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Kondakala S, Henein L, McDevitt E, Ross MK, Howell GE. Effects of chlorpyrifos on non-cholinergic toxicity endpoints in immortalized and primary rat hepatocytes under normal and hepatosteatotic conditions. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 80:105329. [PMID: 35151815 PMCID: PMC8944201 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is the most widely used organophosphate (OP) insecticide. Non-cholinergic targets of OPs include enzymes belonging to the serine hydrolase family. Carboxylesterases (Ces) are involved in detoxication of xenobiotics as well as lipid metabolism in the liver. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are responsible for hydrolyzing endocannabinoids and can also be inhibited by OP compounds. However, there are no in vitro studies examining the sensitivities of these non-cholinergic endpoints following CPS exposure in the steatotic liver. Therefore, we determined the effects of CPS on these endpoints in immortalized McArdle-RH7777 (MCA) hepatoma cells and primary rat hepatocytes under normal and steatotic conditions. Ces activity was more sensitive to inhibition than MAGL or FAAH activity following exposure to the lowest CPS concentration. Additionally, Ces and MAGL activities in steatotic primary hepatocytes were less sensitive to CPS mediated inhibition than those in normal primary hepatocytes, whereas Ces inhibition was more pronounced in steatotic MCA cells. These findings suggest that steatotic conditions enhance the inhibition of hepatic serine hydrolases following exposure to CPS in an enzyme- and cell type-specific manner. CPS-mediated inhibition of these enzymes may play a part in the alterations of hepatic lipid metabolism following OP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- SandeepReddy Kondakala
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, 240 Wise Center Drive, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Lucie Henein
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, 240 Wise Center Drive, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Erin McDevitt
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, 240 Wise Center Drive, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, 240 Wise Center Drive, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - George Eli Howell
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, 240 Wise Center Drive, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America.
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Wahyuni EA, Lin HD, Lu CW, Kao CM, Chen SC. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of single and combined fenthion and terbufos treatments in human liver cells and zebrafish embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143597. [PMID: 33221015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of genotoxicity of the individual and combined pesticides of terbufos and fenthion were evaluated using HepG2 cells and zebrafish embryos. We determined genotoxicity by neutral comet assay and phosphorylation of H2AX (γH2AX), which indicated that cells treated with terbufos and/or fenthion caused DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The combination of these pesticides at the equimolar concentration (40 μM) exhibited less toxicity, genotoxicity, and did not impact DNA homologous recombination (HR) repair activity compare to terbufos or fenthion alone treatment. In HepG2 cells, terbufos, fenthion and their combination decreased only Xrcc2 expression (one of DNA HR repair genes). Moreover, the combined pesticides decreased Xrcc6 expression (one of DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair genes). In addition, only terbufos or fenthion decreased XRCC2 protein expression, while Ku70 was impacted in all of the treated cells irrespective of up or down regulation. In zebrafish embryos, only fenthion impaired HR genes (Rad51 and Rad18) expression at 24 h. After 48 h exposure to pesticides, the combined pesticides elevated HR genes (Rad51 and Xrcc2) expression while terbufos or fenthion inhibited the expression of these four genes (Rad51, Rad18, Xrcc2, Xrcc6). In addition, the hatching rate of zebrafish embryos with fenthion or the combined pesticide at 72 hpf was significantly impaired. Collectively, terbufos and/or fenthion in combining caused DSBs in HepG2 cells and zebrafish embryos. Moreover, the specific mechanism of combined pesticide both HepG2 and zebrafish embryos revealed antagonism interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ari Wahyuni
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan; Department of Natural Science Education, University of Trunojoyo Madura, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Heng-Dao Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Chih Ming Kao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ssu-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan.
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Mir RH, Sawhney G, Pottoo FH, Mohi-Ud-Din R, Madishetti S, Jachak SM, Ahmed Z, Masoodi MH. Role of environmental pollutants in Alzheimer's disease: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44724-44742. [PMID: 32715424 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are commonly erratic influenced by various factors including lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. In recent observations, it has been hypothesized that exposure to various environmental factors enhances the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The exact etiology of Alzheimer's disease is still unclear; however, the contribution of environmental factors in the pathology of AD is widely acknowledged. Based on the available literature, the review aims to culminate in the prospective correlation between the various environmental factors and AD. The prolonged exposure to the various well-known environmental factors including heavy metals, air pollutants (particulate matter), pesticides, nanoparticles containing metals, industrial chemicals results in accelerating the progression of AD. Common mechanisms have been documented in the field of environmental contaminants for enhancing amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide along with tau phosphorylation, resulting in the initiation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which results in the death of neurons. This review offers a compilation of available data to support the long-suspected correlation between environmental risk factors and AD pathology. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190006, India.
| | - Gifty Sawhney
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.BOX 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din
- Pharmacognosy Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Sreedhar Madishetti
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Sanjay M Jachak
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Zabeer Ahmed
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Mubashir Hussain Masoodi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190006, India.
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Velmurugan G, Swaminathan K, Mohanraj S, Dhivakar M, Veerasekar G, Alexander T, Cherian M, Palaniswami NG, Pradeep T. Association of co-accumulation of arsenic and organophosphate insecticides with diabetes and atherosclerosis in a rural agricultural community: KMCH-NNCD-I study. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:1159-1168. [PMID: 32314019 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In last few decades, the prevalence of diabetes and vascular diseases has intensified concurrently with increased use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture. This study is aimed to evaluate the association of co-accumulation of arsenic and organophosphate (OP) insecticides with diabetes and atherosclerosis prevalence in a rural Indian population. METHODS This study included observations from KMCH-NNCD-I (2015) cross-sectional study (n = 865) from an Indian farming village. The participants had assessment of clinical parameters including HbA1c and carotid intima-media thickness and urinary heavy metals. Serum OP residues were extracted and quantified by GC-MS. Statistical analyses were performed to unravel the co-association of arsenic and OPs on prevalence of diabetes and atherosclerosis. RESULTS On multivariate regression analyses, total organophosphate level and arsenic accumulation showed association with diabetes and atherosclerosis. Higher odds ratio with significant trends were observed for the sub-quartiles formed by the combination of higher quartiles of arsenic and total organophosphates in association with diabetes and atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS We observed evidence of possible synergism between arsenic and OPs in association with prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and atherosclerosis in the study population. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding health effects of mixed exposures and raises vital questions on the role of these agrochemicals in the etiology of diabetes and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Velmurugan
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence in Water Research, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India.
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, KMCH Research Foundation, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India.
| | - Krishnan Swaminathan
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence in Water Research, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, KMCH Research Foundation, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Sundaresan Mohanraj
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, KMCH Research Foundation, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Mani Dhivakar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence in Water Research, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
| | - Ganesh Veerasekar
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, KMCH Research Foundation, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Thomas Alexander
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, KMCH Research Foundation, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Mathew Cherian
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, KMCH Research Foundation, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Nalla G Palaniswami
- Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, KMCH Research Foundation, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence in Water Research, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India.
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Mai H, Cachot J, Clérandeau C, Martin C, Mazzela N, Gonzalez P, Morin B. An environmentally realistic pesticide and copper mixture impacts embryonic development and DNA integrity of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3600-3611. [PMID: 30368696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Frequent occurrences of pesticides in the environment have raised concerns that combined exposure to these chemicals may result in enhanced toxicity through additive or synergistic interaction between compounds. Spermatozoa and embryos of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were exposed to different concentrations of a pesticide mixture with and without copper, mimicking the cocktail of pollutants occurring in the oyster culture area of Arcachon Bay. For the 1× exposure condition, measured concentration corresponds to a total concentration of 1.083 μg L-1 for the mixture of 14 pesticides and to 6.330 μg L-1 for copper (Cu). Several endpoints including larval abnormalities, DNA damage to spermatozoa and embryo and gene expression in D-larvae were investigated. Results demonstrated that pesticide mixtures in combination with or without copper induced a dose-dependent increase in embryotoxic and genotoxic effects on D-larvae from the lowest tested dose of 0.1×. Transcription of genes involved in anti-oxidative stress (cat), respiratory chain (coxI), metal detoxification (mt1 and mt2), and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (p53) was found to be significantly downregulated while the xenobiotic biotransformation gene gst was significantly upregulated in embryos exposed to pesticide mixture with and without Cu. These findings raise the question of the possible impacts of mixtures of pesticides and metals on wild or farmed oyster populations from polluted coastal marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Mai
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
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Neghab M, Jalilian H, Taheri S, Tatar M, Haji Zadeh Z. Evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters of pesticide retailers following occupational exposure to a mixture of pesticides. Life Sci 2018; 202:182-187. [PMID: 29660432 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was undertaken to ascertain whether light occupational exposure to pesticides by retailers might be associated with any liver, kidney, nervous system dysfunction or hematological abnormalities. MAIN METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 70 male pesticide retailers (cases) and 64 male subjects, randomly selected from the constructions workers of city council contractors, as the referent group, were investigated. Urine and blood samples were taken from all subjects for urine analysis, hematological and biochemical parameters. Data analysis was conducted through SPSS v.19 using t-test and chi-square test. KEY FINDINGS The results of urine analysis showed that the frequency of abnormal urine tests was significantly higher in cases than in referent individuals. Similarly, the results of CBC showed that the mean values of monocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and platelet distribution width were significantly lower, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and red blood cell distribution width were significantly higher in retailers. No significant differences were found for other parameters. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that an association exists between exposure to pesticides by retailers and early subtle and sub-clinical changes in the urine tests and hematological parameters. Engineering measures are recommended to eliminate exposure to pesticides and to prevent its associated outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Neghab
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Jalilian
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shekoufeh Taheri
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tatar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Haji Zadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Ghosh K, Chatterjee B, Jayaprasad AG, Kanade SR. The persistent organochlorine pesticide endosulfan modulates multiple epigenetic regulators with oncogenic potential in MCF-7 cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1612-1622. [PMID: 29054638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental cues and chemicals can potentially modulate the phenotypic expression of genome through alterations in the epigenetic mechanisms. Endosulfan is one of the extensively used organochlorine pesticides around the world which is known for its endocrine, neuro- and reproductive toxicity. This study was aimed to investigate the potential of α-endosulfan in modulation of multiple epigenetic enzymes in MCF-7 cells. The cells were treated with DMSO (control) or α-endosulfan (1 and 10μM) and the expression of various epigenetic enzymes was assayed by real-time PCR and immunoblotting, in addition to their activity assays. The results shows α-endosulfan, at 1 and 10μM concentration, significantly promoted viability of MCF-7 cells compared to untreated cells after 24h. The expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) was upregulated while the global DNA methylation status was initially affected, but later recovered. Total intracellular histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity was found to be significantly increased which was correlated with upregulation of class I HDACs (HDAC 1 and 3) while no significant alteration in the other HDAC classes was observed. The expression and activity of arginine and lysine methylation enzymes, protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), respectively, were also found to be modulated by α-endosulfan. We found increased expression of histones H3 and H4, trimethylated H3K27 (product of EZH2), symmetric dimethylation of H4R3 (product of PRMT5) and five different (unidentified) proteins whose arginine residues are symmetrically dimethylated (by increased level of PRMT5) were enhanced in response to 10μM α-endosulfan after 24h exposure window. Moreover, overexpression of basal level of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), suggests estrogenicity of α-endosulfan. In summary, our results shows modulatory impact of α-endosulfan on multiple cellular epigenetic regulators, known to possess oncogenic potential which might contribute to mechanistic insight of its action in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod 671314, Kerala, India
| | - Biji Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod 671314, Kerala, India
| | - Aparna Geetha Jayaprasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod 671314, Kerala, India
| | - Santosh R Kanade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod 671314, Kerala, India.
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Effects of the rare elements lanthanum and cerium on the growth of colorectal and hepatic cancer cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 46:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Mansour SA, Abbassy MA, Shaldam HA. Zinc Ameliorate Oxidative Stress and Hormonal Disturbance Induced by Methomyl, Abamectin, and Their Mixture in Male Rats. TOXICS 2017; 5:toxics5040037. [PMID: 29207507 PMCID: PMC5750565 DOI: 10.3390/toxics5040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mixtures of toxicants (e.g., pesticides) is common in real life and a subject of current concern. The present investigation was undertaken to assess some toxicological effects in male rats following exposure to methomyl (MET), abamectin (ABM), and their combination (MET+ABM), and to evaluate the ameliorative effect of zinc co-administration. Three groups of rats were designated for MET, ABM, and the mixture treatments. Three other groups were designated for zinc in conjunction with the pesticides. Additionally, one group received water only (control), and the other represented a positive zinc treatment. The obtained results revealed that MET was acutely more toxic than ABM. The tested pesticides induced significant elevation in lipid peroxidation and catalase levels, while declined the levels of the other tested parameters e.g., Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione reductase (GR), Cytochrome P450 (CYP450), testosterone, and thyroxine). Biochemical alterations induced by the mixture were greater than those recorded for each of the individual insecticides. The joint action analysis, based on the obtained biochemical data, revealed the dominance of antagonistic action among MET and ABM. Zinc supplementation achieved noticeable ameliorative effects. It was concluded that zinc may act as a powerful antioxidant, especially in individuals who are occupationally exposed daily to low doses of such pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameeh A Mansour
- Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU), Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa A Abbassy
- Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Behira, Egypt.
| | - Hassan A Shaldam
- Department of Pest Control and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Behira, Egypt.
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Ji X, Ku T, Zhu N, Ning X, Wei W, Li G, Sang N. Potential hepatic toxicity of buprofezin at sublethal concentrations: ROS-mediated conversion of energy metabolism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:176-186. [PMID: 27544730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Buprofezin is known for its broad-spectrum action and environmental safety. The popularity of buprofezin has raised concerns about its potentially adverse effects on human health and risk to the environment. In this study, we first identified the liver as one of the major organs in which buprofezin accumulated, and we detected a severe oxidative stress response. Next, we demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of buprofezin promoted the conversion of energy metabolism from the aerobic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. Importantly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation partially accounted for the shunting of the energy metabolism through the buprofezin-mediated inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity. ROS directly perturbed the activities of several key TCA cycle enzymes, stimulated glycolysis, and indirectly disturbed the activity of the respiratory chain complex by altering mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These findings clarify the potential mechanisms of buprofezin toxicity and provide biomarkers for buprofezin-mediated hepatotoxicity at sublethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Ji
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Tingting Ku
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Na Zhu
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Xia Ning
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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11
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Martins EC, Melo VDF, Abate G. Evaluation of flow injection analysis method with spectrophotometric detection for the determination of atrazine in soil extracts. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:609-615. [PMID: 27192103 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1181906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A method for determining atrazine in soil extracts was evaluated by flow injection analysis with spectrophotometric detection. The method is based on the reaction of atrazine with pyridine in an acid medium followed by the reaction with NaOH and sulfanilic acid. Several analytical conditions were previously studied and optimized. Under the best conditions of analysis, the limits of detection and quantification were 0.15 and 0.45 mg L(-1), respectively, for a linear response between 0.50 and 2.50 mg L(-1), and a sampling throughput of 21 determinations per hour. Using the standard addition method, the maximum relative standard deviation of 17% and recovery values between 80 and 100% were observed for three extracts from soil samples with different composition. The proposed method is simple, low-cost and easy to use, and can be employed for studies involving atrazine in soil samples or for screening of atrazine in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisandra C Martins
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brazil
| | - Vander De F Melo
- b Department of Soil Science , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brazil
| | - Gilberto Abate
- a Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , PR , Brazil
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12
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Effects of pesticide mixtures in human and animal models: An update of the recent literature. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 254:231-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Benedetto A, Brizio P, Squadrone S, Scanzio T, Righetti M, Gasco L, Prearo M, Abete MC. Oxidative stress related to chlorpyrifos exposure in rainbow trout: Acute and medium term effects on genetic biomarkers. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 129:63-69. [PMID: 27017883 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are derivatives of phosphoric acid widely used in agriculture as pesticides. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an OP that is extremely toxic to aquatic organisms. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is considered as a sentinel model species for ecotoxicology assessment in freshwater ecosystems. An exposure study was carried out on rainbow trout to investigate genetic responses to CPF-induced oxidative stress by Real-Time PCR, and to determine the accumulation dynamics of CPF and toxic metabolite chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-ox) in edible parts, by HPLC-MS/MS. Among the genes considered to be related to oxidative stress, a significant increase in HSP70 mRNA levels was observed in liver samples up to 14 days after CPF exposure (0.05 mg/L). CPF concentrations in muscle samples reach mean values of 285.25 ng/g within 96 hours of exposure, while CPF-ox concentrations were always under the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the applied method. Our findings lead us to consider HSP70 as a suitable genetic marker in rainbow trout for acute and medium-term monitoring of CPF exposure, complementary to analytical determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benedetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - P Brizio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - S Squadrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - T Scanzio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - M Righetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - L Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - M Prearo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - M C Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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Howell III GE, Mulligan C, Young D, Kondakala S. Exposure to chlorpyrifos increases neutral lipid accumulation with accompanying increased de novo lipogenesis and decreased triglyceride secretion in McArdle-RH7777 hepatoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:181-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Lin J, Zhao HS, Xiang LR, Xia J, Wang LL, Li XN, Li JL, Zhang Y. Lycopene protects against atrazine-induced hepatic ionic homeostasis disturbance by modulating ion-transporting ATPases. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 27:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Yegambaram M, Manivannan B, Beach TG, Halden RU. Role of environmental contaminants in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease: a review. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 12:116-46. [PMID: 25654508 PMCID: PMC4428475 DOI: 10.2174/1567205012666150204121719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's dis ease (AD) is a leading cause of mortality in the developed world with 70% risk attributable to genetics. The remaining 30% of AD risk is hypothesized to include environmental factors and human lifestyle patterns. Environmental factors possibly include inorganic and organic hazards, exposure to toxic metals (aluminium, copper), pesticides (organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides), industrial chemicals (flame retardants) and air pollutants (particulate matter). Long term exposures to these environmental contaminants together with bioaccumulation over an individual's life-time are speculated to induce neuroinflammation and neuropathology paving the way for developing AD. Epidemiologic associations between environmental contaminant exposures and AD are still limited. However, many in vitro and animal studies have identified toxic effects of environmental contaminants at the cellular level, revealing alterations of pathways and metabolisms associated with AD that warrant further investigations. This review provides an overview of in vitro, animal and epidemiological studies on the etiology of AD, highlighting available data supportive of the long hypothesized link between toxic environmental exposures and development of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, PO Box 875904 Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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17
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Pascotto VM, Guerra MT, Franci JAA, de Camargo JLV, Kempinas WG, Franchi CAS. Effects of a mixture of pesticides on the adult female reproductive system of Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Lewis rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:602-616. [PMID: 25965195 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1010467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Brazilian federal government Agency for Health Surveillance detected pesticide residues in fresh food available for consumers all over the country. The current study investigated the effects of a mixture of some of those pesticides (dichlorvos, dicofol, dieldrin, endosulfan, and permethrin) on the reproductive system of Sprague-Dawley (SD), Wistar (WT), and Lewis (LEW) rats. Female rats from each strain were randomized into three experimental groups and were fed a control diet or diets added with pesticides mixture at their respective no-observed-effect level (NOEL)/no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) (low dose) (mg/kg/d): dichlorvos (0.23), dicofol (0.5), dieldrin (0.025), endosulfan (0.7), permethrin (5), or lowest-observed-effect level (LOEL)/lowest-effect level (LEL)/ lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) (toxically effective dose) (mg/kg/d): dichlorvos (2.3), dicofol (2.1), dieldrin (0.05), endosulfan (3.8), and permethrin (25) as reported in the literature. Euthanasia was performed between wk 10 and 12, during the estrous stage. Decreased body weights gain (SD and WT) and increased liver weights (SD, WT, and LEW) were observed in each strain fed the pesticides mixture at the higher levels. At that dose level, rat strains also varied in their responses regarding the estrous cycle, hormonal levels, and number of developing ovarian follicles. The studied mixture of pesticides was found to interfere with the female reproductive system when individual pesticides were mixed above a certain level, indicating a threshold exists for each of the strains studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M Pascotto
- a Department of Pathology , UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School , Botucatu , São Paulo , Brazil
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18
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Forster GM, Brown DG, Dooley GP, Page RL, Ryan EP. Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in urine of healthy adult companion dogs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14677-14685. [PMID: 25365583 DOI: 10.1021/es503764s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the background exposures to pesticides as detected in urine from 21 healthy companion dogs in Northern Colorado. A panel of 301 pesticides was used to screen urine samples collected from dogs using an established ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) platform. Canine food intakes were controlled for one month on diets that were also screened for pesticide contents. Fifteen distinct pesticides were detected in urine. The most frequently detected compounds in canine urine samples collected over a 1 month period were atrazine, fuberidazole, imidacloprid, terbumeton, and clopyralid. Fuberidazole was the only pesticide detected in both the diets and urine. Companion dogs develop many similar chronic diseases as humans and represent a relevant model for biomonitoring combinations of environmental pesticide exposures, as well as for evaluating the potential relationships between environmental exposures and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M Forster
- Department of Clinical Sciences and ‡Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , 1680 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1680, United States
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19
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Ghisi NDC, de Oliveira EC, Fávaro LF, Silva de Assis HC, Prioli AJ. In situ assessment of a neotropical fish to evaluate pollution in a river receiving agricultural and urban wastewater. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 93:699-709. [PMID: 25319198 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the quality of a midsize river that receives agricultural and urban wastewater. Nuclear abnormalities (NA), comet assays of blood and gills, and gill histopathology were evaluated in fish Astyanax aff. paranae during the summer and winter 2011 at three sites in Paraná State, Brazil: (1) a biological reserve (Rebio-reference area); (2) an agricultural site; (3) a downstream site that accumulates agricultural and urban effluents. We found the highest effects of pollutants in fish at the downstream site during the summer. The agricultural site showed an intermediate damage rate, and fish at Rebio generally had the least damage, with the exception of NA. Despite conflicting results from the biomarkers used, we observed an increase in damage associated with the accumulation of pollutants. Pesticides are probable xenobiotics in the agricultural area. Additionally, metals and substances such as pharmaceuticals and ammonia may be present at the downstream site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PEA)/Nupélia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR, Brazil,
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20
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Ilboudo S, Fouche E, Rizzati V, Toé AM, Gamet-Payrastre L, Guissou PI. In vitro impact of five pesticides alone or in combination on human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:474-489. [PMID: 28962261 PMCID: PMC5598529 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In Burkina Faso, as in most Sahelian countries, the failure to follow good agricultural practices coupled with poor soil and climate conditions in the locust control context lead to high environmental contaminations with pesticide residues. Thus, consumers being orally exposed to a combination of multiple pesticide residues through food and water intake, the digestive tract is a tissue susceptible to be directly exposed to these food contaminants. The aim of our work was to compare in vitro the impact of five desert locust control pesticides (Deltamethrin DTM, Fenitrothion FNT, Fipronil FPN, Lambda-cyalothrine LCT, and Teflubenzuron TBZ) alone and in combination on the human intestinal Caco-2 cells viability and function. Cells were exposed to 0.1–100 μM pesticides for 10 days alone or in mixture (MIX). Our results showed a cytotoxic effect of DTM, FNT, FPN, LCT, and TBZ alone or in combination in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. The most efficient were shown to be FPN and FNT impacting the cell layer integrity and/or barrier function, ALP activity, antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, Akt activation, and apoptosis. The presence of antioxidant reduced lipid peroxidation level and attenuated the pesticides-induced cell toxicity, suggesting that key mechanism of pesticides cytotoxicity may be linked to their pro-oxidative potential. A comparative analysis with the predicted cytotoxic effect of pesticides mixture using mathematical modeling shown that the combination of these pesticides led to synergistic effects rather than to a simple independent or dose addition effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Ilboudo
- INRA UMR 1331Toxalim (Research centre in food Toxicology), 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027 Toulouse, France.,Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), 03, BP 7192, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé; Ecole Doctorale de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou, 03, BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Edwin Fouche
- INRA UMR 1331Toxalim (Research centre in food Toxicology), 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Rizzati
- INRA UMR 1331Toxalim (Research centre in food Toxicology), 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Adama M Toé
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), 03, BP 7192, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- INRA UMR 1331Toxalim (Research centre in food Toxicology), 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre I Guissou
- Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), 03, BP 7192, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire de Toxicologie, Environnement et Santé; Ecole Doctorale de la Santé, Université de Ouagadougou, 03, BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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21
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Chand S, Mustafa MD, Banerjee BD, Guleria K. CYP17A1 gene polymorphisms and environmental exposure to organochlorine pesticides contribute to the risk of small for gestational age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 180:100-5. [PMID: 25064838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cytochrome P-450c17α enzyme encoded by the cytochrome P-450c17α (CYP17A1) gene plays a role in oestrogen synthesis. Genetic variation in the maternal CYP17A1 gene leads to differences in oestrogen level that affect fetal growth and cause small for gestational age (SGA). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are endocrine disruptors that alter the normal oestrogen-progesterone balance, and are associated with adverse reproductive outcomes. This study was designed to investigate the effect of the gene-environment interaction between maternal CYP17A1 gene polymorphisms and maternal and cord OCP levels on the risk of SGA. STUDY DESIGN Maternal and cord blood samples of 50 term SGA cases (birth weight <10th percentile for gestational age as per Lubchenco's growth chart) and 50 normal pregnancies (controls) were collected. Women with occupational exposure to OCPs, anaemia, hypertension, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, medical disease, parity of more than four, or a history of smoking, alcohol consumption or chronic drug intake were excluded from both groups. Maternal and cord blood samples were collected at the time of delivery or after delivery, respectively. The OCP levels of the samples were analyzed using a gas chromatography system equipped with an electron capture detector, and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for polymorphic analysis of the CYP17A1 gene. RESULTS Significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), β-HCH and γ-HCH were found in maternal and cord blood samples of the SGA cases compared with the controls. The frequency of the A1A2/A2A2 genotype was significantly lower [p=0.041, odds ratio (OR) 0.421, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.184-0.966] in the SGA cases compared with the controls. When gene-environment interactions between CYP17A1 gene polymorphisms and OCP levels were considered, a significant (p=0.004) association was found between a high level of endosulfan in cord blood and the A1A1 (wild-type) genotype of CYP17A1, leading to an estimated reduction in birth weight of 315g. CONCLUSIONS Higher OCP levels and the A1A1 genotype of CYP17A1 in pregnant women may be considered as important aetiological factors in idiopathic SGA. This study provides evidence that genetic variation and its interaction with environmental exposure may increase the risk of SGA. Further studies are needed with a larger sample size, incorporating other gene polymorphisms and environmental exposures, to strengthen these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chand
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - M D Mustafa
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - B D Banerjee
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India.
| | - K Guleria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College of Medical Sciences and G.T.B. Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India
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22
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Savary CC, Jossé R, Bruyère A, Guillet F, Robin MA, Guillouzo A. Interactions of endosulfan and methoxychlor involving CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 in human HepaRG cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1235-40. [PMID: 24832206 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are usually exposed to several pesticides simultaneously; consequently, combined actions between pesticides themselves or between pesticides and other chemicals need to be addressed in the risk assessment. Many pesticides are efficient activators of pregnane X receptor (PXR) and/or constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), two major nuclear receptors that are also activated by other substrates. In the present work, we searched for interactions between endosulfan and methoxychlor, two organochlorine pesticides whose major routes of metabolism involve CAR- and PXR-regulated CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, and whose mechanisms of action in humans remain poorly understood. For this purpose, HepaRG cells were treated with both pesticides separately or in mixture for 24 hours or 2 weeks at concentrations relevant to human exposure levels. In combination they exerted synergistic cytotoxic effects. Whatever the duration of treatment, both compounds increased CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 mRNA levels while differently affecting their corresponding activities. Endosulfan exerted a direct reversible inhibition of CYP3A4 activity that was confirmed in human liver microsomes. By contrast, methoxychlor induced this activity. The effects of the mixture on CYP3A4 activity were equal to the sum of those of each individual compound, suggesting an additive effect of each pesticide. Despite CYP2B6 activity being unchanged and increased with endosulfan and methoxychlor, respectively, no change was observed with their mixture, supporting an antagonistic effect. Altogether, our data suggest that CAR and PXR activators endosulfan and methoxychlor can interact together and with other exogenous substrates in human hepatocytes. Their effects on CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 activities could have important consequences if extrapolated to the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille C Savary
- Inserm U991, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Rennes (C.C.S., R.J., M.-A.R., A.G.), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; and Xenoblis, Saint-Gregoire, France (A.B., F.G.)
| | - Rozenn Jossé
- Inserm U991, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Rennes (C.C.S., R.J., M.-A.R., A.G.), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; and Xenoblis, Saint-Gregoire, France (A.B., F.G.)
| | - Arnaud Bruyère
- Inserm U991, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Rennes (C.C.S., R.J., M.-A.R., A.G.), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; and Xenoblis, Saint-Gregoire, France (A.B., F.G.)
| | - Fabrice Guillet
- Inserm U991, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Rennes (C.C.S., R.J., M.-A.R., A.G.), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; and Xenoblis, Saint-Gregoire, France (A.B., F.G.)
| | - Marie-Anne Robin
- Inserm U991, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Rennes (C.C.S., R.J., M.-A.R., A.G.), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; and Xenoblis, Saint-Gregoire, France (A.B., F.G.)
| | - André Guillouzo
- Inserm U991, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Rennes (C.C.S., R.J., M.-A.R., A.G.), Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; and Xenoblis, Saint-Gregoire, France (A.B., F.G.)
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23
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Centner T, Eberhart N. Requiring pollutant discharge permits for pesticide applications that deposit residues in surface waters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4978-90. [PMID: 24814945 PMCID: PMC4053923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110504978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural producers and public health authorities apply pesticides to control pests that damage crops and carry diseases. Due to the toxic nature of most pesticides, they are regulated by governments. Regulatory provisions require pesticides to be registered and restrictions operate to safeguard human health and the environment. Yet pesticides used near surface waters pose dangers to non-target species and drinking water supplies leading some governments to regulate discharges of pesticides under pollution discharge permits. The dual registration and discharge permitting provisions are burdensome. In the United States, agricultural interest groups are advancing new legislation that would exempt pesticide residues from water permitting requirements. An analysis of the dangers posed by pesticide residues in drinking water leads to a conclusion that both pesticide registration and pollutant discharge permitting provisions are needed to protect human health and aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Centner
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Nicholas Eberhart
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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24
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Cellular impact of combinations of endosulfan, atrazine, and chlorpyrifos on human primary hepatocytes and HepaRG cells after short and chronic exposures. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 30:17-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Gabbianelli R, Palan M, Flis DJ, Fedeli D, Nasuti C, Skarydova L, Ziolkowski W. Imbalance in redox system of rat liver following permethrin treatment in adolescence and neonatal age. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:1103-10. [PMID: 23713974 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.796427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different permethrin treatments on the redox system of rat liver, is presented. Two types of oral administration were chosen: (i) sub-chronic treatment (1/10 of LD50 for 60 days) during adolescence (5 weeks old) and (ii) sub-acute treatment (1/44 of LD50 for 15 days) during early life (from postnatal days 6-21). The results show that adolescent permethrin treatment induces damage to the liver redox system, increasing lipid and protein peroxidation and reducing membrane fluidity in the hydrophilic--hydrophobic region of the bilayer. In addition, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and GSH levels resulted decreased, while glutathione transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) levels increased. The rats treated in early life with permethrin and sacrificed in adult age, showed less signs of damage compared to those exposed during adolescence in which lipid peroxidation was increased by 32%, whereas for the first group the raise was only 11%. Moreover, fluidity improved in the deeper hydrophobic membrane region of the treated group, while the level of CAT was significantly lower compared to the control one. Although sub-chronic treatment increased CAT and GST and decreased GPx and GSH levels, the present data suggest that a shorter exposure to permethrin during neonatal age decreased CAT level and it could represent an important risk factor for the onset of long-term liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Gabbianelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino , Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC , Italy
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