noel F, Mejia J, Zouboulis CC, Delhalle J, Lucas S, Toussaint O. Cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in three skin cellular models: Effects of sonication, dispersive agents and corneous layer of reconstructed epidermis. Nanotoxicology 2009; 4:84-97. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390903428869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Shepherd J, Douglas I, Rimmer S, Swanson L, MacNeil S. Development of three-dimensional tissue-engineered models of bacterial infected human skin wounds. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 15:475-84. [PMID: 19292658 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While infected skin wounds are on the increase because of ageing populations, rising incidence of diabetes, and antibiotic resistance, we lack relevant in vivo or in vitro models to study many aspects of bacterial interaction with skin. The aim of this study was to develop three-dimensional models of normal human skin to study bacterial infection. The common dermatological pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to infect tissue-engineered skin, and the course of infection in the skin was examined over several days. Two forms of model were developed-one in which bacteria were introduced directly to 10 mm wounds in the epidermis, and another in which wounds were created by burning a 4 mm hole in the center of the tissue before inoculation. The bacteria flourished within the engineered skin, and colonized the upper epidermal layers before invasion into the dermis. Infection with P. aeruginosa caused a loss of epidermis and de-keratinization of the skin constructs, as well as partial loss of basement membrane. These novel complex human skin infection models could be used to investigate microbial invasion of normal skin epithelium, basement membrane, and connective tissue, and as a model to study approaches to reduce bacterial burden in skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Shepherd
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
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Macfarlane M, Jones P, Goebel C, Dufour E, Rowland J, Araki D, Costabel-Farkas M, Hewitt NJ, Hibatallah J, Kirst A, McNamee P, Schellauf F, Scheel J. A tiered approach to the use of alternatives to animal testing for the safety assessment of cosmetics: Skin irritation. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:188-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Barakat HS, Darwish IA, El-Khordagui LK, Khalafallah NM. Development of naftifine hydrochloride alcohol-free niosome gel. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2009; 35:631-7. [PMID: 18989805 DOI: 10.1080/03639040802498864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Marketed topical gels of the antifungal drug naftifine hydrochloride contain 50% alcohol as cosolvent. Repeated exposure to alcohol could be detrimental to skin. The aim of this study is to develop an alcohol-free niosome gel containing 1% naftifine hydrochloride. Niosomes were prepared and formulation variables were optimized to achieve maximum entrapment coupled with stability. Maximum drug entrapment and niosome stability entailed imparting a negative charge to the vesicles where entrapment efficiency reached 50%. Niosomes were incorporated into a hydroxyethylcellulose gel. The final gel contained a total drug concentration of 1% (wt/wt) half of which was entrapped in the niosomes. The results suggest the potential usefulness of the niosome gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba S Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Alexandria, Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Constitutive release of cytokines by human oral keratinocytes in an organotypic culture. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 67:1256-64. [PMID: 19446213 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Food and Drug Administration requires an accurate determination of the dose and potency of tissue-engineered or combination products as is required for drugs. This needs to be done as a rapid, quantitative, and noninvasive measurement of biologic function/activity in a way so as not to perturb the tissue-engineered product being developed. The aim of this study was to correlate constitutive release of cytokine(s) from unstimulated cells, at different stages of development, within a 3-dimensional (3D) organotypic ex vivo produced oral mucosa equivalent (EVPOME) to be used for intraoral grafting, with oral keratinocyte cell viability of the EVPOME. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue culture medium was assayed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from monolayer culture of oral keratinocytes and a 3D EVPOME to determine the constitutive release of interleukin (IL) 1alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF messenger ribonucleic acid expression by oral keratinocytes within the 3D EVPOME was detected by in situ hybridization at days 4, 7, and 11. The number of viable oral keratinocytes within the EVPOME was extrapolated from VEGF release by use of a modified MTT assay. RESULTS Both VEGF release level and the number of viable cells in the monolayer cultures and 3D EVPOME as measured by MTT assay significantly increased in a time-dependent manner (P < .001, r = 0.743). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the increasing detectable levels of VEGF associated with the increasing number of viable cells in the EVPOME may provide a useful noninvasive/nondestructive means of assessing both cellular viability (dose) and biologic function/activity (potency) of a combination cell-based device such as the EVPOME.
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Gazel A, Rosdy M, Tornier C, De Fraissinette ADB, Blumenberg M. Transcriptional profiling defines the effects of nickel in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:686-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Golla S, Madihally S, Robinson RL, Gasem KAM. Quantitative structure-property relationships modeling of skin irritation. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 23:176-84. [PMID: 19027061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in developing procedures for estimating skin irritation potential of chemicals has been increasing as a result of concerns regarding animal welfare and costs involved in experimental irritation studies. In response to these concerns, a number of expert systems and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models have been proposed for predicting the skin irritation potential of compounds. However, these models require as input independent estimates of several physiochemical properties. Hence, to predict skin irritation potential using these models often requires additional models capable of estimating the physiochemical properties of diverse structures; a requirement that most literature QSARs fail to meet. In the work reported here, we developed a skin irritation QSPR model based on rabbit Draize test data for 186 compounds, which included chemicals from diverse molecular classes. The effectiveness of using a combination of traditional, functional group and structural descriptors has been studied. Our non-linear QSPR model is capable of predicting the skin irritation potential of chemical compounds with an R2 of 0.78. Further, the final set of descriptors used to model skin irritation was analyzed to elucidate the effects of molecular size, reactivity and skin penetration on skin irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath Golla
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 423 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Groen D, Gooris GS, Ponec M, Bouwstra JA. Two new methods for preparing a unique stratum corneum substitute. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2421-9. [PMID: 18652802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stratum corneum lipids play an important role in the barrier function of the skin. An in vitro permeation model consisting of synthetic lipids has previously been developed to replace human stratum corneum (SC) in permeation studies. This model is referred to as the stratum corneum substitute (SCS). In order to improve its reproducibility and to increase the efficiency in preparing the SCS, two new preparation methods are developed. Subsequently the properties of the SCS prepared by the various methods, i.e. the manual airbrush method, the rotor airbrush method and the linomat method, are investigated. The results show that the SCS prepared with the various methods share the properties of a uniform lipid composition and lipid distribution. Furthermore, irrespective of the preparation method, the lipids form crystalline lamellar phases, mimicking the lipid organization and orientation in human SC. As a result, permeation profiles of benzoic acid through SCS are very similar to human SC. The rotor method increases the efficiency and reproducibility of the manual airbrush method, while the linomat method reduces the lipid loss during preparation and results in SCS with a more uniform membrane thickness. In conclusion, the linomat method was chosen as the preferred method for preparing the substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Groen
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mombelli E. An Evaluation of the Predictive Ability of the QSAR Software Packages, DEREK, HAZARDEXPERT and TOPKAT, to Describe Chemically-induced Skin Irritation. Altern Lab Anim 2008; 36:15-24. [DOI: 10.1177/026119290803600104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
According to the REACH chemicals legislation, formally adopted by the EU in 2006, Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSARs) can be used as alternatives to animal testing, which itself poses specific ethical and economical concerns. A critical assessment of the performance of the QSAR models is therefore the first step toward the reliable use of such computational techniques. This article reports the performance of the skin irritation module of three commercially-available software packages: DEREK, HAZARDEXPERT and TOPKAT. Their performances were tested on the basis of data published in the literature, for 116 chemicals. The results of this study show that only TOPKAT was able to predict the irritative potential for the majority of chemicals, whereas DEREK and HAZARDEXPERT could correctly identify only a few irritant substances.
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Rayment EA, Dargaville TR, Shooter GK, George GA, Upton Z. Attenuation of protease activity in chronic wound fluid with bisphosphonate-functionalised hydrogels. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1785-95. [PMID: 18241915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ulcers are an important and costly medical issue, imposing considerable pain, reduced mobility and decreased quality of life. The common pathology in these chronic wounds is excessive proteolytic activity, resulting in degradation of key factors critical to the ulcer's ability to heal. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a large family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, have been shown to have increased activity in chronic wound fluid (CWF), with many authors suggesting that they need to be inhibited for the ulcer to heal. The studies we report here show that the excessive MMP activity in CWF can be inhibited with the bisphosphonate alendronate, in the form of a sodium salt, a functionalised analogue, and tethered to a poly(2-hydroxy methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogel. Furthermore, these functionalised alendronate hydrogels appear to be biologically inert as assessed in a three-dimensional ex vivo human skin equivalent model. Together, these results highlight the potential use of a tethered MMP inhibitor to inhibit protease activity in wound fluid. This approach may improve wound healing as it still allows MMPs to remain active in the upper cellular layers of the ulcer bed where they perform vital roles in wound healing; thus may offer an attractive new device-orientated wound therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Rayment
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Kidd D, Johnson M, Clements J. Development of an in vitro corrosion/irritation prediction assay using the EpiDerm™ skin model. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1292-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hsia E, Johnston MJ, Houlden RJ, Chern WH, Hofland HEJ. Effects of topically applied acitretin in reconstructed human epidermis and the rhino mouse. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:125-30. [PMID: 17637822 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oral acitretin is currently indicated for the treatment of severe psoriasis in adults, but its use is limited by systemic side effects and teratogenicity. Topical administration of acitretin may lessen the risk of systemic toxicity while increasing local bioavailability in the skin. The effects of topical acitretin on reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) and Rhino mice were investigated and compared to those of currently marketed topical retinoids: tretinoin and tazarotene. In acitretin-treated RHE cultures, there was a reduction in keratohyalin granules and filaggrin expression in the stratum granulosum, a loss of keratin 10 expression in the stratum spinosum, and an increase in keratin 19 expression in all viable cell layers. All retinoids showed similar signs of activity in RHE cultures. Furthermore, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1alpha and IL-8 in RHE cultures was less pronounced with acitretin compared to tretinoin- and tazarotene-containing formulations, suggesting that acitretin may be less irritating. In Rhino mice, acitretin induced a local, dose-dependent reduction in utricle diameter after seven daily dermal doses. A similar effect was observed in tretinoin- and tazarotene-treated mice. Our data suggest that topical application of acitretin may have a therapeutic benefit in the local management of keratinization disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hsia
- Center for Skin Biology, Stiefel Laboratories Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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Cantón I, Sarwar U, Kemp EH, Ryan AJ, MacNeil S, Haycock JW. Real-time detection of stress in 3D tissue-engineered constructs using NF-kappaB activation in transiently transfected human dermal fibroblast cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1013-24. [PMID: 17430089 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to develop a nondestructive reporter system for assessing the response of human cells contained within a three-dimensional (3D) tissue-engineered construct to exogenous stress. Dermal fibroblasts were transiently transfected with a reporter construct linked to nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation which led to expression of a nonstable form of enhanced green fluorescent protein (d2EGFP) after stimulation. This led to a temporary production of fluorescence, which could be readily detected but was not intrinsically toxic, as cells were able to metabolize the initial cycle of d2EGFP produced. This permitted the model to be used for restimulation post recovery. To investigate the performance and predictive ability of this method for assessing cellular response to stress in 3D, we used a range of compounds known to have pro-inflammatory or oxidative properties. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1-beta (IL-1beta) were selected for having a direct cytokine action; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was selected for modeling bacterial-mediated inflammation; and hydrogen peroxide was selected as a crude method for delivering an oxidative stress. Transfected cells were stimulated with the above compounds in 3D and the synthesis of d2EGFP was detected as a measure of NF-kappaB activation. The resultant fluorescence was scored using a series of photomicrographs taken by epifluorescence microscopy. All agents activated NF-kappaB when cells were grown in 3D scaffolds but did not cause any significant reduction in cell viability as measured by a standard MTT-ESTA viability test. Parallel NF-kappaB activation and MTT measurements was also conducted in two-dimension (2D) and confirmed findings in 3D. The 3D model described using a fluorescent reporter gene is a highly sensitive and reliable method for detecting cellular stress and represents a key step in developing tissue engineering models with the potential for screening pharmaceutical and cosmetic compounds, as an alternative to existing in vitro and in vivo methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cantón
- Department of Engineering Materials, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, and Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Blumenberg M. DNA microarrays in dermatology and skin biology. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2006; 10:243-60. [PMID: 17069506 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2006.10.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Because of its accessibility, skin has been among the first organs analyzed using DNA microarrays. Skin cancers, melanomas, and basal and squamous cell carcinomas have been intensely investigated because they are very frequent and can be fatal. Psoriasis, one of the most common human inflammatory diseases, has been studied comprehensively using DNA microarrays. In addition, epidermal keratinocytes have been the target of many studies because they respond to a rich variety of inflammatory and immunomodulating cytokines, hormones, vitamins, ultraviolet (UV) light, toxins, and physical injury. Because of the ethical considerations, the effects of harmful or dangerous agents on skin have been studied using artificial skin substitutes. Transcriptional mechanisms that regulate epidermal differentiation and cornification have begun to yield their mysteries, and very exciting recent studies identified the genes specifically expressed in epidermal stem cells. Thus, skin has everything: stem cells, differentiation, signaling, inflammation, diseases, and cancer. All these exciting facets of skin have been explored using DNA microarrays. Researchers in skin biology and dermatology were among the first to implement this technology and we expect that they will continue to generate exciting and useful new knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Blumenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Tomaino A, Cristani M, Cimino F, Speciale A, Trombetta D, Bonina F, Saija A. In vitro protective effect of a Jacquez grapes wine extract on UVB-induced skin damage. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:1395-402. [PMID: 16901675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that UV radiation on the skin results in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that interact with proteins, lipids and DNA, thus altering cellular functions. The epidermis is composed mainly of keratinocytes, rich in ROS detoxifying enzymes and in low-molecular-mass antioxidant molecules. However, the increased generation of ROS can overwhelm the natural defences against oxidative stress. Therefore treatment of the skin with products containing plant-derived antioxidant ingredients may be a useful strategy for the prevention of UV-mediated cutaneous damage. In the present study we have investigated the in vitro capability of a Jacquez grapes wine extract (containing a significant level of proanthocyanidins, together with lower amounts of anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids; JW-E), to protect skin against UVB-induced oxidative damage by using a three-dimensional tissue culture model of human epidermis. The endpoints of our experiments were cell viability, release of interleukin-1alpha and prostaglandin E(2) (well-known mediators of cutaneous inflammatory processes), accumulation in the epidermis of malondialdehyde/4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyl groups (derived by the oxidative damage respectively of lipids and proteins) and tissue redox balance (expressed by the levels of reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase). Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the JW-E is an efficient botanical mixture able to prevent skin oxidative damage induced by UV-B exposure and may thus be a potential promising candidate as a skin photoprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tomaino
- Department Farmaco-Biologico, School of Pharmacy, University of Messina, Villaggio SS Annunziata, Contr. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Abstract
The increasing demands on toxicology of large-scale risk assessment programmes for chemicals and emerging or expanding areas of chemical use suggest it is timely to review the toxicological toolbox. Like in clinical medicine, where an evidence-based medicine (EBM) is critically reviewing traditional approaches, toxicology has the opportunity to reshape and enlarge its methodology and approaches on the basis of compounded scientific knowledge. Such revision would have to be based on structured reviews of current practice, ie, assessment of test performance characteristics, mechanistic understanding, extended quality assurance, formal validation and the use of integrated testing strategies. This form of revision could optimize the balance between safety, costs and animal welfare, explicitly stating and, where possible, quantifying uncertainties. After a self-critical reassessment of current practices and evaluation of the thus generated information, such an evidence-based toxicology (EBT) promises to make better use of resources and to increase the quality of results, facilitating their interpretation. It shall open up hazard and also risk assessments to new technologies, flexibly accommodating current and future mechanistic understanding. An EBT will be better prepared to answer the continuously growing safety demands of modern societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hoffmann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, 21020 Ispra VA, Italy.
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