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Nikhil J, Maneesha P, Chitra KC. Neurotoxic effects of carbamazepine on the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38804213 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2356048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment has gained a significant attention. Carbamazepine, a commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug, has been consistently found in aquatic environments at concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms, raising concerns about its potential negative impacts on aquatic organisms. The study examined the acute and chronic neurotoxic effects of environmentally relevant and sublethal concentrations of carbamazepine in the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. After a 96-hour exposure period, the median lethal concentration (LC50) of carbamazepine for G. affinis was determined as 24 mg L - 1. For the current study, sublethal concentrations i.e., one-tenth (2.4 mg L - 1) and one-fifth (4.8 mg L - 1) of the LC50 value were chosen for assessing the neurotoxic effects along with the environmentally relevant concentration (13 ng L - 1). The research findings indicated that carbamazepine had a disruptive impact on the typical growth and behavior of the fish. During the acute exposure phase, physical deformities were observed in the fish, resulting in neonatal and postneonatal fatalities. Furthermore, the neurotoxic effects of carbamazepine were clearly demonstrated through alterations in various neurological parameters, including acetylcholinesterase, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, monoamine oxidase, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, adrenaline, and nor-adrenaline. These findings raise concerns about the survival of fish populations in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nikhil
- Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala
| | - Pootheri Maneesha
- Endocrinology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala
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2
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Silva MLD, Andrade TS, Villacis RAR, Sousa-Moura D, Domingues I, Lisboa CA, Camargo NS, Pic-Taylor A, Oliveira RD, Grisolia CK. Multilevel assessment of carbamazepine effects: An integrative approach using zebrafish early-life stages. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141772. [PMID: 38548084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is the most commonly used drug in epilepsy treatment, and its metabolites are commonly detected among persistent pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. This study aimed to investigate CBZ effects on early-life-stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) (from 2 to 168 hpf) by employing of an integrative approach linking endpoints from molecular to individual level: (i) development; (ii) locomotor activity; (iii) biochemical markers (lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione-S-transferase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase) and (iv) transcriptome analysis using microarray. A 168 h - LC50 of 73.4 mg L-1 and a 72 h - EC50 of 66.8 mg L-1 for hatching were calculated while developmental effects (oedemas and tail deformities) were observed at CBZ concentrations above 37.3 mg L-1. At the biochemical level, AChE activity proved to be the most sensitive parameter, as evidenced by its decrease across all concentrations tested (∼25% maximum reduction, LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) < 0.6 μg L-1). Locomotor behaviour seemed to be depressed by CBZ although this effect was only evident at the highest concentration tested (50 mg L-1). Molecular analysis revealed a dose-dependent effect of CBZ on gene expression. Although only 25 genes were deregulated in organisms exposed to CBZ when compared to controls, both 0.6 and 2812 μg L-1 treatments impaired gene expression related to development (e.g. crygmxl1, org, klf2a, otos, stx16 and tob2) and the nervous system (e.g. Rtn3, Gdf10, Rtn3), while activated genes were associated with behavioural response (e.g. prlbr and taar). Altogether, our results indicate that environmentally relevant CBZ concentrations might affect biochemical and genetic traits of fish. Thus, the environmental risk of CBZ cannot be neglected, especially in a realistic scenario of constant input of domestic effluents into aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Lopes da Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Thayres Sousa Andrade
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus de Crateús- PPGEC, Av. Profa. Machadinha Lima, 63700-000 Crateus, CE, Brazil
| | - Rolando André Rios Villacis
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Diego Sousa-Moura
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Inês Domingues
- Departamento de Biologia e CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carolina Almeida Lisboa
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Níchollas Serafim Camargo
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Aline Pic-Taylor
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rhaul de Oliveira
- Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas, Campus de Arinos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cesar Koppe Grisolia
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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Mezzelani M, Peruzza L, d'Errico G, Milan M, Gorbi S, Regoli F. Mixtures of environmental pharmaceuticals in marine organisms: Mechanistic evidence of carbamazepine and valsartan effects on Mytilus galloprovincialis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160465. [PMID: 36427727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Unravelling the adverse outcomes of pharmaceuticals mixture represents a research priority to characterize the risk for marine ecosystems. The present study investigated, for the first time, the interactions between two of the most largely detected pharmaceuticals in marine species: carbamazepine (CBZ) and valsartan (VAL), elucidating mechanisms that can modulate bioaccumulation, excretion and the onset of toxicity. Mytilus galloprovincialis were exposed to environmental levels of CBZ and VAL dosed alone or in combination: measurement of drug bioaccumulation was integrated with changes in the whole transcriptome and responsiveness of various biochemical and cellular biomarkers. Interactive and competing mechanisms between tested drugs were revealed by the much higher CBZ accumulation in mussels exposed to this compound alone, while an opposite trend was observed for VAL. A complex network of responses was observed as variations of gene expression, functional effects on neurotransmission, cell cycle, immune responses and redox homeostasis. The elaboration of results through a quantitative Weight of Evidence model summarized a greater biological reactivity of CBZ compared to VAL and antagonistic interactions between these compounds, resulting in a reduced effect of the antiepileptic when combined with valsartan. Overall, new perspectives are highlighted for a more comprehensive risk assessment of environmental mixtures of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Mezzelani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Peruzza
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16 - 35020 Legnaro (PD), Polo di Agripolis, Italy
| | - Giuseppe d'Errico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Milan
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16 - 35020 Legnaro (PD), Polo di Agripolis, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy.
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Cardoso-Vera JD, Gómez-Oliván LM, Islas-Flores H, García-Medina S, Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Orozco-Hernández JM, Heredia-García G, Rosales-Pérez KE, Galar-Martínez M. Multi-biomarker approach to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of phenytoin on adult zebrafish Danio rerio. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155359. [PMID: 35460791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the presence of phenytoin (PHE) in wastewater treatment plant effluents, hospital effluents, surface water, and even drinking water. However, published studies on the toxic effects of PHE at environmentally relevant concentrations in aquatic organisms are scarce. The present study aimed to determine the effect of three environmentally relevant concentrations of PHE (25, 282, and 1500 ng L-1) on behavioral parameters using the novel tank test. Moreover, we also aimed to determine whether or not these concentrations of PHE may impair acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidative status in the brain of Danio rerio adults. Behavioral responses suggested an anxiolytic effect in PHE-exposed organisms, mainly observed in organisms exposed to 1500 ng L-1, with a significant decrease in fish mobility and a significant increase in activity at the top of the tank. Besides the behavioral impairment, PHE-exposed fish also showed a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation, hydroperoxides, and protein carbonyl content compared to the control group. Moreover, a significant increase in brain AChE levels was observed in fish exposed to 282 and 1500 ng L-1. The results obtained in the present study show that PHE triggers a harmful response in the brain of fish, which in turn generates fish have an anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Daniel Cardoso-Vera
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Orozco-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Heredia-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Karina Elisa Rosales-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
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Mezzelani M, Regoli F. The Biological Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Marine Environment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2022; 14:105-128. [PMID: 34425054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040821-075606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pharmaceuticals represent a threat of emerging concern for marine ecosystems. Widely distributed and bioaccumulated, these contaminants could provoke adverse effects on aquatic organisms through modes of action like those reported for target species. In contrast to pharmacological uses, organisms in field conditions are exposed to complex mixtures of compounds with similar, different, or even opposing therapeutic effects. This review summarizes current knowledge of the main cellular pathways modulated by the most common classes of environmental pharmaceuticals occurring in marine ecosystems and accumulated by nontarget species-including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, psychiatric drugs, cardiovascular and lipid regulator agents, steroidal hormones, and antibiotics-and describes an intricate network of possible interactions with both synergistic and antagonistic effects on the same cellular targets and metabolic pathways. This complexity reveals the intrinsic limits of the single-chemical approach to predict the long-term consequences and future impact of pharmaceuticals at organismal, population, and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Mezzelani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; ,
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; ,
- Fano Marine Center, 61032 Fano, Italy
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Mauro M, Lazzara V, Arizza V, Luparello C, Ferrantelli V, Cammilleri G, Inguglia L, Vazzana M. Human Drug Pollution in the Aquatic System: The Biochemical Responses of Danio rerio Adults. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101064. [PMID: 34681162 PMCID: PMC8533377 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The release of medicinal products for human use in the aquatic environment is now a serious problem, and can be fatal for the organisms that live there. Danio rerio is a freshwater fish that provides the possibility to study the effects of these pollutants on the health of aquatic organisms. The results of the various existing scientific studies are scarce and conflicting. Here, we review the scientific studies that have analyzed these effects, highlighting that the impacts of drugs are evident in the biochemical responses of these animals. Abstract To date, drug pollution in aquatic systems is an urgent issue, and Danio rerio is a model organism to study the toxicological effects of environmental pollutants. The scientific literature has analyzed the effect of human drug pollution on the biochemical responses in the tissues of D. rerio adults. However, the information is still scarce and conflicting, making it difficult to understand its real impact. The scientific studies are not consistent with each other and, until now, no one has grouped their results to create a baseline of knowledge of the possible impacts. In this review, the analysis of literature data highlights that the effects of drugs on adult zebrafishes depend on various factors, such as the tissue analyzed, the drug concentration and the sex of the individuals. Furthermore, the most influenced biochemical responses concern enzymes (e.g., antioxidants and hydrolase enzymes) and total protein and hormonal levels. Pinpointing the situation to date would improve the understanding of the chronic effects of human drug pollution, helping both to reduce it in the aquatic systems and then to draw up regulations to control this type of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mauro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Valentina Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (V.F.)
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia A. Mirri, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Luigi Inguglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
| | - Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.L.); (V.A.); (C.L.); (L.I.); (M.V.)
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Albendín MG, Aranda V, Coello MD, González-Gómez C, Rodríguez-Barroso R, Quiroga JM, Arellano JM. Pharmaceutical Products and Pesticides Toxicity Associated with Microplastics (Polyvinyl Chloride) in Artemia salina. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010773. [PMID: 34682526 PMCID: PMC8536102 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products, as well as insecticides and antimicrobials, have been extensively studied, but knowledge of their effects-especially those caused by their mixtures with microplastics-on aquatic organisms remains limited. However, it should be borne in mind that the state of knowledge on acute and chronic effects in aquatic organisms for pharmaceuticals and pesticides is not similar. In response, this investigation analyzed the presence of microplastics (polyvinyl chloride) and their impacts on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (an insecticide) and triclosan (an antibacterial) when they coincide in the environment, alongside the two most consumed drugs of their type (hypolipemic and anticonvulsant, respectively), namely simvastatin and carbamazepine, in Artemia salina. LC50 and cholinesterase enzyme activity were calculated to determine the possible neurotoxicity associated with emergent contaminants in the treatments. The LC50 values obtained were 0.006 mg/dm3 for chlorpyrifos, 0.012 mg/dm3 for chlorpyrifos associated with microplastics, 4.979 mg/dm3 for triclosan, 4.957 mg/dm3 for triclosan associated with microplastics, 9.35 mg/dm3 for simvastatin, 10.29 mg/dm3 for simvastatin associated with microplastics, 43.25 mg/dm3 for carbamazepine and 46.50 mg/dm3 for carbamazepine associated with microplastics in acute exposure. These results indicate that the presence of microplastics in the medium reduces toxicity, considering the LC50 values. However, exposure to chlorpyrifos and carbamazepine, both alone and associated with microplastics, showed a decline in cholinesterase activity, confirming their neurotoxic effect. Nevertheless, no significant differences were observed with the biomarker cholinesterase between the toxicant and the toxicant with microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gemma Albendín
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.G.A.); (V.A.); (C.G.-G.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Vanessa Aranda
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.G.A.); (V.A.); (C.G.-G.); (J.M.A.)
| | - María Dolores Coello
- Environmental Technologies Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (R.R.-B.); (J.M.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carmen González-Gómez
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.G.A.); (V.A.); (C.G.-G.); (J.M.A.)
| | - Rocío Rodríguez-Barroso
- Environmental Technologies Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (R.R.-B.); (J.M.Q.)
| | - José María Quiroga
- Environmental Technologies Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (R.R.-B.); (J.M.Q.)
| | - Juana María Arellano
- Toxicology Laboratory, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI MAR), Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; (M.G.A.); (V.A.); (C.G.-G.); (J.M.A.)
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Mezzelani M, Nardi A, Bernardini I, Milan M, Peruzza L, d'Errico G, Fattorini D, Gorbi S, Patarnello T, Regoli F. Environmental pharmaceuticals and climate change: The case study of carbamazepine in M. galloprovincialis under ocean acidification scenario. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106269. [PMID: 33248345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern and ocean changes are key environmental stressors for marine species with possibly synergistic, but still unexplored, deleterious effects. In the present study the influence of a simulated ocean acidification scenario (pH = 7.6) was investigated on metabolism and sub-lethal effects of carbamazepine, CBZ (1 µg/L), chosen as one of the most widely diffused pharmaceuticals in marine organisms. A multidisciplinary approach was applied on mussels, M. galloprovincialis, integrating measurement of drug bioaccumulation with changes in the whole transcriptome, responsiveness of various biochemical and cellular biomarkers including immunological parameters, lipid and oxidative metabolism, onset of genotoxic effects. Chemical analyses revealed a limited influence of hypercapnia on accumulation and excretion of CBZ, while a complex network of biological responses was observed in gene expression profile and functional changes at cellular level. The modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway suggested similarities with the Mechanism of Action known for vertebrates: immune responses, cellular homeostasis and oxidative system represented the processes targeted by combined stressors. The overall elaboration of results through a quantitative Weight of Evidence model, revealed clearly increased cellular hazard due to interactions of CBZ with acidification compared to single stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Mezzelani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Polo di Agripolis, Italy
| | - Massimo Milan
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Polo di Agripolis, Italy
| | - Luca Peruzza
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Polo di Agripolis, Italy
| | - Giuseppe d'Errico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Fattorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Polo di Agripolis, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche (60131), Ancona, Italy.
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9
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Nabinger DD, Altenhofen S, Bonan CD. Zebrafish models: Gaining insight into purinergic signaling and neurological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 98:109770. [PMID: 31678483 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been considered a complementary model for biomedical studies, especially due to advantages such as external and rapid development, and genetic manipulation. There is growing interest in this model in neuroscience research since the species has morphological and physiological similarities to mammals and a complex behavioral repertoire. The purinergic signaling has been described in zebrafish, and purinoceptors and nucleotide- and nucleoside-metabolizing enzymes have already been identified in the central nervous system (CNS) of this species. The involvement of the purinergic system in several models of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism has been investigated in zebrafish. This mini review presents several studies describing purinergic signaling in the zebrafish CNS and the action of this neurotransmitter system in models of neurological disorders using this species as a biological model. The use of pharmacological approaches at different stages of development may be a useful tool for preclinical assays and the testing of purinergic compounds as new alternatives for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Dreher Nabinger
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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10
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He Y, Li X, Jia D, Zhang W, Zhang T, Yu Y, Xu Y, Zhang Y. A transcriptomics-based analysis of the toxicity mechanisms of gabapentin to zebrafish embryos at realistic environmental concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:746-755. [PMID: 31121539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gabapentin (GPT) has become an emerging contaminant in aquatic environments due to its wide application in medical treatment all over the world. In this study, embryos of zebrafish were exposed to gabapentin at realistically environmental concentrations, 0.1 μg/L and 10 μg/L, so as to evaluate the ecotoxicity of this emergent contaminant. The transcriptomics profiling of deep sequencing was employed to illustrate the mechanisms. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo were exposed to GPT from 12 hpf to 96 hpf resulting in 136 and 750 genes differentially expressed, respectively. The results of gene ontology (GO) analysis and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis illustrated that a large amount of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in the antioxidant system, the immune system and the nervous system. RT-qPCR was applied to validate the results of RNA-seq, which provided direct evidence that the selected genes involved in those systems mentioned above were all down-regulated. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lysozyme (LZM) and the content of C-reactive protein (CRP) were decreased at the end of exposure, which is consistent with the transcriptomics results. The overall results of this study demonstrate that GPT simultaneously affects various vital functionalities of zebrafish at early developmental stage, even at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yide He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, PR China
| | - Dantong Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, PR China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, PR China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, PR China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 211816, PR China.
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11
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Rodrigues C, Bio A, Guimarães L, Fernandes VC, Delerue-Matos C, Vieira N. Assessing the ecological status of fluvial ecosystems employing a macroinvertebrate multi-taxon and multi-biomarker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:503. [PMID: 31332534 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers are recognised sensitive early-warning tools of biological effects in aquatic organisms. In this scope, the main aim of this study was to investigate the potential usefulness of a battery of biomarkers, evaluated in different benthic macroinvertebrate taxa, to discriminate aquatic ecosystems with different levels of ecological status and to provide further clues supporting environmental management. The study took place during the autumn of 2013 and the spring and summer of 2014, and the study cases were two Mediterranean rivers (Âncora and Ferreira rivers), differing in their ecological status. The biomarkers determined are widely employed and comprise a large set of biochemical responses: the activity of enzymes (cholinesterases, glutathione S-transferases, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase) and the levels of lipid peroxidation. They were assessed seasonally and in different macroinvertebrate taxa. Thirteen water physico-chemical parameters were also seasonally determined, and the concentration of seven organophosphorus pesticides and the percentage of 32 trace metals in sediments were determined in the spring. This is particularly useful for water management. Based on this, authorities can take actions to prevent further damage in the ecological status. Multivariate analyses showed distinct patterns of biological response for the Calopteryx spp., Chironomidae and Baetis spp. taxa. Calopteryx spp. and Chironomidae, in particular, showed distinct response patterns for the two rivers, which were fairly stable across seasons. This study sets the foundations for future cost-effective biomonitoring campaigns in Mediterranean rivers, allowing to establish historical data important to understand ecosystem evolution, as well as baseline levels of diagnostic biomarkers in informative macroinvertebrate taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodrigues
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Bio
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Laura Guimarães
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Virgínia C Fernandes
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natividade Vieira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Ofoegbu PU, Lourenço J, Mendo S, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Effects of low concentrations of psychiatric drugs (carbamazepine and fluoxetine) on the freshwater planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:542-549. [PMID: 30445399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing knowledge about the presence of psychiatric pharmaceutical substances in the aquatic environment due to increasing number of ecotoxicological studies with sensitive species in addition to improved methods of analysis. Here, we assessed the effects of two psychiatric substances carbamazepine and fluoxetine in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea using endpoints such as survival, behaviour (feeding, locomotion), DNA damage and regeneration. Also, planarian asexual reproduction by fissioning was used to assess the reproductive effects of these compounds. Whereas for survival, no effect was observed for carbamazepine exposure, fluoxetine exposure was toxic to planarians with an LC50 of 357.93 and 160.01 μg L-1 at 48 and 96 h, respectively. Time for head regeneration in decapitated planarians was not affected by either fluoxetine or carbamazepine exposures. Fluoxetine was more toxic than carbamazepine and caused concentration dependent increase in locomotor activity and DNA damage (LOEC's of 0.1-1.0 μg L-1), and decrease in feeding and fissioning. Despite some alteration on planarian locomotion observed under exposure to intermediate concentrations, no significant effects were observed in the other endpoints in response to carbamazepine. The observations in the present study showed that freshwater planarians such as Schmidtea mediterranea, animal models in neuropharmacology, are sensitive to low concentrations of psychiatric drugs, displaying an array of sensitive sub-lethal endpoints that can be used for the ecological risk assessment of psychiatric substances. Future studies to determine effects of these psychiatric drugs on the levels of neurotransmitters and other biochemical biomarkers in planarians are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl U Ofoegbu
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
| | - Joana Lourenço
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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13
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Sociodemographic, Electrophysiological, and Biochemical Profiles in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Epilepsy. Behav Neurol 2018; 2018:8932817. [PMID: 30631381 PMCID: PMC6305032 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8932817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most prevalent neurobehavioral disorders affecting children worldwide. The prevalence of ADHD is higher in children with epilepsy. Despite the plethora of conducted work, the precise cause of ADHD is not identified yet. We studied here the sociodemographic, clinical, electrophysiological, and biochemical profiles of children with ADHD, epilepsy, and ADHD with epilepsy. Subjects were divided into 4 groups (25 child/group): I—control, II—ADHD, III—epilepsy, and IV—ADHD with epilepsy. Male to female ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the ADHD (3.1) and ADHD with epilepsy (2.1) groups when compared to the control (1.08) or epilepsy (1.08) groups. Positive family history was significantly evident in patients with epilepsy and ADHD with epilepsy, but not in the control or ADHD groups. Speech development was significantly delayed in the ADHD and ADHD with epilepsy groups. EEG abnormalities were detected in patients with ADHD (12%) and ADHD with epilepsy (68%). Focal frontal activities were significantly detectable in the ADHD (100%) and ADHD with epilepsy (77.8%) groups, whereas focal temporal activity was significantly present in the epilepsy (83.3%) group. Serum ferritin was significantly lower in the ADHD group (110.27 ± 6.64 ηg/ml) when compared to the control (134.23 ± 14.82 ηg/ml), epilepsy (159.66 ± 33.17 ηg/ml), and ADHD with epilepsy (203.04 ± 50.64 ηg/ml) groups. Serum zinc was significantly higher in the ADHD, epilepsy, and ADHD with epilepsy groups (236.63 ± 20.89, 286.74 ± 43.84, and 229.95 ± 67.34 μg/dl, respectively), when compared to the control group (144.21 ± 17.40 μg/dl). Serum adenosine deaminase was insignificantly different among the groups. Our results indicate that gender and family history are significant moderators in the aetiology of ADHD and epilepsy or their comorbidity. We also demonstrated that EEG could be central in the assessment of ADHD with epilepsy cases. Serum ferritin and zinc alteration may contribute significantly in ADHD and epilepsy pathophysiology.
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14
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Bertelli PR, Biegelmeyer R, Rico EP, Klein-Junior LC, Toson NSB, Minetto L, Bordignon SAL, Gasper AL, Moura S, de Oliveira DL, Henriques AT. Toxicological profile and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential of Palicourea deflexa, a source of β-carboline alkaloids. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 201:44-50. [PMID: 28939507 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Palicourea genus is chemically and taxonomically close to Psychotria genus, a well-known source of neuroactive alkaloids. It has been previously reported the pharmacological potential of these alkaloids in some targets related to the neurodegenerative process. In this context, this study was carried out in order to evaluate the toxic effects and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of Palicourea deflexa fraction of total alkaloids (FTA). P. deflexa FTA was analyzed by means of HPLC-DAD and HRMS-ESI. We performed toxicological screening through Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) test using zebrafish embryo and abnormal developmental phenotypes were recorded daily. For AChE inhibition, zebrafish brains were used as enzymatic source and formation of thiolate dianion of 5,5'-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was used to monitor acetylthiocholine hydrolysis. Lineaweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots were used to indicate mode of inhibition. Chemical analysis of the P. deflexa FTA allowed the identification of the main compound as harman-3-carboxylic acid. This fraction was evaluated in vivo for its toxicological effect. The zebrafish embryo test indicated that the FTA has a lethal concentration of 50% (LC50)=72.18μg/mL. Further, the FTA was evaluated for its AChE inhibitory profile, demonstrating an inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) of 50.65μg/mL. Lineaweaver-Burk double reciprocal plots indicated a mixed mode of inhibition. It is reported for the first time the toxicological and pharmacological profile of the alkaloid fraction of Palicourea deflexa in zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ricardo Bertelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Biegelmeyer
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense - UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Klein-Junior
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natally S B Toson
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciane Minetto
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Products Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade de Caxias do Sul - UCS, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Sergio A L Bordignon
- Laboratory of Conservation and Biodiversity Management, Universidade Lasalle - UNILASALLE, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - André L Gasper
- Herbarium Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein, Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Moura
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Products Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade de Caxias do Sul - UCS, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo L de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amélia T Henriques
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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15
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Sharma N, Khurana N, Muthuraman A. Lower vertebrate and invertebrate models of Alzheimer's disease - A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:312-323. [PMID: 28943103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by the presence of beta- amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Till now, various higher vertebrate models have been in use to study the pathophysiology of this disease. But, these models possess some limitations like ethical restrictions, high cost, difficult maintenance of large quantity and lesser reproducibility. Besides, various lower chordate animals like Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans and Ciona intestinalis have been proved to be an important model for the in vivo determination of targets of drugs with least limitations. In this article, we reviewed different studies conducted on theses models for the better understanding of the pathophysiology of AD and their subsequent application as a potential tool in the preclinical evaluation of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Department of Pharmacology, Akal College of Pharmacy and Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
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16
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Luis LG, Barreto Â, Trindade T, Soares AMVM, Oliveira M. Effects of emerging contaminants on neurotransmission and biotransformation in marine organisms - An in vitro approach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:236-244. [PMID: 26988391 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of gold (ionic form and nanoparticles - AuNPs) and pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine and fluoxetine) on enzymes involved in neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase - AChE) and biotransformation (glutathione S-transferases - GST) were assessed by their incubation with Mytilus galloprovincialis' hemolymph and subcellular fraction of gills, respectively. AuNPs did not alter enzymatic activities unlike ionic gold that inhibited AChE and GST activities at 2.5 and 0.42mg·L(-1), respectively. Carbamazepine inhibited AChE activity at 500mg·L(-1) and fluoxetine at 1000mg·L(-1). GST was inhibited by carbamazepine at 250mg·L(-1) and by fluoxetine at 125mg·L(-1). Increased AChE activity was found in simultaneous exposures to fluoxetine and bovine serum albumin coated AuNPs (BSA-AuNPs). Concerning GST, in the simultaneous exposures, AuNPs revealed protective effects against carbamazepine (citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone coated) and fluoxetine (citrate and BSA coated) induced inhibition. However, BSA-AuNPs increased the inhibition caused by carbamazepine. AuNPs demonstrated ability to interfere with other chemicals toxicity justifying further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Luis
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ângela Barreto
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tito Trindade
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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17
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Oliveira M, Cardoso DN, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Effects of short-term exposure to fluoxetine and carbamazepine to the collembolan Folsomia candida. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:86-91. [PMID: 25010847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, emerging environmental contaminants, have their ecotoxicological effects to non-target organisms in soil largely unknown. This study assessed short-term effects of two human pharmaceuticals, carbamazepine and fluoxetine, to Folsomia candida. Avoidance to spiked soils was assessed after 48 and 96 h exposure and biochemical changes (acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase activities, and lipid peroxidation levels) after 96 h. F. candida avoided soils spiked with 0.04, 0.4 and 4 mg carbamazepine kg(-1) after 48 h. However, higher number of organisms were found in soils with 40 mg carbamazepine kg(-1), a behavior also displayed for 40 mg fluoxetine kg(-1) spiked soils. After 96 h, F. candida showed avoidance behavior to soils with 4 and 40 mg carbamazepine kg(-1). Acetylcholinesterase activity decreased in 0.4 mg fluoxetine kg(-1) exposed organisms. Peroxidative damages were detected in organisms exposed to 4 and 40 mg kg(-1) carbamazepine and glutathione S-transferase inhibition was observed at 40 mg kg(-1). Data suggests that carbamazepine and fluoxetine may pose risk to soil collembolan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - D N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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18
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Işık M, Demir Y, Kırıcı M, Demir R, Şimşek F, Beydemir Ş. Changes in the anti-oxidant system in adult epilepsy patients receiving anti-epileptic drugs. Arch Physiol Biochem 2015; 121:97-102. [PMID: 26120045 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2015.1026912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) have been widely used in patients with epilepsy. This study evaluated the adverse effects of two commonly prescribed AED monotherapies, carbamazepine (CBZ) and valproic acid (VPA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of these anti-epileptic drugs on paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) activities in the serum of adult patients with epilepsy. Of the 56 epileptic adults, 28 were given valproate, and the remaining 28 were given carbamazepine. Glutathione (GSH) levels in epilepsy patients receiving anti-epileptic drug treatment were insignificantly higher compared with controls. GST activity in epilepsy patients receiving anti-epileptic drug treatment was insignificantly lower compared with controls. PON1 and AChE activity in epilepsy patients receiving anti-epileptic drug treatment was significantly lower compared with controls. PON1 and AChE activities in the serum of patients treated with carbamazepine monotherapy were lower than in patients treated with valproic acid monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Işık
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Ataturk University , Turkey-Erzurum
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19
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Wang CH, Hsiao CJ, Lin YN, Wu JW, Kuo YC, Lee CK, Hsiao G. Carbamazepine attenuates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through Akt inhibition in activated microglial cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1451-1459. [PMID: 25026355 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.898074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Abstract Background: Carbamazepine, which was developed primarily for the treatment of epilepsy, is now also useful for the treatment of non-epileptic disorders and inflammatory hyperalgesia. However, the mechanism of its anti-neuroinflammatory action remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE This study elucidates the anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of carbamazepine on microglial activation and the relative mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS The microglial BV-2 cells were pretreated with carbamazepine for 15 min before activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After LPS stimulation, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was analyzed by Western blotting (WB) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Signaling proteins and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were also evaluated by WB. The levels of nitrate and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were analyzed by the Griess method and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, respectively. The formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined by fluorescent analysis. RESULTS Carbamazepine strongly attenuated LPS-induced production of NO and iNOS protein at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 μM. Consistently, it could markedly suppress iNOS mRNA expression stimulated by LPS. Among the signaling pathways, LPS-mediated IκBα degradation or JNK MAPK phosphorylation was not affected by carbamazepine. Interestingly, it was found that carbamazepine could concentration-dependently inhibit LPS-activated phospho-Akt expression. Nevertheless, LPS-induced ROS production was not affected by carbamazepine. Carbamazepine (20 μM) affected either COX-2 expression or TNF-α production induced by LPS with approximately 70% and 51% inhibition, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our findings showed that carbamazepine exerted selective inhibition on LPS-induced microglial iNOS expression through the down-regulation of Akt activation, and thus may play a pivotal role of anti-neuroinflammation in its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsu Wang
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cathay General Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
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Pestana JLT, Novais SC, Lemos MFL, Soares AMVM. Cholinesterase activity in the caddisfly Sericostoma vittatum: Biochemical enzyme characterization and in vitro effects of insecticides and psychiatric drugs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:263-268. [PMID: 24726938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sericostoma vittatum is a caddisfly species, endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, proposed as a biomonitor species for lotic ecosystems. Since inhibition of cholinesterases׳ (ChE) activity has been used to evaluate the exposure of macroinvertebrates to organophosphates and carbamate pesticides, this work intended to characterize the ChE present in this species so their activity can be used as a potential biomarker of exposure. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of ChE were characterized in this caddisfly species using different substrates (acetylthiocholine iodide, propionylthiocholine iodide, and butyrylthiocholine iodide) and selective inhibitors (eserine sulfate, BW284c51, and iso-OMPA). Also, the in vitro effects of two insecticides (carbaryl and chlorantraniliprole) and two psychiatric drugs (fluoxetine and carbamazepine) on ChE activity were investigated. The results suggest that S. vittatum possess mainly AChE able to hydrolyze both substrates acetylthiocholine and propionylthiocholine since: (1) it hydrolyzes the substrate acetylthiocholine and propionylcholine at similar rates and butyrylthiocholine at a much lower rate; (2) it is highly sensitive to eserine sulfate and BW284c51, but not to iso-OMPA; and (3) its activity is inhibited by excess of substrate, a characteristic of typical AChE. in vitro inhibitions were observed only for carbaryl exposure while exposure to chlorantraniliprole and to relevant environmental concentrations of psychiatric drugs did not cause any significant effect on AChE activity. This study suggests that AChE activity in caddisflies can indeed be used to discriminate the effects of specific insecticides in monitoring programs. The use of non-target species such as caddisflies in ecotoxicological research in lotic ecosystems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João L T Pestana
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sara C Novais
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; ESTM & GIRM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; ESTM & GIRM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Intraperitoneal exposure to nano/microparticles of fullerene (C₆₀) increases acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:623789. [PMID: 23865059 PMCID: PMC3705814 DOI: 10.1155/2013/623789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Even though technologies involving nano/microparticles have great potential, it is crucial to determine possible toxicity of these technological products before extensive use. Fullerenes C60 are nanomaterials with unique physicochemical and biological properties that are important for the development of many technological applications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of nonphotoexcited fullerene C60 exposure in brain acetylcholinesterase expression and activity, antioxidant responses, and oxidative damage using adult zebrafish as an animal model. None of the doses tested (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg) altered AChE activity, antioxidant responses, and oxidative damage when zebrafish were exposed to nonphotoexcited C60 nano/microparticles during 6 and 12 hours. However, adult zebrafish exposed to the 30 mg/kg dose for 24 hours have shown enhanced AChE activity and augmented lipid peroxidation (TBARS assays) in brain. In addition, the up-regulation of brain AChE activity was neither related to the transcriptional control (RT-qPCR analysis) nor to the direct action of nonphotoexcited C60 nano/microparticles on the protein (in vitro results) but probably involved a posttranscriptional or posttranslational modulation of this enzymatic activity. Taken together these findings provided further evidence of toxic effects on brain after C60 exposure.
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22
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From omics to drug metabolism and high content screen of natural product in zebrafish: a new model for discovery of neuroactive compound. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:605303. [PMID: 22919414 PMCID: PMC3420231 DOI: 10.1155/2012/605303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has recently become a common model in the fields of genetics, environmental science, toxicology, and especially drug screening. Zebrafish has emerged as a biomedically relevant model for in vivo high content drug screening and the simultaneous determination of multiple efficacy parameters, including behaviour, selectivity, and toxicity in the content of the whole organism. A zebrafish behavioural assay has been demonstrated as a novel, rapid, and high-throughput approach to the discovery of neuroactive, psychoactive, and memory-modulating compounds. Recent studies found a functional similarity of drug metabolism systems in zebrafish and mammals, providing a clue with why some compounds are active in zebrafish in vivo but not in vitro, as well as providing grounds for the rationales supporting the use of a zebrafish screen to identify prodrugs. Here, we discuss the advantages of the zebrafish model for evaluating drug metabolism and the mode of pharmacological action with the emerging omics approaches. Why this model is suitable for identifying lead compounds from natural products for therapy of disorders with multifactorial etiopathogenesis and imbalance of angiogenesis, such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, cardiotoxicity, cerebral hemorrhage, dyslipidemia, and hyperlipidemia, is addressed.
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Pereira VM, Bortolotto JW, Kist LW, Azevedo MBD, Fritsch RS, Oliveira RDL, Pereira TCB, Bonan CD, Vianna MR, Bogo MR. Endosulfan exposure inhibits brain AChE activity and impairs swimming performance in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:469-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kist LW, Rosemberg DB, Pereira TCB, de Azevedo MB, Richetti SK, de Castro Leão J, Yunes JS, Bonan CD, Bogo MR. Microcystin-LR acute exposure increases AChE activity via transcriptional ache activation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:247-52. [PMID: 21946396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) constitute a family of cyanobacterial toxins, with more than 80 variants. These toxins are able to induce hepatotoxicity in several organisms mainly through the inhibition of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A and oxidative stress generation. Since recent evidence shows that MCs can either accumulate in brain or alter behavior patterns of fish species, in this study we tested the in vitro and in vivo effects of MC-LR at different concentrations on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in zebrafish brain. In vivo studies showed that 100 μg/L MC-LR led to a significant increase in the AChE activity (27%) when zebrafish were exposed to the toxin dissolved in water, but did not cause any significant changes when injected intraperitoneally. In addition, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that 100 μg/L MC-LR exposure also increased ache mRNA levels in zebrafish brain. The in vitro assays did not reveal any significant changes in AChE activity. These findings provide the first evidence that brain AChE is another potential target for MCs and suggest that the observed increases in AChE enzymatic activity and in ache transcript levels after MC-LR exposure depend, at least partially, on branchial uptake or ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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25
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Stewart AM, Desmond D, Kyzar E, Gaikwad S, Roth A, Riehl R, Collins C, Monnig L, Green J, Kalueff AV. Perspectives of zebrafish models of epilepsy: What, how and where next? Brain Res Bull 2012; 87:135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Rico EP, Rosemberg DB, Seibt KJ, Capiotti KM, Da Silva RS, Bonan CD. Zebrafish neurotransmitter systems as potential pharmacological and toxicological targets. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:608-17. [PMID: 21907791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in neurobiology have emphasized the study of brain structure and function and its association with numerous pathological and toxicological events. Neurotransmitters are substances that relay, amplify, and modulate electrical signals between neurons and other cells. Neurotransmitter signaling mediates rapid intercellular communication by interacting with cell surface receptors, activating second messenger systems and regulating the activity of ion channels. Changes in the functional balance of neurotransmitters have been implicated in the failure of central nervous system function. In addition, abnormalities in neurotransmitter production or functioning can be induced by several toxicological compounds, many of which are found in the environment. The zebrafish has been increasingly used as an animal model for biomedical research, primarily due to its genetic tractability and ease of maintenance. These features make this species a versatile tool for pre-clinical drug discovery and toxicological investigations. Here, we present a review regarding the role of different excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish, such as dopaminergic, serotoninergic, cholinergic, purinergic, histaminergic, nitrergic, glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic systems, and emphasizing their features as pharmacological and toxicological targets. The increase in the global knowledge of neurotransmitter systems in zebrafish and the elucidation of their pharmacological and toxicological aspects may lead to new strategies and appropriate research priorities to offer insights for biomedical and environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Rico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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