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Seo YS, Park KH, Park JM, Jeong H, Kim B, Jeon JS, Yu J, Kim SK, Lee K, Lee MY. Short-term inhalation exposure to cigarette smoke induces oxidative stress and inflammation in lungs without systemic oxidative stress in mice. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:273-283. [PMID: 38525133 PMCID: PMC10959912 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a well-established risk factor for various pathologies, including pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and cancers. The toxic effects of cigarette smoke (CS) are mediated through multiple pathways and diverse mechanisms. A key pathogenic factor is oxidative stress, primarily induced by excessive formation of reactive oxygen species. However, it remains unclear whether smoking directly induces systemic oxidative stress or if such stress is a secondary consequence. This study aimed to determine whether short-term inhalation exposure to CS induces oxidative stress in extrapulmonary organs in addition to the lung in a murine model. In the experiment, 3R4F reference cigarettes were used to generate CS, and 8-week-old male BALB/c mice were exposed to CS at a total particulate matter concentration of either 0 or 800 µg/L for four consecutive days. CS exposure led to an increase in neutrophils, eosinophils, and total cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. It also elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde (MDA), markers indicative of tissue damage and oxidative stress, respectively. Conversely, no significant changes were observed in systemic oxidative stress markers such as total oxidant scavenging capacity, MDA, glutathione (GSH), and the GSH/GSSG ratio in blood samples. In line with these findings, CS exposure elevated NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent superoxide generation in the lung but not in other organs like the liver, kidney, heart, aorta, and brain. Collectively, our results indicate that short-term exposure to CS induces inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung without significantly affecting oxidative stress in extrapulmonary organs under the current experimental conditions. NOX may play a role in these pulmonary-specific events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Seok Seo
- College of Pharmacy, BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuneui Jeong
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Su Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326 Republic of Korea
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Park JM, Park S, Seo YS, Kim JH, Lee MY. Cytosolic zinc mediates the cytotoxicity of thiol-reactive electrophiles in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114446. [PMID: 38244666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The aberrant increase or dysregulation of cytosolic Zn2+ concentration ([Zn2+]cyt) has been associated with cellular dysfunction and cytotoxicity. In this study, we postulated that Zn2+ mediates the cytotoxicity of thiol-reactive electrophiles. This notion was grounded on earlier research, which revealed that thiol-reactive electrophiles may disrupt Zn2+-binding motifs, consequently causing Zn2+ to be released from Zn2+-binding proteins, and leading to a surge in [Zn2+]cyt. The thiol-reactive electrophiles N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and diamide were observed to induce an increase in [Zn2+]cyt, possibly through the impairment of Zn2+-binding motifs, and subsequent stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, resulting in cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. These processes were negated by the thiol donor N-acetyl-L-cysteine and the Zn2+ chelator TPEN. Similar outcomes were detected with co-treatment involving Zn2+ and Zn2+ ionophores such as pyrithione or disulfiram. Moreover, TPEN was found to inhibit cytotoxicity triggered by short-term exposure to various thiol-reactive electrophiles including hydrogen peroxide, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, diethyl maleate, iodoacetic acid, and iodoacetamide. In conclusion, our findings suggest that cytosolic Zn2+ acts as a universal mediator in the cytotoxic effects produced by thiol-reactive electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Park
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Park
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Seo
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeong Kim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Seo YS, Park JM, Kim JH, Lee MY. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Formation: A Concise Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1732. [PMID: 37760035 PMCID: PMC10525535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is recognized as a significant risk factor for numerous disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, and various forms of cancer. While the exact pathogenic mechanisms continue to be explored, the induction of oxidative stress via the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely accepted as a primary molecular event that predisposes individuals to these smoking-related ailments. This review focused on how cigarette smoke (CS) promotes ROS formation rather than the pathophysiological repercussions of ROS and oxidative stress. A comprehensive analysis of existing studies revealed the following key ways through which CS imposes ROS burden on biological systems: (1) ROS, as well as radicals, are intrinsically present in CS, (2) CS constituents generate ROS through chemical reactions with biomolecules, (3) CS stimulates cellular ROS sources to enhance production, and (4) CS disrupts the antioxidant system, aggravating the ROS generation and its functions. While the evidence supporting these mechanisms is chiefly based on in vitro and animal studies, the direct clinical relevance remains to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, this understanding is fundamental for deciphering molecular events leading to oxidative stress and for developing intervention strategies to counter CS-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.-S.S.); (J.-M.P.); (J.-H.K.)
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Naserinejad N, Costanian C, Birot O, Barboni T, Roudier E. Wildland fire, air pollution and cardiovascular health: is it time to focus on the microvasculature as a risk assessment tool? Front Physiol 2023; 14:1225195. [PMID: 37538378 PMCID: PMC10394245 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1225195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change favors weather conditions conducive to wildland fires. The intensity and frequency of forest fires are increasing, and fire seasons are lengthening. Exposure of human populations to smoke emitted by these fires increases, thereby contributing to airborne pollution through the emission of gas and particulate matter (PM). The adverse health outcomes associated with wildland fire exposure represent an important burden on the economies and health systems of societies. Even though cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main of cause of the global burden of diseases attributable to PM exposure, it remains difficult to show reliable associations between exposure to wildland fire smoke and cardiovascular disease risk in population-based studies. Optimal health requires a resilient and adaptable network of small blood vessels, namely, the microvasculature. Often alterations of this microvasculature precede the occurrence of adverse health outcomes, including CVD. Biomarkers of microvascular health could then represent possible markers for the early detection of poor cardiovascular outcomes. This review aims to synthesize the current literature to gauge whether assessing the microvasculature can better estimate the cardiovascular impact of wildland fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazgol Naserinejad
- School of Global Health, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christy Costanian
- School of Global Health, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Birot
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Toussaint Barboni
- Laboratoire des Sciences Pour l’Environnement (SPE), UMR-CNRS 6134, University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli, Campus Grimaldi, Corte, France
| | - Emilie Roudier
- School of Global Health, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Muscle Health Research Center, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ganguly R, Ngoruh A, Ingty P, Yadav SK, Bhattacharjee A. Identification of an inhibitor for atherosclerotic enzyme NOX-1 to inhibit ROS production. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-023-00474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
NOX-1 overexpression has been observed in various studies, persons with diabetes or cardiovascular conditions. NOX-1 orchestrates the disease pathogenesis of various cardiovascular conditions such as atherosclerotic plaque development and is a very crucial biomarker. Therefore, this study was carried out to deduce the three-dimensional modelled structure of NOX-1 using DeepMind AlphaFold-2 to find meaningful insight into the structural biology. Extensive in silico approaches have been used to determine the active pocket, virtually screen large chemical space to identify potential inhibitors. The role of the key amino acid residues was also deduced using alanine scanning mutagenesis contributing to the catalytic process and to the overall stability of NOX-1.
Results
The modelled structure of NOX-1 protein was validated using ERRAT. The ERRAT statistics with 9 amino acids sliding window have shown a confidence score of 96.937%. According to the Ramachandran statistics, 96.60% of the residues lie within the most favoured region, and 2.80% of residues lie in the additionally allowed region, which gives an overall of 99.4% residues in the three quadrants in the plot. GKT-831 which is a referral drug in this study has shown a GOLD interaction score of 62.12 with respect to the lead molecule zinc000059139266 which has shown a higher GOLD score of 78.07. Alanine scanning mutagenesis studies has shown that Phe201, Leu98 and Leu76 are found to be the key interacting residues in hydrophobic interactions. Similarly, Tyr324, Arg287 and Cys73 are major amino acid residues in the hydrogen bond interactions.
Conclusions
NOX-1 overexpression leads to heightened ROS production resulting in catastrophic outcomes. The modelled structure of NOX-1 has a good stereochemistry with respect to Ramachandran plot. The lead molecule zinc000059139266 has shown to have a very high interaction score of 78.07 compared to the referral drug GKT-831 with a score of 62.12. There is an excellent scope for the lead molecule to progress further into in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Sevilla-Montero J, Munar-Rubert O, Pino-Fadón J, Aguilar-Latorre C, Villegas-Esguevillas M, Climent B, Agrò M, Choya-Foces C, Martínez-Ruiz A, Balsa E, Muñoz-Calleja C, Gómez-Punter RM, Vázquez-Espinosa E, Cogolludo A, Calzada MJ. Cigarette smoke induces pulmonary arterial dysfunction through an imbalance in the redox status of the soluble guanylyl cyclase. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:9-22. [PMID: 36174878 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), whose main risk factor is cigarette smoking (CS), is one of the most common diseases globally. Some COPD patients also develop pulmonary hypertension (PH), a severe complication that leads to premature death. Evidence suggests reactive oxygen species (ROS) involvement in COPD and PH, especially regarding pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) dysfunction. However, the effects of CS-driven oxidative stress on the pulmonary vasculature are not completely understood. Herein we provide evidence on the effects of CS extract (CSE) exposure on PASMC regarding ROS production, antioxidant response and its consequences on vascular tone dysregulation. Our results indicate that CSE exposure promotes mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and increased mitochondrial superoxide levels. However, this superoxide increase did not parallel a counterbalancing antioxidant response in human pulmonary artery (PA) cells. Interestingly, the mitochondrial superoxide scavenger mitoTEMPO reduced mitochondrial fission and membrane potential depolarization caused by CSE. As we have previously shown, CSE reduces PA vasoconstriction and vasodilation. In this respect, mitoTEMPO prevented the impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, while vasoconstriction remained reduced. Finally, we observed a CSE-driven downregulation of the Cyb5R3 enzyme, which prevents soluble guanylyl cyclase oxidation in PASMC. This might explain the CSE-mediated decrease in PA vasodilation. These results provide evidence that there might be a connection between mitochondrial ROS and altered vasodilation responses in PH secondary to COPD, and strongly support the potential of antioxidant strategies specifically targeting mitochondria as a new therapy for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sevilla-Montero
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Munar-Rubert
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pino-Fadón
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Aguilar-Latorre
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Villegas-Esguevillas
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Climent
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Agrò
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Choya-Foces
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Martínez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Balsa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Muñoz-Calleja
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - R M Gómez-Punter
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vázquez-Espinosa
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Cogolludo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Calzada
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Zha Y, Zhuang W, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Li H, Liang J. Senescence in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:910580. [PMID: 35722104 PMCID: PMC9198250 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.910580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the primary cell type involved in the atherosclerosis process; senescent VSMCs are observed in both aged vessels and atherosclerotic plaques. Factors associated with the atherosclerotic process, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and calcium-regulating factors, are closely linked to senescence in VSMCs. A number of experimental studies using traditional cellular aging markers have suggested that anti-aging biochemical agents could be used to treat atherosclerosis. However, doubt has recently been cast on such potential due to the increasingly apparent complexity of VSMCs status and an incomplete understanding of the role that these cells play in the atherosclerosis process, as well as a lack of specific or spectrum-limited cellular aging markers. The utility of anti-aging drugs in atherosclerosis treatment should be reevaluated. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle, exploring in depth the characteristics of each cell type associated with atherosclerosis, including VSMCs, and development of targeted drug delivery systems will ensure efficacy whilst evaluation of the safety and tolerability of drug use should be key aims of future anti-atherosclerosis research. This review summarizes the characteristics of VSMC senescence during the atherosclerosis process, the factors regulating this process, as well as an overview of progress toward the development and application of anti-aging drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zha
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Zhuang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongqi Yang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hongliang Li,
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jingyan Liang,
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8
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Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110316. [PMID: 34822707 PMCID: PMC8622692 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of cigarette smoke (CS) is largely attributed to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, CS generates superoxide in cell culture systems by stimulating the cells to produce superoxide and through direct chemical reactions with components of the culture media. In this study, we investigated CS-induced superoxide formation in biocompatible aqueous media and its characteristics. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and total particulate matter (TPM) were prepared from the mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. CSE and TPM generated superoxide in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle media (DMEM), and blood plasma, but not in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline. Each constituent of HBSS in solution was tested, and bicarbonate was found to be responsible for the superoxide generation. More than half of the superoxide formation was abolished by pretreating CSE or TPM with peroxidase, indicating that the substrates of peroxidase, presumably peroxides and peroxy acids, mainly contributed to the superoxide production. In conclusion, the presence of bicarbonate in experimental conditions should be considered carefully in studies of the biological activity of CS. Furthermore, the local amount of bicarbonate in exposed tissues may be a determinant of tissue sensitivity to oxidative damage by CS.
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Zou L, Xiong L, Wu T, Wei T, Liu N, Bai C, Huang X, Hu Y, Xue Y, Zhang T, Tang M. NADPH oxidases regulate endothelial inflammatory injury induced by PM 2.5 via AKT/eNOS/NO axis. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:738-749. [PMID: 34708887 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5 )-induced detrimental cardiovascular effects have been widely concerned, especially for endothelial cells, which is the first barrier of the cardiovascular system. Among potential mechanisms involved, reactive oxidative species take up a crucial part. However, source of oxidative stress and its relationship with inflammatory response have been rarely studied in PM2.5 -induced endothelial injury. Here, as a key oxidase that catalyzes redox reactions, NADPH oxidase (NOX) was investigated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were exposed to Standard Reference Material 1648a of urban PM2.5 for 24 h, which resulted in NOX-sourced oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation induction. These are manifested by the up-regulation of NOX, increase of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, elevated endothelin-1 (ET-1) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) level, reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, and down-regulation of phosphorylation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) with increased levels of inducible NO synthase, as well as the imbalance between tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and changes in the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. However, administration of NOX1/4 inhibitor GKT137831 alleviated PM2.5 -induced elevated endothelial dysfunction biomarkers (NO, ET-1, ADMA, iNOS, and tPA/PAI-1), inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-18), and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and P-selectin) and also passivated NOX-dependent AKT and eNOS phosphorylation that involved in endothelial activation. In summary, PM2.5 -induced NOX up-regulation is the source of ROS in EA.hy926, which activated AKT/eNOS/NO signal response leading to endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory damage in EA.hy926 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Zou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lilin Xiong
- Department of Environmental Health, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changcun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Poussin C, van der Toorn M, Scheuner S, Piault R, Kondylis A, Savioz R, Dulize R, Peric D, Guedj E, Maranzano F, Merg C, Morelli M, Egesipe AL, Johne S, Majeed S, Pak C, Schneider T, Schlage WK, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Systems toxicology study reveals reduced impact of heated tobacco product aerosol extract relative to cigarette smoke on premature aging and exacerbation effects in aged aortic cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3341-3359. [PMID: 34313809 PMCID: PMC8448694 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging and smoking are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Our in vitro study compared, in the context of aging, the effects of the aerosol of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS; an electrically heated tobacco product) and 3R4F reference cigarette smoke (CS) on processes that contribute to vascular pathomechanisms leading to CVD. Young and old human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMC) were exposed to various concentrations of aqueous extracts (AE) from 3R4F CS [0.014-0.22 puffs/mL] or THS aerosol [0.11-1.76 puffs/mL] for 24 h. Key markers were measured by high-content imaging, transcriptomics profiling and multianalyte profiling. In our study, in vitro aging increased senescence, DNA damage, and inflammation and decreased proliferation in the HAoSMCs. At higher concentrations of 3R4F AE, young HAoSMCs behaved similarly to aged cells, while old HAoSMCs showed additional DNA damage and apoptosis effects. At 3R4F AE concentrations with the maximum effect, the THS AE showed no significant effect in young or old HAoSMCs. It required an approximately ten-fold higher concentration of THS AE to induce effects similar to those observed with 3R4F. These effects were independent of nicotine, which did not show a significant effect on HAoSMCs at any tested concentration. Our results show that 3R4F AE accelerates aging in young HAoSMCs and exacerbates the aging effect in old HAoSMCs in vitro, consistent with CS-related contributions to the risk of CVD. Relative to 3R4F AE, the THS AE showed a significantly reduced impact on HAoSMCs, suggesting its lower risk for vascular SMC-associated pathomechanisms leading to CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Poussin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Marco van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Scheuner
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Romain Piault
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Kondylis
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Savioz
- Consultants in Science Sàrl, Biopole, Route de la Corniche 4, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Rémi Dulize
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Peric
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Maranzano
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Moran Morelli
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Laure Egesipe
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Johne
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claudius Pak
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Schneider
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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11
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Ho CC, Chen YC, Tsai MH, Tsai HT, Weng CY, Yet SF, Lin P. Ambient Particulate Matter Induces Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Changes via NOX1/ROS/NF-κB Dependent and Independent Pathways: Protective Effects of Polyphenols. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050782. [PMID: 34069133 PMCID: PMC8156007 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure and vascular diseases. Here, we observed that treatment with ambient PM increased cell migration ability in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and pulmonary arterial SMCs (PASMCs). These results suggest that VSMCs and PASMCs transitioned from a differentiated to a synthetic phenotype after PM exposure. Furthermore, treatment with PM increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, and increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in VSMCs. Using specific inhibitors, we demonstrated that PM increased the migration ability of VSMCs via the nicotinamide–adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 (NOX1)/ROS-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway, which also partially involved in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Finally, we investigated whether nature polyphenolic compounds prevent PM-induced migration and proinflammatory cytokines secretion in VSMCs. Curcumin, resveratrol, and gallic acid prevented PM2.5-induced migration via the ROS-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. However, honokiol did not prevent PM2.5-induced migration or activation of the ROS-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. On the other hand, all polyphenols prevented PM2.5-induced cytokines secretion. These data indicated that polyphenols prevented PM-induced migration and cytokine secretion via blocking the ROS-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway in VSMCs. However, other mechanisms may also contribute to PM-induced cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Ho
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 53053, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-H.T.); (H.-T.T.); (C.-Y.W.)
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 53053, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-H.T.); (H.-T.T.); (C.-Y.W.)
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 53053, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-H.T.); (H.-T.T.); (C.-Y.W.)
| | - Hui-Ti Tsai
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 53053, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-H.T.); (H.-T.T.); (C.-Y.W.)
| | - Chen-Yi Weng
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 53053, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-H.T.); (H.-T.T.); (C.-Y.W.)
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 53053, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-F.Y.); (P.L.); Tel.: +886-37-246166 (ext. 38311) (S.-F.Y.); +886-37-246166 (ext. 36508) (P.L.)
| | - Pinpin Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 53053, Taiwan; (C.-C.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (M.-H.T.); (H.-T.T.); (C.-Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.-F.Y.); (P.L.); Tel.: +886-37-246166 (ext. 38311) (S.-F.Y.); +886-37-246166 (ext. 36508) (P.L.)
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12
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Cai B, Liu M, Li J, Xu D, Li J. Cigarette smoke extract amplifies NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production to inactivate PTEN by oxidation in BEAS-2B cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112050. [PMID: 33577944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is widely recognized as a global public health problem and the third leading cause of mortality worldwide by 2020. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a dual-specificity protein and lipid phosphatase that plays an important role in COPD. However, the redox regulation of PTEN in the development of COPD was poorly studied. Our results showed that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) could oxidize PTEN in a time-dependent manner in BEAS-2B cells, whereas PTEN oxidation exposed to CSE was delayed compared to that of H2O2. Additionally, we found that ROS derived from DUOX1 and 2 of NADPH oxidases were mainly responsible for oxidative inactivation PTEN, also simultaneously led to Trx-1 inactivation by dimerization. Oxidative mechanism of PTEN exposed to CSE was mediated by forming a disulfide bond between Cys71and Cys124, similar to H2O2. Inactivation of PTEN resulted in the increased phosphorylation of Akt. In conclusion, CSE exposure could elevate the intracellular ROS mainly from DUOX1 and 2 to oxidize PTEN and Trx-1 resulting in Akt activation, eventually cause the occurrence of COPD, suggesting that PTEN is a potential target for new therapies in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangrong Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Research Center for Special Processing Technology of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengya Liu
- Henan Research Center for Special Processing Technology of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- Henan Research Center for Special Processing Technology of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dujuan Xu
- Henan Research Center for Special Processing Technology of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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13
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Shi J, Yang Y, Cheng A, Xu G, He F. Metabolism of vascular smooth muscle cells in vascular diseases. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H613-H631. [PMID: 32762559 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00220.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the fundamental component of the medial layer of arteries and are essential for arterial physiology and pathology. It is becoming increasingly clear that VSMCs can alter their metabolism to fulfill the bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements. During vascular injury, VSMCs switch from a quiescent "contractile" phenotype to a highly migratory and proliferative "synthetic" phenotype. Recent studies have found that the phenotype switching of VSMCs is driven by a metabolic switch. Metabolic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid metabolism, have distinct, indispensable roles in normal and dysfunctional vasculature. VSMCs metabolism is also related to the metabolism of endothelial cells. In the present review, we present a brief overview of VSMCs metabolism and how it regulates the progression of several vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, systemic hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary hypertension, vascular calcification, and aneurysms, and the effect of the risk factors for vascular disease (aging, cigarette smoking, and excessive alcohol drinking) on VSMC metabolism to clarify the role of VSMCs metabolism in the key pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anying Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Wan S, Luo F, Huang C, Liu C, Luo Q, Zhu X. Ursolic acid reverses liver fibrosis by inhibiting interactive NOX4/ROS and RhoA/ROCK1 signalling pathways. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10614-10632. [PMID: 32496208 PMCID: PMC7346053 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the reversible deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and scar formation after liver damage by various stimuli. The interaction between NOX4/ROS and RhoA/ROCK1 in liver fibrosis is not yet clear. Ursolic acid (UA) is a traditional Chinese medicine with anti-fibrotic effects, but the molecular mechanism underlying these effects is still unclear. We investigated the interaction between NOX4/ROS and RhoA/ROCK1 during liver fibrosis and whether these molecules are targets for the anti-fibrotic effects of UA. First, we confirmed that UA reversed CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. In the NOX4 intervention and RhoA intervention groups, related experimental analyses confirmed the decrease in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Next, we determined that the expression of NOX4 and RhoA/ROCK1 was decreased in UA-treated liver fibrotic mice. Furthermore, RhoA/ROCK1 expression was decreased in the NOX4 intervention group, but there was no significant change in the expression of NOX4 in the RhoA intervention group. Finally, we found that liver fibrotic mice showed a decline in their microbiota diversity and abundance, a change in their microbiota composition, and a reduction in the number of potential beneficial bacteria. However, in UA-treated liver fibrotic mice, the microbiota dysbiosis was ameliorated. In conclusion, the NOX4/ROS and RhoA/ROCK1 signalling pathways are closely linked to the development of liver fibrosis. UA can reverse liver fibrosis by inhibiting the NOX4/ROS and RhoA/ROCK1 signalling pathways, which may interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fangyun Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chenkai Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qingtian Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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15
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Centner AM, Bhide PG, Salazar G. Nicotine in Senescence and Atherosclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:E1035. [PMID: 32331221 PMCID: PMC7226537 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a known exacerbator of age-related pathologies, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, and cellular aging (senescence). However, the role of nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine is yet to be elucidated. Considering the growing amount of nicotine-containing aerosol use in recent years, the role of nicotine is a relevant public health concern. A number of recent studies and health education sites have focused on nicotine aerosol-induced adverse lung function, and neglected cardiovascular (CV) impairments and diseases. A critical review of the present scientific literature leads to the hypothesis that nicotine mediates the effects of cigarette smoke in the CV system by increasing MAPK signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress through NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1), to induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence. The accumulation of senescent VSMCs in the lesion cap is detrimental as it increases the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by promoting an unstable plaque phenotype. Therefore, nicotine, and most likely its metabolite cotinine, adversely influence atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Centner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Scinces, 120 Convocation Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Pradeep G. Bhide
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, FSU College of Medicine, 1115, West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Gloria Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Scinces, 120 Convocation Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
- Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging (CAENRA), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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16
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da Silva Araújo NP, de Matos NA, Leticia Antunes Mota S, Farias de Souza AB, Dantas Cangussú S, Cunha Alvim de Menezes R, Silva Bezerra F. Quercetin Attenuates Acute Lung Injury Caused by Cigarette Smoke Both In Vitro and In Vivo. COPD 2020; 17:205-214. [PMID: 32237913 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2020.1749253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is highly toxic and is a major risk factor for airway inflammation, oxidative stress, and decline in lung function-the starting points for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Quercetin is a potent dietary antioxidant that displays anti-inflammatory activities. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of quercetin on reducing the redox imbalance and inflammation induced by short-term cigarette smoke exposure. In vitro, 25 and 50 μM quercetin attenuated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (increased generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide) on J774A.1 cells (macrophages). We further examined the effects of quercetin in vivo. Male C57Bl/6 mice that received 10 mg/kg/day of quercetin via orogastric gavage before exposure to five days of cigarette smoke demonstrated reduced levels of leukocyte, oxidative stress, histological pattern changes of pulmonary parenchyma, and lung function alterations compared to the group that did not receive quercetin. These results suggest that quercetin may be an effective adjuvant for treating the effects of cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Pereira da Silva Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Natália Alves de Matos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Suianne Leticia Antunes Mota
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Department of Biological Sciences and NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Farias de Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Dantas Cangussú
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cunha Alvim de Menezes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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17
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Do VQ, Park KH, Seo YS, Park JM, Kim B, Kim SK, Sung JH, Lee MY. Inhalation exposure to cigarette smoke induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and enhances vascular collagen deposition in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:110988. [PMID: 31759066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is an acknowledged risk factor for vascular disorders, and vascular complication is a main outcome of diabetes. Hence, we investigated the impact of cigarette smoke on blood vessels in diabetes, postulating that smoking might aggravate diabetic vascular impairment. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, cigarette smoke-exposed, diabetic, and cigarette smoke-exposed diabetic groups. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were exposed to cigarette smoke by inhalation at total particulate matter concentration of 200 μg/L for 4 h/day, 5 day/week for a total of 4 weeks. Diabetes caused structural change of aorta, but additional cigarette smoke exposure did not induce further alteration. Collagen, a marker for fibrosis, was increased in media of diabetic aorta, and this increase was augmented by cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling in the diabetic group. Malondialdehyde was increased and glutathione was decreased in blood from diabetes, but these effects were not exaggerated by cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke caused NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 expression in diabetic aorta and enhanced diabetes-induced NOX4 expression in aorta. Taken together, cigarette smoke exposure can aggravate vascular fibrosis and induce eNOS uncoupling in diabetes under experimental condition, suggesting that smoking might exacerbate diabetic vascular impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Quan Do
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuck Sung
- Bio Technology Division, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Jiang S, Quan DV, Sung JH, Lee MY, Ha H. Cigarette smoke inhalation aggravates diabetic kidney injury in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:964-971. [PMID: 32704346 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that cigarette smoke or nicotine is a risk factor for the progression of chronic kidney injury. The present study analyzed the kidney toxicity of cigarette smoke in experimental rats with DKD. Experimental diabetes was induced in 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg kg-1). Four weeks after the induction of diabetes, rats were exposed to cigarette smoke (200 μg L-1), 4 h daily, and 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Cigarette smoke did not affect the levels of plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or non-esterified fatty acids in both control and diabetic rats under the experimental conditions. Cigarette smoke, however, significantly increased diabetes-induced glomerular hypertrophy and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) excretion, suggesting exacerbation of diabetic kidney injury. Cigarette smoke promoted macrophage infiltration and fibrosis in the diabetic kidney. As expected, cigarette smoke increased oxidative stress in both control and diabetic rats. These data demonstrated that four weeks of exposure to cigarette smoke aggravated the progression of DKD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songling Jiang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-2-3277-4075
| | - Do Van Quan
- College of Pharmacy , Dongguk University , Goyang , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-31-961-5222
| | - Jae Hyuck Sung
- Bio Technology Division , Korea Conformity Laboratories , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy , Dongguk University , Goyang , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-31-961-5222
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Republic of Korea . ; ; Tel: +82-2-3277-4075
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19
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An YJ, Choi SJ, Kim YH, Lee K. Quantitative Characteristics of Toxic Compounds According to the Solvent Type. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:3201370. [PMID: 31183245 PMCID: PMC6515028 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3201370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of target substances is an important part of assessing the toxicity of diverse materials. Usually, the quantitation of target compounds is conducted by instrumental analysis such as chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. If solvents are used in the pretreatment step of the target analyte quantification, it would be crucial to examine the solvent effect on the quantitative analysis. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the solvent effects using four different solvents (methanol, hexane, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) and three toxic compounds (benzene, toluene, and methylisothiazolinone (MIT)). Liquid working standards containing the toxic compounds were prepared by dilution with each solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, we found that the response factor (RF) values of the target analytes were different, depending on the solvent types. In particular, benzene and toluene exhibited their highest RF values (33,674 ng-1 and 78,604 ng-1, respectively) in hexane, while the RF value of MIT was the highest (9,067 ng-1) in PBS. Considering the correlation (R 2) and relative standard deviation (RSD) values, all target analytes showed fairly good values (R 2 > 0.99 and RSD < 10%) in methanol and DMSO. In contrast, low R 2 (0.0562) and high RSD (10.6%) values of MIT were detected in hexane, while benzene and toluene exhibited relatively low R 2 and high RSD values in PBS (mean R 2 = 0.9892 ± 0.0146 and mean RSD = 13.3 ± 4.1%). Based on these findings, we concluded that the results and reliability of the quantitative analysis change depending on the analyte and solvent types. Therefore, in order to accurately assess the toxicity of target compounds, reliable analytical data should be obtained, preferentially by considering the solvent types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ji An
- Department of Toxicology Evaluation, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Choi
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
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20
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Tang Y, Huang Q, Liu C, Ou H, Huang D, Peng F, Liu C, Mo Z. p22phox promotes Ang-II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switch by regulating KLF4 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:280-286. [PMID: 31030942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) is the main source of reactive oxygen species in vascular diseases, which have been implicated in promoting VSMCs phenotypic switch. P22phox, the indispensable component of the complex Nox, is required for their activity and stability. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is an important transcriptional regulator of VSMCs phenotypic switch. Both KLF4 and p22phox are involved in the proliferation, migration and differentiation of VSMC. This study aims to determine whether and how p22phox regulates KLF4 expression in phenotypic switching of VSMCs. In cultured primary rat VSMCs, we noticed that the expression of P22phox was significantly increased in combination with VSMCs phenotypic switch and up-regulated KLF4 expression in Ang-II-treated cells. Ang-II-induced VSMC dedifferentiation, proliferation, migration, KLF4 expression, H2O2 production and the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2 were all inhibited by knockdown of P22phox. Furthermore, H2O2 treatment effectively enhanced the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2 and the expression of KLF4, whereas LY294002 (a specific inhibitor of PI3K), U0126 (a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2) significantly attenuated the H2O2-induced up-regulation of KLF4. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that p22phox promotes Ang-II-induced VSMC phenotypic switch via the H2O2-ERK1/2/AKT-KLF4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Chaoyan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Hongji Ou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Fengling Peng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Changhui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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21
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Frings VG, Sennefelder H, Presser D, Goebeler M, Schmidt M. Altered NOX expression does not seem to account for epidermal NLRP3 inflammasome activation in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:391-392. [PMID: 30657189 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V G Frings
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Sennefelder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
| | - D Presser
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97076, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Do VQ, Park KH, Park JM, Lee MY. Comparative In Vitro Toxicity Study of Docetaxel and Nanoxel, a Docetaxel-Loaded Micellar Formulation Using Cultured and Blood Cells. Toxicol Res 2019; 35:201-207. [PMID: 31015902 PMCID: PMC6467357 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2019.35.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoxel-PMTM (Nanoxel) is a docetaxel-loaded methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactide) (mPEG-PDLLA). This newly developed and marketed nanoformulation exhibits an improved pharmacokinetic profile, efficacy, and safety. Although the safety of Nanoxel to docetaxel as well as its bioequivalence must be clinically confirmed, all biological activities have not been examined in in vitro or in vivo studies. Here, the toxicity in a cultured cell system and the effects on blood cells were tested with Nanoxel and docetaxel. The in vitro cytotoxicity of Nanoxel was found to be comparable to or slightly lower than that of docetaxel depending on the concentrations tested or the cell types. Neither docetaxel nor Nanoxel induced erythrocytes hemolysis and produced reactive oxygen species up to 100 μM. However, Nanoxel was able to enhance the aggregatory response of platelets to collagen, whereas docetaxel attenuated such aggregation in a range of 50–100 μM, while thrombin-induced aggregation was not affected by either of them. Docetaxel or Nanoxel did not alter basal level of Ca2+ and 5-hydroxytryptamine-evoked Ca2+ transient in vascular smooth muscle cells. These results suggest that the mPEG-PDLLA micellar formulation alters the toxicological properties of docetaxel, and that extra cautions are needed when evaluating the safety of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Quan Do
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
| | | | - Jung-Min Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Korea
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23
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Wen X, Iwata K, Ikuta K, Zhang X, Zhu K, Ibi M, Matsumoto M, Asaoka N, Liu J, Katsuyama M, Yabe‐Nishimura C. NOX
1/
NADPH
oxidase regulates the expression of multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 and maintains intracellular glutathione levels. FEBS J 2019; 286:678-687. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wen
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Kazumi Iwata
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Keiko Ikuta
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
- Department of Nephrology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuchang District, Wuhan China
| | - Masakazu Ibi
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Nozomi Asaoka
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- Radioisotope Center Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Japan
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24
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The administration of surfactant decreased oxidative stress in lungs of mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:275-279. [PMID: 29174925 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The alveolar surfactant, which composition consists of a unique and complex mixture of lipids and proteins, has immunomodulatory action. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous surfactant on pulmonary inflammatory response in mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). Twenty-four mice C57BL/6 were divided into four groups: control group exposed to ambient air (CG); surfactant treated group (SG); CS exposed group (CSG) and CS exposed group treated with surfactant (CSSG). For five days, CSG and CSSG were exposed to 12 commercial cigarettes/day and SG and CSSG received the surfactant by intranasal instillation. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanatized for the collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs. The total number of leukocytes in BALF increased in CSG compared to CG, however, there was a decrease in CSSG compared to CSG. There was an increase in lipid peroxidation in SG and CSG compared to CG while there was a decrease in CSSG compared to CSG. Regarding the antioxidant enzymes, the catalase (CAT) activity increased in all groups compared to CG and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased in CSG compared to the CG and SG. There was an increase in TNF in SG, CSG and CSSG compared to CG. There was an increase in IL-17 in CSSG compared to CG. There was an increase in CCL5 in SG and CSSG compared to CG. Therefore, our results demonstrated that the administration of exogenous surfactant was able to decrease the oxidative processes in the lungs of mice induced by short-term exposure to CS.
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25
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Kellner M, Noonepalle S, Lu Q, Srivastava A, Zemskov E, Black SM. ROS Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:105-137. [PMID: 29047084 PMCID: PMC7120947 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role for the maintenance of cellular processes and functions in the body. However, the excessive generation of oxygen radicals under pathological conditions such as acute lung injury (ALI) and its most severe form acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leads to increased endothelial permeability. Within this hallmark of ALI and ARDS, vascular microvessels lose their junctional integrity and show increased myosin contractions that promote the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and the transition of solutes and fluids in the alveolar lumen. These processes all have a redox component, and this chapter focuses on the role played by ROS during the development of ALI/ARDS. We discuss the origins of ROS within the cell, cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative damage, the role of ROS in the development of endothelial permeability, and potential therapies targeted at oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Kellner
- Department of Medicine, Center for Lung Vascular Pathobiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Satish Noonepalle
- Department of Medicine, Center for Lung Vascular Pathobiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Lung Vascular Pathobiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Anup Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Center for Lung Vascular Pathobiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Evgeny Zemskov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Lung Vascular Pathobiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, Center for Lung Vascular Pathobiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
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