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Gao M, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Wang H, Wu J, Chang Z, Zhang Z, Zhao B. Comparison of toxic effects and underlying mechanisms of carbon quantum dots and CdSe quantum dots on Chromochloris zofingiensis from the chemical composition perspective. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142911. [PMID: 39038709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are widely utilized semiconductor nanocrystal materials with both nanotoxicity and composition-related toxicity. To determine the toxicological impacts and underlying mechanisms of QDs with different compositions on microalgae, carbon QDs (CQDs) and CdSe QDs were used in the present study. Results showed that QDs composed of CdSe were more toxic than QDs composed of carbon, which inhibited cell growth, with reductions in chl b content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and increases in lipids and starch (two major storage substances). In addition, CdSe QDs elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative damage, while CQDs had little effect on antioxidants. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that gene expression was accelerated by CdSe QDs, and there was a compensatory upregulation of porphyrin metabolism, potentially to support chlorophyll synthesis. In addition, an MYB transcription factor was predicted by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to serve as regulator in nanoparticle toxicity, while glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinases 2/3/4 (DYRK2/3/4) may be key mediators of the composition-related toxicity of CdSe QDs. This study highlights the critical role of QDs' composition in determining their impacts on aquatic microalgae, providing a theoretical reference for selecting appropriate QDs materials for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Shudong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Haitong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Ziyu Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Baohua Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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2
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Wu J, Ding X, Pang Y, Liu Q, Lei J, Zhang H, Zhang T. Research advance of occupational exposure risks and toxic effects of semiconductor nanomaterials. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38837250 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, semiconductor nanomaterials, as one of the most promising and applied classes of engineered nanomaterials, have been widely used in industries such as photovoltaics, electronic devices, and biomedicine. However, occupational exposure is unavoidable during the production, use, and disposal stages of products containing these materials, thus posing potential health risks to workers. The intricacies of the work environment present challenges in obtaining comprehensive data on such exposure. Consequently, there remains a significant gap in understanding the exposure risks and toxic effects associated with semiconductor nanomaterials. This paper provides an overview of the current classification and applications of typical semiconductor nanomaterials. It also delves into the existing state of occupational exposure, methodologies for exposure assessment, and prevailing occupational exposure limits. Furthermore, relevant epidemiological studies are examined. Subsequently, the review scrutinizes the toxicity of semiconductor nanomaterials concerning target organ toxicity, toxicity mechanisms, and influencing factors. The aim of this review is to lay the groundwork for enhancing the assessment of occupational exposure to semiconductor nanomaterials, optimizing occupational exposure limits, and promoting environmentally sustainable development practices in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Fang Q, Tang M. Oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity of quantum dots and influencing factors. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:1013-1028. [PMID: 38606672 PMCID: PMC11225328 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have significant potential for treating and diagnosing CNS diseases. Meanwhile, the neurotoxicity of QDs has garnered attention. In this review, we focus on elucidating the mechanisms and consequences of CNS oxidative stress induced by QDs. First, we discussed the pathway of QDs transit into the brain. We then elucidate the relationship between QDs and oxidative stress from in vivo and in vitro studies. Furthermore, the main reasons and adverse outcomes of QDs leading to oxidative stress are discussed. In addition, the primary factors that may affect the neurotoxicity of QDs are analyzed. Finally, we propose potential strategies for mitigating QDs neurotoxicity and outline future perspectives for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
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Bwatanglang IB, Mohammad F, Janet JN, Dahan WM, Al-Lohedan HA, Soleiman AA. Biosorption of Escherichia coli Using ZnO-Trimethyl Chitosan Nanocomposite Hydrogel Formed by the Green Synthesis Route. Gels 2023; 9:581. [PMID: 37504460 PMCID: PMC10378975 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the biosorption capacity of trimethyl chitosan (TMC)-ZnO nanocomposite (NC) for the adsorptive removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in aqueous suspension. For the formation of ZnO NPs, we followed the green synthesis route involving Terminalia mantaly (TM) aqueous leaf extract as a reducing agent, and the formed ZnO particles were surface-coated with TMC biopolymer. On testing of the physicochemical characteristics, the TM@ZnO/TMC (NC) hydrogel showed a random spherical morphology with an average size of 31.8 ± 2.6 nm and a crystal size of 28.0 ± 7.7 nm. The zeta potential of the composite was measured to be 23.5 mV with a BET surface area of 3.01 m2 g-1. The spectral profiles of TM@ZnO/TMC NC hydrogel on interaction with Escherichia coli (E. coli) revealed some conformational changes to the functional groups assigned to the stretching vibrations of N-H, C-O-C, C-O ring, and C=O bonds. The adsorption kinetics of TM@ZnO/TMC NC hydrogel revealed the pseudo-second-order as the best fit mechanism for the E. coli biosorption. The surface homogeneity and monolayer adsorption of the TM@ZnO/TMC NC hydrogel reflects majorly the entire adsorption mechanism, observed to display the highest correlation for Jovanovic, Redlich-Peterson, and Langmuir's isotherm models. Further, with the use of TM@ZnO/TMC NC hydrogel, we measured the highest adsorption capacity of E. coli to be 4.90 × 10 mg g-1, where an in-depth mechanistic pathway was proposed by making use of the FTIR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faruq Mohammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Nahadi Janet
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi 650001, Nigeria
| | - Wasmia Mohammed Dahan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Adamawa State University, Mubi 650001, Nigeria
| | - Hamad A Al-Lohedan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Soleiman
- College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
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Le N, Routh J, Kirk C, Wu Q, Patel R, Keyes C, Kim K. Red CdSe/ZnS QDs' Intracellular Trafficking and Its Impact on Yeast Polarization and Actin Filament. Cells 2023; 12:484. [PMID: 36766825 PMCID: PMC9914768 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots are nanoparticles (2-10 nm) that emit strong and tunable fluorescence. Quantum dots have been heavily used in high-demand commercialized products, research, and for medical purposes. Emerging concerns have demonstrated the negative impact of quantum dots on living cells; however, the intracellular trafficking of QDs in yeast cells and the effect of this interaction remains unclear. The primary goal of our research is to investigate the trafficking path of red cadmium selenide zinc sulfide quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS QDs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the impact QDs have on yeast cellular dynamics. Using cells with GFP-tagged reference organelle markers and confocal microscopy, we were able to track the internalization of QDs. We found that QDs initially aggregate at the exterior of yeast cells, enter the cell using clathrin-receptor-mediated endocytosis, and distribute at the late Golgi/trans-Golgi network. We also found that the treatment of red CdSe/ZnS QDs resulted in growth rate reduction and loss of polarized growth in yeast cells. Our RNA sequence analysis revealed many altered genes. Particularly, we found an upregulation of DID2, which has previously been associated with cell cycle arrest when overexpressed, and a downregulation of APS2, a gene that codes for a subunit of AP2 protein important for the recruitment of proteins to clathrin-mediated endocytosis vesicle. Furthermore, CdSe/ZnS QDs treatment resulted in a slightly delayed endocytosis and altered the actin dynamics in yeast cells. We found that QDs caused an increased level of F-actin and a significant reduction in profilin protein expression. In addition, there was a significant elevation in the amount of coronin protein expressed, while the level of cofilin was unchanged. Altogether, this suggests that QDs favor the assembly of actin filaments. Overall, this study provides a novel toxicity mechanism of red CdSe/ZnS QDs on yeast actin dynamics and cellular processes, including endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Le
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Jonathan Routh
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Cameron Kirk
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - Qihua Wu
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Rishi Patel
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Chloe Keyes
- Jordan Valley Innovation Center, 542 N Boonville, Springfield, MO 65806, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
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6
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Sreelatha S, Kumar N, Rajani S. Biological effects of Thymol loaded chitosan nanoparticles (TCNPs) on bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1085113. [PMID: 36620059 PMCID: PMC9815552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials can provide eco-friendly alternatives for crop disease management. Chitosan based nanoparticles has shown beneficial applications in sustainable agricultural practices and effective healthcare. Previously we demonstrated that Thymol loaded chitosan nanoparticles (TCNPs) showed bactericidal activity against Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Xcc), a bacterium that causes black rot disease in brassica crops. Despite the progress in assessing the antibacterial action of TCNPs, the knowledge about the molecular response of Xcc when exposed to TCNPs is yet to be explored. In the present study, we combined physiological, spectroscopic and untargeted metabolomics studies to investigate the response mechanisms in Xcc induced by TCNPs. Cell proliferation and membrane potential assays of Xcc cells exposed to sub-lethal concentration of TCNPs showed that TCNPs affects the cell proliferation rate and damages the cell membrane altering the membrane potential. FTIR spectroscopy in conjunction with untargeted metabolite profiling using mass spectrometry of TCNPs treated Xcc cells revealed alterations in amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, fatty acids and antioxidant metabolites. Mass spectroscopy analysis revealed a 10-25% increase in nucleic acid, fatty acids and antioxidant metabolites and a 20% increase in lipid metabolites while a decrease of 10-20% in amino acids and carbohydrates was seen in in TCNP treated Xcc cells. Overall, our results demonstrate that the major metabolic perturbations induced by TCNPs in Xcc are associated with membrane damage and oxidative stress, thus providing information on the mechanism of TCNPs mediated cytotoxicity. This will aid towards the development of nano- based agrochemicals as an alternative to chemical pesticides in future.
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7
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Recent advances in electrochemiluminescence luminophores. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:131-146. [PMID: 33893832 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has continued to receive considerable attention in various applications, owing to its intrinsic advantages such as near-zero background response, wide dynamic range, high sensitivity, simple instrumentation, and low cost. The ECL luminophore is one of the most significant components during the light generation processes. Despite significant progress that has been made in the synthesis of new luminophores and their roles in resolving various challenges, there are few comprehensive summaries on ECL luminophores. In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in organic, metal complexes, nanomaterials, metal oxides, and near-infrared ECL luminophores. We also emphasize their roles in tackling various challenges with illustrative examples that have been reported in the last few years. Finally, perspective and some unresolved challenges in ECL that can potentially be addressed by introducing new luminophores have also been discussed. Graphical abstract.
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Photo induced mechanistic activity of GO/Zn(Cu)O nanocomposite against infectious pathogens: Potential application in wound healing. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102291. [PMID: 33862280 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Treating infection causing microorganisms is one of the major challenges in wound healing. These may gain resistance due to the overuse of conventional antibiotics. A promising technique is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) used to selectively cause damage to infectious pathogenic cells via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We report on biocompatable nanomaterials that can serve as potential photosensitizers for aPDT. GO/Zn(Cu)O nanocomposite was synthesized by co-precipitation method. Graphene Oxide (GO) is known for its high surface to volume ratio, excellent surface functionality and enhanced antimicrobial property. ZnO nanoparticle induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation and it leads to recombination of electron-hole pair. Nanocomposites of GO and Cu doped ZnO increases visible light absorption and enhances the photocatalytic property. It generates more ROS and increases the bacterial inhibition. GO/Zn(Cu)O nanocomposite was tested against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) by well diffusion method, growth curve, colony count, biofilm formation under both dark and visible light condition. Reactive Oxygen Species assay (ROS), Lactate dehydrogenase leakage (LDH) assay, Protein estimation assay and membrane integrity study proves the mechanism of inhibition of bacteria. Inhibition kinetics shows the sensitivity between bacteria and GO/Zn(Cu)O nanocomposite.
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Wasa A, Land JG, Gorthy R, Krumdieck S, Bishop C, Godsoe W, Heinemann JA. Antimicrobial and biofilm-disrupting nanostructured TiO2 coating demonstrating photoactivity and dark activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6232155. [PMID: 33864459 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial materials are tools used to reduce the transmission of infectious microorganisms. Photo-illuminated titania (TiO2) is a known antimicrobial material. Used as a coating on door handles and similar surfaces, it may reduce viability and colonization by pathogens and limit their spread. We tested the survival of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on a nano-structured TiO2-based thin film, called 'NsARC', and on stainless steel under a variety of light wavelengths and intensities. There was significantly less survival (P <0.001) of all the organisms tested on NsARC compared to inert uncoated stainless steel under all conditions. NsARC was active in the dark and possible mechanisms for this are suggested. NsARC inhibited biofilm formation as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. These results suggest that NsARC can be used as a self-cleaning and self-sterilizing antimicrobial surface coating for the prevention and reduction in the spread of potentially infectious microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alibe Wasa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Johann G Land
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Rukmini Gorthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Susan Krumdieck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Bishop
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - William Godsoe
- Bio-Protection Centre, Lincoln University, 85084 Ellesmere Junction Road, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Jack A Heinemann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
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10
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Gupta AD, Kavitha E, Singh S, Karthikeyan S. Toxicity mechanism of Cu 2+ ion individually and in combination with Zn 2+ ion in characterizing the molecular changes of Staphylococcus aureus studied using FTIR coupled with chemometric analysis. J Biol Phys 2020; 46:395-414. [PMID: 33237339 PMCID: PMC7719146 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-020-09560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper and zinc have a high binding affinity with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterial community. This causes a change in the biomolecular composition of S. aureus. Our study aims at understanding the resistance mechanism of Cu and Zn either or in various combinations using FTIR and chemometric techniques. Zn toxicity resulted in a significant change in lipid content (3100-2800 cm-1) compared to Cu. A significant decrease in protein content is observed for Cu treatment in the amide region. The bio-concentration factor shows a higher value for Cu compared to Zn. The increase in band area of carbohydrates moieties 1059 cm-1 shows the secretion of EPS due to Cu toxicity. A significant change in nucleic acid compositions was noted in the region1200-900 cm-1 due to Zn treatment. Secondary structural change in protein shows β sheet formation. The result of the finding shows Cu has greater toxicity than Zn. Further toxicity effects were greatly enhanced for metal mixtures ratio (Cu:2Zn). This shows Zn exhibits synergism effect with Cu. The obtained ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve area gives good reliability of the experiments. The study attempts to understand the mechanism of toxicity removal of Cu and Zn metal mixtures by bacterial population using FTIR coupled with chemometric techniques. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Durve Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, B. K. Birla College, Kalyan, Maharashtra, 421304, India
| | - Esakimuthu Kavitha
- Department of Physics, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600095, India
| | - Shikha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, B. K. Birla College, Kalyan, Maharashtra, 421304, India
| | - Sivakumaran Karthikeyan
- Department of Physics, Dr. Ambedkar Government Arts College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600039, India.
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11
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The Future of Anticancer Drugs: A Cytotoxicity Assessment Study of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), including CdSe/ZnS, are nanoparticles emitting various wavelengths of fluorescent light depending on their size. Fluorescence allows them to be exploited for in vivo sensing/imaging of cancer cells. Nevertheless, thorough assessments of the effects of these commonly used QDs on cell stability are essentially required prior to their full applications. To investigate the effects of Cd QDs on the growth of human cervical cancer cells (HeLa), we utilized a growth assay, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, an apoptosis assay, and RNA-seq. The growth assay results showed significant proliferation inhibition of HeLa cells by CdSe/ZnS. We revealed that smaller green CdSe/ZnS exerts more toxic effects than slightly larger yellow CdSe/ZnS. There were no significant increases of ROSs under the treatment of Cd QDs, which is consistent with the notion that low concentration of Cd QDs does not cause significant production of ROSs. In addition, we found that Cd QDs induced late apoptosis. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis revealed that the exposure to green Cd QDs significantly upregulated antiapoptotic, antiproliferative, and antitumorigenic functions. The transcriptome profile also noted the downregulation of pro-proliferation, mitochondrial respiratory chain, detoxification, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that green CdSe/ZnS can be an alternative anticancer drug. In addition, our transcriptome analysis provides new insights into alteration of physiological state induced by CdSe/ZnS QDs in HeLa cancer cells.
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12
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Aluminum foil as a substrate for metal enhanced fluorescence of bacteria labelled with quantum dots, shows very large enhancement and high contrast. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Saltepe B, Bozkurt EU, Hacıosmanoğlu N, Şeker UÖŞ. Genetic Circuits To Detect Nanomaterial Triggered Toxicity through Engineered Heat Shock Response Mechanism. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:2404-2417. [PMID: 31536326 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatibility assessment of nanomaterials has been of great interest due to their potential toxicity. However, conventional biocompatibility tests fall short of providing a fast toxicity report. We developed a whole cell based biosensor to track biocompatibility of nanomaterials with the aim of providing fast feedback to engineer them with lower toxicity levels. We engineered promoters of four heat shock response (HSR) proteins utilizing synthetic biology approaches. As an initial design, a reporter coding gene was cloned downstream of the selected promoter regions. Initial results indicated that native heat shock protein (HSP) promoter regions were not very promising to generate signals with low background signals. Introducing riboregulators to native promoters eliminated unwanted background signals almost entirely. Yet, this approach also led to a decrease in expected sensor signal upon stress treatment. Thus, a repression based genetic circuit, inspired by the HSR mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was constructed. These genetic circuits could report the toxicity of quantum dot nanoparticles in 1 h. Our designed nanoparticle toxicity sensors can provide quick reports, which can lower the demand for additional experiments with more complex organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behide Saltepe
- UNAM−Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eray Ulaş Bozkurt
- UNAM−Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nedim Hacıosmanoğlu
- UNAM−Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Urartu Özgür Şafak Şeker
- UNAM−Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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Rajendiran K, Zhao Z, Pei DS, Fu A. Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism of Functionalized Quantum Dots. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1670. [PMID: 31614993 PMCID: PMC6835343 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential characteristic of quantum dots (QDs) is their antimicrobial activity. Compared with conventional antibiotics, QDs not only possess photoluminescence properties for imaging and photodynamic therapy but also have high structural stability. To enhance their antimicrobial efficiency, QDs usually are functionalized by polymers, including poly(ethylene glycol), polyethyleneimine, and poly-l-lysine. Also, QDs conjugated with polymers, such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and polyvinylidene fluoride, are prepared as antimicrobial membranes. The main antimicrobial mechanisms of QDs are associated with inducing free radicals, disrupting cell walls/membranes, and arresting gene expression. The different mechanisms from traditional antibiotics allow QDs to play antimicrobial roles in multi-drug-resistant bacteria and fungi. Since the toxicity of the QDs on animal cells is relatively low, they have broad application in antimicrobial research as an effective alternative of traditional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthiga Rajendiran
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Zizhen Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Ailing Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Aunins TR, Eller KA, Courtney CM, Levy M, Goodman SM, Nagpal P, Chatterjee A. Isolating the Escherichia coli Transcriptomic Response to Superoxide Generation from Cadmium Chalcogenide Quantum Dots. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:4206-4218. [PMID: 33417778 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been extensively used in the biomedical field and have recently garnered attention as potential antimicrobial agents. Cadmium telluride quantum dots (QDs) with a bandgap of 2.4 eV (CdTe-2.4) were previously shown to inhibit multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of bacterial pathogens via light-activated superoxide generation. Here we investigate the transcriptomic response of Escherichia coli to phototherapeutic CdTe-2.4 QDs both with and without illumination, as well as in comparison with the non-superoxide-generating cadmium selenide QDs (CdSe-2.4) as a negative control. Our analysis sought to separate the transcriptomic response of E. coli to the generation of superoxide by the CdTe-2.4 QDs from the presence of cadmium chalcogenide nanoparticles alone. We used comparisons between illuminated CdTe-2.4 conditions and all others to establish the superoxide generation response and used comparisons between all QD conditions and the no treatment condition to establish the cadmium chalcogenide QD response. In our analysis of the gene expression experiments, we found eight genes to be consistently differentially expressed as a response to superoxide generation, and these genes demonstrate a consistent association with the DNA damage response and deactivation of iron-sulfur clusters. Each of these responses is characteristic of a bacterial superoxide response. We found 18 genes associated with the presence of cadmium chalcogenide QDs but not the generation of superoxide by CdTe-2.4, including several that implicated metabolism of amino acids in the E. coli response. To explore each of these gene sets further, we performed both gene knockout and amino acid supplementation experiments. We identified the importance of leucyl-tRNA downregulation as a cadmium chalcogenide QD response and reinforced the relationship between CdTe-2.4 stress and iron-sulfur clusters through examination of the gene tusA. This study demonstrates the transcriptomic response of E. coli to CdTe-2.4 and CdSe-2.4 QDs and parses the different effects of superoxide versus material effects on the bacteria. Our findings may provide useful information toward the development of QD-based antibacterial therapy in the future.
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Yan K, Liu Y, Yang Q, Liu W, Guo R, Sui J, Yan Z, Chen J. Evaluation of the novel nanoparticle material - CdSe quantum dots on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus: Concentration-time-dependent responses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:728-736. [PMID: 30658309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), as a kind of novel nanomaterial, have the extensive applications in various fields, inevitably leading to increasing risks for the ecological environment. The mobilization of cadmium including metal smelting and subsequent machining for multifarious applications has caused the release of cadmium element into the environment. In this study, we evaluated the potential toxicity of a novel nanoparticle material CdSe QDs, using two green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus. The impact of CdSe QDs and cadmium ions on algae and the sensitivity of the two algae on target compounds were also considered and compared. Our results showed the algal growth rates and chlorophyll content decreased with increasing exposure concentrations and durations. Moreover, the glutathione levels were decreased while the activities of superoxide dismutase increased, exhibiting their pivotal functions in defeating toxic stress. The increment of malondialdehyde levels revealed that the stresses of CdSe QDs and cadmium ions were contributed to the occurrence of oxidative damage. Our study also indicated that the impact of CdSe QDs was stronger than that of cadmium nitrate and the algal response was also species-specific. In addition, the TEM photographs of the algal ultrastructure showed the presence of surface attachment and uptake of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd., 7 Kunlunshan Road, Lianyungang Eco & Tech Development Zone, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiulian Yang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weixia Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinhong Sui
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhengyu Yan
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), Nanjing 210009, China.
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17
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Zhou T, Ashley J, Feng X, Sun Y. Detection of hemoglobin using hybrid molecularly imprinted polymers/carbon quantum dots-based nanobiosensor prepared from surfactant-free Pickering emulsion. Talanta 2018; 190:443-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Zhou T, Halder A, Sun Y. Fluorescent Nanosensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coated on Graphene Quantum Dots for Fast Detection of Antibiotics. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E82. [PMID: 30189690 PMCID: PMC6164403 DOI: 10.3390/bios8030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a novel fluorescent sensor by combining molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) for the determination of tetracycline (TC) in aqueous samples. Firstly, we developed a one-pot green method to synthesize GQDs as the fluorescent probes. GQDs with carboxyl groups or amino groups were fabricated. It was found that carboxyl groups played an important role in the fluorescence quenching. Based on these findings, the GQDs-MIPs microspheres were prepared using a sol-gel process. GQDs-MIPs showed strong fluorescent emission at 410 nm when excited at 360 nm, and the fluorescence was quenched in the presence of TC. Under optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensity of GQDs-MIPs decreased in response to the increase of TC concentration. The linear rage was from 1.0 to 10⁴ µg·L-1, and the limit of detection was determined to be 1 µg·L-1. The GQDs-MIPs also demonstrated high selectivity towards TC. The fluorescent sensor was successfully applied for the detection of TC in real spiked milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongchang Zhou
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Arnab Halder
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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19
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Huang Y, Deng X, Lang J, Liang X. Modulation of quantum dots and clearance of Helicobacter pylori with synergy of cell autophagy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:849-861. [PMID: 29309908 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is one type of Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium that colonizes and causes a wide range of gastric diseases. Once Hp penetrates into cells, the currently recognized triple or quadruple therapy often loses effectiveness. Recent evidence suggests that autophagy is closely associated with Hp infection, and can play an important role in the eradication of Hp. More importantly, certain types of quantum dots (QDs) can induce and modulate cellular autophagy, and can be developed into conjugates making QDs potential candidates as new anti-Hp agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, PR China
| | - Xin Deng
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, PR China.
| | - Jian Lang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, PR China
| | - Xingqiu Liang
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, PR China
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20
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Cadmium-containing quantum dots: properties, applications, and toxicity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:2713-2733. [PMID: 28251268 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The marriage of biology with nanomaterials has significantly accelerated advancement of biological techniques, profoundly facilitating practical applications in biomedical fields. With unique optical properties (e.g., tunable broad excitation, narrow emission spectra, robust photostability, and high quantum yield), fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) have been reasonably functionalized with controllable interfaces and extensively used as a new class of optical probe in biological researches. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in synthesis and properties of QDs. Moreover, we provide an overview of the outstanding potential of QDs for biomedical research and innovative methods of drug delivery. Specifically, the applications of QDs as novel fluorescent nanomaterials for biomedical sensing and imaging have been detailedly highlighted and discussed. In addition, recent concerns on potential toxicity of QDs are also introduced, ranging from cell researches to animal models.
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21
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Bayir E, Bilgi E, Urkmez AS. Implementation of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a wide group of diseases and generally characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells whose metabolic activities are disrupted. Conventionally, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are used in the treatment of cancer. However, in theory, even a single cancer cell may trigger recurrence. Therefore, these treatments cannot provide high survival rate for deadly types. Identification of alternative methods in treatment of cancers is inevitable because of adverse effects of conventional methods. In the last few decades, nanotechnology developed by scientists working in different disciplines—physics, chemistry, and biology—offers great opportunities. It is providing elimination of both circulating tumor cells and solid cancer cells by targeting cancer cells. In this chapter, inadequate parts of conventional treatment methods, nanoparticle types used in new treatment methods of cancer, and targeting methods of nanoparticles are summarized; furthermore, recommendations of future are provided.
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22
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Rocha TL, Mestre NC, Sabóia-Morais SMT, Bebianno MJ. Environmental behaviour and ecotoxicity of quantum dots at various trophic levels: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:1-17. [PMID: 27745949 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide application of quantum dots (QDs) in electronics, pharmacy and nanomedicine, limited data is available on their environmental health risk. To advance our current understanding of the environmental impact of these engineered nanomaterials, the aim of this review is to give a detailed insight on the existing information concerning the behaviour, transformation and fate of QDs in the aquatic environment, as well as on its mode of action (MoA), ecotoxicity, trophic transfer and biomagnification at various trophic levels (micro-organisms, aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates). Data show that several types of Cd-based QDs, even at low concentrations (<mgCdL-1), induce different toxic effects compared to their dissolved counterpart, indicating nano-specific ecotoxicity. QD ecotoxicity at different trophic levels is highly dependent on its physico-chemical properties, environmental conditions, concentration and exposure time, as well as, species, while UV irradiation increases its toxicity. The state of the art regarding the MoA of QDs according to taxonomic groups is summarised and illustrated. Accumulation and trophic transfer of QDs was observed in freshwater and seawater species, while limited biomagnification and detoxification processes were detected. Finally, current knowledge gaps are discussed and recommendations for future research identified. Overall, the knowledge available indicates that in order to develop sustainable nanotechnologies there is an urgent need to develop Cd-free QDs and new "core-shell-conjugate" QD structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Lopes Rocha
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nélia C Mestre
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Maria João Bebianno
- CIMA, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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23
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Faghihzadeh F, Anaya NM, Schifman LA, Oyanedel-Craver V. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to assess molecular-level changes in microorganisms exposed to nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s41204-016-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Liu W, Yao J, Jin J, Ma J, Masakorala K. Microbial Toxicity of a Type of Carbon Dots to Escherichia coli. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:506-514. [PMID: 26353753 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (Cdots), as a class of novel photoluminescence nanoprobes, has attracted tremendous interest for its broad application in recent years. Thus, the toxicity and behavior of Cdots in biological systems become important fundamental problems that require significant attention. In this study, Cdots with diameters of 5 nm are produced using mixed-acid treatment. The Cdots exhibit strong yellow fluorescence under UV irradiation and shifted emission peaks as the excitation wavelength is changed. Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) are applied as testing model to study the biological effect of Cdots on the cell growth by microcalorimetric, spectroscopic, and microscopic investigation. The introducing of Cdots caused a gradual increase of the maximum heat power (P peak) and the total heat produced (Q total) at low concentrations (0.0-5.00 mg/L). The metabolism rate constant (k) and half inhibitory concentration (IC50) were calculated from the microcalorimetric data. The results indicated that Cdots had a concentration-dependent effect on the growth of E. coli. For confirmation, the growth curves and colony-forming units at different concentration of Cdots were studied. The morphology of E. coli in the absence and presence of Cdots was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of these studies were in agreement well with the analysis explored from microcalorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and National International Cooperation Based on Environment and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and National International Cooperation Based on Environment and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of Chinese Ministry of Education, and Sino-Hungarian Joint Laboratory of Environmental Science and Health, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jingnan Jin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and National International Cooperation Based on Environment and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaheng Ma
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and National International Cooperation Based on Environment and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kanaji Masakorala
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka.
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25
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Peng L, He M, Chen B, Qiao Y, Hu B. Metallomics Study of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots in HepG2 Cells. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10324-10334. [PMID: 26389814 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of quantum dots (QDs) has been a hot research concern in the past decade, and there is a lot of challenge in this field. The physicochemical characteristics of QDs can affect their toxicity, while little is known about the specific chemical form of QDs in living cells after incubation so far. In this work, speciation of four CdSe/ZnS QDs in HepG2 cells was carried out from the metallomics' point of view for the first time by using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). On the basis of the signal of Cd, two kinds of chemical forms, named as QD-1 and QD-2, were observed in HepG2 cells incubated with CdSe/ZnS QDs. QD-1 was demonstrated to be a kind of QD-like nanoparticles, confirmed by chromatographic retention time, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization, and fluorescence detection. QD-2 was demonstrated to be cadmium-metallothioneins complex (Cd-MTs) by reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) synchronously coupled with ICP-MS and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. Meanwhile, speciation of QDs in HepG2 cells incubated with different conditions was analyzed. With the variation of QDs incubation concentration/time, and elimination time, the species of QD-1 and QD-2 were also observed without other obvious species, and both the amount of QD-1 and QD-2 increased with incubation concentration and time. The obtained results provide valuable information and a strategy for the study of existing chemical form of QDs, greatly benefiting the understanding of QDs toxicity in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
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26
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Grabowska-Jadach I, Haczyk M, Drozd M, Fischer A, Pietrzak M, Malinowska E, Brzózka Z. Evaluation of biological activity of quantum dots in a microsystem. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:425-31. [PMID: 26257157 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The presented work aimed at systematic investigation of biological activity of CdSex S1- x /ZnS and CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs), whose surface was modified with different ligands. For these studies, we used a microfluidic system combined with fluorescence microscopy techniques, which enabled analysis of cells' morphology, viability, and QDs uptake. PDMS and glass-based microfluidic system enabled the precise control of the cell environment, allowed to examine five replications of each tested QDs concentrations (statistically significant number), monitor multiple cellular events, and avoid manual preparation of QDs dilutions. We investigated the influence of the core composition and the type of surface modifiers on QDs toxicity. We also determined whether the examined nanoparticles penetrate into the cells. For all tested nanoparticles, the decrease of cells' viability was observed when increasing nanoparticles concentration. The decrease of live cells' number in microchambers and the accumulation of the nanoparticles around cultured cells were observed. The effect of hydrocarbon chain length of surface modifiers and QDs core composition on the cell viability was confirmed in our tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Grabowska-Jadach
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maja Haczyk
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drozd
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Fischer
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pietrzak
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Malinowska
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brzózka
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.,Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Nagl A, Hemelaar SR, Schirhagl R. Improving surface and defect center chemistry of fluorescent nanodiamonds for imaging purposes--a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7521-36. [PMID: 26220715 PMCID: PMC4575388 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diamonds are widely used for jewelry owing to their superior optical properties accounting for their fascinating beauty. Beyond the sparkle, diamond is highly investigated in materials science for its remarkable properties. Recently, fluorescent defects in diamond, particularly the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV(-)) center, have gained much attention: The NV(-) center emits stable, nonbleaching fluorescence, and thus could be utilized in biolabeling, as a light source, or as a Förster resonance energy transfer donor. Even more remarkable are its spin properties: with the fluorescence intensity of the NV(-) center reacting to the presence of small magnetic fields, it can be utilized as a sensor for magnetic fields as small as the field of a single electron spin. However, a reproducible defect and surface and defect chemistry are crucial to all applications. In this article we review methods for using nanodiamonds for different imaging purposes. The article covers (1) dispersion of particles, (2) surface cleaning, (3) particle size selection and reduction, (4) defect properties, and (5) functionalization and attachment to nanostructures, e.g., scanning probe microscopy tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Robert Hemelaar
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Srivastava V, Gusain D, Sharma YC. Critical Review on the Toxicity of Some Widely Used Engineered Nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry,
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy Laboratories, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Deepak Gusain
- Department of Chemistry,
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy Laboratories, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Yogesh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Chemistry,
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy Laboratories, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
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29
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Rodriguez-Torres MR, Velez C, Zayas B, Rivera O, Arslan Z, Gonzalez-Vega MN, Diaz-Diestra D, Beltran-Huarac J, Morell G, Primera-Pedrozo OM. Cytocompatibility of direct water synthesized cadmium selenide quantum dots in colo-205 cells. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 17:266. [PMID: 26949369 PMCID: PMC4777355 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-015-3064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QDs), inorganic semiconducting nanocrystals, are alluring increased attraction due to their highly refined chemistry, availability, and super tunable optical properties suitable for many applications in different research areas, such as photovoltaics, light-emitting devices, environmental sciences, and nanomedicine. Specifically, they are being widely used in bio-imaging in contrast to organic dyes due to their high brightness and improved photo-stability, and their ability to tune their absorption and emission spectra upon changing the crystal size. The production of CdSe QDs is mostly assisted by trioctylphosphine oxide compound, which acts as solvent or solubilizing agent and renders the QDs soluble in organic compounds (such as toluene, chloroform, and hexane) that are highly toxic. To circumvent the toxicity-related factor in CdSe QDs, we report the synthesis of CdSe QDs capped with thioglycolic acid (TGA) in an aqueous medium, and their biocompatibility in colo-205 cancer cells. In this study, the [Cd2+]/[TGA] ratio was adjusted to 11:1 and the Se concentration (10 and 15 mM) was monitored in order to evaluate its influence on the optical properties and cytocompatibility. QDs resulted to be quite stable in water (after purification) and RPMI cell medium and no precipitation was observed for long contact times, making them appealing for in vitro experiments. The spectroscopy analysis, advanced electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry studies indicate that the final products were successfully formed exhibiting an improved optical response. Colo-205 cells being exposed to different concentrations of TGA-capped CdSe QDs for 12, 24, and 48 h with doses ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mM show high tolerance reaching cell viabilities as high as 93 %. No evidence of cellular apoptotic pathways was observed as pointed out by our Annexin V assays at higher concentrations. Moreover, confocal microscopy analysis conducted to evaluate the intracellular uptake of TGA-CdSe QDs reveal that the TGA-CdSe QDs were uniformly distributed within the cytosolic side of cell membranes. Our results also suggest that under controlled conditions, direct water-soluble TGA-CdSe QDs can be potentially employed for bio-imaging colo-205 cancer cells with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R. Rodriguez-Torres
- Nanomaterials Science Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Christian Velez
- ChemTox Laboratory, School of Environmental Affairs, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Beatriz Zayas
- ChemTox Laboratory, School of Environmental Affairs, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Osvaldo Rivera
- Nanomaterials Science Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Zikri Arslan
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Maxine N. Gonzalez-Vega
- Nanomaterials Science Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Daysi Diaz-Diestra
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Gerardo Morell
- Molecular Science Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Oliva M. Primera-Pedrozo
- Nanomaterials Science Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, Universidad Metropolitana, San Juan, PR, USA
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Yan Z, Chen J, Xiao A, Shu J, Chen J. Effects of representative quantum dots on microorganisms and phytoplankton: a comparative study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23730k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we put forward more effective and convenient approaches to prepare three kinds of high-quality CQDs. Then we assessed their effects on Staphylococcus aureus and Microcystis aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yan
- School of Science
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- Ministry of Education
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Jiao Chen
- School of Science
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- Ministry of Education
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - An Xiao
- School of Science
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- Ministry of Education
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Juan Shu
- School of Science
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- Ministry of Education
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Science
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance
- Ministry of Education
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
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31
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Monrás JP, Collao B, Molina-Quiroz RC, Pradenas GA, Saona LA, Durán-Toro V, Ordenes-Aenishanslins N, Venegas FA, Loyola DE, Bravo D, Calderón PF, Calderón IL, Vásquez CC, Chasteen TG, Lopez DA, Pérez-Donoso JM. Microarray analysis of the Escherichia coli response to CdTe-GSH Quantum Dots: understanding the bacterial toxicity of semiconductor nanoparticles. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1099. [PMID: 25496196 PMCID: PMC4300170 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most semiconductor nanoparticles used in biomedical applications are made of heavy metals and involve synthetic methods that require organic solvents and high temperatures. This issue makes the development of water-soluble nanoparticles with lower toxicity a major topic of interest. In a previous work our group described a biomimetic method for the aqueous synthesis of CdTe-GSH Quantum Dots (QDs) using biomolecules present in cells as reducing and stabilizing agents. This protocol produces nanoparticles with good fluorescent properties and less toxicity than those synthesized by regular chemical methods. Nevertheless, biomimetic CdTe-GSH nanoparticles still display some toxicity, so it is important to know in detail the effects of these semiconductor nanoparticles on cells, their levels of toxicity and the strategies that cells develop to overcome it. Results In this work, the response of E. coli exposed to different sized-CdTe-GSH QDs synthesized by a biomimetic protocol was evaluated through transcriptomic, biochemical, microbiological and genetic approaches. It was determined that: i) red QDs (5 nm) display higher toxicity than green (3 nm), ii) QDs mainly induce expression of genes involved with Cd+2 stress (zntA and znuA) and tellurium does not contribute significantly to QDs-mediated toxicity since cells incorporate low levels of Te, iii) red QDs also induce genes related to oxidative stress response and membrane proteins, iv) Cd2+ release is higher in red QDs, and v) QDs render the cells more sensitive to polymyxin B. Conclusion Based on the results obtained in this work, a general model of CdTe-GSH QDs toxicity in E. coli is proposed. Results indicate that bacterial toxicity of QDs is mainly associated with cadmium release, oxidative stress and loss of membrane integrity. The higher toxicity of red QDs is most probably due to higher cadmium content and release from the nanoparticle as compared to green QDs. Moreover, QDs-treated cells become more sensitive to polymyxin B making these biomimetic QDs candidates for adjuvant therapies against bacterial infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1099) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José M Pérez-Donoso
- Bionanotechnology and Microbiology Lab, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Pan H, Zhang Y, He GX, Katagori N, Chen H. A comparison of conventional methods for the quantification of bacterial cells after exposure to metal oxide nanoparticles. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:222. [PMID: 25138641 PMCID: PMC4236543 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to potential interference of nanoparticles on bacterial quantification, there is a challenge to develop a fast, accurate and reproducible method for bacterial quantification. Currently various bacterial quantification methods are used by researchers performing nanoparticles study, but there has been no efficacy evaluation of these methods. Here we study interference of nanoparticles on three most commonly used conventional bacterial quantification methods, including colony counting to determine the colony-forming units (CFU), spectrophotometer method of optical density (OD) measurement, and flow cytometry (FCM). Results Three oxide nanoparticles including ZnO, TiO2, and SiO2 and four bacterial species including Salmonella enterica serovar Newport, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli were included in the test. Results showed that there is no apparent interference of the oxide nanoparticles on quantifications of all four bacterial species by FCM measurement; CFU counting is time consuming, less accurate and not suitable for automation; and the spectrophotometer method using OD measurement was the most unreliable method to quantify and detect the bacteria in the presence of the nanoparticles. Conclusion In summary, FCM measurement proved to be the best method, which is suitable for rapid, accurate and automatic detection of bacteria in the presence of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huizhong Chen
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U,S, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson 72079, AR, USA.
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Wee SS, Ng YH, Ng SM. Synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots via simple acid hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin and its potential as sensitive sensing probe for lead (II) ions. Talanta 2013; 116:71-6. [PMID: 24148375 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots have great potential to be utilised as an optical sensing probe due to its unique photoluminescence and less toxic properties. This work reports a simple and novel synthesis method of carbon dots via direct acid hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin protein in a one-pot approach. Optimisation of the important synthetic parameters has been performed which consists of temperature effect, acid to protein ratio and kinetics of reaction. Higher temperature has promoted better yield with shorter reaction time. The carbon dots obtained shows a strong emission at the wavelength of 400 nm with an optimum excitation of 305 nm. The potential of the carbon dots as optical sensing probe has been investigated on with different cations that are of environmental and health concern. The fluorescence of the carbon dots was significantly quenched particularly by lead (II) ions in a selective manner. Further analytical study has been performed to leverage the performance of the carbon dots for lead (II) ions sensing using the standard Stern-Volmer relationship. The sensing probe has a dynamic linear range up to 6.0 mM with a Stern-Volmer constant of 605.99 M(-1) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.05 μM. The probe performance was highly repeatable with a standard deviation below 3.0%. The probe suggested in this study demonstrates the potential of a more economical and greener approach that uses protein based carbon dots for sensing of heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Shui Wee
- Faculty of Engineering, Computing, and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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CdTe Quantum Dots Embedded in Multidentate Biopolymer Based on Salep: Characterization and Optical Properties. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/202061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a novel method for surface modification of water soluble CdTe quantum dots (QDs) by using poly(acrylic acid) grafted onto salep (salep-g-PAA) as a biopolymer. As-prepared CdTe-salep-g-PAA QDs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The absorption and fluorescence emission spectra were measured to investigate the effect of salep-g-PAA biopolymer on the optical properties of CdTe QDs. The results showed that the optical properties of CdTe QDs were significantly enhanced by using salep-g-PAA-based biopolymer.
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