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Wang Y, He S, Zhou F, Sun H, Cao X, Ye Y, Li J. Detection of Lectin Protein Allergen of Kidney Beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Desensitization Food Processing Technology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14723-14741. [PMID: 34251800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the increase of food allergy events related to not properly cooked kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), more and more researchers are paying attention to the sensitization potential of lectin, one of the major storage and defensive proteins with the specific carbohydrate-binding activity. The immunoglobulin E (IgE), non-IgE, and mixed allergic reactions induced by the lectins were inducted in the current paper, and the detection methods of kidney bean lectin, including the purification strategies, hemagglutination activity, specific polysaccharide or glycoprotein interactions, antibody combinations, mass spectrometry methods, and allergomics strategies, were summarized, while various food processing aspects, such as the physical thermal processing, physical non-thermal processing, chemical modifications, and biological treatments, were reviewed in the potential of sensitization reduction. It might be the first comprehensive review on lectin allergen detection from kidney bean and the desensitization strategy in food processing and will provide a basis for food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shudong He
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanlin Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanju Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process of Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
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Al-Harbi A, Lary S, Edwards MG, Qusti S, Cockburn A, Poulsen M, Gatehouse AMR. A proteomic-based approach to study underlying molecular responses of the small intestine of Wistar rats to genetically modified corn (MON810). Transgenic Res 2019; 28:479-498. [PMID: 31172414 PMCID: PMC6848250 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A genetically modified (GM) commercial corn variety, MON810, resistant to European corn borer, has been shown to be non-toxic to mammals in a number of rodent feeding studies carried out in accordance with OECD Guidelines. Insect resistance results from expression of the Cry1Ab gene encoding an insecticidal Bt protein that causes lysis and cell death in susceptible insect larvae by binding to midgut epithelial cells, which is a key determinant of Cry toxin species specificity. Whilst whole animal studies are still recognised as the 'gold standard' for safety assessment, they only provide indirect evidence for changes at the cellular/organ/tissue level. In contrast, omics-based technologies enable mechanistic understanding of toxicological or nutritional events at the cellular/receptor level. To address this important knowledge-gap and to gain insights into the underlying molecular responses in rat to MON810, differential gene expression in the epithelial cells of the small intestine of rats fed formulated diets containing MON810, its near isogenic line, two conventional corn varieties, and a commercial (Purina™) corn-based control diet were investigated using comparative proteomic profiling. Pairwise and five-way comparisons showed that the majority of proteins that were differentially expressed in the small intestine epithelial cells in response to consumption of the different diets in both 7-day and 28-day studies were related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and protein biosynthesis. Irrespective of the diet, a limited number of stress-related proteins were shown to be differentially expressed. However these stress-related proteins differed between diets. No adverse clinical or behavioural effects, or biomarkers of adverse health, were observed in rats fed GM corn compared to the other corn diets. These findings suggest that MON810 has negligible effects on the small intestine of rats at the cellular level compared with the well-documented toxicity observed in susceptible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Al-Harbi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 42805, Jeddah, 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahira Lary
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 42805, Jeddah, 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin G Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Safaa Qusti
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 42805, Jeddah, 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew Cockburn
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Morten Poulsen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Angharad M R Gatehouse
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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3
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Immune analysis of cry1Ab-genetically modified potato by in-silico analysis and animal mode l. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 26:1437-1445. [PMID: 30263680 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of feeding transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum), resistant to the potato tuber moth, to Wistar rats was examined from an immunological perspective. The genetically modified potato (GMP) was harbouring cry1Ab and nptII genes as target and selectable marker genes, respectively. In-silico analysis reconfirmed that Cry1Ab and NPTII protein sequences have no significant homology to known toxins or known allergens. The Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 20% GMP or its parental control, non-GMP (NGMP), for 90 days. The consumption of GMP food did not affect the growth rate, food intake, food efficiency, and general health status of the rats. There were no significant differences in the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, IgM, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IFN-γ between GMP and NGMP-fed rats. Based on such data, it is concluded that the transgenic potato had no adverse effect on immunity functions of Wistar rats.
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Liu Q, Wu S, Li M, Yang W, Wang Y, Wu Y, Gao H, Han Y, Feng S, Zeng S. Effects of long-term feeding with genetically modified Bt rice on the growth and reproductive performance in highly inbred Wuzhishan pigs. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zou S, Lu J, Luo Y, Qi X, Delaney B, Xu W, Huang K, He X. The food safety of DP-356Ø43 soybeans on SD rats reflected by physiological variables and fecal microbiota during a 90-day feeding study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:144-151. [PMID: 29940211 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is an important food resource for the eastern countries and herbicide-tolerant genetically modified soybeans (GMS) were widely developed to deal with weeds problems. Unprocessed soybean flour instead of dehulled and defatted soybean meal was used to reflect the safety of soybean food in whole. Rats were given formulated diets containing DP-356Ø43 or non-GM soybean JACK at an incorporation rate of 7.5%, 15%, or 30% (w/w), respectively for 90 days. Targeted traditional toxicological response variables were measured to reflect the holistic health of animals. No treatment-related adverse or toxic effects were observed based on an examination of the daily clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, and organ weight or based on gross and histopathological examination. The results demonstrate that the soybean DP-356Ø43 is as safe for consumption as conventional soybean JACK. In the current study, the effect of a herbicide-tolerant GMS DP-356043 on identified intestinal microbiota was evaluated in a rodent feeding study compared with its conventional control JACK. Feces samples from rats consuming different diets were collected before the start of the experiment (time 0) and at monthly intervals (at the end of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd months) over the course of 90 days. Six types of bacterias shared by humans and rats were detected with Q-PCR. The results of QPCR indicated that the GMS 356Ø43 had a comparable effect on the abundance of Bifidobacterium group, Clostridium perfringens subgroup, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides-Prevotella group as the non-GMS JACK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Zou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science &, Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically modified Organism(Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science &, Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically modified Organism(Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science &, Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically modified Organism(Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | | | - Wentao Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science &, Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically modified Organism(Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science &, Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically modified Organism(Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science &, Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically modified Organism(Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China; The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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de Santis B, Stockhofe N, Wal JM, Weesendorp E, Lallès JP, van Dijk J, Kok E, De Giacomo M, Einspanier R, Onori R, Brera C, Bikker P, van der Meulen J, Kleter G. Case studies on genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Potential risk scenarios and associated health indicators. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 117:36-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Humoral and cellular immune response in Wistar Han RCC rats fed two genetically modified maize MON810 varieties for 90 days (EU 7th Framework Programme project GRACE). Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2385-2399. [PMID: 29855658 PMCID: PMC6015625 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The genetically modified maize event MON810 expresses a Bacillus thuringiensis-derived gene, which encodes the insecticidal protein Cry1Ab to control some lepidopteran insect pests such as the European corn borer. It has been claimed that the immune system may be affected following the oral/intragastric administration of the MON810 maize in various different animal species. In the frame of the EU-funded project GRACE, two 90-day feeding trials, the so-called studies D and E, were performed to analyze the humoral and cellular immune responses of male and female Wistar Han RCC rats fed the MON810 maize. A MON810 maize variety of Monsanto was used in the study D and a MON810 maize variety of Pioneer Hi-Bred was used in the study E. The total as well as the maize protein- and Cry1Ab-serum-specific IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE levels, the proliferative activity of the lymphocytes, the phagocytic activity of the granulocytes and monocytes, the respiratory burst of the phagocytes, a phenotypic analysis of spleen, thymus and lymph node cells as well as the in vitro production of cytokines by spleen cells were analyzed. No specific Cry1Ab immune response was observed in MON810 rats, and anti-maize protein antibody responses were similar in MON810 and control rats. Single parameters were sporadically altered in rats fed the MON810 maize when compared to control rats, but these alterations are considered to be of no immunotoxicological significance.
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Hu J, Liang C, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Cui W, Yu Z. Developmental immunotoxicity is not associated with the consumption of transgenic Bt rice TT51 in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:197-202. [PMID: 29427604 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
TT51 is a transgenic strain of Bt rice generated by fusing a synthetic CryAb/Ac gene into MingHui rice. In this study, rats from F0, F1, and F2 generations were fed a diet with 60% TT51 rice, MingHui rice, or nominal-origin rice. The study focused on developmental immunotoxicity in F1 and F2 offspring after long-term consumption of TT51. A wide range of immunological parameters was monitored in this two-generation study on reproductive toxicity. The experiments were performed on F1 and F2 offspring at postnatal days 21 and 42. No adverse clinical effects were observed in any of the experimental groups. In addition, histopathology observations and immunotoxicity tests, including hematological indicators, spleen lymphocyte subsets, natural killer cell activity, lymphoproliferative response, and plaque-forming cell assay, revealed no significant difference between the groups. These results indicated that developmental immunotoxicity was not associated with a diet of transgenic Bt rice TT51, compared to the parental MingHui rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlai Liang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qiannan Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wenming Cui
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
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Liu Q, Yang W, Li M, Wu Y, Wang Y, Wu S, Gao H, Han Y, Yang F, Feng S, Zeng S. Effects of 60-Week Feeding Diet Containing Bt Rice Expressing the Cry1Ab Protein on the Offspring of Inbred Wuzhishan Pigs Fed the Same Diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10300-10309. [PMID: 29113431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the chronic effects of Bt rice carrying the Cry1Ab protein (1.64 mg/kg) on offspring of highly inbred WZSP, fed with Bt rice for 360 days, in a 60-week feeding study. The WZSP offspring (n = 27) were assigned to two groups (Minghui86 group, female n = 6, male n = 5; Bt group, female n = 11, male n = 5). The average obtained Cry1Ab protein dosage for female and male pigs was 1.003 and 1.234 mg/kg body weight after 10 weeks of feeding, respectively. The experimental feed in the study was nutritionally matched in both groups. The average daily gain and feed conversion ratio of the females in week 3 and males from weeks 1 to 10 were different between the Bt and Minghui86 groups (P < 0.05), and the body weight of the male pigs in week 2 was greater in the Minghui86 group than that of the Bt group (P < 0.05). No other differences were observed, and there were no significant differences in the serum sex steroid level, hematology parameters, relative organ weights, or histopathology. Although differences in some serum chemistry parameters (alanine aminotransferase of female pigs and alkaline phosphatase of male pigs) were observed, they were not considered treatment-related. On the basis of these results, long-term intake of transgenic rice carrying Cry1Ab protein exerts no unintended adverse effects on WZSP offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Weigang Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yingzheng Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Ying Han
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shutang Feng
- Institute of Animal Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100293, China
| | - Shenming Zeng
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding,l Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100094, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009, China
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Tsatsakis AM, Nawaz MA, Kouretas D, Balias G, Savolainen K, Tutelyan VA, Golokhvast KS, Lee JD, Yang SH, Chung G. Environmental impacts of genetically modified plants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:818-833. [PMID: 28347490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Powerful scientific techniques have caused dramatic expansion of genetically modified crops leading to altered agricultural practices posing direct and indirect environmental implications. Despite the enhanced yield potential, risks and biosafety concerns associated with such GM crops are the fundamental issues to be addressed. An increasing interest can be noted among the researchers and policy makers in exploring unintended effects of transgenes associated with gene flow, flow of naked DNA, weediness and chemical toxicity. The current state of knowledge reveals that GM crops impart damaging impacts on the environment such as modification in crop pervasiveness or invasiveness, the emergence of herbicide and insecticide tolerance, transgene stacking and disturbed biodiversity, but these impacts require a more in-depth view and critical research so as to unveil further facts. Most of the reviewed scientific resources provide similar conclusions and currently there is an insufficient amount of data available and up until today, the consumption of GM plant products are safe for consumption to a greater extent with few exceptions. This paper updates the undesirable impacts of GM crops and their products on target and non-target species and attempts to shed light on the emerging challenges and threats associated with it. Underpinning research also realizes the influence of GM crops on a disturbance in biodiversity, development of resistance and evolution slightly resembles with the effects of non-GM cultivation. Future prospects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Toxicology and Forensics, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Educational Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece
| | | | - Kai Savolainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, POB 40 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor A Tutelyan
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Educational Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690950, Russian Federation; Pacific Institute of Geography, FEB RAS, Vladivostok 690041, Russian Federation
| | - Jeong Dong Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam 59626, Republic of Korea.
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Yang QQ, He XY, Wu HY, Zhang CQ, Zou SY, Lang TQ, Sun SSM, Liu QQ. Subchronic feeding study of high-free-lysine transgenic rice in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:214-222. [PMID: 28442410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysine is considered to be the first essential amino acid in rice. An elite High-Free-Lysine transgenic line HFL1 was previously produced by metabolic engineering to regulate lysine metabolism. In this study, a 90-day toxicology experiment was undertaken to investigate the potential health effect of feeding different doses of HFL1 rice to Sprague-Dawley rats. During the trial, body weight gain, food consumption and food efficiency were recorded, and no adverse effect was observed in rats fed transgenic (T) rice diets compared with non-transgenic (N) or control diets. At both midterm and final assessments, hematological parameters and serum chemistry were measured, and organ weights and histopathology were examined at the end of the trial. There was no diet-related difference in most hematological or serum chemistry parameters or organ weights between rats fed the T diets and those fed the N or control diets. Some parameters were found to differ between T groups and their corresponding N and/or control groups, but no adverse histological effect was observed. Taken together, the data from the current trial demonstrates that high lysine transgenic rice led to no adverse effect in Sprague-Dawley rats given a diet containing up to 70% HFL1 rice in 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Yun He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shi-Ying Zou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tian-Qi Lang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Samuel Sai-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Wang F, Dang C, Chang X, Tian J, Lu Z, Chen Y, Ye G. Variation among conventional cultivars could be used as a criterion for environmental safety assessment of Bt rice on nontarget arthropods. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41918. [PMID: 28167821 PMCID: PMC5294568 DOI: 10.1038/srep41918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The current difficulty facing risk evaluations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops on nontarget arthropods (NTAs) is the lack of criteria for determining what represents unacceptable risk. In this study, we investigated the biological parameters in the laboratory and field population abundance of Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) on two Bt rice lines and the non-Bt parent, together with 14 other conventional rice cultivars. Significant difference were found in nymphal duration and fecundity of N. lugens fed on Bt rice KMD2, as well as field population density on 12 October, compared with non-Bt parent. However, compared with the variation among conventional rice cultivars, the variation of each parameter between Bt rice and the non-Bt parent was much smaller, which can be easily seen from low-high bar graphs and also the coefficient of variation value (C.V). The variation among conventional cultivars is proposed to be used as a criterion for the safety assessment of Bt rice on NTAs, particularly when statistically significant differences in several parameters are found between Bt rice and its non-Bt parent. Coefficient of variation is suggested as a promising parameter for ecological risk judgement of IRGM rice on NTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junce Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zengbin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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13
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Razavi A, Malhotra I, Ghosh A, Pusztai-Carey M, Marks J, King C. Antibodies as epidemiological markers of genetically modified crop exposure: detection of Cry1Ab-specific IgG. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017; 28:779-788. [PMID: 32377036 DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1313200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing concern with the safety of genetically modified (GM) crops. An important modification of GM crops is the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein, Cry1Ab. Animal exposure to Cry1Ab indicates that the protein is safe, but that it is immunogenic. Whether Cry1Ab is a human immunogen and whether antibody response to this protein can serve as a marker of high exposure to GM crops is unknown. Here we develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the presence of Cry1Ab-specific IgG in ~100 individuals living in each of three countries that have varied exposure to GM crops (Papua New Guinea (PNG), low exposure; Kenya, moderate exposure; and the USA, high exposure). Cry1Ab-specific IgG antibodies were detected in individuals living in each region (8%, the USA; 3%, PNG; and 2%, Kenya). Thus, individuals develop anti-Cry1Ab antibodies at a frequency that roughly correlates with the exposure to GM crops expressing this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Razavi
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Indu Malhotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anil Ghosh
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marianne Pusztai-Carey
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey Marks
- University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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14
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Koch MS, DeSesso JM, Williams AL, Michalek S, Hammond B. Adaptation of the ToxRTool to Assess the Reliability of Toxicology Studies Conducted with Genetically Modified Crops and Implications for Future Safety Testing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:512-26. [PMID: 25208336 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.788994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the reliability of food safety studies carried out in rodents with genetically modified (GM) crops, a Food Safety Study Reliability Tool (FSSRTool) was adapted from the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods' (ECVAM) ToxRTool. Reliability was defined as the inherent quality of the study with regard to use of standardized testing methodology, full documentation of experimental procedures and results, and the plausibility of the findings. Codex guidelines for GM crop safety evaluations indicate toxicology studies are not needed when comparability of the GM crop to its conventional counterpart has been demonstrated. This guidance notwithstanding, animal feeding studies have routinely been conducted with GM crops, but their conclusions on safety are not always consistent. To accurately evaluate potential risks from GM crops, risk assessors need clearly interpretable results from reliable studies. The development of the FSSRTool, which provides the user with a means of assessing the reliability of a toxicology study to inform risk assessment, is discussed. Its application to the body of literature on GM crop food safety studies demonstrates that reliable studies report no toxicologically relevant differences between rodents fed GM crops or their non-GM comparators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Koch
- a Monsanto Company, Product Safety Center , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | | | | | - Suzanne Michalek
- c Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
| | - Bruce Hammond
- a Monsanto Company, Product Safety Center , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
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15
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Zhao K, Ren F, Han F, Liu Q, Wu G, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wu X, Wang J, Li P, Shi W, Zhu H, Lv J, Zhao X, Tang X. Edible Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Rice T1C-1 for Sprague Dawley Rats through Horizontal Gene Transfer, Allergenicity and Intestinal Microbiota. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163352. [PMID: 27706188 PMCID: PMC5051820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, assessment of the safety of transgenic rice T1C-1 expressing Cry1C was carried out by: (1) studying horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in Sprague Dawley rats fed transgenic rice for 90 d; (2) examining the effect of Cry1C protein in vitro on digestibility and allergenicity; and (3) studying the changes of intestinal microbiota in rats fed with transgenic rice T1C-1 in acute and subchronic toxicity tests. Sprague Dawley rats were fed a diet containing either 60% GM Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) rice T1C-1 expressing Cry1C protein, the parental rice Minghui 63, or a basic diet for 90 d. The GM Bt rice T1C-1 showed no evidence of HGT between rats and transgenic rice. Sequence searching of the Cry1C protein showed no homology with known allergens or toxins. Cry1C protein was rapidly degraded in vitro with simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The expressed Cry1C protein did not induce high levels of specific IgG and IgE antibodies in rats. The intestinal microbiota of rats fed T1C-1 was also analyzed in acute and subchronic toxicity tests by DGGE. Cluster analysis of DGGE profiles revealed significant individual differences in the rats' intestinal microbiota.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/immunology
- Animals
- Bacillus thuringiensis/genetics
- Bacillus thuringiensis/metabolism
- Bacteria/classification
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Cluster Analysis
- Feces/microbiology
- Female
- Food, Genetically Modified/toxicity
- Gene Transfer, Horizontal/physiology
- Genetic Variation
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Insect Proteins
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestines/microbiology
- Male
- Microbiota
- Muscles/metabolism
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Toxicity Tests, Acute
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Ren
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangting Han
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Liu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guogan Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures, Vegreville, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiao Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Lv
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Life Science College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueming Tang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Tan X, Zhou X, Tang Y, Lv J, Zhang L, Sun L, Yang Y, Miao Y, Jiang H, Chen G, Huang Z, Wang X. Immunotoxicological Evaluation of Genetically Modified Rice Expressing Cry1Ab/Ac Protein (TT51-1) by a 6-Month Feeding Study on Cynomolgus Monkeys. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163879. [PMID: 27684490 PMCID: PMC5042482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the food safety of TT51-1, a new type of genetically modified rice that expresses the Cry1Ab/Ac protein (Bt toxin) and is highly resistant to most lepidopteran pests. Sixteen male and 16 female cynomolgus monkeys were randomly divided into four groups: conventional rice (non-genetically modified rice, non-GM rice), positive control, 17.5% genetically modified rice (GM rice) and 70% GM rice. Monkeys in the non-GM rice, positive control, and GM rice groups were fed on diets containing 70% non-GM rice, 17.5% GM rice or 70% GM rice, respectively, for 182 days, whereas animals in the positive group were intravenously injected with cyclophosphamide every other day for a total of four injections before the last treatment. Six months of treatment did not yield abnormal observations. Specifically, the following parameters did not significantly differ between the non-GM rice group and GM rice groups: body weight, food consumption, electrocardiogram, hematology, immuno-phenotyping of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, mitogen-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation, splenocyte proliferation, KLH-T cell-dependent antibody response, organ weights and ratios, and histological appearance (p>0.05). Animals from the GM rice group differed from animals in the non-GM rice group (p<0.05) in several parameters: specifically, their body temperatures and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were higher, whereas their levels of serum K+, Cl- and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5) were lower. Because dose- or time-dependent changes were not observed in this study and animals appeared histologically normal, the aforementioned differences were not considered to be adverse or related to the treatment with GM rice. In conclusion, a 6-month feeding study of TT51-1 did not show adverse immunotoxicological effects on cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufa Miao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaofeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Huang
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Safety Evaluation on New Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Lin HT, Lee WC, Tsai YT, Wu JH, Yen GC, Yeh SD, Cheng YH, Chang SC, Liao JW. Subchronic Immunotoxicity Assessment of Genetically Modified Virus-Resistant Papaya in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5935-5940. [PMID: 27396727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Papaya is an important fruit that provides a variety of vitamins with nutritional value and also holds some pharmacological properties, including immunomodulation. Genetically modified (GM) papaya plants resistant to Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) infection have been generated by cloning the coat protein gene of the PRSV which can be used as a valuable strategy to fight PRSV infection and to increase papaya production. In order to assess the safety of GM papaya as a food, this subchronic study was conducted to assess the immunomodulatory responses of the GM papaya line 823-2210, when compared with its parent plant of non-GM papaya, Tainung-2 (TN-2), in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Both non-GM and GM 823-2210 papaya fruits at low (1 g/kg bw) and high (2 g/kg bw) dosages were administered via daily oral gavage to male and female rats consecutively for 90 days. Immunophenotyping, mitogen-induced splenic cell proliferation, antigen-specific antibody response, and histopathology of the spleen and thymus were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results of immunotoxicity assays revealed no consistent difference between rats fed for 90 days with GM 823-2210 papaya fruits, as opposed to those fed non-GM TN-2 papaya fruits, suggesting that with regard to immunomodulatory responses, GM 823-2210 papaya fruits maintain substantial equivalence to fruits of their non-GM TN-2 parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tang Lin
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Taipei City115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- College of Bioresources, National I-Lan University , I-Lan 260, Taiwan 260, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jhaol-Huei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Huey Cheng
- National Plant Genetic Resources Center, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute , Taichung 413, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chieh Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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18
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Andreassen M, Bøhn T, Wikmark OG, Bodin J, Traavik T, Løvik M, Nygaard UC. Investigations of immunogenic, allergenic and adjuvant properties of Cry1Ab protein after intragastric exposure in a food allergy model in mice. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:10. [PMID: 27141950 PMCID: PMC4855866 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In genetically modified (GM) crops there is a risk that the inserted genes may introduce new allergens and/or adjuvants into the food and feed chain. The MON810 maize, expressing the insecticidal Cry1Ab toxin, is grown in many countries worldwide. In animal models, intranasal and intraperitoneal immunisations with the purified Cry1Ab proteins have induced immune responses, and feeding trials with Cry1Ab-containing feed have revealed some altered immune responses. Previous investigations have primarily measured antibody responses to the protein, while investigations of clinical food allergy symptoms, or allergy promotion (adjuvant effect) associated with the Cry1Ab protein are largely missing. We aimed to investigate immunogenic, allergenic and adjuvant properties of purified Cry1Ab toxin (trypCry1Ab, i.e., trypsin activated Cry1Ab) in a mouse model of food allergy. Method Female C3H/HeJ mice were immunized by intragastric gavage of 10 μg purified, trypsin activated Cry1Ab toxin (trypCry1Ab) alone or together with the food allergen lupin. Cholera toxin was added as a positive control for adjuvant effect to break oral tolerance. Clinical symptoms (anaphylaxis) as well as humoral and cellular responses were assessed. Results In contrast to results from previous airway investigations, we observed no indication of immunogenic properties of trypCry1Ab protein after repeated intragastric exposures to one dose, with or without CT as adjuvant. Moreover, the results indicated that trypCry1Ab given by the intragastric route was not able to promote allergic responses or anaphylactic reactions against the co-administered allergen lupin at the given dose. Conclusion The study suggests no immunogenic, allergenic or adjuvant capacity of the given dose of trypCry1Ab protein after intragastric exposure of prime aged mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-016-0148-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Andreassen
- GenØk - Centre for biosafety, Tromsø, Norway. .,Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. .,Present address: Department of Food, Water and Cosmetics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- GenØk - Centre for biosafety, Tromsø, Norway.,UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Odd-Gunnar Wikmark
- GenØk - Centre for biosafety, Tromsø, Norway.,North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Terje Traavik
- GenØk - Centre for biosafety, Tromsø, Norway.,UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martinus Løvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Joshi SS, Barnett B, Doerrer NG, Glenn K, Herman RA, Herouet-Guicheney C, Hunst P, Kough J, Ladics GS, McClain S, Papineni S, Poulsen LK, Rascle JB, Tao AL, van Ree R, Ward J, Bowman CC. Assessment of potential adjuvanticity of Cry proteins. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:149-155. [PMID: 27105772 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops have achieved success in the marketplace and their benefits extend beyond the overall increase in harvest yields to include lowered use of insecticides and decreased carbon dioxide emissions. The most widely grown GM crops contain gene/s for targeted insect protection, herbicide tolerance, or both. Plant expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal (Cry) insecticidal proteins have been the primary way to impart insect resistance in GM crops. Although deemed safe by regulatory agencies globally, previous studies have been the basis for discussions around the potential immuno-adjuvant effects of Cry proteins. These studies had limitations in study design. The studies used animal models with extremely high doses of Cry proteins, which when given using the ig route were co-administered with an adjuvant. Although the presumption exists that Cry proteins may have immunostimulatory activity and therefore an adjuvanticity risk, the evidence shows that Cry proteins are expressed at very low levels in GM crops and are unlikely to function as adjuvants. This conclusion is based on critical review of the published literature on the effects of immunomodulation by Cry proteins, the history of safe use of Cry proteins in foods, safety of the Bt donor organisms, and pre-market weight-of-evidence-based safety assessments for GM crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Joshi
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Brian Barnett
- BASF Plant Science, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Nancy G Doerrer
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 Fifteenth St., NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - Kevin Glenn
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | | | - Penny Hunst
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - John Kough
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Ariel Rios Building, MC 7511P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Gregory S Ladics
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
| | - Scott McClain
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 3054 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Sabitha Papineni
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Dept. 22, 1st Floor, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rascle
- Bayer SAS, Bayer CropScience, 355 Rue Dostoïevski, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Ai-Lin Tao
- Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang Road East, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room K0-130, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jason Ward
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Christal C Bowman
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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20
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Rubio-Infante N, Moreno-Fierros L. An overview of the safety and biological effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins in mammals. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:630-48. [PMID: 26537666 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crystal proteins (Cry) produced during the growth and sporulation phases of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacterium are known as delta endotoxins. These toxins are being used worldwide as bioinsecticides to control pests in agriculture, and some Cry toxins are used against mosquitoes to control vector transmission. This review summarizes the relevant information currently available regarding the biosafety and biological effects that Bt and its insecticidal Cry proteins elicit in mammals. This work was performed because of concerns regarding the possible health impact of Cry toxins on vertebrates, particularly because Bt toxins might be associated with immune-activating or allergic responses. The controversial data published to date are discussed in this review considering earlier toxicological studies of B. thuringiensis, spores, toxins and Bt crops. We discussed the experimental studies performed in humans, mice, rats and sheep as well as in diverse mammalian cell lines. Although the term 'toxic' is not appropriate for defining the effects these toxins have on mammals, they cannot be considered innocuous, as they have some physiological effects that may become pathological; thus, trials that are more comprehensive are necessary to determine their effects on mammals because knowledge in this field remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Rubio-Infante
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México
| | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Estado de México, México
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21
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Andreassen M, Bøhn T, Wikmark OG, Van den Berg J, Løvik M, Traavik T, Nygaard UC. Cry1Ab Protein fromBacillus thuringiensisand MON810cry1Ab-transgenic Maize Exerts No Adjuvant Effect After Airway Exposure. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:192-200. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Andreassen
- GenØk - Centre for Biosafety; Tromsø Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo Norway
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | - T. Bøhn
- GenØk - Centre for Biosafety; Tromsø Norway
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
| | | | | | - M. Løvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - T. Traavik
- GenØk - Centre for Biosafety; Tromsø Norway
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
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22
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Macedo MLR, Oliveira CFR, Oliveira CT. Insecticidal activity of plant lectins and potential application in crop protection. Molecules 2015; 20:2014-33. [PMID: 25633332 PMCID: PMC6272522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins constitute a complex group of proteins found in different organisms. These proteins constitute an important field for research, as their structural diversity and affinity for several carbohydrates makes them suitable for numerous biological applications. This review addresses the classification and insecticidal activities of plant lectins, providing an overview of the applicability of these proteins in crop protection. The likely target sites in insect tissues, the mode of action of these proteins, as well as the use of lectins as biotechnological tools for pest control are also described. The use of initial bioassays employing artificial diets has led to the most recent advances in this field, such as plant breeding and the construction of fusion proteins, using lectins for targeting the delivery of toxins and to potentiate expected insecticide effects. Based on the data presented, we emphasize the contribution that plant lectins may make as tools for the development of integrated insect pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lígia R Macedo
- Department of Food Technology and Public Health, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil.
| | - Caio F R Oliveira
- Department of Food Technology and Public Health, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil.
| | - Carolina T Oliveira
- Department of Food Technology and Public Health, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil.
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23
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Andreassen M, Rocca E, Bøhn T, Wikmark OG, van den Berg J, Løvik M, Traavik T, Nygaard UC. Humoral and cellular immune responses in mice after airway administration ofBacillus thuringiensisCry1Ab and MON810cry1Ab-transgenic maize. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2014.988128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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24
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Zdziarski IM, Edwards JW, Carman JA, Haynes JI. GM crops and the rat digestive tract: a critical review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:423-433. [PMID: 25244705 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to examine the relationship between genetically modified (GM) crops and health, based on histopathological investigations of the digestive tract in rats. We reviewed published long-term feeding studies of crops containing one or more of three specific traits: herbicide tolerance via the EPSPS gene and insect resistance via cry1Ab or cry3Bb1 genes. These genes are commonly found in commercialised GM crops. Our search found 21 studies for nine (19%) out of the 47 crops approved for human and/or animal consumption. We could find no studies on the other 38 (81%) approved crops. Fourteen out of the 21 studies (67%) were general health assessments of the GM crop on rat health. Most of these studies (76%) were performed after the crop had been approved for human and/or animal consumption, with half of these being published at least nine years after approval. Our review also discovered an inconsistency in methodology and a lack of defined criteria for outcomes that would be considered toxicologically or pathologically significant. In addition, there was a lack of transparency in the methods and results, which made comparisons between the studies difficult. The evidence reviewed here demonstrates an incomplete picture regarding the toxicity (and safety) of GM products consumed by humans and animals. Therefore, each GM product should be assessed on merit, with appropriate studies performed to indicate the level of safety associated with them. Detailed guidelines should be developed which will allow for the generation of comparable and reproducible studies. This will establish a foundation for evidence-based guidelines, to better determine if GM food is safe for human and animal consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Zdziarski
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - J W Edwards
- Health and the Environment, School of the Environment, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - J A Carman
- Health and the Environment, School of the Environment, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; Institute of Health and Environmental Research (IHER), P.O. Box 155, Kensington Park, SA 5068, Australia.
| | - J I Haynes
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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25
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Kroghsbo S, Andersen NB, Rasmussen TF, Jacobsen S, Madsen CB. Acid hydrolysis of wheat gluten induces formation of new epitopes but does not enhance sensitizing capacity by the oral route: a study in "gluten free" Brown Norway rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107137. [PMID: 25207551 PMCID: PMC4160220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acid hydrolyzed wheat proteins (HWPs) are used in the food and cosmetic industry as emulsifiers. Cases of severe food allergic reactions caused by HWPs have been reported. Recent data suggest that these reactions are caused by HWPs produced by acid hydrolysis. Objectives To examine the sensitizing capacity of gluten proteins per se when altered by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis relative to unmodified gluten in rats naïve to gluten. Methods High IgE-responder Brown Norway (BN) rats bred on a gluten-free diet were sensitized without the use of adjuvant to three different gluten products (unmodified, acid hydrolyzed and enzymatic hydrolyzed). Rats were sensitized by intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization three times with 200 µg gluten protein/rat or by oral dosing for 35 days with 0.2, 2 or 20 mg gluten protein/rat/day. Sera were analyzed for specific IgG and IgE and IgG-binding capacity by ELISA. IgE functionality was measured by rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) assay. Results Regardless of the route of dosing, all products had sensitizing capacity. When sensitized i.p., all three gluten products induced a strong IgG1 response in all animals. Acid hydrolyzed gluten induced the highest level of specific IgE but with a low functionality. Orally all three gluten products induced specific IgG1 and IgE but with different dose-response relations. Sensitizing rats i.p. or orally with unmodified or enzymatic hydrolyzed gluten induced specific IgG1 responses with similar binding capacity which was different from that of acid hydrolyzed gluten indicating that acid hydrolysis of gluten proteins induces formation of ‘new’ epitopes. Conclusions In rats not tolerant to gluten acid hydrolysis of gluten enhances the sensitizing capacity by the i.p. but not by the oral route. In addition, acid hydrolysis induces formation of new epitopes. This is in contrast to the enzymatic hydrolyzed gluten having an epitope pattern similar to unmodified gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Kroghsbo
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Nanna B. Andersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tina F. Rasmussen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Susanne Jacobsen
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B. Madsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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26
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No adjuvant effect of Bacillus thuringiensis-maize on allergic responses in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103979. [PMID: 25084284 PMCID: PMC4118972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) foods are evaluated carefully for their ability to induce allergic disease. However, few studies have tested the capacity of a GM food to act as an adjuvant, i.e. influencing allergic responses to other unrelated allergens at acute onset and in individuals with pre-existing allergy. We sought to evaluate the effect of short-term feeding of GM Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize (MON810) on the initiation and relapse of allergic asthma in mice. BALB/c mice were provided a diet containing 33% GM or non-GM maize for up to 34 days either before ovalbumin (OVA)-induced experimental allergic asthma or disease relapse in mice with pre-existing allergy. We observed that GM-maize feeding did not affect OVA-induced eosinophilic airway and lung inflammation, mucus hypersecretion or OVA-specific antibody production at initiation or relapse of allergic asthma. There was no adjuvant effect upon GM-maize consumption on the onset or severity of allergic responses in a mouse model of allergic asthma.
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27
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Kroghsbo S, Rigby NM, Johnson PE, Adel-Patient K, Bøgh KL, Salt LJ, Mills ENC, Madsen CB. Assessment of the sensitizing potential of processed peanut proteins in Brown Norway rats: roasting does not enhance allergenicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96475. [PMID: 24805813 PMCID: PMC4013017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IgE-binding of process-modified foods or proteins is the most common method for examination of how food processing affects allergenicity of food allergens. How processing affects sensitization capacity is generally studied by administration of purified food proteins or food extracts and not allergens present in their natural food matrix. Objectives The aim was to investigate if thermal processing increases sensitization potential of whole peanuts via the oral route. In parallel, the effect of heating on sensitization potential of the major peanut allergen Ara h 1 was assessed via the intraperitoneal route. Methods Sensitization potential of processed peanut products and Ara h 1 was examined in Brown Norway (BN) rats by oral administration of blanched or oil-roasted peanuts or peanut butter or by intraperitoneal immunization of purified native (N-), heated (H-) or heat glycated (G-)Ara h 1. Levels of specific IgG and IgE were determined by ELISA and IgE functionality was examined by rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cell assay. Results In rats dosed orally, roasted peanuts induced significant higher levels of specific IgE to NAra h 1 and 2 than blanched peanuts or peanut butter but with the lowest level of RBL degranulation. However, extract from roasted peanuts was found to be a superior elicitor of RBL degranulation. Process-modified Ara h 1 had similar sensitizing capacity as NAra h 1 but specific IgE reacted more readily with process-modified Ara h 1 than with native. Conclusions Peanut products induce functional specific IgE when dosed orally to BN rats. Roasted peanuts do not have a higher sensitizing capacity than blanched peanuts. In spite of this, extract from roasted peanuts is a superior elicitor of RBL cell degranulation irrespectively of the peanut product used for sensitization. The results also suggest that new epitopes are formed or disclosed by heating Ara h 1 without glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Kroghsbo
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Neil M. Rigby
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Philip E. Johnson
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katrine L. Bøgh
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Louise J. Salt
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - E. N. Clare Mills
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte B. Madsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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28
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Song Y, Liang C, Wang W, Fang J, Sun N, Jia X, Li N. Immunotoxicological evaluation of corn genetically modified with Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ah gene by a 30-day feeding study in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e78566. [PMID: 24520311 PMCID: PMC3919699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to investigate the immunotoxicological potential of corn genetically modified (GM) with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ah gene in BALB/c mice. Female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: the negative control group, the parental corn group, the GM corn group and the positive control group with 10 mice per group. Mice in the GM corn group and the parental corn group were fed with diets containing 70% corresponding corn for 30 days. Mice in the negative control group and the positive control group were fed with AIN93G diet, administered with saline or 200 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CY) via intraperitoneal injection 24 h before the termination of the study, respectively. At the end of the study, the immunotoxicological effects of the GM corn were evaluated through immunopathology parameters including body and organ weights, hematology and clinical chemistry parameters, histological examination, peripheral blood lymphocytes phenotype; humoral immunity including antibody plaque-forming cell, serum immunoglobulin, cytokine and half hemolysis value; cellular immunity such as mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte reaction, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction; non-specific immunity including phagocytic activities of phagocytes, natural killer cell activity. A single dose of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg bw) was found to have significant adverse effects on immunopathology, cellular immunity, and humoral immunity in mice. The corn genetically modified with Bt Cry1Ah gene is considered consistent with the parental corn in terms of immunopathology, humoral immunity, cellular immunity and non-specific immunity. No adverse immunotoxicological effects of GM corn with Bt Cry1Ah gene were found when feeding mice for 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Wang Y, Wei B, Tian Y, Wang Z, Tian Y, Tan S, Dong S, Song Q. Evaluation of the potential effect of transgenic rice expressing Cry1Ab on the hematology and enzyme activity in organs of female Swiss rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80424. [PMID: 24312218 PMCID: PMC3842383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the safety of transgenic rice expressing Cry1Ab protein to vertebrates, the effect of Cry1Ab rice on broad health indicators in blood and various organs of Swiss rats were analyzed. The 30 and 90 day safety studies of Cry1Ab rice on female Swiss rats revealed that Cry1Ab rice had no significant effect on the several elements of blood lymph including hemogram, calcium ion concentration and apoptosis rate of lymphocytes, indicating that Cry1Ab protein could not affect the blood lymph of Swiss rat. Similarly, Cry1Ab rice had no effect on enzyme activities in a variety of organs of Swiss rat. However, Cry1Ab rice did have significant effects on the blood biochemistry indexes including urea, triglyceride (TG), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) after the rats were fed with Cry1Ab rice for 30 days, but not after 90 days, indicating that Cry1Ab protein may influence blood metabolism for a short duration. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis of the 6 genes encoding enzymes responsible for the major detoxification functions of liver revealed that Cry1Ab rice exerted no influences on the levels of these transcripts in liver of Swiss rat, indicating that significant differences registered in part of the blood biochemical parameters in the 30 day study might result from other untested organs or tissues in response to the stress of exogenous Cry1Ab protein. The results suggest that Cry1Ab protein has no significant long-term (90 day) effects on female Swiss rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Baoyang Wei
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Yixing Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (QS)
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuduan Tan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengzhang Dong
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Qisheng Song
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZW); (QS)
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30
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Hammond B, Kough J, Herouet-Guicheney C, Jez JM. Toxicological evaluation of proteins introduced into food crops. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43 Suppl 2:25-42. [PMID: 24164515 PMCID: PMC3835160 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.842956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript focuses on the toxicological evaluation of proteins introduced into GM crops to impart desired traits. In many cases, introduced proteins can be shown to have a history of safe use. Where modifications have been made to proteins, experience has shown that it is highly unlikely that modification of amino acid sequences can make a non-toxic protein toxic. Moreover, if the modified protein still retains its biological function, and this function is found in related proteins that have a history of safe use (HOSU) in food, and the exposure level is similar to functionally related proteins, then the modified protein could also be considered to be "as-safe-as" those that have a HOSU. Within nature, there can be considerable evolutionary changes in the amino acid sequence of proteins within the same family, yet these proteins share the same biological function. In general, food crops such as maize, soy, rice, canola etc. are subjected to a variety of processing conditions to generate different food products. Processing conditions such as cooking, modification of pH conditions, and mechanical shearing can often denature proteins in these crops resulting in a loss of functional activity. These same processing conditions can also markedly lower human dietary exposure to (functionally active) proteins. Safety testing of an introduced protein could be indicated if its biological function was not adequately characterized and/or it was shown to be structurally/functionally related to proteins that are known to be toxic to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Kough
- Office of Pesticide Programs, Microbial Pesticides Branch, US Environmental Protection AgencyWashington, DCUSA
| | | | - Joseph M. Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MOUSA
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Yuan Y, Xu W, He X, Liu H, Cao S, Qi X, Huang K, Luo Y. Effects of genetically modified T2A-1 rice on the GI health of rats after 90-day supplement. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1962. [PMID: 23752350 PMCID: PMC3678139 DOI: 10.1038/srep01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin (Bt) rice will be commercialized as a main food source. Traditional safety assessments on genetically modified products pay little attention on gastrointestinal (GI) health. More data about GI health of Bt rice must be provided to dispel public' doubts about the potential effects on human health. We constructed an improved safety assessment animal model using a basic subchronic toxicity experiment, measuring a range of parameters including microflora composition, intestinal permeability, epithelial structure, fecal enzymes, bacterial activity, and intestinal immunity. Significant differences were found between rice-fed groups and AIN93G-fed control groups in several parameters, whereas no differences were observed between genetically modified and non-genetically modified groups. No adverse effects were found on GI health resulting from genetically modified T2A-1 rice. In conclusion, this study may offer a systematic safety assessment model for GM material with respect to the effects on GI health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Yuan
- Laboratory of Food Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Zhu Y, He X, Luo Y, Zou S, Zhou X, Huang K, Xu W. A 90-day feeding study of glyphosate-tolerant maize with the G2-aroA gene in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:280-7. [PMID: 23000447 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Maize is not only a staple food crop but also an important raw material for feed and industry; however, the threat of weeds leads to a serious decline in its output and quality. The G2-aroA gene confers glyphosate herbicide tolerance to crops. In this study, the food safety of genetically modified (GM), glyphosate-tolerant maize with the G2-aroA gene was evaluated in a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Maize grain from GM or non-GM isogenic control lines were separately formulated into rodent diets at concentrations of 12.5% (low level), 25% (middle level), and 50% (high level). An additional group of rats were fed a commercialized diet as a control. The toxicological response variables, including body weights, food consumption, serum biochemistry, hematology, and absolute and relative organ weights, were compared between rats fed GM maize and those fed non-GM maize after consumption of test diets for 90days. In addition, gross and microscopic pathology were conducted among treatment groups. No adverse effects related to the consumption of GM maize were detected in the subchronic feeding study. These results indicated that the GM glyphosate-tolerant maize was as safe and nutritious as conventional maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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33
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Guertler P, Brandl C, Meyer HHD, Tichopad A. Feeding genetically modified maize (MON810) to dairy cows: comparison of gene expression pattern of markers for apoptosis, inflammation and cell cycle. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-012-0778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Walsh MC, Buzoianu SG, Rea MC, O’Donovan O, Gelencsér E, Ujhelyi G, Ross RP, Gardiner GE, Lawlor PG. Effects of feeding Bt MON810 maize to pigs for 110 days on peripheral immune response and digestive fate of the cry1Ab gene and truncated Bt toxin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36141. [PMID: 22574138 PMCID: PMC3345032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to evaluate potential long-term (110 days) and age-specific effects of feeding genetically modified Bt maize on peripheral immune response in pigs and to determine the digestive fate of the cry1Ab gene and truncated Bt toxin. Methodology/Principal Findings Forty day old pigs (n = 40) were fed one of the following treatments: 1) isogenic maize-based diet for 110 days (isogenic); 2) Bt maize-based diet (MON810) for 110 days (Bt); 3) Isogenic maize-based diet for 30 days followed by Bt maize-based diet for 80 days (isogenic/Bt); and 4) Bt maize-based diet (MON810) for 30 days followed by isogenic maize-based diet for 80 days (Bt/isogenic). Blood samples were collected during the study for haematological analysis, measurement of cytokine and Cry1Ab-specific antibody production, immune cell phenotyping and cry1Ab gene and truncated Bt toxin detection. Pigs were sacrificed on day 110 and digesta and organ samples were taken for detection of the cry1Ab gene and the truncated Bt toxin. On day 100, lymphocyte counts were higher (P<0.05) in pigs fed Bt/isogenic than pigs fed Bt or isogenic. Erythrocyte counts on day 100 were lower in pigs fed Bt or isogenic/Bt than pigs fed Bt/isogenic (P<0.05). Neither the truncated Bt toxin nor the cry1Ab gene were detected in the organs or blood of pigs fed Bt maize. The cry1Ab gene was detected in stomach digesta and at low frequency in the ileum but not in the distal gastrointestinal tract (GIT), while the Bt toxin fragments were detected at all sites in the GIT. Conclusions/Significance Perturbations in peripheral immune response were thought not to be age-specific and were not indicative of Th 2 type allergenic or Th 1 type inflammatory responses. There was no evidence of cry1Ab gene or Bt toxin translocation to organs or blood following long-term feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Walsh
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Stefan G. Buzoianu
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Mary C. Rea
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla O’Donovan
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | | | - R. Paul Ross
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Gillian E. Gardiner
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Peadar G. Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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A three generation study with high-lysine transgenic rice in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1902-10. [PMID: 22510491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-rich rice (LR) is a transgenic rice produced by fusion protein expressed genes into the germline of rice seeds. Compositional analysis of LR showed that the absolute concentration of lysine was significantly higher as compared to a near-isogenic non-transgenic rice. Lysine is believed to be the first limiting essential amino acid in rice, it is important to improve lysine content on rice nutritional quality. Here we report the results of a three generation study comparing the outcome in rats fed the transgenic rice to those fed conventional, near-isogenic rice or a control diet. In the study, both clinical performance variables and pathological responses such as body weight, food consumption, reproductive data, hematological parameters, serum chemistry and relative organ weights were examined respectively. It was evident that there were no adverse effects observed in rats that were fed transgenic rice compared with non-transgenic rice. There were significant differences in some hematology, serum chemistry parameters and relative organ weights in rats consuming the transgenic rice diet or non-transgenic rice diet compared with the control diet, but no macroscopic or histological adverse effects were observed. So the results from this study demonstrate that LR rice is as safe as near-isogenic non-transgenic rice.
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Xu W, Li L, Lu J, Luo Y, Shang Y, Huang K. Analysis of caecal microbiota in rats fed with genetically modified rice by real-time quantitative PCR. J Food Sci 2011; 76:M88-93. [PMID: 21535699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of genetically modified rice (GMR) on bacterial communities in caecal content was analyzed in a 90-d feeding rat model. A total of 12 groups of rats, which included male and female, were fed with the basal diets containing 30%, 50%, 70% GMR (B(1), B(2), B(3)) or 30%, 50%, 70% non-GMR (D(1), D(2), D(3)). The structure of intestinal microflora was estimated by real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) based on genus-specific 16s rDNA primers. SYBR Green was used for accurate detection and quantification of 6 kinds of major bacteria shared by humans and rats. According to RQ-PCR, the genome copies of Lactobacillus group from the cecum of male rats fed with 70% non-GMR was higher than those fed with 70% GMR and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus group also higher for group D. This result was in contrast with the E. coli subgroup, which was more numerous in proportion of group B, except D(2) and B(2) for male rats. The Clostridium perfringens subgroup was numerically more abundant in group D than group B of the same level, also except D(2) and B(2) for male rats. These results suggested that GMR had a complex effect on caecal microflora that may be related to the health of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xu
- Lab. of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural Univ., Beijing 100083, PR China
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Zhou XH, Dong Y, Xiao X, Wang Y, Xu Y, Xu B, Shi WD, Zhang Y, Zhu LJ, Liu QQ. A 90-day toxicology study of high-amylose transgenic rice grain in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3112-8. [PMID: 21967780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A transgenic rice line (TRS) with high amylose level has been developed by antisense RNA inhibition of starch branching enzymes. Compositional analysis of TRS demonstrated that the content of resistant starch (RS) was significantly higher compared to conventional non-transgenic rice. High level of RS is an important raw material in food industry and has various physiological effects for human health. In order to provide the reliable theory basis for field release of TRS rice, we evaluated the potential health effects of long-term consumption of the TRS. The 90-day toxicology feeding experiment was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with diets containing 70% of either TRS rice flour, its near-isogenic rice flour or the control diet. The clinical performance variables (body weight, body weight gain and food consumption) were measured and pathological responses (hematological parameters and serum chemistry at the midterm and the completion of the experiment, urinalysis profile and serum sex hormone response at the completion of the experiment) were performed. Besides, clinical signs, relative organ weights and microscopic observations were also compared between TRS group and its near-isogenic rice group. The combined data indicates that high-amylose TRS grain is as safe as the conventional non-transgenic rice for rat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Hua Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J. A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:734-42. [PMID: 21296423 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a notable concern on the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods/plants, an important and complex area of research, which demands rigorous standards. Diverse groups including consumers and environmental Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) have suggested that all GM foods/plants should be subjected to long-term animal feeding studies before approval for human consumption. In 2000 and 2006, we reviewed the information published in international scientific journals, noting that the number of references concerning human and animal toxicological/health risks studies on GM foods/plants was very limited. The main goal of the present review was to assess the current state-of-the-art regarding the potential adverse effects/safety assessment of GM plants for human consumption. The number of citations found in databases (PubMed and Scopus) has dramatically increased since 2006. However, new information on products such as potatoes, cucumber, peas or tomatoes, among others was not available. Corn/maize, rice, and soybeans were included in the present review. An equilibrium in the number research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was currently observed. Nevertheless, it should be noted that most of these studies have been conducted by biotechnology companies responsible of commercializing these GM plants. These findings suggest a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies. All this recent information is herein critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
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Kroghsbo S, Bøgh KL, Rigby NM, Mills ENC, Rogers A, Madsen CB. Sensitization with 7S globulins from peanut, hazelnut, soy or pea induces IgE with different biological activities which are modified by soy tolerance. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155:212-24. [PMID: 21282960 DOI: 10.1159/000321200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known why some foods sensitizing via the gastrointestinal tract are prevalent allergenic foods and others are not. Eating habits, processing, and the food matrix have been suggested to influence the allergenicity of a given food. Factors related to protein structure, such as stability to digestion, have also been suggested. 7S globulins from peanut, hazelnut, soy, and pea were studied to determine whether related proteins would induce a similar sensitization when removed from their 'normal' matrix. METHODS Brown Norway rats (soy tolerant or nontolerant) were immunized i.p. 3 times with 100 μg purified peanut, hazelnut, soy, or pea 7S without adjuvant. Sera were analyzed for specific antibodies by different ELISAs (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE), inhibition ELISA, and rat basophilic leukemia cell assay. RESULTS The 4 related 7S globulins induced a response with an almost identical level of specific antibodies, but peanut 7S induced IgE of higher avidity than hazelnut and pea 7S which, again, had a higher avidity than IgE induced by soy 7S. Soy tolerance reduced the functionality of IgE without influencing antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS Although the 4 7S globulins are structurally related allergens, they induce antibodies with different antigen-binding characteristics. Peanut 7S induces IgE of a higher avidity than hazelnut and pea 7S which, again, has a higher avidity than IgE induced by soy 7S. We also show that soy tolerance influences the function of antibodies to peanut 7S. These findings may help explain how antibodies of different clinical significances can develop in different individuals sensitized to the same allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Kroghsbo
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark.
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Adel-Patient K, Guimaraes VD, Paris A, Drumare MF, Ah-Leung S, Lamourette P, Nevers MC, Canlet C, Molina J, Bernard H, Créminon C, Wal JM. Immunological and metabolomic impacts of administration of Cry1Ab protein and MON 810 maize in mouse. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16346. [PMID: 21298004 PMCID: PMC3029317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the immunological and metabolomic impacts of Cry1Ab administration to mice, either as a purified protein or as the Cry1Ab-expressing genetically modified (GM) MON810 maize. Humoral and cellular specific immune responses induced in BALB/cJ mice after intra-gastric (i.g.) or intra-peritoneal (i.p.) administration of purified Cry1Ab were analyzed and compared with those induced by proteins of various immunogenic and allergic potencies. Possible unintended effects of the genetic modification on the pattern of expression of maize natural allergens were studied using IgE-immunoblot and sera from maize-allergic patients. Mice were experimentally sensitized (i.g. or i.p. route) with protein extracts from GM or non-GM maize, and then anti-maize proteins and anti-Cry1Ab–induced immune responses were analyzed. In parallel, longitudinal metabolomic studies were performed on the urine of mice treated via the i.g. route. Weak immune responses were observed after i.g. administration of the different proteins. Using the i.p. route, a clear Th2 response was observed with the known allergenic proteins, whereas a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response was observed with immunogenic protein not known to be allergenic and with Cry1Ab. This then reflects protein immunogenicity in the BALB/c Th2-biased mouse strain rather than allergenicity. No difference in natural maize allergen profiles was evidenced between MON810 and its non-GM comparator. Immune responses against maize proteins were quantitatively equivalent in mice treated with MON810 vs the non-GM counterpart and no anti-Cry1Ab–specific immune response was detected in mice that received MON810. Metabolomic studies showed a slight “cultivar” effect, which represented less than 1% of the initial metabolic information. Our results confirm the immunogenicity of purified Cry1Ab without evidence of allergenic potential. Immunological and metabolomic studies revealed slight differences in mouse metabolic profiles after i.g. administration of MON810 vs its non-GM counterpart, but no significant unintended effect of the genetic modification on immune responses was seen.
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An anti-inflammatory lectin from Luetzelburgia auriculata seeds inhibits adhesion and rolling of leukocytes and modulates histamine and PGE2 action in acute inflammation models. Inflamm Res 2009; 59:245-54. [PMID: 19757085 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study and characterize the in vivo effect of the lectin from Luetzelburgia auriculata seed on acute inflammation models. METHODS The lectin was purified from the crude saline extract by affinity chromatography on a guar-gum matrix. Native, heat-treated, and digested lectin was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by using peritonitis and paw edema models. The anti-inflammatory activity was characterized by intravital microscopy, nitric oxide production, and myeloperoxidase activity. RESULTS The lectin exhibited anti-inflammatory activity (2 mg/kg) on both models, reducing local myeloperoxidase activity. Galactose or heat treatment (100 degrees C, 10 min) reduced anti-inflammatory action. Anti-inflammation involves the inhibition of adhesion and rolling of leukocytes along with augmentation of nitric oxide in serum. The lectin inhibited the edematogenic effect of histamine and prostaglandins (PGE2) but did not alter the chemoattractant effect of IL-8. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that this lectin is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule. Its effects engage diverse modulatory events.
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Xu W, Cao S, He X, Luo Y, Guo X, Yuan Y, Huang K. Safety assessment of Cry1Ab/Ac fusion protein. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1459-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, Monastra G, Ambra R, Turrini A, Mengheri E. Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11533-9. [PMID: 19007233 DOI: 10.1021/jf802059w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the gut and peripheral immune response to genetically modified (GM) maize in mice in vulnerable conditions. Weaning and old mice were fed a diet containing MON810 or its parental control maize or a pellet diet containing a GM-free maize for 30 and 90 days. The immunophenotype of intestinal intraepithelial, spleen, and blood lymphocytes of control maize fed mice was similar to that of pellet fed mice. As compared to control maize, MON810 maize induced alterations in the percentage of T and B cells and of CD4(+), CD8(+), gammadeltaT, and alphabetaT subpopulations of weaning and old mice fed for 30 or 90 days, respectively, at the gut and peripheral sites. An increase of serum IL-6, IL-13, IL-12p70, and MIP-1beta after MON810 feeding was also found. These results suggest the importance of the gut and peripheral immune response to GM crop ingestion as well as the age of the consumer in the GMO safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Finamore
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Roma, Italy
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Request from the European Commission related to the safeguard clause invoked by France on maize MON810 according to Article 23 of Directive 2001/18/EC and the emergency measure according to Article 34 of Regulation(EC) No 1829/2003 ‐ Scientific opinion of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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